GENERAL ASSEMBLY

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OFFICIAL RECORDS: THIRTY-EIGHTH SESSION SUPPLEMENT No. 24 (A/38/24) UNITED NATIONS New York, 1984 REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS COUNCIL FOR NAMIBIA r. (~ ~i' (~* ~IJ 7. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The present volume contains the final text of the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia, which was originally issued in mimeograph form as documents A/38/24 (Part I) of 17 November and Add.l of 22 November 19831 A/38/24 (Part II) of 10 November and Corr.l of 22 November 1983; and A/38/24 (Part III) of 24 March and Add.l of 10 November 1983. S) 4 . ) ) 24 QAUY44' I ~L-i /~ \- ['I NOTE

CONTENTS Chapter Paragraphs FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS ...... LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ...... INTRODUCTION ...... PART ONE: WORK OF THE COUNCIL AS A POLICY-MAKING ORGAN OF THE UNITED NATIONS ...... I. GENERAL ...... II. CONSIDERATION OF THE QUESTION OF NAMIBIA BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT ITS THIRTY-SEVENTH SESSION ...... III. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN SUPPORT OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NAMIBIAN PEOPLE FOR INDEPENDENCE ...... IV. MEETINGS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL ...... V. CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER UNITED NATIONS BODIES ...... A. Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ...... B. Special Committee against Apartheid ...... C. Joint statements and declarations ...... VI. CO-OPERATION WITH THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY ...... A. Fortieth ordinary session of the OAU Co-ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, held at Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, from 10 to 12 February 1983 ...... B. Nineteenth ordinary session of the OAU Assembly of Heads of State and Government, held at Addis Ababa from 6 to 12 June 1983 ...... VII. CO-OPERATION WITH THE MOVEMENT OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES PART TWO. WORK OF THE COUNCIL AS THE LEGAL ADMINISTERING AUTHORITY FOR NAMIBIA ...... I. GENERAL ...... II. CONSULTATIONS WITH MEMBER STATES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTIONS ON NAMIBIA ...... A. General ...... -iii- 1 - 19 20 - 206 20 - 28 29 - 74 75 136 168 169 175 178 180 - 135 - 167 - 179 - 174 - 177 - 179 - 188 181 - 183 184 - 188 189 - 206 207 - 855 207 - 212 213 - 351 213 - 226 Pae ix x 1

CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs B. Mission of Consultation to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Belgium, Denmark and Czechoslovakia (10 to 22 April 1983) ...... C. Mission of Consultation to Costa Rica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua (11 to 22 April 1983) ...... D. Mission of Consultation to Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy and Switzerland (15 April to 6 May 1983) ...... E. Issuance of statements and communiqu4s ...... III. ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL RELATING TO THE REPRESENTATION OF NAMIBIA AND THE PROMOTION OF NAMIBIAN INTERESTS IN THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES ...... A. General ...... B. International conferences and meetings ...... C. Meetings of the Senate of the United Nations Institute for Namibia and other activities under the United Nations Fund for Namibia ...... D. Specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system ...... E. Organization of African Unity ...... F. Movement of Non-Aligned Countries ...... G. Meetings and conferences sponsored by non-governmental organizations ...... IV. ACTION CONCERNING FOREIGN ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN NAMIBIA .. V. ACTION CONCERNING THE MILITARY SITUATION IN NAMIBIA ...... VI. CONSIDERATION OF POLITICAL MATTERS CONCERNING NAMIBIA .... A. Continued illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa ...... B. Efforts to counter attempts aimed at modifying Security Council resolution 435 (1978) ...... C. Intensification of the struggle of the people of Namibia ...... 227 - 267 268 - 306 307 - 350 351 352 352 357 - 395 - 356 - 368 369 - 370 371 385 387 384 386 388 389 - 395 396 - 434 435 - 490 491 - 576 493 - 497 498 - 516 517 - 522 - iv- Chapter Page CONTENTS (continued) Chapter D. Contacts between Member States and South Africa ...... E. Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America ...... VII. CONSIDERATION OF LEGAL MATTERS CONCERNING NAMIBIA ...... VIII. CONSIDERATION OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN NAMIBIA ...... A. South Africa's policy of apartheid ...... B. Repression and human rights violations ...... C. Exploitation of labour ...... D. The refugee problem ...... IX. ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL IN THE FIELD OF DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY CONCERNING NAMIBIA ...... A. General ...... B. Commemoration of the Week of Solidarity with the People of Namibia and their Liberation Movement, SWAPO, and of Namibia Day ...... C. Press and publications ...... D. Radio and visual services ...... E. Co-operation with non-governmental organizations ..... F. Other activities ...... G. Dissemination of information by the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia ...... X. UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR NAMIBIA ...... A. Establishment of the Fund, general developments and sources of financing ...... B. Nationhood Programme for Namibia ...... C. United Nations Institute for Namibia ...... D. Educational, social and relief assistance ...... E. Fund-raising missions ...... Paragraphs 523 - 525 526 577 589 594 628 656 667 - 576 - 588 - 673 - 627 - 655 - 666 - 673 674 - 724 674 - 683 684 696 711 714 716 695 710 713 715 720 721 - 724 725 - 789 - 739 - 761 - 774 - 783 - 789 Page 81 82 94 96 96 101 105 107 108 108 110 112 113 114 115 115 117 117 121 131 135 140

CONTENTS (continued) Chapter XI. ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSIONER FOR NAMIBIA A. General ...... B. Assistance to Namibians ...... C. Implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia ...... D. Studies ...... E. Participation in international conferences and meetings ...... F. Offices of the Commissioner at Luanda, Lusaka and Gaborone ...... XII. PARTICIPATION OF THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATION AS THE SOLE AND AUTHENTIC REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NAMIBIAN PEOPLE ...... PART THREE: ORGANIZATION AND DECISIONS OF THE COUNCIL ...... I. ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK OF THE COUNCIL ...... A. Establishment of the Council ...... B. Presidency of the Council ...... C. Steering Committee ...... D. Standing Committees ...... E. Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia..... F. Other committees and working groups ...... G. Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia. H. Secretariat services ...... II. DECLARATIONS, RESOLUTIONS, FORMAL STATEMENTS, COMMUNIQUES AND DECISIONS ...... A. Paris Declaration on Namibia and Report and Programme of Action on Namibia ...... B. Resolutions ...... C. Formal statements ...... Paragraphs 790 - 845 790 - 795 796 - 808 809 - 817 818 - 821 822 - 829 830 - 845 846 - 855 856 - 887 856 - 870 856 857 858 859 - 863 864 - 865 866 867 - 868 869 - 870 871 - 887 872 873 874 - 878 -vi- Pae 141 141 141 143 144 145 146 149 150 150 150 150 150 150 151 151 151 152 153 153 167 168

CONTENTS (continued) Chapter D. Communiques ...... E. Decisions ...... PART FOUR: RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACTIVITIES INVOLVING FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS ...... I. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... II. DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL REQUIRE THE PREPARATION OF A STATEMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS ...... A. General ...... B. Activities of the Council regarding compliance by States with General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 and other relevant resolutions relating to Namibia ...... C. Missions of consultation with Governments and representation of Namibia at international conferences and other forums ...... D. Studies on the political, economic, military, legal and social situation in and related to Namibia ...... E. Implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia and activities in respect of foreign economic interests in Namibia..... F. Mission to contact corporations ...... G. Hearings, seminars and workshops on major issues concerning Namibia ...... H. Regional symposia in support of the struggle of the Namibian people ...... - ...... I. Support for the South West Africa People's Organization ...... J. Extraordinary plenary meetings of the Council ...... K. Dissemination of information and mobilization of international public opinion in support of Namibia ... L. United Nations Fund for Namibia ...... M. Requirements of the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia ...... Paragraphs 879 880 - 887 888 - 930 888 Pag e 171 194 196 196 889 - 930 218 889 - 890 218 891 - 892 893 - 899 900 - 901 902 - 903 904 - 905 906 - 907 908 - 909 910 - 912 913 219 219 220 220 221 221 221 222 222 914 - 920 223 921 - 926 229 927 - 930 -vii-

CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page CONTACTS BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA SINCE THE ADOPTION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS ES-8/2 AND 36/121 B ...... I. GENERAL ...... II. EFFORTS BY THE UNITED NATIONS TO INVOKE CHAPTER VII OF THE CHARTER AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA IN SUPPORT OF NAMIBIA'S INDEPENDENCE ...... III. REPLIES RECEIVED FROM MEMBER STATES ON MEASURES TAKEN BY THEM TO IMPLEMENT THE RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE RESOLUTIONS ...... IV. CONTACTS BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE RESOLUTIONS ...... A. Political, diplomatic, consular and other contacts ... B. Economic contacts ...... C. Contacts in the military and nuclear fields ...... D. Social and cultural contacts ...... V. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ...... 931 - 1161 931 - 935 936 - 962 963 - 970 971 971 978 1060 1108 1154 - 1153 - 977 - 1059 - 1107 - 1153 - 1161 ANNEXES I. Allocation of resources to the Council for 1983 within the programme budget for 1982-1983 ...... II. List of official documents of the Council (1 September 1982 to 31 August 1983) ...... III. Letter dated 15 November 1983 from the President of the European Parliament addressed to the Secretary-General ...... -viii- Chapter PART FIVE:

FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS ANC African National Congress of South Africa ECA Economic Commission for Africa EEC European Economic Community FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ILO International Labour Organisation IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OAU Organization of African Unity PAC Pan Africanist Congress of Azania PLAN People's Liberation Army of Namibia PLO Palestine Liberation Organization SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference SADF South Africa Defence Force SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SWAPO South West Africa People's Organization UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization -ix-

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 16 November 1983 Sir, Pursuant to section V of General Assembly resolution 2248 (S-V), I have the honour to transmit herewith the eighteenth report of the United Nations Council for Namibia, which the Council adopted at its 409th meeting on 16 November 1983. This report covers the period from 1 September 1982 to 31 August 1983. In the discharge of its responsibilities as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence and as a major policy-making organ of the United Nations, the Council during the period under review intensified its activities with a view to mobilizing concerted international action to seek an early end to South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia. In this connection, it is significant to point out that in accordance with General Assembly resolution 37/233 C, the Council, in consultation with OAU, organized an International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence which was held at UNESCO headquarters in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, and culminated in the adoption of a Declaration and Programme of Action on Namibia. The Council also held a Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America, at San Jose, Costa Rica from 16 to 19 August 1983. The Council recalls that 17 years have elapsed since the General Assembly adopted resolution 2145 (XXI) terminating South Africa's mandate for the administration of Namibia and that the Council, since its creation in 1967, has spared no effort to fulfil the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly. In this respect, the Council has firmly supported the people of Namibia and SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, in their struggle to achieve self- determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. The Council is convinced that the illegal presence of South Africa in Namibia cannot be tolerated and that South Africa's continued illegal occupation of the Territory, its war of repression against the Namibian people, its persistent acts of aggression launched from bases in Namibia against independent African States, its policy of apartheid and its development of nuclear weapons constitute a serious threat to international peace and security. In this respect the Council expresses its concern at the continued collaboration by certain Western States with South Africa, which facilitates the continuation of that occupation. Furthermore, the Council considers that the attempts by the United States of America and South Africa to link the independence of Namibia with extraneous and irrelevant issues are designed to further delay the implementation of United Nations resolutions. His Excellency Mr. Javier P4rez de Cullar Secretary-General of the United Nations New York

The Council firmly believes that the United Nations should continue to exert every effort to bring an end to South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia, in accordance with numerous United Nations resolutions, including Security Council resolution 532 (1983). It further believes that South Africa must be made to comply with the United Nations plan for Namibia embodied in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) without prevarication, dilution or any further delay. The Council once again reiterates its view that it is incumbent upon the Security Council to impose comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter in order to compel it to withdraw from Namibia, thus enabling the long-suffering people of that Territory to enjoy the self-determination, freedom and independence to which they are justly entitled. In accordance with the terms of resolution 2248 (S-V), I have the honour to request that the report be distributed as a document of the General Assembly at its thirty-eighth session. Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration. (Signed) Paul J. F. LUSAKA President of the United Nations Council for Namibia -xi-

INTRODUCTION 1. By resolution 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966, the General Assembly placed Namibia under the direct responsibility of the United Nations in order to enable the people of the Territory to exercise their right of self-determination and to achieve independence. By resolution 2248 (S-V) of 19 May 1967, the Assembly established the United Nations Council for Namibia with the objective, inter alia, of obtaining the withdrawal of the illegal South African regime from Namibia and taking over the administration of the Territory. In subsequent resolutions the Assembly has assigned a broad range of policy-making and administrative functions to the Council. 2. In fulfilment of the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly, the Council has formulated its programme of work in close consultation with SWAPO, which the Assembly has recognized as the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. 3. South Africa's continued illegal occupation of the Territory has naturally met with the resistance of the Namibian people. The racist regime's obstinate refusal to withdraw from the Territory despite the just demands of the Namibian people has compelled them to intensify their struggle for their inalienable right to self- determination and national independence. In this struggle, the Namibian people have remained firm and steadfast against all attempts by South Africa to undermine their national unity and territorial integrity. The Council has continuously and resolutely supported the Namibian people in their just struggle under the leadership of SWAPO. 4. The activities of the Council during the period under review included consultations with Governments of Member States to review all possible measures and initiatives that might be taken in compliance with United Nations resolutions on Namibia, the representation of Namibian interests in international organizations and conferences, the provision of moral support and material assistance to Namibians and the dissemination of information on the situation in Namibia. 5. As part of its ongoing programme of consultations with Member States, the Council held high-level meetings in 1983 with the Governments of Belgium, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Greece, Haiti, Italy, Nicaragua, Switzerland, Turkey and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 6. The Council represented Namibia in the ILO, FAO, UNESCO, ITU, IAEA, UNCTAD, UNIDO, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. All of these institutions, in compliance with the requests of the General Assembly, have granted full membership to Namibia, represented by the Council. The Council also participated in the meetings of OAU and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, as well as a large number of international conferences. 7. The Council continued to provide material assistance to Namibians through the United Nations Fund for Namibia, the United Nations Institute for Namibia at Lusaka and the Nationhood Programme for Namibia.

8. In order to increase the awareness of world public opinion regarding the struggle of the Namibian people, the Council continued to disseminate information on Namibia through the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, by means of publications, films, radio programmes, photographic displays and other activities. 9. In the same context, the Council continued its close co-operation with non- governmental organizations, which are playing an important role in the efforts to mobilize international public opinion in support of the struggle of the Namibian people for freedom and independence. 10. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 37/233 C of 20 December 1982, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in co-operation with the Council and in consultation with OAU, organized the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. The purpose of the Conference was to review the situation in and around Namibia with a view, inter alia, to mobilizing support for the liberation struggle of the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO and generating assistance to the front-line States in order to enable them to sustain their support to the Namibian cause. In addition, the Conference considered measures for securing the early implementation of the United Nations plan for Namibia as provided for in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976 and 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978 as well as the implementation of other United Nations resolutions and decisions, with a view to ensuring the speedy exercise by the people of Namibia of their inalienable right to freedom and independence. 11. During the period under review, several complaints were lodged against South Africa by neighbouring African States. In a letter dated 27 August 1982 addressed to the Secretary-General, 1/ the Permanent Representative of Mozambique to the United Nations drew attention to the latest in a series of armed attacks and violations of the territorial integrity of Mozambique by South African troops. On 24 November 1982, Mozambique again complained of the massive concentration of South African troops and military equipment at the Mozambican border. 2/ 12. On 9 December 1982, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Lesotho complained to the President of the Security Council that the South Africa Defence Force (SADF), using military aircraft and helicopters, had launched an attack on the capital, Maseru, causing the loss of 31 innocent lives. 3/ The Security Council condemned that aggressive act by its resolution 527 (1982) of 15 December 1982. 13. In Namibia, South Africa continued its campaign of terror through the constant harassment, detention, torture and cold-blooded murder of innocent civilians, displacement of whole communities and various other inhuman practices. Anyone suspected of being a member or supporter of SWAPO was a prime target for these brutal attacks. The occupation regime continued its militarization of Namibia, where it maintains over 100,000 troops and an ever- expanding number of military bases. It continued to recruit and use mercenaries to participate in the genocidal violence which it has unleashed in an attempt to break the spirit of the people of Namibia and the neighbouring African States. South Africa also attempted to increase its intimidation of independent African countries through the development of a nuclear weapons capability which further threatened international peace and security. This aggressive policy of South Africa has kept the entire southern African region in a state of instability and insecurity.

14. The Council notes with deep concern that during the period under review, the situation in and around Namibia further deteriorated as a result of the continued illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa, the ruthless repression and oppression of the Namibian people in the form of arrests, detentions and torture, particularly of Namibian leaders and members of SWAPO, the massive military build-up in the Territory, the attempts by South Africa to dismember Namibia, the plunder of Namibia's natural resources by the racist r4gime and Western economic interests in violation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, 4/ the persistent attempts by South Africa and the United States of America to link Namibia's independence to irrelevant and extraneous issues, the use of Namibia as a springboard for acts of aggression against neighbouring States, particularly Angola, the increased attempts by South Africa to destabilize the political, economic and social structures of the States in the region and the increased collaboration of the United States and its major allies with South Africa in the political, military, economic, nuclear and other fields, which provided the racist r6gime with the necessary means for the perpetuation of its illegal occupation. 15. The Council considers that these acts constitute deliberate defiance of the United Nations and the will of the international community and are designed to deprive the Namibian people of their hard-won victories in the liberation struggle. 16. More than ever before, the actions of the apartheid regime in southern Africa pose a threat to international peace and security. By its actions, South Africa has clearly demonstrated that it has no intention of co-operating with the United Nations with regard to a negotiated settlement in Namibia in accordance with Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976, 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978 and 532 (1983) of 31 May 1983. Resolution 532 (1983) calls upon South Africa to make a firm commitment as to its readiness to comply with resolution 435 (1978) and to co-operate with the Secretary-General in order to expedite its implementation. South Africa has shown, on the contrary, that it does not recognize the decision of the Security Council contained in resolution 532 (1983). 17. The results of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence clearly demonstrate that it is the will of the international community that the illegal occupation of Namibia by the racist r4gime of South Africa be immediately terminated. 18. The Council welcomes the Paris Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the Conference (see para. 872 below) as a further expression of the world-wide solidarity with the just struggle of the Namibian people for freedom and independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. 19. The Council, as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, will continue to do its utmost to fulfil the mandate given to it by the General Assembly to defend the rights and interests of the Namibian people and to promote initiatives, including the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, in support of the early and genuine liberation of Namibia.

PART ONE WORK OF THE COUNCIL AS A POLICY-MAKING ORGAN OF THE UNITED NATIONS I. GENERAL 20. The United Nations Council for Namibia, the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until its independence, is the major policy-making organ of the General Assembly charged with defending the rights and interests of Namibia and its people. 21. During the period under review, the Council continued to participate in the formulation of United Nations policy on Namibia by submitting to the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session its annual report, 5/ containing, inter alia, its assessment of the situation in Namibia, an account of the activities of the Council as Administering Authority for the Territory and its recommendations for action by the Assembly. The Council's report was the main document before the Assembly when it considered the question of Namibia and the Council's recommendations provided the basis for the resolutions adopted by the Assembly on that question. 22. The Council also participated in the Security Council debates on the question of Namibia and in the preparation of Security Council resolutions on the question as appropriate. In addition, the Council participated actively in the work of other United Nations bodies whenever these dealt with the question of Namibia and related matters. In particular, the Council participated in meetings of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Special Committee against Apartheid. 23. The Council continued to co-operate fully with OAU and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries by taking part in their meetings and in the elaboration of the declarations and resolutions of those organizations on the question of Namibia. 24. The Council, in co-operation with the Secretary-General and in consultation with OAU, organized the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, which was held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. 25. As in previous years, the Council dispatched missions of consultation to various countries. In 1983, these missions were sent to Europe and Latin America. 26. The Council also organized meetings and seminars on various aspects of the question of Namibia for the purpose of furthering the implementation of the relevant United Nations resolutions. Among other events, the Council organized its first regional symposium on Namibia. The "Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America" was held at San Jos6, Costa Rica from 16 to 19 August 1983. 27. The Council also intensified its programme of co-operation with non- governmental organizations in its efforts to mobilize international public opinion in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people and of their sole and authentic representative, SWAPO. 28. In its work as a policy-making organ of the United Nations, the Council continued to consult closely with SWAPO on all matters of interest to the Namibian people.

II. CONSIDERATION OF THE QUESTION OF NAMIBIA BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT ITS THIRTY-SEVENTH SESSION 29. The General Assembly considered the question of Namibia at its 101st to 106th and 113th plenary meetings, held between 13 and 20 December 1982. 30. The Assembly had before it, in addition to the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia, 5/ the report of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, y the report of the Secretary-General (A/37/203/Rev.l and Add.l-4) and the report of the Fourth Committee (A/37/619). 31. A total of 83 delegations participated in the debate on the question of Namibia. The debate clearly reflected the growing concern of the international community over the further deterioration of the situation in and around Namibia arising from South Africa's continued illegal occupation of the Territory; its persistent and blatant refusal to implement the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, including Security Council resolution 435 (1978), and its attempts to impose an "internal settlement" on the Namibian people in violation of Security Council resolution 439 (1978); the attempts by the United States and South Africa to distort the very nature of the Namibian question by linking it to issues entirely irrelevant and extraneous to iti and Pretoria's continued policy of aggression against the neighbouring States. 32. At the 101st meeting of the Assembly, on 13 December 1982, 2/ the President of the Council presented the Council's annual report for the Assembly's consideration. In his statement, the President observed that the question of Namibia had remained unresolved since the last session, despite demands by the international community for the unconditional withdrawal of the racist South African r~gime from the Territory. South Africa had reacted to those just demands by tightening its grip on Namibia, perpetrating massive and unprovoked acts of aggression against the neighbouring States, assassinating Namibian leaders and arbitrarily arresting and detaining those people suspected of belonging to SWAPO. 33. He pointed out that the intransigence and belligerence of the racist Pretoria r6gime continued to be aided and abetted by certain States in Western Europe and North America whose political, economic and military relations with the apartheid regime undermined the global effort aimed at eliminating apartheid and obtaining the withdrawal of South Africa's occupation forces from Namibia. 34. In that regard, he indicated that foreign investment in South Africa had continued to increase. Furthermore, on 3 November 1982, despite General Assembly resolution 37/2 of 21 October 1982 urging IMF to reject a South African loan application, the Fund, in which South Africa's friends controlled a large share of the votes, had approved a loan of $US 1.1 billion in special drawing rights to the apartheid rigime in Pretoria, thus sabotaging the General Assembly efforts to terminate South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia. 35. The President stressed that the Council, OAU, the front-line States, Nigeria and SWAPO had remained committed to the implementation of the settlement plan for Namibia's independence as embodied in Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and had rejected attempts by South Africa and its allies to link the independence of Namibia with the presence of Cuban troops in Angola, an issue unrelated to the United Nations settlement plan.

36. He stated that the Council would continue to intensify its efforts for the liberation of Namibia by mobilizing international public opinion, exposing the exploitative and oppressive political, military and economic activities of the racist Pretoria r6gime and its Western allies, and taking suitable measures to preserve the territorial integrity of Namibia and to protect its natural resources. 37. The President pointed out that Namibia, as represented by the Council, had joined several specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, most recently IAEA and ITU, and had acceded to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination / and the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. 9/ It had also signed the Final Act of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 38. He also observed that the Council had held extraordinary plenary meetings at Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania from 10 to 14 May 1982 and adopted the Arusha Declaration and Programme of Action on Namibia. 10/ In that document, the Council had drawn attention to the critical situation in and relating to Namibia as a result of South Africa's illegal occupation and aggressive policies, and articulated ways of intensifying practical action by the international community in support of the struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination and independence. 39. At the 102nd meeting, on the same date, ll/ Mr. Peter Mueshihange, Secretary for Foreign Relations of SWAPO, stated that the illegal occupation r4gime of South Africa had turned Namibia into an armed fortress, controlled and terrorized by the colonial military and police forces, which were estimated to have reached 100,000 in number. The terrorist army and the fascist police brutally enforced tyranny and repression in Namibia and launched acts of aggression, destabilization and subversion from occupied Namibia against the peoples and Governments of the independent States of southern Africa. 40. He stated that in the light of the grave situation in southern Africa, for which the apartheid rigime was totally and solely responsible, it was most deplorable that the major NATO Powers continued to intensify their collaboration with the Pretoria r6gime in the nuclear, military, economic, financial, technological, cultural and political fields, in disregard of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations. The latest example in that regard was the approval of an IMF loan of SUS 1.1 billion to Pretoria, the same amount that it had spent in the 1981/82 fiscal year to maintain its illegal r4gime in Namibia. 41. He noted that the friends of the racist r4gime had not hesitated to misuse the institution of the veto in the Security Council to protect that r4gime and to prevent the Council from assuming its full responsibility, including the imposition of sanctions, as an additional means of exerting pressure on South Africa for a meaningful change internally and to end its illegal occupation of Namibia. 42. He said that for the past five years, notwithstanding all the good will and the best efforts of the front-line States, SWAPO and the United Nations, the illegal r4gime had obstructed the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978).

43. He pointed out that the current impasse had been created by the United States Administration, which had invented the notion of linkage between the independence of Namibia and the presence of Cuban forces in Angola. South Africa had found the United States insistence on that issue to be yet another convenient excuse for avoiding free, fair and democratic elections in Namibia. 44. The debate on the question of Namibia and the subsequent resolutions adopted by the Assembly reflected once again the international community's concern over South Africa's persistent refusal to implement Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and its intention to promote and install a puppet regime devoted to the perpetuation of its colonial and illegal occupation of Namibia. 45. Virtually all the delegations participating in the debate reiterated the position that the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia must be secured) that Namibia was the direct responsibility of the United Nationsi and that Security Council resolution 435 (1978), in which the Council had endorsed the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia, was the only basis for a negotiated settlement. 46. They expressed support for the United Nations Council for Namibia in the discharge of the responsibilities entrusted to it, and condemned the South African r6gime for its continued illegal occupation of Namibia and its persistent refusal to comply with the resolutions of the United Nations. 47. Many speakers reaffirmed the demand of the international community for the implementation of the United Nations plan for Namibia as embodied in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) without any further delay. They deplored the fact that the efforts made to that end thus far had failed owing to the intransigence of the South African regime and its manifest unwillingness to co- operate with the united Nations. 48. They pointed out that some Western Powers had abetted South Africa in its defiance of the international community by extending co-operation to the Pretoria r6gime in the political, economic and military fields. They emhasized in particular the harmful effects on Namibia's future development resulting from the activities of foreign economic interests which ruthlessly exploited Namibia's natural resources and its labour force, deriving enormous profits from their illegal activities. 49. They indicated that much of the responsibility for South Africa's continued illegal occupation of Namibia lay with certain Western Powers which were providing political, economic and military support to the racist r~gime. 50. The delegations rejected attempts to introduce extraneous and irrelevant issues as conditions for the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978). They characterized the effort by the United States and South Africa to establish a link between the granting of independence to Namibia and the presence of Cuban forces in Angola as a deliberate attempt to undermine the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and as interference in the internal affairs of the sovereign State of Angola. 51. Many delegations condemned South Africa's acts of aggression against neighbouring States and particularly its armed attack against Lesotho in December 1982, which had taken the lives of innocent people and had further heightened tension in the region, demonstrating once more the urgent need for concerted international action against South Africa. 52. Several delegations expressed the view that in the light of South Africa's defiance of international law, its continued illegal occupation of Namibia, its aggressive policies and its development of a nuclear-weapons capability, all of which endangered international peace and security, comprehensive and mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations should be imposed by the Security Council in order to compel South Africa to comply with the resolutions of the United Nations. 53. Numerous delegations reiterated their support for the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for freedom and national independence by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. They also reiterated their solidarity with the front-line States, which were valiantly assisting the people of Namibia and South Africa in their struggle against colonialism and apartheid. 54. At its 113th plenary meeting, on 20 December 1982, the General Assembly adopted five resolutions on the question of Namibia. 55. By a recorded vote of 120 to none, with 23 abstentions, the Assembly adopted resolution 37/233 A, entitled "Situation in Namibia resulting from the illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa". 56. By that resolution, the General Assembly reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Namibian people to self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia, as well as the legitimacy of their struggle by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, against the illegal occupation of their Territory by South Africa. 57. The Assembly reiterated that Namibia was the direct responsibility of the United Nations until genuine self-determination and national independence were achieved in the Territory and reaffirmed the mandate which it had given to the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence. 58. It further reaffirmed that SWAPO, the national liberation movement of Namibia, was the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people; that the genuine independence of Namibia could be achieved only with the direct and full participation of SWAPO in all efforts to implement resolutions of the United Nations relating to Namibia; and that the only parties to the conflict in Namibia were, on the one hand, South Africa, as the illegal occupying Power, and, on the other, the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. 59. The Assembly declared that South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia constituted an act of aggression against the Namibian people in terms of the Definition of Aggression contained in resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974. It strongly condemned South Africa for obstructing the implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976), 435 (1978) and 439 (1978) and for its manoeuvres, in contravention of those resolutions, designed to consolidate its colonial and neo-colonial interests at the expense of the legitimate aspirations of the Namibian people for genuine self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. It also strongly condemned South Africa for its military build-up in Namibia, its introduction of compulsory military service for Namibians, its recruitment and training of Namibians for tribal armies and the use of mercenaries to suppress the Namibian people and to carry out is military attacks against independent African States, its threats and acts of subversion and aggression against those States and the forcible displacement of Namibians from their homes. 60. By the same resolution, the Assembly firmly rejected the manoeuvres by one member of the Western contact group aimed at undermining the international consensus embodied in Security Council resolution 435 (1978). 61. It deeply deplored the increased assistance rendered by certain Western States to South Africa in the political, economic, military and cultural fields and expressed its conviction that that assistance should be exposed before the world public at large and demanded that such assistance be immediately terminated. 62. The Assembly strongly condemned the collusion by the Governments of certain Western and other States, particularly those of the United States and Israel, with the racist r~gime of South Africa in the nuclear field and called upon France and all other States to refrain from supplying that r4gime, directly or indirectly, with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium or other nuclear materials, reactors or military equipment. 63. It strongly condemned the activities of all foreign economic interests operating in Namibia under the illegal South African administration which were illegally exploiting the resources of the Territory and demanded that transnational corporations engaged in such exploitation comply with all relevant resolutions of the United Nations by immediately refraining from any new investment or activities in Namibia, by withdrawing from the Territory and by putting an end to their co-operation with the illegal South African administration. 64. It declared that, by their depletive exploitation of natural resources and continued accumulation and repatriation of huge profits, the activities of foreign economic, financial and other interests operating in Namibia constituted a major obstacle to its political independence. 65. The Assembly deeply deplored the continued collaboration of IMF with South Africa, as exemplified by the grant of a credit of 1 billion special drawing rights in disregard of General Assembly resolution 37/2, and called upon the Fund to put an end to such collaboration. It requested the United Nations Council for Namibia to continue to monitor the boycott of South Africa and to submit to the Assembly at its thirty-eighth session a comprehensive report on all contacts between all States and South Africa. 66. By a recorded vote of 129 to none, with 17 abstentions, the Assembly adopted resolution 37/233 B, entitled "Implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978)". By this resolution, the Assembly firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa to establish linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasized unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts would only retard the decolonization process in Namibia as well as constitute interference in the internal affairs of Angola.

67. By a recorded vote of 139 to none, with 8 abstentions, the Assembly adopted resolution 37/233 C, entitled "Programme of work of the United Nations Council for Namibia". By this resolution the Assembly decided that Namibia, represented by the Council, should participate as a full member in all conferences and meetings organized by the United Nations to which all States were invited. It requested all committees and other subsidiary bodies of the Assembly and of the Economic and Social Council to continue to invite a representative of the United Nations Council for Namibia to participate whenever the rights and interests of Namibians were discussed, and to consult closely with the Council before submitting any draft resolution which might involve the rights and interests of Namibians. 68. By a recorded vote of 127 to none, with 20 abstentions, the Assembly adopted resolution 37/233 D, entitled "Dissemination of information and mobilization of international public opinion in support of Namibia", by which it requested the Council, in pursuance of its international campaign in support of Namibia, to continue to consider ways and means of increasing the dissemination of information relating to Namibia. 69. By the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to direct the Department of Public Information, in addition to its responsibilities relating to southern Africa, to assist, as a matter of priority, the Council in the implementation of its programme of dissemination of information in order that the United Nations might intensify its efforts to generate publicity and disseminate information with a view to mobilizing public support for the independence of Namibia, particularly in the Western States. 70. It further requested the Secretary-General to give the widest possible publicity to the forthcoming International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence through all means at his disposal, including special publications, press releases and radio and television broadcasts. 71. The Assembly called upon the Council to enlist the support of non- governmental organizations in its efforts to mobilize international public opinion in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people and of their liberation movement, SWAPO. 72. It further requested those non-governmental organizations and support groups that were actively engaged in supporting the struggle of the Namibian people to intensify, in co-operation with the Council, international action in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, including assistance to the Council in monitoring the boycott of South Africa called for in General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 of 14 September 1981. 73. By a recorded vote of 141 to none, with 5 abstentions, the Assembly adopted resolution 37/233 E, entitled "United Nations Fund for Namibia". By this resolution, the Assembly decided to allocate as a temporary measure to the Fund a sum of $US 1 million from the regular budget of the United Nations for 1983 and requested the Secretary-General and the President of the Council to intensify appeals to Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and individuals for generous voluntary contributions to the General Account of the Fund and the Trust Funds for the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and the United Nations Institute for Namibia. -10-

74. The Assembly requested the specialized agencies and other organizations and bodies of the United Nations system, in the light of the urgent need to strengthen the programme of assistance to the Namibian people, to make every effort to expedite the execution of Nationhood Programme projects and other projects in favour of Namibians and to execute those projects on the basis of procedures which would reflect the role of the Council as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia. -11-

III. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN SUPPORT OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NAMIBIAN PEOPLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 75. By its resolution 37/233 C, the General Assembly decided that an International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence should be held in 1983 and requested the Secretary-General to organize the Conference in co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia and in consultation with OAU. Mr. B. C. Mishra, United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, was appointed Secretary-General of the Conference. 76. The Council decided to assign the co-ordination of arrangements for the Conference to its Steering Committee, which constituted itself for this purpose into a Working Group under the chairmanship of Mr. Feodor Starcevic (Yugoslavia). Representatives of OAU and SWAPO participated in all aspects of the preparatory work undertaken by the Working Group. 77. In addition, the Council prepared reports for the Conference on the military, economic, social and political aspects of the situation in and related to Namibia (A/CONF.120/3-A/AC.131/91 and Corr.1 and 2, A/CONF.120/4-A/AC.131/92, A/CONF.120/5A/AC.131/93 and A/CONF.120/7-A/AC.131/94, respectively), on the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia (A/CONF.120/11) and on assistance to the front-line States (A/CONF.120/10), as well as a list of transnational corporations and other foreign economic interests operating in Namibia (A/CONF.120/8). The United Nations Institute for Namibia contributed to the documentation of the Conference with a study entitled "Planning for Namibian Independence: Manpower Development Strategies" (A/CONF.120/6). 78. The Conference was held at UNESCO headquarters in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. Representatives of 138 States, four liberation movements, including SWAPO, various United Nations bodies and 59 non-governmental organizations attended the Conference. 79. Among the speakers who addressed the Conference were Mr. Javier P~rez de Cu6llar, Secretary-General of the United Nations; Mr. Amadou Mahtar M'Bow, Director-General of UNESCO; Mr. Claude Cheysson, Minister of External Relations of France; Mr. Imre Hollai, President of the General Assembly; Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka, President of the United Nations Council for Namibia; Mr. Edem Kodjo, Secretary-General of OAU; Mr. Moustapha Niasse, Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Senegal and President of the Conference; and Mr. A. A. Rahim, Minister of State for External Affairs of India and Special Representative of the Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. Mr. Sam Nujoma, President of SWAPO, also addressed the Conference. 80. In his statement before the Conference, the Secretary-General of the United Nations observed that over a span of almost four decades, the United Nations had steadfastly supported the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self- determination and independence in a free and united Namibia. Those efforts had culminated in the adoption of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which embodied the United Nations plan for the settlement of the Namibian problem. He regretted the delay in implementing Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and the clouding of the negotiation process by the emergence of extraneous issues which had not been envisaged at the time of the adoption of resolution 435 (1978). -12-

81. He stated that the United Nations, as part of its commitment to Namibia, must strengthen programmes of assistance designed to enhance the social and economic well-being of the Namibian people. Noting the various social and economic development programmes already in existence he appealed to all Member States and to the international organizations to contribute generously to those programmes. 82. The Director-General of UNESCO reaffirmed that organization's view that the people of Namibia should be enabled to exercise their full national rights as a sovereign nation. He observed that the failure to free Namibia should be blamed not only on South Africa but also on its allies, who had defied international opinion by continuing their support to South Africa despite its refusal to withdraw from Namibia. 83. He expressed deep concern at South Africa's policies, which posed a great danger to the stability of the African continent and its opportunities for development, and also a constituted threat to world peace. He hoped that the Conference would provide new impetus to the mobilization of world opinion for the freedom of Namibia. 84. The Minister for External Relations of France stated that all those who supported human rights could not fail to lament a situation where the Namibian people were forced to choose between submission and destruction. Referring to the linkage issue, he said; "We are shocked that attempts are being made to make the commitment to withdraw these foreign forces the pre-condition for the independence of Namibia; there is a double anomaly - and, indeed, this is an understatement - to link the fate of the Namibian people with a decision concerning another country, Angola, and to wish to take or have recorded at the international level a decision which is purely a matter of Angolan sovereignty". 85. The President of the General Assembly stated that while the Assembly had consistently advocated the imposition by the Security Council of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions on South Africa as a peaceful means to resolve the situation, some permanent members of the Security Council had prevented action. He said that attempts and manoeuvres aimed at undermining the Security Council's plan for a negotiated settlement of the Namibian question and linking the issue of the liberation of Namibia to a question pertaining to Angola's sovereign rights had been unequivocally rejected by the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session. 86. He stressed that the General Assembly had committed the international community to supporting the struggle of the Namibian people materially, financially and militarily. It had deplored the assistance given to South Africa by certain Western countries and strongly condemned their collusion with South Africa in the military sphere, especially in the nuclear field. It had reaffirmed its stand by calling on the Member States to support SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the people of Namibia. 87. The President of the United Nations Council for Namibia stressed that the continued illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa in complete disregard of United Nations resolutions and of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971 12/ was an act of aggression against the people of Namibia, as well as a breach of the peace. 88. He declared that since its creation, the Council had spared no effort to fulfil the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly. The Council had -13- endeavoured to mobilize international support in order to press for the withdrawal of the illegal South African administration from Namibia in accordance with United Nations resolutions on Namibia. 89. He insisted that the principal impediment to Namibia's independence remained the obduracy, greed and racism of South Africa and the policy of expediency in economic, political and strategic matters pursued by some of its allies. 90. Of late, South Africa and the United States had continued in their attempt to link the question of Namibia with irrelevant and extraneous questions such as the presence of Cuban forces in Angola, an issue unrelated to the United Nations plan and which fell under the exclusive competence of the Government of Angola. 91. The Secretary-General ef OAU emphasized that the Namibian people deserved to exercise their right to self-determination and independence. He pointed out, however, that South Africa's illegal presence had not only impeded Namibia's accession to independence, but had brought about a reign of terror in the Territory. 92. He maintained that the Western contact group must assume the responsibility of convincing Pretoria to accept the principle of self-determination for the Namibian peopley only then would it be possible to implement Security Council resolution 435 (1978). That resolution did not mention any link between foreign troops in Angola and the independence of Namibia. He further stated that the United Nations "d the contact group must condemn as null and void any internal solution of the Namibian question and must call upon South Africa to end unconditionally its campaign of conquest and colonization in the Territory, and its acts of aggression against neighbouring States. 93. He also declared that the international community must remain vigilant and that, in the event of resolute hostility from Pretoria to a negotiated settlement, the Security Council would have to enact comprehensive mandatory sanctions against the racist State. 94. The Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Senegal, speaking in his capacity as President of the Conference, observed that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) established a satisfactory plan for the solution of the question of Namibia. He expressed regret that the resolution remained unimplemented because the contact group had not been able to adopt the firmness necessary to compel South Africa to accept the terms of the United Nations plan. 95. He called upon the Conference to consider the question of the imposition of sanctions against South Africa. He said that military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa should be halted and that there should be an effective oil embargo against that rigime. Furthermore, economic and trade ties with Pretoria, especially in minerals and gold, should be severed and there should be no transfer of technology to the racist regime. 96. In concluding, he urged the international community to provide SWAPO with diplomatic, military and mnterial assistance so that it could realize the legitimate aspirations of the Namibian people. 97. The Minister of State for External Affairs of India, speaking in his capacity as Special Representative of the Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, recalled that in its Political Declaration (A/38/132-S/15675, annex), the Seventh -14-

Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in New Delhi from 7 to 12 March 1983, had reaffirmed the movement's support for the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia and had renewed its call to the Security Council to take urgent action on the implementation of the United Nations plan. It was regrettable that certain countries had, together with the South African r4gime, introduced a linkage or parallelism between South Africa's withdrawal from Namibia and entirely irrelevant and extraneous issues. The Special Representative further stated that the Conference should reiterate that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remained the only basis for the peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and that, in the light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by the intransigence of South Africa, the Security Council should impose comprehensive mandatory sanctions against that country. The Special Representative also transmitted to the Conference a message from Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India and Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. 98. The President of SWAPO said that the oppressed but struggling Namibian people were following with keen interest the deliberations of the Conference and were hoping that its conclusions and resolutions would reaffirm the active solidarity and support of the international community for the just cause of national liberation. 99. He stated that SWAPO had come to the conclusion that the role of the five Western Powers had ceased to be that of honest brokers in terms of the implementation of resolution 435 (1978). Those Powers, and the Reagan Administration in particular, must be prevailed upon to desist forthwith from their attempts to hijack and misuse the Namibian negotiating process for their own selfish ends. 100. He pledged that SWAPO would never relent in the struggle to liberate Namibia. SWAPO would continue to make the price of illegal occupation higher than its benefit for racist South Africa, which had failed to contain the ever- broadening and deepening advance of PLAN throughout the country. Recent months had seen brilliant victories scored by PLAN and high casualties inflicted on the enemy. Pretoria was now being forced to spend over R3 million a day in its doomed attempt to perpetuate its occupation of Namibia. 101. During the debate, all the speakers expressed deep concern about the grave situation in southern Africa brought about by South Africa's continued illegal occupation of Namibia, its militarization of the Territory and its acts of armed aggression and political and economic destabilization against the front-line States 102. The majority of speakers affirmed their solidarity with and support for the heroic struggle of the Namibian people for independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. 103. The speakers called for the immediate and unconditional implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) and all other relevant resolutions and decisions of the United Nations on the question of Namibia. 104. The speakers rejected outright the linkage of irrelevant and extraneous issues such as the withdrawal of Cuban forces from the sovereign State of Angola with the independence of Namibia. They emphasized that the Namibian problem was clearly an -15- issue of decolonization and should not be distorted by being portrayed in an East- West context. 105. Speakers called for the immediate convening of the Security Council to consider the question of Namibia and adopt measures to secure the implementation of its resolutions on the question. 106. The Conference adopted the Paris Declaration on Namibia (see para. 872 below) at its 10th meeting, on 29 April 1983. 107. In the Declaration, the Conference stated that it had reviewed the situation in and around Namibia in the context of the situation in southern Africa as a whole and its implications for international peace and security and examined in detail practical measures to increase support for the struggle of the people of Namibia for self-determination and independence, to assist the front-line States in resisting Sooth Africa's acts of destabilization and aggression and to ensure the early implementation of the United Nations plan for Namibia. In so doing, the Conference had taken special account of the resolutions on Namibia adopted by the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session (resolutions 37/233 A to E), the Political Declaration issued by the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries at New Delhi in March 1983 (see A/38/132S/15675, annex) and the communiques of the summit meetings of the front-line States held at Lusaka on 4 September 1982 and at Harare on 20 February 1983. 108. The Conference solemnly affirmed the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self-determination and national independence in a united Namibia in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, and all relevant United Nations resolutions. It further emphasized that, in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 2145 (XXI) and 2248 (S-V), Namibia was a direct responsibility of the United Nations which was exercised through the United Nations Council for Namibia, the legal Administering Authority for the Territory until its independence. 109. The Conference declared that South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia constituted an act of aggression against the Namibian people in terms of the definition of aggression contained in General Assembly resolution 3341 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974 and that the Namibian people, in the exercise of their inherent right of self-defence, were entitled to avail themselves of all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, to repel South Africa's aggression and to achieve self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. 110. The Conference expressed its firm solidarity with the people of Namibia in their liberation struggle under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, and called upon all participants at the Conference to concert their efforts with a view to rendering increased assistance to the Namibian people and to their liberation movement, SWAPO. 111. The Conference drew the attention of the international community to the attempts by South Africa to destroy the territorial integrity of Namibia and affirmed that, in accordance with the resolutions of the United Nations, in particular Security Council resolution 432 (1978) of 27 July 1978 and General Assembly resolution S-9/2 of 3 May 1978, Walvis Bay, Penguin Island and the other -16- offshore islands of Namibia were an integral part of Namibia and declared all measures by South Africa to annex them to be illegal, null and void. 112. The Conference deeply deplored the continued assistance rendered to the South African regime by certain countries in the political, economic, military and other fields and called for an end to such assistance. It also noted with concern that the United States policy of "constructive engagement" with the apartheid r4gime had further encouraged that regime to intensify its repression of the people of South Africa and Namibia and escalate aggression against the front-line States and had also encouraged its continued intransigence over Namibian independence, including defiance of the resolutions and decisions of the United Nations. 113. The Conference firmly rejected the continued attempts by the United States and the South African r6gime to obstruct the implementation of resolution 435 (1978) and to establish linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and extraneous and irrelevant issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasized unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts not only retarded the decolonization process in Namibia, but also constituted unwarranted and gross interference in the internal affairs of Angola. Having noted the statement made by one member of the Western contact group disassociating itself categorically from such attempts, which were incompatible with the letter and spirit of the plan initiated by the contact group itself and agreed upon by the two parties to the Namibian conflict, namely the South African regime and SWAPO, the Conference called upon the other members of the contact group to do likewise. The fact that Cuban forces had been present in Angola when the Security Council had adopted resolution 435 (1978), which contained no reference to linkage or parallelism, cast a dark shadow of doubt on the attitudes of those who, while professing continued adherence to the United Nations plan for Namibia, did nothing to remove the obstacles placed deliberately one after another in the path of the implementation of that plan. What was more, at least one member of the Western contact group, the United States, was itself responsible for the latest obstacle. 114. The Conference categorically stated that the United Nations plan for Namibia, endorsed by Security Council resolution 435 (1978), remained the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and called for its immediate implementation without modification or qualification. The Conference denounced all fraudulent constitutional and political schemes through which South Africa might attempt to perpetuate its colonial domination in Namibia and urged all States to refrain from according any recognition or extending any co- operation to any entity installed in Namibia in disregard of United Nations resolutions, in particular Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978). 115. The Conference considered that South Africa's continued illegal occupation of Namibia, its defiance of United Nations resolutions, its brutal repression of the Namibian people, its increasing acts of destabilization and aggression against independent African States and its policies of apartheid constituted a threat to international peace and security. In that context, the Conference expressed its dismay at the failure to date of the Security Council to discharge effectively its responsibilities for the maintenance of international peace and security owing to the opposition of its Western permanent members. The repeated use of the veto by those members to prevent the adoption of sanctions against South Africa had not only encouraged the South African r4gime in its lawlessness, but had provoked increased acts of defiance of the authority of the United Nations. It considered that sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter, universally and effectively -17- applied, were the only available means to ensure South Africa's compliance with the resolutions and decisions of the United Nations and to prevent the intensification of the armed conflict in the region. 116. The Conference called upon the Security Council to meet at the earliest possible date to consider further action on the implementation of its plan for Namibia's independence, thereby assuming its primary responsibility for the implementation of resolution 435 (1978). The Conference felt that five years after the adoption of that resolution it was high time that the Security Council assumed fully the central role in its implementation and established the Council's own time-frame for such implementation. 117. The Conference urged States, pending the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions by the Security Council, unilaterally and collectively to adopt economic measures against the South African r6gime as called for by relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and commended those Governments that had already taken measures towards that end. 118. The Conference paid tribute to the historic and courageous struggle of the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, to free themselves from colonial bondage and foreign exploitation in order to achieve what was theirs by rights human dignity and freedom in an independent Namibia. The Conference expressed its conviction that the day was not far off when Namibia would be genuinely independent. In the pursuit of their noble cause the people of Namibia did not stand alone, but could count on the support of all peoples and Governments that were truly committed to justice in a peaceful world. 119. At its 6th meeting, on 29 April 1983, the Committee of the Whole established by the Conference adopted its Report and Programme of Action on Namibia (see para. 872 below). The Committee reaffirmed that the United Nations plan contained in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) was the only universally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and called for its immediate implementation without qualification, modification or prevarication. It also reaffirmed its determined and full support for the efforts of the Secretary-General of the United Nations to promote the speedy and urgent implementation of the United Nations plan. 120. The Committee firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States to establish linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasized unequivocally that all attempts to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola were purposely designed to delay the decolonization process in Namibia and constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. The Committee expressed deep regret at the failure of some other members of the contact group to disassociate themselves explicitly from such manoeuvres, which were totally incompatible with the letter and spirit of resolution 435 (1978) and merely encouraged the Pretoria regime to persist in its continued illegal occupation. 121. The Committee called upon the Security Council to adopt the necessary measures to tighten the arms embargo imposed against South Africa in Security Council resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977 and to ensure strict compliance with the embargo by all States. -18-

122. The Committee called upon all Governments to render sustained and increased moral and political support as well as financial, military and other material assistance to SWAPO to enable it to intensify its struggle for the liberation of Namibia. It also called upon the specialized agencies and other international organizations and institutions associated with the United Nations to provide, within their respective spheres of competence, assistance on a priority basis to the people of Namibia through SWAPO. 123. The Committee called upon all Governments to give maximum political and moral support as well as economic and military assistance to the front-line States in order to enable them better to exercise their legitimate right of self-defence vis- a-vis South Africa, and to support the Southern African Development Co- ordination Conference (SADCC), of which the front-line States were members, with a view to reducing their dependence on racist South Africa. 124. The Committee called upon all States to ensure compliance by all corporations and individuals within their jurisdiction with the provisions of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. 4/ In particular, the Committee called upon Governments of States whose corporations were involved in the mining and processing of Namibian uranium to take all appropriate measures to prohibit and prevent these corporations and their subsidiaries from dealing in Namibian uranium and from engaging in any uranium prospecting activities in Namibia. The Committee called upon the United Nations Council for Namibia to adopt the necessary measures, including the institution of legal proceedings in national courts, to implement the provisions of the Decree. 125. The Committee called upon all Governments to contribute or to increase their contribution to the United Nations Fund for Namibia in order to assist the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and the United Nations Institute for Namibia in the formulation and implementation of their projects in support of the Namibian people. Similarly it suggested that all Governments and specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system make contributions to the United Nations Institute for Namibia in the form of scholarship grants and other types of assistance. 126. The Committee called upon all States to exert every effort for the unconditional implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which remained the only basis for a settlement of the Namibian question. It further called upon them to reject categorically and oppose resolutely, in every available forum, the attempts to link Namibian independence with irrelevant or extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. 127. The Committee expressed appreciation to all non-governmental organizations and support groups actively engaged in supporting the struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, and appealed to them to intensify and broaden, in co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, international action in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people and to increase their material, political and moral support to SWAPO. 128. The Committee urged trade unions to take all appropriate action including organizing an embargo on all shipments to and from South Africa as well as transport and communication with that country. -19-

129. The Committee proposed that the General Assembly consider the Programme of Action at its thirty-eighth session and called upon the United Nations Council for Namibia to promote and secure the implementation of the Programme. Participation of non-governmental organizations in the International Conference and the workshop following the Conference 130. Non-governmental organizations participated actively in the-Conference. Representatives of non-governmental organizations made statements to both the plenary and the Committee of the Whole and contributed as members of the Drafting Committee in the preparation of the Report of the Committee of the Whole and the Programme of Action on Namibia. 131. In accordance with the request addressed to it by the General Assembly in resolution 37/233 D, the Council organized a workshop for non-governmental organizations at the conclusion of the Conference. Representatives of some 115 non-governmental organizations attended the workshop, held on 30 April 1983. 132. The Council delegation conducting the workshop was headed by the President of the Council and included the representatives of Bulgaria, India, Pakistan, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Zambia. A SWAPO delegation, composed of the Permanent Observer to the United Nations and the Deputy Permanent Observer, also participated in the workshop. 133. The participants considered the contribution which non-governmental organizations could make to the implementation of the decisions adopted at the Conference within the context of close co-ordination with the Council. They adopted an action-oriented agenda identifying the following areas for concerted mobilization of non-governmental organizations: (a) political repression in Namibia and political prisoners; (b) material aid to SWAPO; (c) support to the front-line States; (d) military and nuclear co-operation with South Africa; (e) IMF loans to South Africa; (f) matters relating to the implementation of Decree No. 1 and Namibian exports; (g) dissemination of information; and (h) campaigning on the linkage issue. 134. During the discussions on these topics, the representatives shared information on the experiences of their organizations in carrying out campaigns on issues related to Namibia as well as programmes of assistance to Namibians. 135. The representatives were unanimous in their view that effective action by their organizations required an adequate flow of information on all aspects of the question of Namibia, and particularly on those activities of the Council to which the organizations could make a useful contribution. (For a detailed report on the workshop see A/CONF.120/13, part four.) -20-

Iv. MEETINGS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 136. In its capacity as a policy-making organ of the United Nations, the United Nations Council for Namibia participates in the decision-making process of the Security Council in two ways. First, the United Nations Council for Namibia, as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly, submits to the Assembly recommendations which form the basis for the resolutions on Namibia adopted by the Assembly. Those resolutions frequently call upon the Security Council to take action in order to ensure the early independence of Namibia. Secondly, the United Nations Council for Namibia participates directly in the work of the Security Council in accordance with the relevant rules of procedure by means of a delegation, headed by the President, which speaks in the debates on the question of Namibia and takes part in the elaboration of the relevant Security Council resolutions. 137. Subsequent to the collapse of the pre-implementation talks held in Geneva in January 1981, the serious situation created by South Africa's persistent refusal to terminate its illegal occupation of Namibia was further compounded by the introduction of the linkage between Namibia's independence and the presence of Cuban forces in Angola by the Government of the United States and by its policy of "constructive engagement" with the South African r6gime. In view of the deterioration of the situation and the increased threat to regional and international peace and security arising therefrom, the international community thought it imperative that the Security Council meet at the earliest possible date to consider further action on the implementation of its plan for Namibia's independence and thereby assume its primary responsibility for the implementation of resolution 435 (1978). 138. In its resolution 37/233 A, the General Assembly strongly urged the Security Council, in the light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to respond positively to the overwhelming demand of the international community by immediately taking appropriate actions against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Furthermore, by resolution 37/233 B, the Assembly requested the Security Council to exercise its authority for the implementation of its resolution 435 (1978) so as to bring about the independence of Namibia without further delay. 139. Similar calls were made in the documents issuing from the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi from 7 to 11 March 1983, the International Conference in Solidarity with the Front-line States, held at Lisbon from 25 to 27 March 1983, and the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. 140. The Permanent Representatives of Mauritius and India to the United Nations, in separate letters addressed to the President of the Security Council on 12 May (S/15760) and on 13 May 1983 (S/15761) on behalf of the Group of African States at the United Nations and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, respectively, requested that a meeting of the Council be convened to consider the question of Namibia. Accordingly, the Security Council considered the situation in Namibia at its 2439th to its 2451st meetings, held between 23 May and 1 June 1983. 141. The delegation of the United Nations Council for Namibia was led by the President of the Council and included the representatives of Algeria, Guyana, -21-

Turkey and Yugoslavia. The Security Council had before it a report by the Secretary-General dated 19 May 1983 L/ concerning the implementation of Security Council resolutions 435 (1978) and 439 (1978), containing a summary of relevant developments since the conclusion of the pre-implementation meeting held in Geneva in 1981. 142. In his report, the Secretary-General referred to the Security Council's consideration of the question of Namibia at its 2267th to 2277th meetings held between 21 and 30 April 1981 and the statement made by the Western contact group on 24 September 1981 to the effect it had developed proposals for a time- table for further and final negotiations with the objective of implementing Security Council resolution 435 (1978) before the end of 1982. In that connection, the SecretaryGeneral recalled that on 12 July 1982 the representatives of the contact group had informed him that all parties had accepted a set of principles 14/ concerning the constituent assembly and the constitution for an independent Namibia put forward by the Governments of the contact group. On 24 September 1982, the representatives of the front-line States, Nigeria, SWAPO and the contact group had jointly confirmed to him that substantial progress had been made on all relevant points pertaining to the implementation of the United Nations plan. He had also been assured by the contact group that the South African Government had confirmed its agreement to those points which related to its responsibilities under the settlement plan. Taking into account the progress which had been made thus far in the negotiations, the Secretary-General had alerted the United Nations system to stand in readiness to commence the process of making staff members available for service with UNTAG. 143. The Secretary-General went on to say that during the period covered by the report, it had become increasingly clear that other issues were becoming a factor in the negotiations on Namibia. Those issues, which were outside the scope of resolution 435 (1978), had not been raised or envisaged in previous negotiations on that question. Indeed, it had been publicly indicated that there could be no implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) without parallel progress on the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. The front-line States and the President of SWAPO had held a summit meeting at Lusaka on 4 September 1982 and in a communiqu6 issued after the meeting, had emphasized the importance of separating the decolonization process in Namibia from the presence of Cuban troops in Angola, and stated that insistence on the latter issue could only impede the process of negotiations. 144. In the concluding observations of his report, the Secretary-General stated: "It is evident that the delay in implementing resolution 435 (1978) is having a destructive impact not only on Namibia itself, but also on the prospect of a peaceful and prosperous future in the region as a whole. The delay also has an adverse effect on international relations in a wide sphere, adding to the prevailing sense of frustration and mistrust, with all that that implies for peace and security in the region." 145. The Secretary-General added that progress had been made in securing a large measure of agreement on the modalities to be employed in implementing resolution 435 (1978). In fact, as far as the United Nations was concerned, the only outstanding issues were the choice of the electoral system and the settlement of some final problems relating to UNTAG and its composition. The views of the South African Government on those problems were still awaited. He had appealed to the Government of South Africa to respond positively on those issues and in his talks -22- with the representatives of South Africa, had stressed the urgency, after five years of postponement, to proceed with the implementation of resolution 435 (1978). 146. Unfortunately, moreover, the positive side of the balance sheet had been set back by the emergence of other issues which had been neither raised nor envisaged at the time when resolution 435 (1978) had been adopted or in the subsequent negotiations under United Nations auspices. Those issues now apparently constituted the main reason for the delay in the implementation of the United Nations plan. The Secretary-General was deeply concerned that factors which lay outside the scope of resolution 435 (1978) should hamper the implementation of that resolution. 147. He further stated that the effects on the delay were being felt profoundly by the people of Namibia and by other States of the region. He regarded the problem of Namibia as a special responsibility of the Secretary-General and the United Nations. He believed that the settlement of the Namibian question was of overriding importance for the future peace and prosperity of the region and urged that the Namibian problem be regarded as a primary question in its own right, the solution of which would ease other tensions in the region as well. He urgently called on all concerned to concert their efforts to bring about the early independence of Namibia in accordance with the United Nations plan. 148. Statements were made by 73 representatives, including 19 foreign ministers, the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia, the President of SWAPO, the Chairman of the African Group, the representative of the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement, the representative of the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid and the Acting Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. 149. The Minister for Foreign Affairs of India, speaking on behalf of the Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries (S/PV.2439), gave a recapitulation of the consistent and principled position of the non-aligned movement on the question of Namibia. That position included, inter alia, all forms of support for the people of Namibia through SWAPO, reaffirmation of resolution 435 (1978) as the only acceptable basis for a peaceful settlement in Namibia, and rejection of the concept of linkage or parallelism. 150. The Minister further stated that the Security Council had a solemn responsibility towards the people of Namibia, which it must discharge resolutely and expeditiously. It must brook no further prevarication or dilatory tactics. It must not permit itself to be paralysed into inaction and sully its prestige as the most powerful organ of the United Nations and as the guardian of international peace and security. He urged that the Council stipulate a definite time-frame for the implementation of resolution 435 (1978) and remain actively seized of the question until that process was completed. If South Africa continued to defy the Council's decisions, the Council should be prepared to consider appropriate action under Chapter VII of the Charter. 151. In conclusion the Minister read the following message from the Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries: -23-

"For 17 years Namibia has been the direct trust of the United Nations. Throughout this period, South Africa has continued to occupy Namibia in brazen defiance of the will of the world community and has inflicted indignities on the Namibian people. Lately these acts of aggression have been increasing. "The Security Council has a solemn responsibility for the people of Namibia, whose right to independence can no longer be delayed. The Council must make South Africa comply with the United Nations plan, by imposing mandatory sanctions if necessary. India hopes that this special meeting of the Security Council will support and give hope to the brave freedom fighters of SWAPO." 152. The President of the United Nations Council for Namibia observed in his statement (S/PV.2439) that in the five years since the adoption of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), South Africa had become even more entrenched in Namibia. He stressed that ever since talks concerning the implementation of resolution 435 (1978) had been undertaken outside the framework of the United Nations, issues extraneous to the implementation of the United Nations plan had been introduced, and some members of the contact group had used the talks as a vehicle for promoting their own interests. Both the Security Council and the General Assembly had repeatedly reaffirmed the legal and primary responsibility of the United Nations over Namibia. It was thus the belief of the United Nations Council for Namibia that the time had come to bring all talks concerning the independence of Namibia back fully to the United Nations. He added: "We are now before the Security Council in connection with specific goals which together we hope to achieve. We are before the Security Council to bring the talks on Namibia back within the United Nations framework. That is the only framework that has been established by resolution 435 (1978). It is the only framework within which we can call on the Secretary-General of the United Nations to use his good offices and pursue his mission of peace energetically in the interest of Namibia and the rest of southern Africa. It is the only framework within which there is no recognition of linkage and no consideration of other extraneous factors. It is the only framework within which the situation in Namibia would be under constant review by the Security Council, to which the Secretary-General of the United Nations would be requested to report as soon as possible on the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978)." 153. The President reiterated that resolution 435 (1978) remained the only basis for an internationally acceptable peaceful settlement of the Namibia problem. He rejected the continued attempts by a member of the contact group, namely the United States, and the South African r~gime to obstruct the implementation of resolution 435 (1978) and to establish linkage between the independence of Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. Those attempts not only retarded the decolonization process in Namibia, but also constituted unwarranted and gross interference in the internal affairs of Angola. The President also expressed the United Nations Council for Namibia's full support for and agreement with the Secretary-General's report of 19 May 1983. 154. The President of SWAPO, Mr. Sam Nujoma, said in his statement (S/PV.2439) that despite the fact that South Africa had been forced to concede to the idea of Namibia's independence, the apartheid rulers had not abandoned their traditional ambition to keep Namibia as either a direct colony or a neo-colony of the white -24- settler State in South Africa; and, with Pretoria's failure in recent years to create a credible political force which would be favourably disposed to serving South Africa's neo-colonial interest and ambition in Namibia, the apartheid r4gime had been left with no other choice but to rely on its military machine in order to continue its illegal occupation of Namibia. 155. In that connection Mr. Nujoma noted that Namibia had been turned into a vast besieged garrison. The apartheid r4gime had deployed more than 100,000 troops throughout the country and established 75 major military bases and numerous camps in northern Namibia. Those bases were continually being expanded as well as extensively fortified and equipped with a vast array of arms and ammunition, an ever-increasing number of tanks and armoured personnel carriers and other military vehicles and war-planes. Moreover, there was a general arming of all whites in Namibia; and every white male between the ages of 16 and 30 was required by law to perform two years of national service in the South African army of occupation, followed by 240 days of service in the so-called Citizen Force, or Commandos. In addition, many of them could be called upon for operational duty for indefinite periods. Recently the South African military establishment in Namibia had also begun to call upon white women for service in the Commandos and the Citizen Force. Furthermore, many young black Namibians had been drawn into the militarization process through a variety of devices applied by the South African army of occupation. 156. He further pointed out that the Central Committee of SWAPO had concluded that the contact group, led by the United States, had lost proper contact with the letter and spirit of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and had ceased to be an honest broker on the question of Namibia. The whole exercise of negotiations had turned out to be a rescue operation for the white, racist, illegal occupiers of Namibia. He condemned the injection of the extraneous issue of linkage into the decolonization process of Namibia and the misuse of the negotiating process for the promotion of the Western Five's own economic and strategic interests. 157. Mr. Nujoma stated that SWAPO fully associated itself with the concluding observations of the Secretary-General's report of 19 May 1983, especially the last three paragraphs, which accurately reflected the current state of affairs and showed who was responsible for the impasse. He affirmed the strong belief of SWAPO that the United Nations' legal authority over Namibia had to be ensured through the direct involvement of the Organization, and that the role of the Secretary-General in all practical arrangements having to do with the implementation of the United Nations plan should be strengthened. He added: "It is the Secretary-General, and he alone, who is charged with this responsibility in terms of resolution 435 (1978) - not the British or any other member of the contact group; they are self-appointed, and therefore I reject what the British representative has just said: that they want to continue their illegal intervention in the question of Namibia". 158. Mr. Armand Maudave, Permanent Representative of Mauritius to the United Nations and Chairman of the Group of African States for the month of May 1983, emphasized that the United Nations must be guided by the very clear-cut criteria stipulated in resolution 435 (1978). Namibia, for which the United Nations was directly responsible, offered the Organization an opportunity to affirm loudly and clearly its international responsibility. He expressed the indignation of the African countries at the introduction of the linkage issue into the Namibian question and called for its removal (S/PV.2439). -25-

159. Mr. Moustapha Niasse, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Senegal and President of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, informed the Secretary-General that the Conference had brought together some 140 countries, most of which had been represented at the ministerial level. The Paris Declaration and the Programme of Action on Namibia, unanimously adopted at the Conference, were an important step in the struggle of the Namibian people for independence. They expressed the desire of the international community assembled in Paris that the necessary measures be taken to find a final solution to the Namibian problem (S/PV.2439). 160. In their statements, the Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom (S/PV.2439), the United States (S/PV.2443), the Federal Republic of Germany (S/PV.2444) and Canada (S/PV.2450) suggested that progress had been made towards the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978). None of them rejected the linkage between Namibia's independence and the presence of Cuban forces in Angola, insisted upon by the United States; indeed without referring specifically to the linkage, these delegations actually sought to justify it. 161. It was the general view that the suggestion by some of South Africa's Western allies that the apartheid regime had adopted a constructive attitude and co-operated in efforts to ensure the implementation of the United Nations plan for Namibia were unfounded and misleading. Most of the delegations felt that Pretoria was not interested in the genuine independence of Namibia. The overwhelming majority reaffirmed their Governments' support for and solidarity with the just and legitimate liberation struggle waged by the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. 162. Most delegations condemned South Africa for its policy of naked aggression against independent African States. 163. The vast majority of speakers reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Namibian people to self-determination and independence in a united Namibia and the legitimacy of their struggle by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle under the leadership of SWAPO, to attain that end. Reaffirming that Namibia remained the direct responsibility of the United Nations, they urged that the United Nations reassume its primary role in bringing about the independence of Namibia. 164. Most delegations deplored the plunder of Namibia's resources in contravention of the relevant United Nations resolutions and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. A/ They expressed the view that South Africa's intransigence was attributable in large measure to the enormous economic stake in the Territory enjoyed by certain Western countries and their transnational corporations and the support extended to the racist regime by the Governments of those countries. 165. At its 2449th meeting, on 31 May 1983, the Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 532 (1983), by which it condemned South Africa's continued illegal occupation of Namibia in flagrant defiance of resolutions of the General Assembly and decisions of the Security Council; called upon South Africa to make a firm commitment as to its readiness to comply with Security Council resolution 435 (1978) for the independence of Namibia; and further called upon South Africa to co-operate forthwith and fully with the Secretary-General in order to expedite the implementation of resolution 435 (1978) for the early independence of Namibia. The -26- Council decided to mandate the Secretary-General to undertake consultations with the parties to the proposed cease-fire, with a view to securing the speedy implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), and requested the Secretary-General to report to it on the results of those consultations as soon as possible and not later than 31 August 1983. The Council further decided to remain actively seized of the matter. 166. Speaking after the vote on the resolution (S/PV.2450), the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia said: "Nearly three score speakers have come before the Council to manifest how peace and freedom for Namibia are an integral part of international peace and security. They, like us in the United Nations Council for Namibia, have called for an immediate end to the illegal occupation of Namibia. They, like us, have called on Pretoria to make a firm commitment as to its readiness to comply with Security Council resolution 435 (1978). They, like us, have called for the fullest measure of co-operation with the United Nations Secretary- General in order to expedite the implementation of resolution 435 (1978). As we anxiously await the report of the Secretary-General to this body by 31 August, we shall remain vigilant. In our painful vigil we shall draw comfort from the fact that the question of Namibia is now back where it belongs internationally: within the United Nations framework." 167. Also speaking after the vote, the President of SWAPO strongly deplored the fact that, despite the unanimous adoption of the latest resolution of the Security Council, which, inter alia, unambiguously reinforced the mandate of the SecretaryGeneral as the principal authority in the implementation of resolution 435 (1978), the contact group should still have displayed the arrogance of power by deciding to hold another of its secret meetings on Namibia on 9 and 10 June in Paris, in order to further its members' deceptive manoeuvres and intrigues. That development was diversionary and, in the view of SWAPO, destructive of the provisions of the latest resolution of the Council. -27-

V. CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER UNITED NATIONS BODIES 168. During the period under review, the Council continued to co-operate with the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Special Committee against Apartheid in pursuit of the collective struggle against the remaining vestiges of colonialism, racism and apartheid. A. Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 169. The Council continued to work in close co-operation with the Special Committee on matters pertaining to the question of Namibia. 170. At its 168th meeting, held on 24 September 1982, the Steering Committee of the Council decided to endorse the recommendation of the Special Committee L/ that during 1983 a high-level mission composed of the presiding officers of the Special Committee, the United Nations Council for Namibia and the Special Committee against Apartheid be sent to IMF. 171. In accordance with established practice, Mr. Frank Abdulah (Trinidad and Tobago), Chairman of the Special Committee, attended and addressed the solemn meetings held by the Council to observe the Week of Solidarity with the People of Namibia and their Liberation Movement, SWAPO (27 October-3 November 1982) (see A/AC.131/PV.389). 172. Mr. Seydou Traore (Mali) attended and addressed, on behalf of the Special Committee, the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983 (see A/CONF.120/13, paras. 102-106). 173. Mr. Abdul Koroma (Sierra Leone), Chairman of the Special Committee, attended and addressed the solemn meeting held by the Council on 26 August 1983 to observe Namibia Day (see A/AC.131/PV.403). 174. Mr. Natarajan Krishnan (India), Acting President of the Council, and Mr. Theo-Ben Gurirab, Permanent Observer of SWAPO to the United Nations, participated in the Special Committee's consideration of the question of Namibia at meetings held between 1 September and 13 October 1983 and made statements before the Committee on 1 September 1983 (see A/AC.109/PV.1240). At its 1248th meeting, on 13 October 1983, the Special Committee adopted a decision on Namibia. L/ B. Special Committee against Apartheid 175. At the invitation of the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid, representatives of the Council attended and addressed the meeting held by the Special Committee on 11 October 1982 to observe the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners (see A/AC.115/PV.509); the meeting held on 18 February 1983 in memory of the Reverend L. John Collins, late President of the -28-

International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (see A/AC.115/SR.513)i the solemn meeting held on 21 March 1983 in observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, marking the twenty-third anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre (see A/AC.115/SR.515); and the special session on the role of international solidarity and action in support of the struggle for liberation in South Africa, held on 30 and 31 March 1983 (see A/AC.115/SR.518). The Deputy Permanent Observer of SWAPO to the United Nations also addressed the special session (see A/AC.115/SR. 519). 176. A representative of the Council also attended and addressed the meeting held by the Special Committee on 16 June 1983 to observe the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People of South Africa (Soweto Day) (see A/AC.ll5/PV.523). 177. Mr. Uddhav Deo Bhatt (Nepal), Vice-Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid, addressed the solemn meetings held by the Council to observe the Week of Solidarity with the People of Namibia and their Liberation Movement, SWAPO (see A/AC.131/PV.390). A delegation of the Special Committee headed by Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria) attended and addressed the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence (see A/CONF.120/13, paras. 94-101). C. Joint statements and declarations 178. Following the disclosure that South Africa had made an application for a loan of 1 billion special drawing rights (about $US 1.1 billion) from IMF, the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia, the Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Vice- Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid declared in a joint statement issued on 12 October 1982 (see para. 874 below) that such a loan would encourage the Pretoria r~gime to continue with its inhuman oppression of the South African people, its illegal occupation of Namibia and acts of aggression against independent African States. 179. In the same spirit of co-operation, the presiding officers of the three bodies mentioned above issued a joint statement on 23 May 1983 on the observance of the Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Namibia and All Other Colonial Territories, as well as those in South Africa, Fighting for Freedom, Independence and Human Rights (23-30 May 1983). !7/ -29-

VI. CO-OPERATION WITH THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY 180. During the period under review, the Council continued to enjoy close co- operation with OAU and to attend its meetings with the status of observer. A. Fortieth ordinary session of the OAU Co-ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, held at Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania from 10 to 12 February 1983 181. Mr. Martin Chungong Ayafor (United Republic of Cameroon) represented the Council at this session. 182. On 12 February 1983, the Co-ordinating Committee unanimously adopted a resolution on Namibia by which it, inter alia, reaffirmed the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the charter of OAU; reaffirmed its full support for the armed struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, to achieve self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia including Walvis Bay and the offshore islands; reaffirmed that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remained the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and called for its immediate implementation without modification or qualification; expressed appreciation to the front-line States and SWAPO for their constructive and statesmanlike attitude throughout the consultations to implement United Nations Security Council resolution 435 (1978); firmly rejected and condemned the attempts of the United States and South Africa to establish linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and any extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasized unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts would only retard the decolonization process of Namibia; and called upon the Security Council to discharge its responsibilities under the relevant provisions of the United Nations Charter with a view to securing the implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia without any further delay. 183. The Committee also adopted a special communiqu4 on southern Africa in which it reviewed developments relating to the region, including the continued illegal occupation of Namibia, the stalled negotiations on Namibia's independence and the intolerable situation in South Africa, and condemned the repeated acts of aggression perpetrated by the Pretoria r~gime in its campaign to destabilize the neighbouring States. B. Nineteenth ordinary session of the OAU Assembly of Heads of State and Government, held at Addis Ababa from 6 to 12 June 1983 184. The President of the Council, Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia), led the Council delegation, which also included Messrs. Melchior Bwakira (Burundi) and Theo-Ben Gurirab (SWAPO). 185. The delegation of the Council, together with representatives of front-line States and the SWAPO delegation, which was headed by Mr. Sam Nujoma, the President of SWAPO, prepared a draft resolution on Namibia which was unanimously adopted by the Assembly (see A/38/312, annex, resolution AHG/Res.105 (XIX)). -30-

186. The Assembly, having considered the developments related to the Namibian situation since the adoption of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), strongly condemned racist South Africa for its continued obstruction of Namibia's independence and persistent refusal to comply with Security Council decisions and General Assembly resolutions on Namibia. The Assembly viewed with utmost concern the attempt to introduce extraneous elements into the United Nations plan for Namibia as contained in resolution 435 (1978), and in that respect it categorically rejected the so-called linkage or parallelism. The Assembly strongly condemned all direct and indirect manoeuvres aimed at delaying Namibia's accession to independence by distorting the United Nations plan and deviating from the objectives of the plan. It hailed the courageous struggle of the heroic people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole, authentic and legitimate representative, and renewed the pledge of the OAU member States to continue rendering all-round support and material assistance, including military and financial assistance, to SWAPO to enable it further to intensify the armed struggle. 187. The Assembly declared once again that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remained the only basis for a negotiated Namibian settlement and urged the expeditious implementation of that resolution without any further delay, qualification or prevarication. It welcomed the report of the Secretary-General of 19 May 1983 (see paras. 141-147 above), and expressed its readiness to assist his efforts with a view to securing the speedy implementation of resolution 435 (1978). 188. Fiaally, the Assembly decided to mandate the Council of Ministers of OAU to keep the question of Namibia under constant review and to report to the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, through its current Chairman, on the progress in respect of Security Council resolution 532 (1983). -31-

VII. CO-OPERATION WITH THE MOVEMENT OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES 189. In keeping with its policy of maintaining close co-operation with the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, the Council sent delegations to the extraordinary ministerial meeting of the Co-ordinating Bureau of the Non- Aligned Countries held at Managua from 10 to 15 January 1983, and to the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi from 7 to 11 March 1983. 190. The delegation of the Council to the extraordinary ministerial meeting of the Co-ordinating Bureau was led by the President of the Council and included Messrs. Alexandros N. Vikis (Cyprus) and Amitav Banerji (India). 191. The President of the Council made a statement in the plenary of the ministerial meeting on 14 January 1983. In his statement, the President observed that the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries had consistently and steadfastly supported the cause of the Namibian people. That support must now be further intensified in order to bring about the independence of Namibia without further delay. The United Nations Council for Namibia shared the fundamental belief of the non-aligned movement in the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of States, of respect for their sovereignty and territorial integrity and of the right of all peoples freely to determine their own destiny. The people of Namibia were all too familiar with the phenomena of imperialism, racism, colonialism and neo-colonialism, policies which the Council had consistently opposed and deplored. 192. The President also made specific reference to the Namibian question, pointing out the persistent intransigence of the racist and illegal occupation rigime of South Africa which, with the help of some of its supporters, had come up with one pretext after another to thwart the early achievement of Namibian independence. In that context, the President recalled that the General Assembly had, by its resolution 37/233 B, firmly rejected the attempts by South Africa and the United States of America to establish linkage between Namibian independence and extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. 193. Although the Managua meeting was convened principally to discuss Latin American and Caribbean issues, the final communiqu6 issued at the conclusion of the meeting also contained significant references to the situation in southern Africa, and particularly Namibia. The salient points made in this regard were the following: (a) The ministers noted with deep regret that some Latin American countries had not heeded the persistent call of the non-aligned movement for the cessation of all ties with the racist r6gime of South Africa, and called on those countries to break such ties immediately; (b) The ministers expressed deep concern about persistent reports of attempts by some Latin American countries to form a so-called South Atlantic Treaty Organization in conjunction with the racist r6gime of Pretoria, and called on the countries concerned to renounce all such attempts; (c) The ministers hailed those Latin American and Caribbean countries which had consistently rendered material and political support to the national liberation movements of Namibia and South Africa; urged all the members of the non- aligned -32- movement to redouble their efforts to secure the speedy implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978); and reiterated their rejection of the linkage being drawn by the United States Administration between Namibia's independence and the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola; (d) The ministers invited the countries of the region to participate actively in the forthcoming International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris in April 1983, as well as in the International Conference in Solidarity with the Front-line States, to be held at Lisbon in April 1983. 194. The Council delegation to the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries was composed of Mr. Paul Lusaka (Zambia), President of the Council, Mr. Madjid Bouguerra (Algeria), Ms. Elaine Jacob (Guyana) and Mr. Theo-Ben Gurirab (SWAPO). 195. In a statement delivered at the meeting, the President of the Council declared that South Africa's repressive and military adventurism and its unrelenting acts of economic sabotage and military destabilization of southern Africa were all desperate attempts to perpetuate the status quo in the region. 196. He further stated that the Council deeply deplored the United States policy of "constructive engagement" with the apartheid r6gime of South Africa. That policy gave encouragement to the racist regime to be more intransigent over the Namibian issue and to increase in its acts of repression against the Namibian and South African people. In effect, "constructive engagement" was tantamount to complete disregard of the universal rights to self-determination and national independence. The Pretoria regime's continued illegal occupation of Namibia and its acts of aggression against the sovereign States in the region on the pretext of protecting Western economic and "security" interests in southern Africa posed a grave threat to international peace and security. 197. The President concluded his statement by appealing to the non-aligned countries to participate fully in the forthcoming International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence. He expressed his hope that during that Conference non-aligned countries would assist in finding a solution to the current stalemate on the Namibian question. 198. Mr. Sam Nujoma, President of SWAPO, made a statement on behalf of SWAPO in its capacity as a member of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. He condemned certain Western States for the support which they continued to provide to the South African r~gime, enabling it to entrench its illegal occupation in Namibia. Mr. Nujoma also reported on the progress of the liberation struggle in Namibia. 199. During the general debate, all the speakers rejected any attempt to link the question of Namibia with extraneous and irrelevant issues such as the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. They commended the people of Namibia for their determination to carry out the liberation struggle under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and legitimate representative, until victory was attained. They called upon all Governments to increase their political, moral and material support for the struggling people of Namibia and for SWAPO. -33-

200. In the Political Declaration issued at the conclusion of the Conference (see A/38/132-S/15675, annex), the heads of State or Government observed that the struggle of the peoples of southern Africa for self-determination was an integral part of the wider struggle of the people of the world against all forms of oppression, exploitation, domination, inequality and discrimination. They stressed the determination of the non-aligned countries to intensify their joint efforts in support of that struggle. On the Namibian question the heads of State or Government reaffirmed the inalienable rights of the people of Namibia to self- determination and to national independence in a united Namibia. They expressed deep concern over the continued illegal occupation of Namibia by the racist South African r4gime in flagrant violation of the resolutions of the United Nations. The situation arising from the Pretoria r~gime's repressive policies against the Namibian people as well as its policy of intimidation and terrorism against the neighbouring countries constituted a grave threat to international peace and security. 201. The heads of State or Government reiterated their solidarity with the Namibian people and their support for the heroic struggle waged under the leadership of SWAPO for the liberation of the Territory and for the establishment of an independent State of Namibia based on the principles of equality, freedom and justice. They renewed their pledge to render increased material, financial, military, political, humanitarian, diplomatic and moral assistance to SWAPO for the intensification of the struggle on all fronts, in particular the armed struggle to secure the total liberation of Namibia. 202. The heads of State or Government reiterated the strong view of the non- aligned countries that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remained the only basis for the peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and categorically rejected the linkage being drawn by the United States Administration between the independence of Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, which constituted unwarranted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. 203. The heads of State or Government reiterated their full support for the United Nations Council for Namibia in its role as the sole legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence. They called for the further enhancing of the effectiveness of the Council in discharging its mandate and in administering the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and other related activities. 204. The heads of State or Government called upon the Security Council to meet as soon as possible in order to consider further action on the implementation of its plan for Namibia's independence, thereby assuming its primary responsibility for the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978). They also requested a number of non-aligned States from each region to send their foreign ministers to participate in the Security Council debate on the question of Namibia. At the Security Council meetings on Namibia in May 1983, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of India made a statement on behalf of the Chairman of the non- aligned movement (see paras. 149-151 above). 205. Representatives of the non-aligned movement participated in the solemn meetings of the Council commemorating the Week of Solidarity with the People of -34-

Namibia and their Liberation Movement, SWAPO (27 October-3 November 1982) and Namibia Day (26 August 1983), as well as the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. 206. The heads of delegation of States members of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries participating at the International Conference issued a communique expressing deep regret and concern over the decision of the Government of the United Kingdom to approve the sale of Marconi radar equipment to the South African r4gime, and appealed to that Government to reconsider its decision. -35-

PART TWO WORK OF THE COUNCIL AS THE LEGAL ADMINISTERING AUTHORITY FOR NAMIBIA I. GENERAL 207. In its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, the Council has the power to promulgate such laws and decrees as are necessary for the administration of the Territory. It also maintains under constant review the political, economic, social and military conditions affecting the struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. These powers and responsibilities were entrusted to the Council by the General Assembly in resolution 2248 (S-V) and subsequent resolutions and decisions concerning Namibia. 208. By virtue of the mandate conferred on it by the Assembly, the Council enacted Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia V on 27 September 1974, in order to ensure that the Territory's resources would not be exploited to the detriment of the Namibian people. 209. The Council holds periodic consultations with Governments with a view to strengthening support for the cause of Namibia and discussing ways and means of furthering the implementation of the relevant resolutions, decisions and decrees of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the United Nations Council for Namibia and other United Nations bodies concerned with the question of Namibia. During the period under review, the Council dispatched three missions of consultation: two to Europe and one to Latin America. 210. In some cases the Council has also dispatched missions to make direct contact with administering and managing authorities of foreign corporations operating in Namibia and to point out to them the illegality of their operations in the Territory. 211. The Council also has the reponsibility of representing Namibia in the specialized agencies of the United Nations and other international organizations and institutions. The Council continued during the period under review to participate as a full member in the activities of ILO, FAO, UNESCO, ITU, UNIDO, UNCTAD, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. On 17 February 1983, the Council was granted full membership in IAEA. 212. Another important function of the Council is dissemination of information on the question of Namibia and mobilization of international public opinion in support of the Namibian people in their struggle for national independence. To this end, the Council organized the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. The Conference was followed immediately by a workshop for representatives of non-governmental organizations concerned with the question of Namibia (see paras. 75-135 above). -36-

II. CONSULTATIONS WITH MEMBER STATES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTIONS ON NAMIBIA A. General 213. In the past the Council has sent missions of consultation to Europe 18/ and Latin America 19/ in 1974; to Asia 20/ in 1975; to Latin America 21/ and Africa 2/ in 1976; to Canada 13/ in 1977; to Africa 24/ and Yugoslavia 25/ in 1978; to Asia, 6/ Western Europe 27/ and Eastern Europe 2/ in 1979; to Latin America, Western Europe, the Caribbean, the South Pacific, North America and the Middle East 29 in 1980; to Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Asia in 1981; l/ and to Cyprus and Asia in 1982. 31/ The objective of the missions was to hold official consultations with the Government of Member States and to exchange views on developments relating to Namibia. 214. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 37/233 C, the Council decided to send two missions of consultation to Europe and one to Latin America during the period under review to exchange views on developments regarding the situation in Namibia and to discuss strategies for increasing pressure on and further isolating South Africa, maximizing international support for the early independence of Namibia in accordance with Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978), and strengthening support for the just struggle of the Namibian people led by SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, for national liberation and independence. In this connection, the Council was also convinced of the need to counter the attempts being made by certain members of the Western contact group to link extraneous issues to the implementation of resolution 435 (1978), which constitutes the universally accepted basis for the peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia. 215. In their discussions with the Governments visited, the Council's Missions pointed out that Namibia was the direct responsibility of the United Nations and that that responsibility was exercised through the united Nations Council for Namibia, established as the legal Administering Authority for the Territory until independence. 216. The Missions reaffirmed the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self-determination and national independence in a united Namibia, including Walvis Bay and the offshore islands, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and as recognized in General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV) and 2145 (XXI), as well as in subsequent resolutions of the Assembly relating to Namibia. 217. The Missions reaffirmed the legitimacy of the struggle of the Namibian people by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, against the illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa. 218. The Missions reaffirmed that SWAPO, the national liberation movement of Namibia, was the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. 219. The Missions recalled that the General Assembly had repeatedly condemned South Africa for its continued illegal occupation of Namibia in defiance of the resolutions of the United Nations, its oppression of the Namibian people and acts of terror and intimidation against Namibian patriots, its military build-up in Namibia and its use of the Territory for aggression against independent African -37-

States, particularly Angola. They pointed out that those policies of South Africa constituted a threat to peace and security in Africa in particular and in the world in general. 220. The Missions emphasized that genuine independence for Namibia could only be achieved with the direct and full participation of SWAPO in all efforts to implement the resolutions of the United Nations, including Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978). They indicated that those two resolutions, which contained the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia, constituted the only universally accepted basis for a negotiated settlement of the Namibian question and demanded that they be implemented in their entirety without modification, prevarication or qualification. 221. The Missions also recalled that the General Assembly had declared that all so-called laws and proclamations issued by the illegal occupation regime in Namibia, as well as all fraudulent constitutional and political schemes through which South Africa might attempt to perpetuate its colonial domination in Namibia, were illegal, null and void, and had urged the Governments not to accord recognition to any puppet administration which the Pretoria r4gime might install in Namibia. 222. The Missions stated that the encouragement given to Pretoria by its Western allies had lea to the impasse in the efforts to secure the independence of Namibia. They firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa, with the tacit support of certain other Western countries, to establish a "linkage" or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. They emphasized that the persistence of such attempts could only delay the decolonization process in Namibia and constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. They stressed that the United States Administration's policy of "constructive engagement" with the apartheid r4gime of South Africa was encouraging the racist r4gime in its intransigence over the Namibian issue. 223. The Missions reaffirmed that the natural resources of Namibia were the birthright of the Namibian people, and expressed deep concern at the rapid depletion of those resources, particularly the uranium deposits, due to their reckless plunder by South Africa and certain Western and other foreign economic interests in violation of the pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly and of the Security Council, of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971 12/ and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. They stressed that the exploitative activities of the racist regime and its allies must be brought to an end forthwith. 224. The Missions urged the Governments, pending the imposition by the Security Council of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa, to apply sanctions unilaterally and collectively so as to comply with the boycott of South Africa called for by the General Assembly in its resolutions ES-8/2, 36/121 B and 37/223 A. 225. The Missions strongly condemned South Africa's use of the Namibian territory as a military base from which to launch armed attacks against neighbouring African States, particularly the repeated unprovoked acts of aggression against and invasion of Angola, including occupation of parts of that country. The South African r4gime had also carried out a general policy of military aggression and -38- destabilization against the neighbouring front-line States in order to intimidate those and other African States and prevent them from supporting the legitimate struggle of the Namibian and South African peoples for freedom and independence. Those acts, which constituted a breach of international peace and security, were aimed at disrupting and destabilizing the economies of the front- line States, which had steadfastly supported the Namibian people. The Missions emphasized the need for the international community to extend, as a matter of urgency, full support and assistance, including military assistance, to the front- line States in order to enable them to safeguard their sovereignty and territorial integrity against the repeated acts of aggression by South Africa. 226. The Missions expressed strong support for the recent decisions of the OAU Co-ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa and the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries on the question of Namibia (see paras. 182-183 and 200-206 above) and appealed to the Governments to extend their firm support to the Namibian cause and to participate in the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence at the highest possible level. B. Mission of Consultation to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Belgium, Denmark and Czechoslovakia (10 to 22 April 1983) 227. The Mission was composed of the representatives of Yugoslavia (Chairman), Bangladesh, the Soviet Union, Zambia and SWAPO. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 228. The Mission visited the Soviet Union from 10 to 14 April 1983. It was received by Mr. Inamjon Usmankhodjayev, Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and held consultations with Mr. L. F. Illychov, Deputy Foreign Minister, and other senior officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 229. The Soviet side reaffirmed the solidarity of the Soviet Union with and its support for the struggle of the Namibian people for independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, and expressed its strong support for the legitimacy of their struggle by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, against the illegal occupation of their Territory by South Africa. 230. During the discussions concerning the early independence of Namibia, the Soviet side stressed that the policies of racism and apartheid imposed by South Africa on the Namibian people and the use of Namibian territory for aggression against Angola and other front-line States were related to the policies pursued by imperialist interests, above all the Reagan Administration, in order to aggravate international tension, escalate the arms race and bring about confrontation in all parts of the world, including southern Africa. The Soviet side emphasized that the policies followed by South Africa and its Western allies constituted a grave threat to the independent African States and to international peace and security. 231. The Soviet side strongly denounced the assistance given to the racist South African r6gime by certain Western countries, in particular the United States, and condemned their collusion with the Pretoria r6gime in the political, economic and military areas, especially in the nuclear field. It stated that the failure to -39- implement the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia was due not only to South Africa's intransigence but also to the unwillingness of its Western and other allies to implement the relevant resolutions and decisions of the United Nations. 232. The Soviet side stressed that the question of Namibia was one of decolonization. It stated that the universally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question was contained in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) and that any avenues outside the United Nations framework were unacceptable. The Soviet side firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa to establish any linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and any extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasized unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts would only retard the decolonization process in Namibia as well as constituting interference in the internal affairs of Angola. 233. The Soviet side observed that while Security Council resolution 435 (1978) was the most important basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question, the solution of the Namibian problem should be on the basis of all the resolutions and decisions of the United Nations in their entirety, including, among others, those safeguarding the territorial integrity of Namibia and rejecting as null and void South Africa's attempts to annex Walvis Bay and the offshore islands, those protecting the natural resources of the Territory (e.g., Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia) and those endorsing the status of SWAPO as the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. 234. With respect to the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, the Soviet side stressed that the Conference should not be viewed as an isolated undertaking but as an integral part of a chain of events all directed towards expediting the independence of Namibia. It observed that the International Conference needed to be an international action, reinforcing similar actions by the front-line States, OAU and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. It also emphasized that the results of the Conference should reflect the position taken by the international community in support of the Namibian cause and should reject the dilatory role of the Western contact group. The Soviet side expressed its agreement with and support for the position of the United Nations Council for Namibia that the Conference should serve to bring the question of Namibia back into the United Nations framework so that the United Nations could exercise its authority over the Territory. 235. The Soviet side expressed support for the decision of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in New Delhi from 7 to 11 March 1983, to request that the Security Council meet as soon as possible in order to consider further action on the implementation of its plan for Namibia's independence. 236. In concluding, the Soviet side reaffirmed the support of the Government and the people of the Soviet Union for the cause of Namibia and for SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people, and for the United Nations Council for Namibia in all its actions and initiatives related to the Namibian cause. 237. The Mission also held talks with Mr. A. S. Dzasokhov, First Vice-Chairman of the Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, and Mr. Anatoly Gromyko, Director of the Institute for Africa and Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the -40-

Soviet Union. The two sides exchanged views on important questions including the mobilization of support for the cause of Namibia and dissemination of information on the Territory. The representatives of the Soviet non-governmental organizations expressed strong support for the struggle of the Namibian people for selfdetermination and independence under the leadership of SWAPO, and for the frontline States and the United Nations Council for Namibia. Belgium 238. The Mission visited Belgium on 15 and 16 April 1983. The Chairman of the Mission met with Mr. G. van Der Epst, Chef de Cabinet in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Mission held consultations with a delegation of officials from the Ministry which included Messrs. H. Perdieus and A. Turine, Ministers Plenipotentiary and Directors of the Africa and International Organization Divisions, respectively. 239. The Belgian delegation reiterated its Government's support for United Nations authority over Namibia until independence and emphasized the illegality of South Africa's presence in the Territory. 240. The delegation also stressed that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) constituted the only universally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and observed that the negotiations regarding the implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia contained in resolution 435 (1978) had been unproductive because of South Africa's continued reluctance to co-operate with the United Nations. 241. The delegation supported the view that the front-line States needed to receive increased economic assistance from the international community in order to enable them to ensure the well-being of their peoples. In that regard, the delegation stated that Belgium would continue its bilateral and multilateral economic assistance programmes for the front-line States and the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC). 242. The delegation stated that Belgium supported the efforts of the Western contact group, but not indiscriminately. It observed that Belgium had never accepted the idea of "linkage" and had informed the contact group of its position. It further observed that linkage was not a contact group position but the position of only one member of that group. In that connection, the delegation stated that the persistent attempts to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola should be rejected. 243. In response to questions raised by the Mission, the Belgian delegation reiterated that any Belgian citizen serving as a mercenary in southern Africa was doing so in violation of Belgian law and would be prosecuted. The delegation also stated that no uranium imported to Belgium had been directly traced to Namibia. 244. During its visit to Belgium, the Mission also met with a delegation of the European Economic Community (EEC) led by Mr. G. Livi, Director for East and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean. Among other things, the Mission raised the question of the adoption by the European Parliament, on 13 January 1983, of a resolution on "the need for development aid for Namibia". The Mission stressed that the resolution constituted a threat to United Nations authority over Namibia because it implied recognition of South Africa's presence in the Territory, ignored -41- the international status of the Territory and completely ignored the plight of Namibian refugees who desperately needed aid. The Mission emphasized that the resolution's ultimate effect was to subsidize South Africa's illegal occupation of the Territory. The EEC delegation observed that the Commission of the European Communities had no influence over the European Parliament, which was essentially a political body. There was general support within EEC for Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which embodied the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia. Even though the Commission only dealt with States, it nevertheless channelled assistance to Namibia through regional mechanisms such as the Lom4 Convention and SADCC and within the framework of its bilateral and multilateral assistance programmes for the front-line States. The Commission also helped the United Nations Institute for Namibia and assisted in the training of Namibian students for future leadership and administrative functions. The delegation concluded by expressing full support for the International Conference and informed the Mission that EEC would participate in the Conference as an observer, a status it had obtained at the United Nations. 245. The Mission also met with Belgian and international non-governmental organizations with headquarters in Brussels, including the Belgian Committee against Colonialism and Apartheid and the International Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes of the Racist and Apartheid R~gime in Southern Africa. During the meeting, the two sides exchanged views on mobilization of support for the cause of Namibia and dissemination of information on the Territory. They also discussed ways and means of strengthening existing ties between the Council and the non-governmental organizations. Denmark 246. The Mission visited Denmark from 17 to 19 April 1983. The Chairman of the Mission met with Mr. Benny Kimberg, Under-Secretary for Political Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Mission held two working sessions with senior officials of the Foreign Ministry led by Mr. Joergen Boejer, Director for African and International Organizations. 247. The Danish delegation expressed its support for the direct responsibility of the United Nations for Namibia and for the role of the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for the Territory until independence; and declared that South Africa's illegal occupation of the Territory constituted an act of gross injustice against the Namibian people. The delegation further stated its support for the legitimate right of the Namibian people and SWAPO to selfdetermination and independence. 248. The delegation voiced its support for the territorial integrity of Namibia and stated that Walvis Bay and the offshore islands were an integral part of Namibia and that South Africa's attempts to annex them were illegal, null and void. The delegation stressed that the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia was the only universally accepted basis for the peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and called for its implementation without modification or qualification. The delegation rejected as illegal, null and void all so-called laws and proclamations issued by the illegal occupation r~gime in Namibia, as well as all fraudulent constitutional and political schemes through which South Africa might attempt to perpetuate its colonial domination of the Territory. It stated that Denmark would not recognize any internal settlement of the Namibian question. -42-

249. The delegation condemned South Africa's persistent acts of aggression against and destabilization of the front-line States and pointed out that Denmark extended material and economic assistance to the front-line States and contributed to the development projects of SADCC so as to enable the front-line States to maintain their sovereignty and territorial integrity. 250. With regard to the procedural and practical aspects of the implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia contained in Security Council resolution 435 (1978), the delegation stated that Denmark continued to believe that the work of the Western contact group was still the most realistic way of achieving a negotiated peaceful settlement of the Namibian question. 251. The Danish delegation stressed that the question of Namibia was not an East- West issue but one of decolonization and illegal occupation. It stated that Denmark would continue to express to the contact group its view that the latter's credibility would be at stake if issues outside the purview of the United Nations plan for Namibia were injected into the peace process. The delegation further stated that Denmark deplored the linkage between Namibia's independence and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and stressed that the latter should not be a pre-condition for the implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia. The delegation further stated that the parallel that had been drawn between the two questions was a political reality but that it was nevertheless dangerous to view the Namibian question in an East-West perspective. 252. With regard to the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, the delegation informed the Mission that there were no Danish transnational corporations operating in Namibia and that the Danish Government did not support or assist in any way companies trading with South Africa. The Government had taken steps to limit and phase out by 1990 the imports of coal (the major Danish import from South Africa) by private Danish utility companies. Furthermore, Denmark had very restrictive policies with regard to scientific contacts with South Africa and had taken unilateral action against South Africa by instituting strict guidelines on visa requirements for South Africans wishing to enter Denmark. 253. The delegation stated that it was Denmark's position that the delay in Namibia's independence had been caused by South Africa's defiance of the decisions and resolutions of the United Nations. It stressed that Denmark would continue to do all it could, in collaboration with its Nordic counterparts and through its membership in EEC, to influence world public opinion in support of the just struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination and independence. 254. The Danish delegation expressed satisfaction with the many bilateral discussions and consultations the Danish Government had undertaken with SWAPO and stated that Denmark would continue to extend humanitarian and educational assistance to SWAPO directly. 255. At the Folketing (Parliament), the Mission exchanged views with legislators from the Liberal Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Popular Socialist Party. In the course of the discussions the parliamentarians informed the Mission of the widespread support in the Folketing for the authority of the United Nations over Namibia and for the United Nations plan for Namibia's independence. -43-

256. The Mission also met at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with representatives of Danish and international non-governmental organizations, including the Danish Labour Movement Solidarity Fund and the Danish Association for International Co-operation. The two sides exchanged views about ways and means of mobilizing support for the cause of Namibia and for SWAPO and the front-line States, and of disseminating information on Namibia. They also discussed the possibilities of enhancing the positive role played by non-governmental organizations in making the general public more aware of the implications of government policies regarding South Africa and Namibia. Czechoslovakia 257. The Mission visited Czechoslovakia from 20 to 22 April 1983. It met with Mr. Dalibor Hanes, Vice-chairman of the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly, and held consultations with high officials of the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs led by Mr. Stanislav Svoboda, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs. 258. The Czechoslovak delegation reaffirmed its Government's support for the inalienable right of the Namibian people to self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia in accordance with the United Nations Charter and all United Nations resolutions relating to the Namibian problem. 259. The delegation expressed its strong support for the struggle of the Namibian people for independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle. It further stressed that South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia, its extension of its racist and apartheid policies to the Territory and its use of Namibia as a springboard for military aggression against the neighbouring African States, particularly Angola, represented a serious danger not only to the development of the African States in the region but also to international peace and security. 260. The delegation stressed that the only obstacle to the peaceful resolution of the Namibian question was the racist r4gime of South Africa, which continued to flout all United Nations decisions and resolutions on Namibia with the all-round support of some imperialist countries, particularly the United States. 261. The Czechoslovak delegation expressed its Government's strong support for the unconditional independence of Namibia on the basis of all the relevant United Nations resolutions, including Security Council resolution 435 (1978). In that regard, it rejected the attempts by the United States and South Africa to link the independence of Namibia with extraneous issues, especially the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. The delegation observed that the Government and the people of Czechoslovakia had never believed that the Western contact group would play the part of an honest broker with regard to the Namibian question. It stressed that time and again, the international community had seen members of the contact group side with racist South Africa and that the latest example was the linkage issue, which the Government of Czechoslovakia had rejected as gross interference in the internal affairs of Angola and as a direct attack against its security and the progressive trend of its development. 262. In conformity with Security Council resolution 439 (1978) and other relevant resolutions of the United Nations, the Czechoslovak delegation reiterated its strong support for the territorial integrity of Namibia and categorically rejected Pretoria's annexation of Walvis Bay and the offshore islands as illegal, null and void. -44-

263. The delegation stressed that the activities of foreign economic interests were in violation of all the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and of Decree No. I for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, and were contrary to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971. It emphasized the need on the part of all States to take all appropriate measures to ensure effective implementation of the Decree. 264. The Czechoslovak delegation expressed its firm support for the decision of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries to request that the Security Council meet as soon as possible in order to consider further action on the implementation of its plan for Namibia's independence. 265. The delegation expressed its unqualified support for the work and initiatives of the United Nations Council for Namibia aimed at paving the way for the early independence of Namibia. In that connection, the delegation stressed that the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People would help intensify support for the Namibian cause and for SWAPO and the front-line States, and would contribute to the early implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia. 266. The delegation stated that Czechoslovakia would continue its moral, political, material support and assistance to the struggle of the Namibian people for national self-determination and independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, and for the front-line States so as to enable them to continue their invaluable support for the cause of Namibia and to maintain their sovereignty and territorial integrity. 267. During its visit, the Mission also held talks with Mr. Miloslav Vacik, Chairman of the Czechoslovak Committee for Solidarity with the Nations of Africa and Asia. The two sides exchanged views on the situation in and relating to Namibia, the objectives of the International Conference and the role of non- governmental organizations in mobilizing support for the cause of Namibia and in disseminating information on the Territory. The Chairman of the Solidarity Committee described to the Mission the support provided by the Government and the people of Czechoslovakia to the oppressed masses of South Africa and Namibia and to their national liberation movements. C. Mission of Consultation to Costa Rica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua (11 to 22 April 1983) 268. The mission was composed of the representatives of Egypt (Chairman), Indonesia, Liberia and Mexico. Costa Rica 269. The Mission visited Costa Rica from 11 to 12 April 1983. It was received by Mr. Fernando Volio Jim~nez, Minister for External Relations, and held consultations with a delegation of government officials. 270. The Minister for External Relations stated that he had personally taken an active part in the work of the Special Committee against Apartheid at the United Nations and had sponsored legislation in the Costa Rican legislature severing all commercial and other relations with South Africa. -45-

271. The Costa Rican delegation stated that Costa Rica, as a member of the United Nations, had always supported the principles and purposes of the United Nations contained in its Charter, in particular the principle of human rights. The delegation stressed the need for the international community to do all in its power to support the right of the Namibian people to attain their goal of self- determination and national independence. 272. The delegation stated that Costa Rica was committed to supporting the right of the Namibian people to self-determination and independence and it was for that reason that the Minister for External Relations was making preparations to attend the forthcoming International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris in April 1983. Haiti 273. The Mission visited Haiti from 13 to 15 April 1983. It was met by Mr. Jean- Robert Estim4, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and held consultations with a delegation headed by Mr. Gabriel Anci6n, Under-Secretary of State. In addition the Mission held consultations with a delegation headed by Mr. Jaur~s Liv~que, President of the Parliament. 274. The Minister for Foreign Affairs commended the sustained efforts of the Council, as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia, to mobilize international support for Namibian independence and agreed that the United Nations plan for the settlement of the Namibia question should be implemented without further delay, modification or qualification. The Minister expressed the view that the forthcoming International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence in Paris was a necessary step towards the mobilization of world public opinion in support of the Namibian cause. 275. The delegation of Haiti reiterated that Namibia was a direct and special responsibility of the United Nations until genuine self-determination and national independence were achieved. It reaffirmed its support for the Council as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence and emphasized the need to strengthen the support of the international community for the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. It expressed its readiness to co-operate with the Council, in particular in the dissemination of information on Namibia. 276. The delegation stated that the Government of Haiti, as a member of the Council, had committed itself to supporting the Namibian cause lntil genuine independence was achieved. The delegation emphasized that in the event of South Africa's failure to comply with the resolutions of the United Nations on Namibia, effective measures should be taken by the international community against the South African r4gime in order to bring about its complete withdrawal from the Territory. 277. The President of the Haitian Parliament commended the efforts of the Council to bring about the independence of Namibia. He strongly denounced the colonial occupation of Namibia by South Africa and pledged Haiti's continued support for the Namibian cause. 278. The Government of Haiti extended facilities to the Mission for news media coverage of its activities. Among other things, representatives of the national radio, television and print media held interviews with the Council delegation. The -46- delegation answered questions covering many aspects of the Namibian question, including violation by foreign economic interests of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia and the central role played by the Council, as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, in carrying out the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly. Dominican Republic 279. The Mission visited the Dominican Republic from 15 to 20 April 1983. It was received upon its arrival by Mr. Jos6 Augusto Vega Imbert, Secretary of State for External Relations, and subsequently held discussions with a government delegation headed by Mr. Enrique de Marchesa Dujarric, Director for American Relations, the Organization of American States and the United Nations. 280. Mr. Dujarric stated that the Government of the Dominican Republic, in accordance with its traditional position against colonialism and racial discrimination and in accordance with the principles established in the United Nations Charter, would continue to co-operate with the just cause of the people of Namibia. He reaffirmed his Government's decision not to maintain, diplomatic, consular or commercial relations with the Government of South Africa. 281. The Secretary of State for External Relations stressed his country's adherence to the principles of self-determination and upholding of human rights for the Namibian people and commended the role played by the United Nations in that regard. 282. The delegation of the Dominican Republic stated that it was in full agreement with the principles underlying the efforts to obtain independence for Namibia. The Government of the Dominican Republic facilitated the work of the Mission by organizing a press conference attended by approximately 25 representatives of newspapers, press agencies and television stations. This enabled the Mission to explain in greater detail the role of the United Nations in the question of Namibia, the prospects for a peaceful settlement in the Territory and related matters. 283. The Government of the Dominican Republic forwarded to the Council in New York a statement of its position on the question of Namibia. The statement indicated a strong interest by the Government in the problems facing the people of Namibia and reaffirmed the Government's firm commitment to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations concerning self-determination and independence. 284. The statement fully supported the efforts of the international community to achieve the goal of self-determination and independence for the people of Namibia. The Government of the Dominican Republic commended the Council for its efforts at mobilizing international support for the Namibian people and for the implementation of the relevant United Nations resolutions on Namibia, particularly Security Council resolution 435 (1978). Nicaragua 285. The Mission visited Nicaragua from 21 to 23 April 1983. It was received by Mr. Rafael C6rdova Rivas, Member of the Junta of the Government of National Reconstruction, and held substantive discussions with a government delegation headed by the acting Minister for Foreign Affairs and a delegation of non- governmental organizations. -47-

286. The Minister for Foreign Affairs stressed that Nicaragua, as a nation which had gained its independence after a bitter struggle, strongly supported the efforts of the Mission, the Council and the people of Namibia to attain the goal of Namibian independence. Nicaragua would continue to exert maximum efforts at every level until final victory was won by the Namibian people. 287. The Minister assured the Mission of Nicaragua's total commitment to the cause of Namibia's independence and its support for the efforts of the United Nations, the Council and SWAPO in that regard. He stressed the importance of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April, as a focal point for further mobilizing world public opinion to the benefit of the Namibian cause. He emphasized that representation by Member States at the highest possible level at the Conference would enhance its effectiveness and ensure the greatest possible impact. 288. The Minister reiterated Nicaragua's solidarity with and unequivocal support for the just struggle of the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, for the liberation of the Territory and the establishment of an independent state of Namibia based on the principles of equality, freedom and justice. He expressed Nicaragua's full support for the steps taken by the Council, as the legal Administering Authority for the Territory, in its effort to fulfil its mandate in accordance with the relevent United Nations resolutions. 289. The Nicaraguan delegation strongly condemned South Africa's occupation of Namibia, its policies of apartheid and inhuman repression there, its massive militarization of the Territory and its blatant use of the Territory as a springboard for acts of aggression against Angola. 290. It likewise condemned South Africa's policy of destablization of the neighbouring States; its efforts to develop nuclear weapons; its illegal exploitation of African Namibian natural resources; its use of mercenaries; the creation of tribal armies; the forced conscription of Namibians for military service; and the establishment of so-called homelands. 291. Nicaragua deeply deplored the increased political, economic, military and cultural assistance rendered by certain Western States to South Africa and said that that assistance should be exposed before the world and immediately terminated. 292. Reaffirming that the question of Namibia was one of decolonization and as such must be solved in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), the delegation emphasized that South Africa was obliged to terminate its illegal and colonial occupation, and that United Nations resolutions on the question, in particular Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which endorsed the settlement plan for Namibia, must be immediately implemented without modification of qualification. 293. The delegation further expressed its conviction that the termination of the illegal and colonial occupation could be hastened if countries having extensive political, economic and other links with the South African regime were to exert effective pressure on it. -48-

294. Recalling the terms of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, the delegation of Nicaragua condemned the continuous exploitation and plunder of the Territory's resources and emphasized the urgency of the effective implementation of the Decree. It demanded that transnational corporations engaged in the exploitation of those resources comply with all relevant United Nations resolutions by immediately refraining from any new investment or activities in Namibia, by withdrawing from the Territory and by putting an end to their co-operation with the illegal South African administration. 295. In addition, it reiterated that the illegal exploitation of Namibian resources contributed to the perpetuation of the illegal occupation r~gime in Namibia and that South Africa and other foreign economic interests were liable to pay reparation to an independent Namibia for the illegal exploitation of its human and natural resources. 296. The delegation reaffirmed Nicaragua's total support for the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination, freedom and genuine independence in a united Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO. It also reaffirmed the people's right to employ all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, to secure their freedom and national independence. 297. It strongly condemned South Africa's manoeuvres aimed at undermining the role of SWAPO as the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people and declared that all States Members of the United Nations should, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, refrain from according any recognition to or co-operating with any r4gime or authority which the illegal South African administration might impose upon the Namibian people. 298. Reiterating its position that Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) formed the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia, it called for their immediate and unconditional implementation without qualification or modification. It recalled that the General Assembly, in its resolution 37/233 B of 20 December 1982, had firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa to establish any linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and had emphasized unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts would retard the decolonization process in Namibia and constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. 299. It commended the positive and constructive attitude of SWAPO and strongly condemned the arrest, detention and torture of SWAPO patriots by the South African r4gime. It demanded that South Africa immediately release all Namibian political prisoners, including all those imprisoned or detained under the so-called internal security laws, and declared that South Africa should be liable for damages to compensate the victims, their families and the future lawful government of an independent Namibia for the losses sustained. 300. The delegation strongly condemned the repeated acts of aggression committed by the racist Pretoria regime against Angola and its policy of destabilization of the neighbouring African States. It commended the front-line States for the support they rendered to the struggle of the Namibian people and urged the international community to intensify efforts to extend all support and assistance, including military assistance, to the front-line States. -49-

301. The delegation reiterated that Namibia must accede to independence with its territorial integrity intact, including Walvis Bay and the offshore islands, and that any action by South Africa to fragment the Territory would be unacceptable, illegal, null and void. 302. It expressed its conviction that the imposition by the Security Council of mandatory sanctions against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter would be one of the most effective ways to secure South Africa's compliance with the relevant Security Council resolutions and urged the Council, in light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to take urgent action to that end. 303. Affirming that the struggle for the liberation of Namibia had reached a crucial phase, the delegation stated that it was essential for peace and freedom- loving forces to unite their energies solidly behind SWAPO and to continue to expose and condemn all manoeuvres designed to frustrate the legitimate and just struggle of the people of Namibia to achieve their independence. 304. The Government of Nicaragua informed the Mission of its desire, as a member of the Security Council, to continue to collaborate actively with the African countries with regard to convening the Security Council as soon as possible in order to examine new measures for the implementation of the United Nations plan for Namibia. In that context, it expressed its hope that certain permanent members of the Security Council would not resort again to the use of the veto in order to prevent that organ from imposing sanctions on South Africa. 305. The Nicaraguan Committee in Solidarity with the People, presided over by Mr. Eduardo Cortez, assured the Mission of its total commitment to the cause of independence of the Namibian people, and pledged to continue its efforts in the field of dissemination of information on the question of Namibia. 306. The Government of Nicaragua rendered further assistance to the Mission by calling a press conference which was attended by representatives of newspapers, radio and television, thus enabling the Mission to explain in detail questions relating to the implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978). D. Mission of Consultation to Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy and Switzerland (15 April to 6 May 1983) 307. The Mission, while in Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria, was composed of the representatives of Nigeria (Chairman), China, Venezuela and SWAPO. During the visits to Italy and Switzerland, the Mission was composed of the representatives of Burundi (Chairman), China, Venezuela and SWAPO. Greece 308. The Mission visited Greece from 15 to 18 April 1983. It held consultations with a delegation headed by Mr. Karolos Papulias, Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs. 309. The Government of Greece reaffirmed its full commitment to the principles of human rights. It reaffirmed its strong commitment to the right of the Namibian -50- people to self-determination and independence, and expressed support for the struggle of the Namibian people. 310. The Government of Greece condemned the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa in defiance of the resolutions of the United Nations and called upon South Africa to implement the resolutions of the United Nations without delay. 311. The Government of Greece expressed the strong conviction that the question of Namibia, being a decolonization problem, should be settled in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the United Nations. It expressed firm support for Security Council resolution 435 (1978) as well as grave concern over the lack of progress in the negotiations, and demanded the immediate implementation of the resolution by South Africa. 312. The Government of Greece reaffirmed its strong commitment to the encouragement of all efforts that would produce constructive progress towards the implementation of resolution 435 (1978). 313. The Government of Greece expressed firm support for the mobilization of international support with a view to assisting the Namibian people in their long struggle for independence. It therefore welcomed the International Conference in Support of the Struggle for Independence of the Namibian People, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, and assured the Mission of its participation at the Conference. 314. The Government of Greece declared its intention to continue its efforts to provide all the necessary moral and material assistance to the Namibian people, including continued substantial contributions to the United Nations Fund for Namibia, the United Nations Institute for Namibia and the Nationhood Programme for Namibia. Turkey 315. The Mission visited Turkey from 18 to 20 April 1983. It held consultations with a delegation headed by Mr. ErcUment Yavuzalp, Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 316. The Government of Turkey reiterated its continued support for the United Nations Council for Namibia as well as for the initiatives being undertaken by the United Nations aimed at bringing Namibia to independence. As a founding member of the Council, the Government of Turkey expressed its appreciation for the contribution being made by the Council in this respect, as the legal Administering Authority until independence. 317. While expressing deep concern over the delay in the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), the Government of Turkey emphasized that the resolution remained the only acceptable basis for a peaceful solution of the Namibian question. It condemned South Africa's intransigence with regard to the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and stressed the need for renewed and effective efforts by the United Nations and the international community to bring about South Africa's compliance with the plan embodied in the resolution. 318. The Government of Turkey reaffirmed its strong support for the struggle for independence of the Namibian people and their sole and authentic representative, -51-

SWAPO, and pledged continued material and moral support to the Namibian people including substantial contributions to the United Nations Fund for Namibia. 319. The Government of Turkey underlined the dangers involved in any country giving political, economic, military and social assistance to South Africa, as this only encouraged South Africa to continue with its repressive and illegal acts in Namibia and to persist in flouting the United Nations resolutions on this question. 320. The Government of Turkey expressed its strong objection to the illegal plundering of Namibia's natural resources by foreign economic interests and demanded compliance with Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. 321. Serious concern was expressed over South Africa's widespread militarization of Namibia, the intensification of its repression of the Namibian people and the escalation of its wars of aggression against neighbouring States, all of which posed a threat to international peace and security. 322. The Government of Turkey rejected the attempted imposition by the Pretoria regime of a so-called internal settlement on the Namibian people. Such attempts could lead to a further delay of the implementation of the independence plan. 323. The Government of Turkey reiterated its strong support for the front-line States in their efforts to assist the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, and condemned the persistent acts of aggression by South Africa against neighbouring independent African States. 324. The Government of Turkey welcomed the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. It expressed the strong view that, at the current juncture in the long struggle of the Namibian people, a concerted campaign of international pressure against the Pretoria r~gime was urgently needed in order to bring its illegal occupation of Namibia to an end. Bulgaria 325. The Mission visited Bulgaria from 20 to 23 April 1983, and held consultations with a government delegation headed by Mr. Lyobomir Popov, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs. 326. The Government of Bulgaria stressed that Namibia was the direct responsibility of the United Nations until the Territory attained self-determination, freedom and genuine independence. In that regard, the Government reaffirmed its support for the Council as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence. 327. The Government reaffirmed its full support for the legitimate and heroic struggle of the Namibian people, and considered that SWAPO must be rendered all moral and material assistance as the sole and authentic representative of the people of Namibia. In that context, it reaffirmed its recognition of the struggle of the Namibian people by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, against the illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa. 328. While vehemently condemning South Africa for its persistent refusal to withdraw from Namibia, the Government of Bulgaria drew particular attention to the -52- active collaboration by the United States and the other major Western countries with the racist r6gime in the political, economic, military and social fields. Such collaboration, the Government stressed, was a direct encouragement of the racist r6gime's repressive policies against the Namibian people, the expansion of its military operations, the development of its nuclear weapons capability and its armed aggression against neighbouring African States. 329. Reviewing the recent political developments in Namibia, the Bulgarian Government expressed grave concern over the impasse encountered in the efforts to secure the independence of Namibia, due to the attempts by the United States to link the independence of Namibia with the presence of Cuban forces in Angola, which were in that country at the invitation of its sovereign Government and in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter. It emphasized that those actions of the United States could only be regarded as attempts to deny the Namibian people their hard-won victories in the liberation struggle and constituted open interference in the internal affairs of Angola. 330. The Government of Bulgaria reaffirmed its belief that a genuine and durable settlement of the Namibian question could only be achieved with the full participation of SWAPO. In that regard, it categorically rejected the schemes of the South African regime aimed at imposing on the Namibian people a so-called internal settlement in contravention of Security Council resolution 439 (1978), and restated its resolve not to accord any recognition to such a settlement. 331. Further, the Government emphasized that the United Nations plan laid out in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) constituted the only universally accepted basis for a negotiated settlement of the Namibian question, and demanded the speedy implementation of that plan without qualification, modification or prevarication. It reiterated its position that the Security Council should fulfil its responsibility by imposing comprehensive mandatory sanctions against Pretoria under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter in order to force the racists to comply with the resolutions of the United Nations. 332. The Government expressed grave concern over the exploitation of Namibia's natural resources by South Africa in collusion with the transnational corporations and other economic interests of that r4gime's Western allies. Such exploitation and the continued accumulation and repatriation of huge profits by South Africa's allies constituted a major obstacle to the control and enjoyment by Namibians of the benefits accruing from their natural resources. 333. The Government of Bulgaria expressed its grave concern at the collusion in the nuclear field between the racist South African r4gime and its Western allies, particularly the United States, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom and Israel. The Government strongly demanded that all States refrain from according the minority racist r6gime any assistance that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium and other nuclear materials. 334. The Bulgarian Government recognized with warm appreciation the invaluable encouragement rendered by the front-line States to SWAPO in its struggle for independence and affirmed their solidarity and support for all their activities in that regard. 335. Consideration was given to the need by the international community to mobilize its combined efforts in seeking to obtain the immediate withdrawal of South Africa -53- from Namibia. In that context, the Government of Bulgaria resolved to participate actively in the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. 336. The Government of Bulgaria pledged its active continued support for the United Nations Council for Namibia. 337. The Mission also held consultations with a delegation headed by Mr. Sava Dalbokov, Deputy Chairman of the National Council of the Fatherland Front, and a delegation headed by Mr. Slavcho Trunski, Chairman of the Committee for Solidarity with the Peoples of Asia and Africa. Italy 338. The Mission visited Italy from 1 to 4 May 1983. It held consultations with a delegation headed by Mr. Roberto Franceschi, Deputy Director of the Political Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 339. The Government of Italy associated itself with the appeal launched by the International Conference in Paris to the international community to exert pressure on the South African r4gime to terminate its illegal occupation of Namibia. It further expressed the view that South Africa's defiance of the United Nations resolutions, its repressive measures against the Namibian people, its repeated acts of armed aggression against neighbouring States and the escalation of its military activities in Namibia posed a threat to international peace and security. 340. Noting the grave consequences of the delay in the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), the Government of Italy reaffirmed that the plan embodied in that resolution remained the only basis for the negotiated settlement of the Namibian question. It strongly demanded its unconditional implementation without further delay. 341. The attempts by the South African r6gime to impose an internal settlement on the Namibian people, and the linkage of Namibian independence to the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, were regarded by the Government of Italy as mere tactics designed to delay the holding of United Nations-supervised elections in Namibia and to frustrate the legitimate aspirations of the Namibian people for selfdetermination and independence. The Government unequivocally rejected such attempts by the Pretoria rigime. 342. The Government of Italy reaffirmed its commitment to the principle of self- determination and independence for all peoples and its uncompromising opposition to all forms of oppression and domination including apartheid. 343. The Government of Italy endorsed the call for Namibia's independence made in the Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the Paris Conference and pledged its full co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia in the effective implementation of its objectives. 344. The Mission also held an exchange of views with representatives of the following non-governmental organizations: Movement for Liberation and Development; Christian Democratic World Union; International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoplesi National Committee of Solidarity with Southern African Peoples. -54-

Switzerland 345. The Mission visited Switzerland from 4 to 6 May 1983 and held consultations with a government delegation led by Mr. Edouard Brunner, Head of the Department of International Organizations. 346. After the Mission outlined the Council's position on the question of Namibia, the Government of Switzerland declared its full support for the independence of Namibia and its firm determination to continue to co-operate fully with the United Nations in its efforts to secure the liberation of Namibia. 347. The Government of Switzerland expressed strong support for the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia embodied in Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and voiced the hope that the accession to independence by the Namibian people would not be further delayed. 348. The Government of Switzerland asserted that it was strictly enforcing the arms embargo and that it was not collaborating with the South African regime in the use of Namibian uranium. 349. Because of its policy of neutrality, the Government of Switzerland was not disposed to take a position on specific issues with regard to the recent political developments concerning Namibia. The Government, however, assured the Mission of its full support for the independence struggle of the Namibian people. 350. The Mission also reviewed the question of Namibia with representatives of the following non-governmental organizations: the Lutheran World Federation) the International Commission of Juristsy the Friends World Committee for Consultation; and the Inter-Parliamentary Union. E. Issuance of statements and communiques 351. The statements and communiqu6s issued by the Missions of Consultation and the Governments they visited are reproduced in paragraph 879 below. -55-

III. ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL RELATING TO THE REPRESENTATION OF NAMIBIA AND THE PROMOTION OF NAMIBIAN INTERESTS IN THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES A. General 352. The Council continued during the period under review to discharge the responsibilities conferred upon it by the General Assembly with regard to the representation and promotion of the interests and aspirations of the Namibian people in the specialized agencies and other international organizations and conferences. It will be recalled in this connection that the General Assembly, by its resolution 37/233 C, decided that Namibia, represented by the Council, should participate as a full member in all conferences and meetings organized by the United Nations to which all States or, in the case of regional conferences and meetings, all African States are invited. 353. Namibia, represented by the Council, is a full member of ILO, FAO, UNESCO, ITU, IAEA, UNCTAD, UNIDO and the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Namibia also enjoys associate membership status in WHO. 354. On 30 April 1982, Namibia signed the final act of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 355. On 3 November 1982, IMF granted South Africa the largest loan ever received by that country, amounting to approximately $US 1.1 billionj at the same time, IMF and the world Bank continue to deny material assistance to SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. These policies of IMF and the World Bank are contributing to the maintenance of the illegal colonial domination of Namibia by South Africa. In this connection, a decision was taken in the Council to send a high-level delegation to IMF. 356. During the period under review, the Council was represented at the conferences and meetings indicated below. The Council will continue to seek membership for Namibia in all specialized agencies and other United Nations bodies. B. International conferences and meetings 357. Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia) represented the Council at the meeting held by the Special Committee against Apartheid on 11 October 1982 in observance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners. 358. Mr. Lusaka also represented the Council, at the invitation of ANC, at the memorial service for the late Ruth First held in New York on 14 October 1982. 359. He also represented the Council at the meeting held by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People on 29 November 1982 in observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. -56-

360. Messrs. Chin Yung-tsien (China), Carlo Toussaint (Haiti) and P. Hinyangerwa Asheeke (SWAPO) represented the Council at the Seminar on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa and Namibia, held at Montreal from 10 to 12 December 1982 under the auspices of the United Nations. 361. Messrs. Tuluy Tang (Turkey) and Shahed Akhtar (Bangladesh) represented the Council at the thirty-ninth session of the Commission on Human Rights, held at Geneva from 31 January to 11 March 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.304). 362. Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia) represented the Council at the meeting held by the Special Committee against Apartheid on 18 February 1983 in memory of the Reverend L. John Collins, late President of the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa. 363. Messrs. A. C. Kirca (Turkey) and R. Lamamra (Algeria) represented the Council at the Unitea Nations Conference on Succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts, held at Vienna from 1 March to 8 April 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.307). 364. Messrs. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia), N. Oerip (Indonesia), F. Star~evia (Yugoslavia), W. Rahman (Bangladesh) and P. Kahaka (SWAPO) represented the Council at the first session of the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, held at Kingston (Jamaica) between 15 March and 9 September 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.303). 365. Messrs. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia) and Tuluy Tang (Turkey) represented the Council at the Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, held at Geneva from I to 12 August 1983 (see A/AC.109/L.306). 366. Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia) represented the Council at the meeting held by the Special Committee against Apartheid on 21 March 1983 in observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 367. Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria) represented the Council at the special session of the Special Committee against Apartheid on the role of international solidarity and action in support of the struggle for liberation in South Africa, held on 30 and 31 March 1983. 368. Mr. Ignac Golob (Yugoslavia) represented the Council at the meeting held by the Special Committee against Apartheid on 16 June 1983 in observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People of South Africa. C. Meetings of the Senate of the United Nations Institute for Namibia and other activities under the United Nations Fund for Namibia 369. Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia), Mrs. Elena Coronel de Rodriguez (Venezuela) and Mr. Essam S. Ramadan (Egypt) represented the Council at the 16th meeting of the Senate and the fourth graduation ceremony of the United Nations Institute for Namibia, held at Lusaka on 31 January and 1 February 1983, respectively (see A/AC.131/L.277). 370. Mr. Juha Mgkitalo (Finland) represented the Council at the fourth meeting of the Governing Board of the United Nations Vocational Training Centre for Namibia, held at Luanda from 3 to 6 May 1983. -57-

D. Specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system 1. International Labour Organisation 371. Messrs. Cheikh Sylla (Senegal), J. Ithana (United Nations Institute for Namibia) and J. Ya Otto and E. Tjiriange (SWAPO) represented the Council at the sixty-ninth session of the International Labour Conference, held at Geneva from 1 to 22 June 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.292). 2. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 372. Mr. T. Kalomoh (SWAPO) attended the fourth extraordinary session of the General Conference of UNESCO, held in Paris from 23 November to 3 December 1982. 373. Mr. Francisco P~rez (Chile) represented the Council at the Intergovernmental Conference on Eaucation for International Understanding, Co- operation and Peace and Education Relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, held in Paris from 12 to 20 April 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.293). 374. Messrs. Gervais Charles (Haiti) and Alexandros Vikis (Cyprus) represented the Council at the Fifth Regional Conference of the African National Commissions for UNESCO, held at Yaound6 from 9 to 14 May 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.290). 3. World Health Organization 375. Mr. Gaspard Towo Atangana (United Republic of Cameroon) and Dr. L. Amathila (SWAPO) represented the Council at the Thirty-sixth World Health Assembly, held at Geneva from 2 to 16 May 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.305). 4. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 376. Mr. Jonathan Lichilana (Zambia) represented the Council at the sixth session of UNCTAD, held at Belgrade from 6 to 30 June 1983. 5. United Nations Development Programme 377. Mrs. Elena Coronel de Rodriguez (Venezuela) represented the Council at the thirtieth session of the UNDP Governing Council, held in New York from 6 to 24 June 1983. 6. Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 378. Messrs. Z. Ilic (Yugoslavia), T. Abdel Kader (Algeria) and H. Gogus (Turkey) represented the Council at the thirty-third session of the Executive Committee, held at Geneva from 11 to 20 October 1982 (see A/AC.131/L.270). 379. Mr. Hannu Himanen (Finland) represented the Council at the informal meeting of the Executive Committee held at Geneva on 23 February 1982 (see A/AC.131/L.278). -58-

7. United Nations Industrial Development Organization 380. Mr. Antonio Fenelon (Haiti) represented the Council at the seventeenth session of the Industrial Development Board, held at Vienna from 26 April to 13 May 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.286). 8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 381. Mr. Jean P. Georges (Haiti) represented the Council at the fifteenth session of the Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programmes, held at Rome from 16 to 27 May 1983. 382. Mr. Petre Vlasceanu (Romania) represented the Council at the eighty-third session of the FAO Council, held at Rome from 13 to 24 June 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.291). 9. International Atomic Energy Agency 383. Messrs. F. Starcevic (Yugoslavia) and H. Hishonqua (SWAPO) represented the Council at the General Conference of IAEA, held at Vienna from 20 to 24 September 1982. 384. Mr. A. C. Kirca (Turkey) held high-level consultations with the Director- General of IAEA at Vienna on 4 March 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.283). E. Organization of African Unity 385. Mr. M. C. Ayafor (United Republic of Cameroon) represented the Council at the fortieth ordinary session of the OAU Co-ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, held at Arusha from 10 to 12 February 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.281). 386. Messrs. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia), Melchior Bwakira (Burundi) and Theo- Ben Gurirab (SWAPO) represented the Council at the nineteenth ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of OAU, held at Adais Ababa from 6 to 11 June 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.289). F. Movement of Non-Aligned Countries 387. Messrs. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia), Alexandros Vikis (Cyprus) and Amitav Banerji (India) represented the Council at the extraordinary ministerial meeting of the Co-ordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries held at Managua from 10 to 14 January 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.285). 388. Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka (Zambia), Mr. Madjid Bouguerra (Algeria), Miss Elaine V. Jacob (Guyana) and Mr. Theo-Ben Gurirab (SWAPO) represented the Council at the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non- Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi from 7 to 11 March 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.285). -59-

G. Meetings and conferences sponsored by non-governmental organizations 389. Mr. Godwin Mfula (Zambia) represented the Council at the meeting of the International Preparatory Committee for the International Conference in Solidarity with the Front-line States held at Amsterdam from 28 to 30 January 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.284). 390. Mr. H. P. Asheeke (SWAPO) represented the Council at the training workshop on Namibia conducted by the American Lutheran Church at Dubuque (Iowa) from 4 to 6 March 1983. 391. Messrs. Chin Yung-tsien (China), Petre Vlasceanu (Romania) and H. P. Asheeke (SWAPO) represented the Council at the International Conference in Solidarity with the Front-line States, held at Lisbon from 25 to 27 March 1983 (see A/AC.131/L.284). 392. Mr. Kennedy Apoe (Nigeria) represented the Council at the meeting commemorating the struggle for freedom of Namibia and the anniversary of the founding of SWAPO sponsored by the Iota Phi Lambda Sorority, Inc. in co- operation with the Southern African Sub-Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations affiliated with the United Nations, held in New York on 19 April 1983. 393. Messrs. Godwin Mfula (Zambia), Jonathan Lichilana (Zambia) and H. P. Asheeke (SWAPO) represented the Council at the meeting of the National Continuation Committee of the Conference in Solidarity with the Liberation Struggles of the Peoples of Southern Africa, held in New York on 7 May 1983. 394. Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria), Mr. Amitav Banerji (India) and Miss Maria Eugenia Trujillo (Venezuela) represented the Council at the Seminar on the Role of Transnational Corporations in Namibia, held at Washington, D.C. from 28 November to 2 December 1982. 395. Mr. Kennedy Apoe (Nigeria) represented the Council at the meeting of the International Preparatory Committee for the World Assembly for Peace and Life and Against Nuclear War held at Prague from 21 to 26 June 1983. -60-

IV. ACTION CONCERNING FOREIGN ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN NAMIBIA 396. In its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, and in accordance with the provisions of the relevant General Assembly resolutions, including resolution 37/233 C, the Council continued during the period under review to inform the international community of the situation in Namibia with regard to the exploitation of the Territory's people and resources by South African and other foreign economic interests, with a view to countering the support which those interests give to the illegal South African administration in Namibia. 397. Despite repeated United Nations resolutions, the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971 and Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, Western-based transnational corporations and other interests have continued to exploit, in collaboration with South Africa, the Territory's natural resources. 398. By its resolution 37/233 A, the General Assembly strongly condemned the activities of all foreign economic interests operating in Namibia under the illegal South African administration which were illegally exploiting the resources of the Territory and demanded that transnational corporations engaged in such exploitation comply with all relevant resolutions of the United Nations by immediately refraining from any new investment or activities in Namibia, by withdrawing from the Territory and by putting an end to their co-operation with the illegal South African administration. The Assembly requested once again all Member States to take all appropriate measures, including legislation and enforcement action, to ensure the full application of, and compliance with, the provisions of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia and declared that, by their depletive exploitation of natural resources and continued accumulation and repatriation of huge profits, the activities of foreign economic, financial and other interests operating in Namibia constituted a major obstacle to its political independence. 399. The Namibian economy is a product of decades of South African and other foreign exploitation of the extensive natural resources of the Territory and its African labour force. Like the system of administration, the economy is divided into two distinct sectors. The main sector of economic activity, including the wealthy mining and commercial agricultural areas, is in the so-called "Police Zone". This is the area set aside for white settlement and exploitation and comprises about two thirds of the total area of the Territory. On the other hand, the African majority has been forced into "homelands" in the agriculturally poor northern areas which are inadequate to support the population, and from which they are forbidden to leave except to work as contract labourers in the "Police Zone". This extension of Pretoria's apartheid policies into the Territory has established a firm pattern of segregation which has forced the African majority to serve as a perpetual pool of cheap labour for the white-controlled economy. 400. The foreign economic interests involved in the exploitation of Namibia's resources include many of the world's largest natural resource corporations and financial institutions from South Africa, Israel, Western Europe and North America. The General Assembly has in various resolutions (32/35 of 28 November 1977, 33/40 of 13 December 1978, 34/41 of 21 November 1979, 35/28 of 11 November 1980 and 36/51 of 24 November 1981) identified Canada, France, the United Kingdom and the United States as the major trading partners of South Africal -61- it is thus not surprising that transnational corporations from these and other Western countries are heavily involved in prospecting and mining in Namibia. They conduct these activities purely in the interest of their shareholders and to the obvious detriment of the Namibian people. In exchange for the opportunity to earn great profits for themselves, these foreign interests support South Africa's illegal occupation of the Territory both politically and financially. 401. The latest available information indicates that there are as many as 88 transnational corporations operating in Namibia, of which 35 are based in South Africa, 25 in the United Kingdom, 15 in the United States, 8 in the Federal Republic of Germany, 3 in France and 2 in Canada. All of these corporations conduct their operations by means of licences issued by the colonial Pretoria r4gime or its illegal administration in Namibia. In 1981 alone, more than 250 licences for mineral prospecting in Namibia were approved by the illegal South Africa administration. 402. The apartheid regime has facilitated the exploitation of Namibia's natural resources by various means. Among other things, it has taxed foreign mining companies operating in the Territory at a lower rate than those in South Africa itself, allowed tax write-offs of capital expenditure from gross profits, permitted the unrestricted exploitation of minerals and exerted no pressure on mining companies to process minerals locally. 403. Furthermore, in keeping with its policy of exploitation, South Africa has not required transnational corporations operating in Namibia to reinvest any part of their huge profits in the Territory for infrastructural or other development purposes. On the contrary, the bulk of profits are regularly repatriated to foreign shareholders. As a result, there is a wide gap between the Territory's gross domestic product and its gross national product. 404. The plunder of Namibia's resources is of considerable magnitude. The Territory ranks among the world's leading producers of gem diamonds, has the world's largest open-cast uranium mine and produces a vast variety of metals and minerals, including such base metals as copper, lead, zinc, tin, cadmium, vanadium, silver and lithium. Although the extensive exploitation of these resources has led to high rates of corporate surplus and a substantial flow of wealth to the transnational corporations in the form of profits, dividends, interest payments, capital transfers and remittances, it has not in any way benefited the masses in Namibia. In addition to the transnational corporations, the beneficiaries of the exploitation have remained the racist regime of South Africa and the white minority population in Namibia. 405. Transnational corporations give direct support to the apartheid r6gime by injecting large amounts of capital, paying taxes and developing significant sources of foreign exchange earnings. More importantly, the activities of foreign economic and financial interests also serve to reinforce and perpetuate South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia. 406. The mining sector is the largest single contributor to the Territory's gross domestic product (about 50 per cent), the chief source of foreign exchange earnings (60 per cent) and the largest producer of revenue (40 to 50 per cent) although it employs only 10 per cent of the wage-earning labour force. 407. Approximately 80 pe; cent of the Territory's total mining assets are held by just three corporations: South Africa's Consolidated Diamond Mines of South West -62-

Africa, Ltd. (CDM), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd.1 the United States owned Tsumeb Corporation, controlled by AMAX, Inc. [American Metal Climax] and the Newmont Mining Corporation; and British-controlled Rdssing Uranium, Ltd., in which the Rio Tinto Zinc Corporation, Ltd. (RTZ) holds nearly 47 per cent of the shares. These three corporations also control about 95 per cent of Namibian mineral production and exports. In addition to CDM, Tsumeb and Rdssing, other South African and Western mining companies have invested $US 109.3 million, which accounts for 15 per cent of the total investment in mining. These companies employ some 5,500 workers, almost a third of the mining work-force. 408. The mining sector is entirely export-oriented and therefore extremely susceptible to foreign economic forces. In 1981, the economic slowdown in the Western industrialized nations had adverse consequences on the Territory's mineral industry. Prices for nearly all minerals were down from the 1980 levels: copper by 8 per cent, lead by 6.8 per cent and tin by 2.8 per cent. Although record prices were achieved for silver during 1981 as a result of speculative activities, the average price for the year was 40 per cent below that of 1980. Zinc prices were the exception to the downward trend. In 1981, the average price for zinc increased by 29.4 per cent over that of 1980. 409. South African and other foreign economic interests which control Namibia's mining industry pay little or no taxes on their investments in the Territory. According to one source, between 1976 and 1981 the Territory collected a total of only R 21 million in taxes on mineral sales (excluding diamonds) of R 920 million, which amounted to a mere 2.3 per cent. Regarding the diamond industry, the same source also indicated that as a result of official South African taxation policies, the Territory was receiving taxes on the local selling price, which was far below the value of diamonds on the world market. R6ssing Uranium, which had paid out in excess of R 100 million in dividends to its shareholders by 1981, had not paid any taxes on its monopolistic exploitation of Namibia's extensive uranium deposits until 1982. 410. During the 1970s, diamonds accounted for an average of 65 per cent of Namibia's annual mineral export earnings and contributed 40 per cent of all revenues collected in the Territory. The exploitation of Namibia's gem diamond deposits is monopolized by CDM, whose parent company, De Beers Consolidated Mines, is 30 per cent owned by the Anglo-American Corporation, the largest producer of gem diamonds in the world. According to some sources over 40 per cent of De Beers' profits come from Namibia. 411. Over 90 per cent of base metal production is undertaken by the Tsumeb Corporation, which is jointly owned by AMAX (29.6 per cent) and the Newmont Mining Corporation (30.4 per cent). A South African subsidiary of AMAX and Newmont, the O'okiep Copper Company, controls 9.5 per cent. Nearly half (14.2 per cent) of the 30.5 per cent of the shares owned by other West European and South African corporations is controlled by Selection Trust, Ltd., of the United Kingdom. 412. The Tsumeb Corporation has been reaping immense profits from its Namibian ventures. Since 1947, Tsumeb has sold over $US 1 billion worth of metals on an investment of $US 103 million, and paid about $US 200 million in taxes to South Africa. Over 90 per cent of its net income has been repatriated. 413. Namibia's base metals are of strategic importance to South Africa. Almost all of the zinc, tin, lead, vanadium and tungsten produced in the Territory is sent to -63-

South Africa. Namibia's zinc output in particular has been central to the apartheid regime's policy of increasing internal self-sufficiency in those areas where domestic reserves are lacking. During the 1970s, Namibia's zinc mines reduced South Africa's dependence on external sources of supply by more than 85 per cent. Similarly, the Territory's lead and tin production have proved to be vital inputs for various South African industries. It is believed that Pretoria's dependency on key base metals produced in Namibia has been one of the important reasons for its intransigence and continued illegal occupation of the Territory. 414. For more than a decade, Namibia's proven and potential reserves of uranium, estimated to be among the largest in the world, have not only heightened the Territory's appeal to foreign mining interests but have also altered the nature of their involvement. In the past, foreign economic interests regarded Namibia as a repository of diamonds and base metals exploitable at low cost. However, the growing demand for uranium and the attendant economic benefits have strengthened the resolve of foreign economic interests to ensure that the Territory's future was manipulated in such a way as to guarantee unimpeded exploitation by them of its uranium resources. With no uranium of its own except as a by-product of gold mining, the Pretoria regime regards its continued control over the Territory and its uranium deposits as of vital importance. 415. Currently, the only active uranium mine is that operated by Rbssing Uranium, Ltd., the largest producer of uranium in the world. The Rassing mine is the largest open-cast uranium mine in the world and contains most of Namibia's known uranium reserves. Rbssing Uranium is a consortium of Western and South African firms incorporated in 1970. The British corporation RTZ holds 46.5 per cent of the equity capital, of which 10 per cent is held through its Canadian subsidiary Rio Algom. The Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and the General Mining and Finance Corporation (GMFC), both of South Africa, hold 13.2 per cent and 6.8 per cent respectively. Other owners include Total- Compagnie Mini~re et Nucl~aire of France, a subsidiary of Compagnie Frangaise des P6troles (CFP), with 10 per cent, and Urangesellschaft mbH of the Federal Republic of Germany, with 5 per cent. Although RTZ controls 46.5 per cent of the ordinary equity, the British giant owns only 26 per cent of the voting capital. R6ssing's policies are dictated by South Africa, which controls the voting equity through its state-owned IDC, whose weighted voting power gives it veto power. 416. Rssing began production in 1976 but did not reach its full capacity of 5,000 metric tons a year until 1979. Its profits soared from R 7 million in 1978 to R 64 million in 1979, R 98 million in 1980 and R 109 million in 1981, with an even larger profit forecast for 1982. R6ssing produces 10 per cent of the uranium consumed by the Western industrialized nations and supplies 50 per cent of the United Kingdom's uranium needs. 417. One of the most disturbing facts to emerge from the uranium hearings conducted by the Council in July 1980 32/ was the existence of a "security scheme" at the Rssing mine, established on the basis of a written agreement between the South African r6gime and the corporations that own Rbssing Uranium. The objective of the scheme was for R6ssing to organize a 69-man paramilitary unit to maintain a state of preparedness for civil or labour unrest or "terrorist attack" against the mine. The chairman of RTZ, the largest equity holder of R6ssing Uranium, confirmed in a letter to the Namibian Support Committee, a London-based pressure group, the existence of a "private army" at Rbssing, made up of a Security Department auxiliary unit and a Swakopmund commando unit. The armaments held at the mine include automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns and tear gas. -64-

418. Prospecting for oil and natural gas has been expanding in Namibia in recent years. A gas find off the Namibian coast in 1979 was described by the government-owned South African Oil Exploration Corporation (SOEKOR) as the most significant yet, and might be used to make methanol for use as motor fuel. Among the oil companies involved in prospecting for petroleum and natural gas in Namibia is the Superior Oil Company of Houston, Texas, the largest independent oil and gas producer in the United States. 419. After mining, agriculture is the most important sector of the Namibian economy. it employs about half of the economically active population, produces about 14 per cent of the gross domestic product and, with a 20 to 24 per cent share of the Territory's exports, ranks second to mining in terms of foreign exchange earnings. 420. A substantial portion of the land in the "Police Zone" is owned by South African individuals and corporations, both absentee owners and South African nationals living in Namibia. South African marketing boards or agencies control virtually all the marketing of cattle, karakul pelts and wool, and South African individuals and companies control a major share in the meat-processing plants. Nearly all inputs in the agricultural sector, including technical expertise, research and loan capital, come from South Africa, as do most food products not produced locally. 421. The Namibian karakul (Swakara) industry is one of the largest in the world. The karakul population numbered 4.6 million in 1981. Namibia provides more than half of the karakul pelts sold in the world; the main markets are in the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States. In recent years, weak demand for karakul pelts in the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States has driven down both the volume of pelts exported and their average price. 422. Commercial fishing is one of Namibia's three principal industries. The organization of the industry is almost entirely controlled by South Africa and the companies engaged in it are predominantly of South African origin. Until recently, the fishing industry was a greater source of export revenue than agriculture. The coastal waters were rich in several species of pelagic fish, including pilchards, anchovies, maasbanker and mackerel, with nine South African-owned factories involved in the canning of pilchards and the processing of fish-meal and fish oil at Walvis Bay, and three factories producing frozen lobster tails at LUderitz. 423. Experts agree that the present catastrophic situation brought about by reckless overfishing could have been easily avoided if normal respect for marine resources had been exercised. According to one expert, the pilchard resources, previously the mainstay of the industry, had been systematically destroyed and the anchovy shoals, which were filling the vacuum left by pilchards, would also be "fished out" unless drastic changes in fishing practices were made. A former senior official of the Namibian fish industry recently attributed the collapse of the industry to corruption among South African authorities, leading to gross over- fishing. The illegal practices used included scale manipulation and mislabelling of the types of fish caught. The companies involved were the South West Africa Fishing Industries, Ltd. (SWAFIL), Kaap-Kunene Beleggings (Bpk), Overstone Investments, Ltd., Irvin and Johnson, Ltd., Sea Products (SWA), Ltd., William Barendsz, Ltd. and Fedman. 424. Although a total ban on pilchard fishing had been announced for the 1981 season, the catch actually increased to 51,350 metric tons for the year. In 1982, -65- the situation had improved sufficiently to allow a quota of 30,000 metric tons for pilchards, and 220,000 metric tons for anchovies. White fishing is also being developed, with hake being the main variety caught. Despite better catches, it was believed that the results from the 1982 pelagic fishing season would be insufficient to revive the depressed fishing industry. 425. In accordance with basic trading patterns, the illegal South African r4gime, in collaboration with foreign economic interests, exploits Namibia's raw materials, transfers them elsewhere for processing and uses the Territory as a captive market for manufactured goods. Some 80 per cent of these manufactured goods come from South Africa, with the balance originating in third countries and imported into the Territory by South African-owned trading companies via Walvis Bay. South Africa, in collaboration with foreign economic interests, has perpetuated this colonial trading pattern by not establishing raw material processing and import-substituting industries in the Territory. Thus, the colonial domination of South Africa over Namibia is slowing down the Territory's economic development and has created severe imbalances in its economy which will have a long-range adverse effect on the future development of independent Namibia. 426. The service sector is completely dominated by South African and other foreign economic interests. There is no central bank in Namibia. The largest commercial banking operation in the Territory is Barclays National Bank, a subsidiary of Barclays Bank of the United Kingdom, with over 50 per cent of the R 415 million in total bank deposits in Namibia at the end of 1981. Other banks include Standard Bank SWA (STANSWA), the Bank of South West Africa (SWABANK), Volkskas, Ltd., Nedbank, Trustbank and Hill Samuel. 427. The banking sector, which is almost exclusively oriented towards the interests of local whites and South African colonialists and other foreign economic interests, enjoys a particularly close relationship with the South African Defence Department. Several members of Barclays Bank and Standard Bank Investment Corporation (SBIC) have been appointed to the Defence Advisory Board to advise the armed forces on the "best business methods and other matters", including the manufacture of arms. It is also known that banks have been active in raising loans for projects of strategic and military value to South Africa and in financing the Territory's budget deficits. 428. Although transnational corporations contend that their investments in the Namibian economy enhance the employment opportunities and the social and economic conditions of the majority of the population, the reality of the situation is totally different. Flagrant disparities continue to exist in the wage policies applied to white and black workers. 429. In recent years, the campaign against South Africa and the transnational corporations collaborating with the racist rigime in the illegal exploitation of Namibia's human and natural resources has grown rapidly. In a number of international forums, foreign exploitation of Namibia's wealth has been condemned and specific measures to reverse the trend have been taken by Governments, international organizations, private institutions, church groups and individuals. 430. The International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, held in Paris from 20 to 27 May, in its Special Declaration on Namibia, called upon all States to discourage their nationals or companies under their jurisdiction from investing or obtaining concessions in occupied Namibia; strongly condemned the activities of all foreign economic interests operating in Namibia and demanded that they cease their -66- illegal activities forthwithl and reaffirmed that South African and foreign economic interests exploiting the Territory's resources were liable to pay reparations to a future independent Government of Namibia for the ruthless plundering of its resources. L/ Sanctions against South Africa were also called for by the OAU Council of Ministers at its thirty-seventh ordinary session, held at Nairobi from 15 to 21 June 1981 (see A/36/534, annex I), and by the General Assembly in resolutions ES-8/2, 36/121 B and 37/233 A. 431. In the Arusha Declaration and Programme of Action, L/ adopted by the Council at its extraordinary plenary meetings held at Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania from 10 to 14 May 1982, the Council reaffirmed that the natural resources of Namibia were the inviolable heritage of the Namibian people, and decided to promote every effort for the speedy implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. Accordingly, it stated that steps would be taken by the Council to intitiate legal action in appropriate courts against those who violated the provisions of the Decree. 432. Concern for the implementation of Decree No. 1 has been reflected in a number of General Assembly resolutions. In accordance with resolution 36/121 C of 10 December 1981, the Council, in mid-1982, sent a delegation to London and Frankfurt in order to contact corporations and banks operating in Namibia regarding the illegal basis of their operations. In its discussions, the delegation emphasized that foreign corporations operating in Namibia without the express consent of the Council were acting in violation of Decree No. 1 and in disregard of the resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council and of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971. (The report of the delegation is contained in document A/AC.131/L.271.) 433. The campaign against transnational corporations exploiting Namibia's human and natural resources in collaboration with the apartheid rdgime gained momentum in 1982. A number of seminars organized by the United Nations were held in London and Sheffield (United Kingdom), Detroit and Washington (United States), The Hague (Netherlands), Geneva (Switzerland) and Montreal (Canada). The aims of the seminars were to inform the decision-makers and the general public in the home countries of the transnational corporations of the role of those corporations and the political, economic, social, military and cultural implications of their collaboration with South Africa and to discuss ways and means of strengthening international support for the liberation struggle of the Namibian people. 434. By its resolution 37/233 A, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Council for Namibia to continue to monitor the boycott of South Africa called for in Assembly resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 B, and to submit to the Assembly at its thirty-eighth session a comprehensive report on all contacts between all States and South Africa, containing an analysis of the information received from Member States and other sources on the continuing political, economic, financial and other relations of States and their economic and other interest groups with South Africa and of measures taken by States to terminate all dealings with the racist regime of South Africa. The Council's report is contained in part five of the present document. The Assembly further requested all States to co-operate fully with the Council in the fulfilment of its tasks concerning the implementation of resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 B, and to report to the Secretary-General by the thirty-eighth session of the Assembly on the measures taken by them in the implementation of those resolutions. The replies received by the Secretary-General have been published in documents A/38/183 and Add.l and 2. -67-

V. ACTION CONCERNING THE MILITARY SITUATION IN NAMIBIA 435. In recent years, South Africa's increasing use of military force to suppress the popular resistance in Namibia and to destabilize the neighbouring countries has been a cause of grave concern to the international community. In seeking to perpetuate its illegal occupation of Namibia, the Pretoria r4gime has moved large numbers of heavily armed troops into the Territory, recruited mercenaries from a number of countries to serve with the South Africa Defence Force (SADF) in Namibia, and launched repeated acts of subversion and aggression against the front-line States. Furthermore, since 1981 the African population of the Territory has been subjected to compulsory service in the army of the occupation r4gime, causing many young Namibians to flee into exile. 436. By its resolution 37/233 A, the General Assembly strongly condemned South Africa for its military build-up in the Territory, its introduction of compulsory military service for Namibians, its recruitment and training of Namibians for tribal armies, its use of mercenaries to suppress the Namibian people and to carry out its military attacks against independent African States, and its threats and acts of subversion and aggression against those countries. The Assembly further declared that South Africa's war of repression against the Namibian people, its persistent acts of aggression launched from bases in Namibia against independent African States and its development of nuclear weapons constituted a serious threat to international peace and security. 437. By resolution 37/233 C of 20 December 1982, the Assembly requested the Council to review and report on the military situation in and relating to Namibia. The Council issued a comprehensive report on the subject (A/CONF.120/3- A/AC.131/91 and Corr.l and 2) whose major findings are presented below, together with more recent information and developments. 438. In active collaboration with certain major capitalist Powers, South Africa has turned Namibia into a garrison State and unleashed a reign of terror. The military build-up in the Territory has reached the point where today there is one racist soldier for every 12 Namibians. These forces are subjecting the Namibian masses daily to untold sufferings in the form of cold-blooded murder and abductions, with victims being held incommunicado for indefinite periods, as well as torture, incarceration in concentration camps and other detention centres, massacres of innocent villagers, forcible removal of communities for political or military purposes, destruction of property, rape and other acts of intimidation and manipulation. 439. While the size of the South African occupation force in Namibia is generally estimated at 100,000, the actual number of troops increases considerably when preparations are made for military attacks on neighbouring Angola. The forces of occupation are stationed at approximately 85 to 90 South African bases in Namibia, the most important among them being Windhoek, Walvis Bay, Grootfontein, Oshivello, Ondangwa, Ruacana, Oshakati, Rundu, Omega, Mpacha and Katima-Mulilo. 440. Since the invasion of Angola by South Africa in 1975, increasing use has been made of special units for repeated acts of aggression against that country and Zambia. Among the special units employed are the 32 Battalion, the Reconnaissance Commandos, the South West Africa Specialist Unit, the 44 Parachute Regiment and the Koevoet Unit. The biggest and most active of these special units is the 32 Battalion or Buffalo Battalion, which operates almost entirely inside Angola. -68-

441. It may be recalled that the Pretoria r~gime, in an attempt to usurp the enclave of Walvis Bay, Namibia's only deep-water port, transferred the administration of the area to the Cape Province of South Africa in 1977. The Security Council, by resolution 432 (1978) of 27 July 1978, declared that the territorial integrity and unity of Namibia must be assured through the reintegration of Walvis Bay within its territory and that South Africa must not use Walvis Bay in any manner prejudicial to the independence of Namibia. 442. According to reports, however, there is a South African air force base in the enclave, and a "counter-insurgency" section of the South African navy, the Marines, has been installed in Walvis Bay as part of a South African plan for the land and seaward "defence" of all ports. The South Africa Infantry Battalion Group, one of the elite units of SADF, is also based in the area. 443. The attempt by Pretoria to separate Walvis Bay from Namibia is considered particularly alarming because South Africa could use its forces and bases in Walvis Bay to destabilize an independent Namibia. 444. There has been a 50-fold increase in the number of South African troops deployed in Namibia and South Africa since 1975. The Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg) indicated on 24 March 1982 that the planned increase in South Africa's military presence in Namibia over the next three years was one of the major reasons behind proposed changes to the "national service" system that would extend the upper age limit and the length of required tours of duty. 445. South Africa is already believed to have the ability to mobilize a force of over 400,000 men. The new system could bring another 800,000 into the reserve pool. 446. Among the forces deployed by South Africa are units consisting largely of mercenaries. Reports indicate that the Pretoria rulers are increasingly resorting to the use of mercenaies to resist the growing liberation struggle in Namibia and South Africa. A new unit composed entirely of "soldiers of fortune" from the United States, the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany is reported to have been recently incorporated into the South African army. The new unit will act in full co-operation with the notorious 32 Batallion, also composed entirely of mercenaries. 447. The transnational corporations have emerged as major supporters of South Africa's military establishment. They purchase South African defence bonds, service the part of the economy concerned with the production of military equipment, finance arms purchases by South Africa, provide loans which augment South Africa's military expenditures, provide facilities for South African military personnel and serve on the Defence Advisory Board, which unites the private sector behind South Africa's defence effort. 448. With the intensification of the military conflict in Namibia, many transnational corporations have seen fit to increase security measures and to co- operate closely with the army of occupation. In 1980, the National Key Points Act was enacted with the aim of ensuring collaboration between commercial establishments and the security forces in the control and defence of key industries and installations in South Africa and Namibia. 449. The total military budget of South Africa for 1982/83 was estimated at R 3 billion, representing a 7 per cent increase over the previous year. Certain -69- international institutions and private corporations which continue to collaborate with the Pretoria r6gime, particularly those which grant loans and credits, are helping the racist r6gime to finance its enormous military expenditures and thus to strengthen its military capability, perpetuate its repression of the masses in South Africa, consolidate its illegal military occupation of Namibia and destabilize the African States in the region. 450. Following the disclosure that South Africa had made an application for a loan of 1 billion special drawing rights (about $US 1.1 billion) from IMF, the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia, the Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Vice- Chairman of the Special Committee against Aartheid declared in a joint statement issued on 12 October 1982 (see para. 874 below) that the Pretoria regime required such assistance because of its enormously increasing expenditure for military and repressive purposes. The credits to South Africa therefore violated the spirit of the mandatory arms embargo against the Pretoria r6gime. 451. It is important to note in this connection that the amount of the requested credit was approximately the same as the cost to South Africa of its military occupation of Namibia and armed attacks against Angola in 1981/82. 452. By its resolution 37/2 of 21 October 1982, as in previous resolutions, the General Assembly requested IMF to refrain from granting any credits or other assistance to South Africa. 453. However, despite the strong opposition of the international community and the resolution of the General Assembly, IMF granted a loan of one billion special drawing rights to South Africa on 3 November 1982 with the active support of the United States. In addition to the United States, other Western countries voting in favour of the loan were the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy. 454. South Africa has for several years been engaged in a systematic campaign of destabilization of the neighbouring African States. Using the international Territory of Namibia as a launching pad, it has repeatedly committed blatant acts of aggression against Angola and in the process has caused extensive damage and destruction to life and property. Women and children and other innocent civilians have been its constant victims. 455. For more than a year South Africa has occupied parts of southern Angola as far as 250 kilometres from the Namibian border, with an estimated 5,500 troops operating in the area notwithstanding the international outcry and condemnation expressed in numerous United Nations resolutions. 456. In his statement to the General Assembly on 4 October 1982, )/ Mr. Paulo Jorge, the Minister for External Relations of Angola, said: "In the course of these last nine months, the South African army has carried out 580 reconnaissance flights, 18 air bombardments, 96 landings of troops from helicopters and several sabotage and reprisal actions against the civilian population". 457. The General Assembly, by its resolution 37/233 A, once again strongly condemned South Africa for its persistent acts of subversion and aggression against -70-

Angola, including the occupation of a part of its territory, and called upon South Africa to cease all acts of aggression against and withdraw all its troops from that country. 458. In its escalating war against the people of Namibia and South Africa and their national liberation movements, SWAPO and ANC, the racist regime of South Africa has also subjected Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe to subversion, military aggression, incursions and other destabilization tactics. As part of its conspiracy against these African States, South Africa has been recruiting, training, financing and equipping mercenaries to cause instability and supplied dissident groups with military hardware and funds for their attacks against the legitimate Governments of these States. According to press sources, a large number of "puppets" from Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique have been trained to act against the Governments of their respective countries. 459. The attack by South African forces on 9 December 1982 on Maseru, the capital of Lesotho, in which 42 people were killed, was but one in a series of aggressive actions by which South Africa has sought to destabilize the neighbouring States and punish them for extending humanitarian support to South Africa and Namibian refugees. 460. By its resolution 37/101 of 14 December 1982, the General Assembly condemned South Africa for its unprovoked invasion of Lesotho, resulting in the loss of innocent lives and the destruction of property, and urged the Security Council to take immediate steps to deter South Africa from repeating its acts of aggression and destabilization of Lesotho. 461. The Security Council, by its resolution 527 (1982) of 15 December 1982, strongly condemned the apartheid r6gime of South Africa for its premeditated aggressive act against Lesotho, which constituted a flagrant violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of that country, and demanded the payment by South Africa of full and adequate compensation to Lesotho for the resulting damage to life and property. 462. In a number of resolutions, including resolution 37/233 A, the General Assembly has strongly condemned South Africa's repeated aggression against the African States in the region and called upon the international community to extend, as a matter of urgency, full support and assistance, including military assistance, to the front-line States in order to enable them to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity against the repeated acts of aggression by South Africa. 463. By resolution 36/121 B of 10 December 1981, concerning action by Member States in support of Namibia, the General Assembly requested all States to cease forthwith any provision to South Africa of arms and related material of all types, and to ensure that arms-export agreement provided for guarantees that would prevent embargoed items or any components thereof from reaching South Africa through third countries. The States were also to prohibit the export of spare parts for embargoed aircraft and other military equipment belonging to South Africa and to prohibit government agencies and corporations under their jurisdiction from transferring technology for the manufacture of arms and related materiel to South Africa and from investing in the manufacture of arms and related mat4riel in South Africa. -71-

464. By resolution 37/69 A of 9 December 1982, the Assembly condemned the policies of certain Western States, especially the United States, and of Israel, which had increased their political, economic and military collaboration with the racist r6gime despite repeated appeals by the Assembly. 465. While the vast majority of States have complied with the mandatory arms embargo against South Africa imposed by the Security Council in resolution 418 (1977), and with the relevant General Assembly resolutions, major Western countries continued during the period under review to provide military support to the exploitative apartheid r~gime. 466. The assistance extended by Western countries to South Africa in the form of technical expertise and other types of collaboration has enabled the racist r4gime to develop its war industry to the point where it is today said to be the world's tenth largest arms producer. 467. The present United States Administration, which considers the racist r~gime to be of vital strategic importance to the West, has greatly expanded its military co-operation with South Africa as a part of its general policy of "constructive engagement" with Pretoria. 468. For example, the Administration lifted existing restrictions on the supply of equipment from the United States to the South African regime for use by its military forces. Even before the restrictions were eliminated, United States corporations were supplying South Africa with military-related material. The new United States policy has facilitated the sale of medical items, air ambulances and sophisticatea computers directly to the South African armed forces. 469. For several years, Israel has been cited in publications of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and of the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London as a supplier of weapons to South Africa. The New York Times of 8 May 1982 stated that, according to Israel officials, South Africa was the leading recipient of Israeli arms, and the Financial Times (London) of 18 August 1982 stated that Israel might be acting as a proxy for the United States in selling arms to South Africa and other countries. 470. It was also reported in 1982 that the United States Administration had given the Israeli Government permission to export to South Africa military hardware containing components manufactured in the United States. Among the items mentioned in this connection was the Kfir military airplane produced in Israel. 471. According to the 1982 SIPRI yearbook, South Africa produces (some items under licence) the French Mirage fighter, the Italian Aermachi training aircraft, the French-designed Panhard armoured car, Israeli-designed missile boats, a derivative of the French Crotale surface-to-air missile, air-to-air missiles, artillery rockets, infantry weapons and a variety of ammunition. 472. South Africa also manufactures the G-5 155-millimetre extended-range howitzer, which is capable of being fitted with nuclear warheads. Another advanced weapon produced by South Africa is the G-6, which consists of a G-5 gun mounted on a very fast-moving six-wheel vehicle. The new weapon system, also known as the "Kalahari Ferrari", is expected to go into mass production within three years. South Africa reportedly plans to include the G-6 among the arms products it makes available to foreign buyers. -72-

473. Subsidiaries of the Armaments Development and Production Corporation (ARMSCOR) and various contractors manufacture 141 different kinds of ammunition for the army, air force and navy. On 25 May 1982, the Financial Times (London) reported that one subsidiary, Pretoria Metal Pressing, had recently opened a R 176 million rapid-fire ammunition plant outside Pretoria and that Atlas Aircraft, another ARMSCOR subsidiary, was producing Mirage and Impala combat aircraft. 474. Alongside the build-up and improvement of its armed forces, South Africa continues making efforts to develop its nuclear technology and installations and to acquire nuclear weapons capability. These efforts, which constitute a manifest threat to international peace and security, take on particularly ominous overtones in view of the highly aggressive stance which South Africa has adopted towards the neighbouring States. 475. The development of South Africa's nuclear potential has been considerably enhanced and accelerated by the collaboration extended to the apartheid r4gime at various levels by certain Western countries, particularly the United States, and by Israel, through assistance in uranium extraction and processing, the supply of nuclear equipment, transfers of technology, the provision of training and exchanges of scientists. Such collaboration, together with external financial support for the South African nuclear programme, has encouraged the Pretoria regime in its defiance of the international community and obstructed efforts to eliminate apartheid and bring an end to South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia. 476. The General Assembly, in its resolutions on military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, has called on all States to cease forthwith all collaboration with South Africa in the military and nuclear field and to put an end to all transfers of nuclear equipment, fissionable material, technology and personnel. That prohibition was to apply equally to corporations, institutions, agencies, and individuals under the States' jurisdiction. By resolution 37/69 D of 9 December 1982, the Assembly also condemned any manoeuvres to create military pacts or arrangements with the participation of the racist r6gime of South Africa and urged the Security Council to take mandatory decisions, under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, to ensure the total cessation of all co- operation with the racist r4gime of South Africa in military and nuclear fields by Governments, corporations and individuals. 477. The Anti-Apartheid News (London) reported in June 1982 that the United States was supplying South Africa with a range of items including a Cyber 750/170 computer designed for nuclear weapons research, as well as Helium 3, a substance required to produce Tritium, which in turn is an essential element for the manufacture of thermonuclear weapons. 478. Furthermore, press reports indicated that the United States Department of Commerce had permitted an increase in sales to South Africa of dual-purpose items with nuclear-weapons programme applications. (The term "dual-purpose" refers to equipment having both military and civilian uses.) The Secretary of Commerce was reported in May 1982 to have admitted that five export licences for equipment which could be used in South Africa's nuclear programme had been approved since 1980. For instance, the Department had approved the sale of vibration test equipment which could be used to test the reliability of warheads and ballistic re-entry vehicles, as well as computers and multi-channel analysers which could analyse data from hundreds of cables at a nuclear test site. -73-

479. The United Kingdom Government has also been providing South Africa with dual-purpose equipment. In April 1983, for example, the United Kingdom approved the sale of Marconi radar equipment to the South African regime. 480. The political and military implications of these developments have become a source of grave concern to the international community. It was in this context that the General Assembly, in resolution 37/233 A, vigorously condemned the collusion by the Governments of certain Western and other countries with the racist regime of South Africa in the nuclear field and called upon all States to refrain from supplying the racist minority r6gime of South Africa, directly or indirectly, with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium and other nuclear materials, reactors or military equipment. 481. Firms from Western Europe and the United States have been heavily involved in the construction and operation of the Koeberg station, South Africa's first commercial nuclear power plant. Dr. Frank Barnaby, Director of SIPRI, wrote in April 1981 that the French-Belgian-United States firm Framatone was supplying the pressurized-water reactors, the French-Belgian company Spie- Batignolles was doing the civil engineering work and the French company Alsthom was furnishing the turbogenerators. Fuel for the nuclear reactors would be supplied by the United States under a contract lasting until 1992 and by Eurofuel, a Franco-Belgian concern. 482. At the Seminar on the Military Situation in and relating to Namibia, held by the Council at Vienna from 8 to 11 June 1982, it was stated that the South African Department of Energy and Mineral Affairs had been allocated a 55 per cent increase in funds for the Atomic Energy Research Fund - a total of R 106 million for fiscal year 1983 - to be spent mainly on uranium enrichment research (A/AC.131/SMS/PV.2). 483. It was also reported that NATO officials, fearing that confrontation with the liberation forces in South Africa and in Namibia would bring the downfall of the Pretoria r~gime, had promoted the creation of a "South Atlantic Treaty Organization" as a means of channeling the requisite military support to the South African r4gime as the liberation struggle intensified. In the meantime, South Africa intended to expand its naval forces to undertake a greater role in the South Atlantic Ocean (A/AC.131/SMS/PV.2). 484. In the face of the continued illegal occupation and militarization of Namibia and the increased repression by the racist Pretoria r~gime, the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, have intensified their armed liberation struggle and scored numerous successes against the racist South African forces in Namibia, resulting in heavy casualties and destruction of military installations and equipment on the side of the occupation forces. 485. The 1982 annual report by the Commanding Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) stated that in the period between November 1981 and November 1982, PLAN combatants had initiated 802 armed actions against the forces of illegal occupation in Namibia. Those actions had ranged from attacks on South African military positions, demolition of military, economic and communications installations and land-mine destruction of vehicles and armoured cars, to ambushes of troops and raids on military targets. The report indicated that altogether 2,865 South African soldiers had been put out of action, either killed or wounded, and 230 agents captured. -74-

486. South Africa's continued militarization of Namibia has transformed large parts of the country into a permanent war zone, and the massive South African military presence is the key instrument in Pretoria's attempt to perpetuate its control over Namibia, which serves as the last buffer zone between the racist State and independent African States to the north. 487. One of the dimensions.of the militarization process in Namibia has been the creation of the so-called protected villages and fortified towns, especially in the areas of northern Namibia: Kaokoveld in the north-west and Okavango in the north-east. The strategic aim of the South African army in establishing the so- called protected villages is to isolate SWAPO forces from the masses of the people and to exert total control over the movement of the Namibian people. Nearly every town in these regions is a South African military basel the towns are surrounded by military communication towers and watch-towers equipped with machine guns. 488. In spite of all this, PLAN forces have broadened the zone of combat. Large areas of the "white" farming region of north-central Namibia have been vacated by the insecure racists as PLAN forces have successfully penetrated these exclusive white areas. About 60 per cent of the residences in the Tsumeb, Grootfontein, Otavi and Outjo regions have been deserted because of the increasing and expanding actions of PLAN forces inside Namibia. 489. These successful operations carried out by PLAN have in most instances been made possible by the support SWAPO receives from the Namibian people. The widespread repression suffered by the Namibian people at the hands of the South African occupation forces, rather than reducing the level of their support for SWAPO, has instead strengthened their opposition to racist South Africa's continued illegal occupation. 490. South Africa's military occupation of Namibia and its brutal behaviour have inflicted profound damage on the fabric of Namibian society. The destructive role of the South African occupation forces and their puppets and mercenaries stands in contrast to the efforts made by SWAPO to build a new society for an independent Namibia. -75-

VI. CONSIDERATION OF POLITICAL MATTERS CONCERNING NAMIBIA 491. More than 16 years have elapsed since the General Assembly terminated South Africa's mandate over Namibia and assumed direct responsibility for the Territory, to be exercised through the United Nations Council for Namibia. The Council, as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, has been entrusted with the responsibility of defending the rights and interests of the Territory and its people. 492. In the exercise of its responsibilities, the Council has been guided since its establishment by the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, the Declaration on the Granting ot Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), and the resolutions adopted by the Assembly on the question of Namibia. In conformity with the mandate entrusted to it under General Assembly resolution 2248 (S-V), the Council has exerted all efforts to obtain the withdrawal of the illegal South African administration from the Territory and to support the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination, freedom and national independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. In the fulfilment of its mandate the Council has received extensive support from the international community, including intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. A. Continued illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa 493. During the period under review, Namibia remained at the centre of global attention as the international community continued to review the political situation in and around the Territory. In a number of forums the international community articulated the global consensus concerning the heightened threat to international peace and security resulting from South Africa's continued illegal occupation of the Territory in defiance of numerous United Nations resolutions, its brutal repression of the Namibian people and its constant acts of aggression against the African States in the region. 494. At the same time, South Africa sought further to entrench its illegal occupation of Namibia through the massive militarization of the Territory and brutalization of the Namibian people, as well as detention and assassination of supporters and members of SWAPO. It defiantly refused to co-operate in the implementation of United Nations resolutions, particularly Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which the international community regards as the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question. 495. Towards the end of 1982, the Pretoria r4gime announced that in February 1983 it would again hold "internal elections" in the Territory under its own supervision. 35/ Also, following the collapse in mid-January 1983 of the puppet administration which Pretoria had imposed on the people of Namibia in 1978 through fraudulent schemes, the racist r~gime created yet another puppet institution, the so-called Council of State. These moves were in contravention of Security Council resolution 439 (1978), which declared null and void any unilateral electoral measures taken by the illegal administration, as well as any institutions established as a result of such elections. 496. Pretoria's intransigence on Namibia was further encouraged by the Reagan Administration's policy of "constructive engagement", which openly embraced South Africa as a friend and ally of the United States. -76-

497. In June 1982, the United States Administration openly proclaimed that it was seeking to obtain the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola as a pre-condition for Namibia's independence. The Cuban forces were in Angola at the invitation of the sovereign Government of that country, which was acting in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter. Indeed, the presence of the Cuban forces in Angola was totally unrelated to the Namibian question. It was therefore clear that the United States Administration's objective was to create new obstacles to the independence of Namibia. At the same time, the introduction of the so- called linkage issue was representative of the attempts by the United States to impose on the international community its own approach to the question of Namibia. That approach is based on the strategic interests of the United States, which coincide which the strategic interests of Pretoria. These manoeuvres have since received the support of the major allies of the United States and have caused a virtual standstill in the efforts to implement the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia. B. Efforts to counter attempts aimed at modifying Security Council resolution 435 (1978) 498. As the legal Administering Authority for Namibia the Council has, since its inception in 1967, worked untiringly for the establishment of a free and genuinely independent Namibia. In that respect, it has taken measures to mobilize international public opinion in support of the efforts to end South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia through the immediate and unconditional implementation of the United Nations plan embodied in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) without modification, dilution or prevarication. 499. Despite the continued willingness of the front-line States and SWAPO to implement fully the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia, no progress has been made towards its implementation owing to the persistent manouevres of the Western Five and South Africa, manifested particularly in the United States' insistence on the notion of linkage. 500. The repeated attempts by racist South Africa and the United States to link the Namibian question with extraneous and irrelevant issues have been denounced and rejected in a number of international fora as machinations designed solely to justify the illegal occupation of Namibia and to delay the independence of the Territory. 501. In a declaration issued at Tripoli in August 1982 (A/37/437, annex), the heads of State or Government of 27 African States Members of the United Nations totally rejected the manoeuvres by the United States and South Africa to link the presence of Cuban forces in Angola with the decolonization process in Namibia, and further affirmed that the presence of Cuban forces in Angola was the result of the exercise of the sovereign right of Angola. 502. The heacs of State or Government of the front-line States and the President of SWAPO reiterated their position in a communiqu4 issued in Lusaka on 4 September 1982. They rejected the attempts by the United States to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, which constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. They also declared that the notion of linkage ran counter to the letter and spirit of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and could only impede the process of negotiations. In the -77- same connection, they rejected any attempt to ascribe responsibility to Angola for the delay in the speedy conclusion of negotiations leading to the independence of Namibia. 503. The Angolan Government has stated on a number of occasions that the presence of the Cuban forces on Angolan territory is governed by an agreement between those two sovereign countries. It has further stated that the Cuban troops would-be withdrawn once the threat of aggresion or invasion by South Africa had ceased to exist. 504. The ministers of foreign affairs and heads of delegation of the non-aligned countries attending the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly, in a final communiqu6 issued on 9 October 1982, L/ expressed grave concern over South Africa's continued illegal occupation of Namibia and reaffirmed their full and unequivocal support for SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the people of Namibia. They also supported the communiqui issued by the front-line States on 4 September 1982 and affirmed that the attempts to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola were incompatible with Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and were therefore unacceptable. 505. In spite of this firm rejection of the linkage notion, the United States stepped up its efforts to gain acceptance for it. In November 1982, Mr. George Bush, Vice-President of the United States, accompanied by Mr. Chester Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, undertook a seven-nation tour of Africa designed, inter alia, to seek support for the Reagan Administration's insistence on the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola before the implementation of the United Nations plan. The Vice-President's trip took him to Cape Verde, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia, Zaire and Zimbabwe. At each destination, Mr. Bush reaffirmed his Government's insistence on linkage of Namibian independence with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. L/ Each one of the Governments visited categorically rejected this position. 506. Following the visits by Mr. Bush and Mr. Crocker, the heads of State or Government of 30 African States Members of the United Nations, who met in Tripoli between 23 and 25 November 1982, issued a declaration on Namibia condemning racist South Africa and the United States for their continued attempts to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola and reaffirming their full support for the armed struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, to achieve self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. 38/ 507. The General Assembly reaffirmed that position in its resolution 37/233 B, by which it firmly rejected the attempts by the United States and South Africa to establish any linkage between the independence of Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasized unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts would only retard the decolonization process in Namibia as well as constitute interference in the internal affairs of Angola. 508. By resolution 37/233 A, the Assembly reaffirmed that Security Council resolution 435 (1978), together with Council resolution 385 (1976), was the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia and called for its immediate and unconditional implementation without qualification or modification. The Assembly strongly condemned South Africa for obstructing the implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976), 435 (1978) and 439 (1978) and for its manoeuvres, in contravention of those resolutions, designed to consolidate its -78- colonial and neo-colonial interests at the expense of the legitimate aspirations of the Namibian people for genuine self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. The Assembly also strongly urged the Security Council, in the light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to respond positively to the overwhelming demand of the international community by immediately imposing against that country comprehensive mandatory sanctions, as provided for in Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. 509. Since the adoption of those resolutions, the international community has continued to express its vehement rejection of the linkage idea. In the final communiqu6 L/ issued at the conclusion of the ministerial meeting of the Co- ordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries held at Managua from 10 to 14 January 1983, the ministers reiterated their rejection of the linkage being drawn by the United States Administration between Namibia's independence and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. 510. Similarly, the OAU Co-ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, in a special resolution on Namibia adopted at Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania on 12 February 1983, strongly condemned and rejected the linkage idea and emphasized that the persistence of attempts by racist South Africa and the United States to promote that notion would only retard the independence of Namibia. The Committee also reaffirmed its support of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia and called upon the Security Council to discharge its responsibilities in regard to Namibia under the relevant provisions of the Charter without further delay. Furthermore, the Committee pledged renewed material, financial, military, political, diplomatic and moral assistance to SWAPO for the intensification of the liberation struggle. 511. At a press conference held at Geneva on 15 February 1983, the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, having recently visited six front-line countries and Kenya, Uganda and Senegal, and having made contact with representatives of SWAPO, stated that from the point of view of the United Nations, the presence of Cuban forces in Angola could not be a pre-condition for the solution of the Namibian question, and that the Namibian problem must be discussed and resolved in the context of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which made no reference to the presence of Cuban forces in Angola. The Secretary-General also said that he had been impressed by the unanimity of views among the countries he had visited vis-a-vis the problem of Namibia and by the unanimous support of all African countries for the independence of Namibia. 512. In the Political Declaration issued at the conclusion of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi from 7 to 11 March 1983 (see A/38/132-S/15675, annex), the heads of State or Government categorically rejected the linkage being drawn by the United States Administration between the independence of Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. They stressed that the notion of linkage, which was totally incompatible with the letter and spirit of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), constituted an impediment to the implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia. They also reiterated the solidarity of the non-aligned movement with the Namibian people and its support for their heroic struggle waged under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole, authentic and legitimate representative. The heads of State or Government further commended the activities of SWAPO, and in particular of PLAN, its military wing, in their struggle against the illegal administration in Namibia and the colonial occupation army as well as other paramilitary forces of racist South Africa. -79-

513. At a meeting held at Dar es Salaam on 12 May 1983, the heads of State of the front-line States and the President of SWAPO once again firmly rejected the attempts by the United States to link the independence of Namibia to the presence of Cuban forces in Angola. They reaffirmed that the artificially created linkage issue was totally unrelated and extraneous to the question of Namibia and that the insistence by the United States on the linkage notion constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. 514. In his report to the Security Council of 19 May 1983, 13/ the Secretary- General stated that the positive side of the balance sheet had been set back by the emergence of other issues which had neither been raised nor envisaged at the time when resolution 435 (1978) had been adopted or in the subsequent negotiations under United Nations auspices. Those issues now apparently constituted the main reason for the delay in the implementation of the United Nations plan. The Secretary-General was deeply concerned that factors which lay outside the scope of resolution 435 (1978) should hamper the implementation of that resolution. 515. By their persistent attempts to link the Namibian question with extraneous and irrelevant issues such as the presence of Cuban forces in Angola, racist South Africa and the United States have not only obstructed progress towards the implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia but have also sought to impart to the question of Namibia a character quite distinct from that of the decolonization problem which it essentially is. The view of the international community, as expressed in General Assembly resolution 37/233 A, is that these manoeuvres are aimed at undermining the international consensus embodied in Security Council resolution 435 (1978), and depriving the oppressed people of Namibia of their hard-won victories in the struggle for national liberation. They have enabled South Africa to maintain and further consolidate its illegal occupation of Namibia and to perpetrate continued acts of aggression against the independent African States in the region, particularly Angola. 516. For its part, SWAPO has consistently declared its readiness to implement the United Nations plan without delay. The international community has reaffirmed its complete solidarity with and full support for SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people, and has commended it for the constructive attitude, statesmanship and diplomatic skill it has demonstrated. Furthermore, the international community has reiterated its conviction that the United Nations plan embodied in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) is the sole and universally accepted basis for a negotiated settlement and has called for its immediate implementation without modification, dilution or prevarication. C. Intensification of the struggle of the people of Namibia 517. In the face of the continued illegal occupation and militarization of their country and the increased repression visited upon them by the racist r4gime of South Africa, the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, have had no alternative but to intensify their just and legitimate struggle for national liberation and genuine independence. 518. The willingness of SWAPO to co-operate in the negotiations for the independence of Namibia proves first and foremost that SWAPO is a movement founded on the principle of peace and that it is committed to a negotiated peaceful settlement. The record of SWAPO in this regard speaks for itself. -80-

519. It will be recalled that by its resolution 31/146 of 20 December 1976, the General Assembly recognized the legitimacy of the armed struggle waged by the people of Namibia. In this connection, the Assembly has, in numerous subsequent resolutions, continued to call for material support, including military support, to be rendered to SWAPO for the intensification of that struggle. This call has been endorsed by important intergovernmental organizations such as OAU and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. 520. During the period under review, SWAPO, through its military wing, PLAN, scored many successes against the South African occupation forces in Namibia. PLAN inflicted heavy casualties on these forces despite the sophisticated weaponry that South Africa received from its Western allies. PLAN continued to tie down more than 100,000 racist soldiers and mercenaries in Namibia. It is estimated that the South African r4gime spent $US 1.1 billion during the 1981/82 fiscal year to maintain its war of aggression against the Namibian people. 521. The achievements of SWAPO in its armed struggle against South African forces inside Namibia are evidence of the movement's success in its political mobilization of the oppressed people of Namibia. All Namibian patriots remain convinced that their political aspirations can only be realized by ending South Africa's illegal occupation and establishing a free and independent Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO. 522. In their armed struggle and in their diplomatic efforts, the Namibian people continue to receive support from the international community, especially from the United Nations and other major international organizations. The United Nations Council for Namibia is committed to continue mobilizing international support for SWAPO in this regard. D. Contacts between Member States and South Africa 523. By its resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 B, the General Assembly requested all States, in furtherance of the objective of bringing to an end South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia, to take legislative, administrative and other measures, as appropriate, in order to isolate South Africa politically, economically, militarily and culturally. The Assembly also requested the United Nations Council for Namibia to monitor the boycott of South Africa. By resolution 37/233 A, the Assembly reiterated those requests, and further instructed the Council to submit to the Assembly at its thirty-eighth session a comprehensive report on all contacts between all States and South Africa. 524. Despite the adoption of these resolutions, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany,* Japan,* Switzerland,* France and Israel, as well as the local authorities in Taiwan, continued to increase their active collaboration with South Africa. This collaboration, together with the policy of open support for the racist r4gime of Pretoria adopted by the Government of the United States and the consistent steps taken by that Government to prevent the isolation of South Africa in all fields, including the political field, has * See the footnotes to paras. 1093, 1154 and 1157 of the present report. -81- contributed directly to the survival of the apartheid policies of South Africa, its illegal occupation of Namibia and its acts of aggression against independent African States. 525. The Council's report on contacts between Member States and South Africa since the adoption of resolution ES-8/2 is contained in part five of the present document. The report also covers South Africa's relations with States not Members of the United Nations and the local authorities in Taiwan. E. Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America 1. General 526. By resolution 37/233 C, the General Assembly decided that the Council should "organize regional symposia on the situation in Namibia with a view to intensifying active support for the Namibian cause". In accordance with that provision, the Council decided at its 402nd meeting, held on 6 May 1983, to conduct a regional symposium in Latin America during 1983. 527. The Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America was held at San Jos6, Costa Rica, from 16 to 19 August 1983. The Symposium, the first of its kina, examined ways and means of co-ordinating action in Latin America and the Caribbean for the implementation of all United Nations resolutions and decisions on Namibia, including Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) and General Assembly resolutions 37/233 A to E, as well as the Paris Declaration on Namibia and the Report and Programme of Action of Namibia adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 19 April 1983 (see para. 872 below); and of mobilizing action in Latin America and the Caribbean for ending any and all collaboration with South Africa in accordance with, inter alia, Security Council resolution 418 (1977) and General Assembly resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 A to F. 528. Furthermore, the Symposium reviewed ways of intensifying support in the region for the struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO and for the front-line States, of furthering the dissemination of information on Namibia and of promoting co-operation between the Council and non- governmental organizations, national support groups and prominent personalities in Latin America and the Caribbean. 529. The Symposium was conducted by a delegation of the Council appointed by the President of the Council. The Council delegation, which constituted the Bureau of the Symposium, was composed of the following members: Khwaja Wasiuddin (Bangladesh), Chairman Lance Louis E. Joseph (Australia), Vice-Chairman Chin Yung-tsien (China), Vice-Chairman Ryszand Krystosik (Poland), Vice-Chairman Jorge Eduardo Chen-Charpentier (Mexico), Council Spokesman Sidaty Aidara (Senegal), Rapporteur -82-

530. The delegation of the Council was accompanied by Mr. Hinyangerwa P. Asheeke, Deputy Permanent Observer of SWAPO to the United Nations; Mr. Mohiuddin Ahmed, representative of the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia; and Mr. Wilfred de Souza, Ms. Rehana Ahmad and Mr. Jerome Goytom of the Department of Political Affairs, Trusteeship and Decolonization of the Secretariat. 531. The proceedings of the Symposium were conducted in seven meetings. Some 33 representatives of non-governmental organizations, national support groups and trade unions, as well as parliamentarians, prominent media personalities and experts in relevant fields participated in the Symposium. (For the list of participants see A/AC.131/L.300, annex.) 532. The pre-session documentation provided to the participants consisted of (a) relevant documents of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, including the Paris Declaration on Namibia and the Report and Programme of Action on Namibia; (b) the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia to the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly; 5/ (c) the further report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council regarding the implementation of Security Council resolutions 435 (1978) and 439 (1978) concerning the question of Namibia, dated 19 May 1983; 13/ (d) Security Council resolution 532 (1983) of 31 May 1983; and (e) a number of papers prepared by the participants. 533. The agenda for the Symposium was the following: (1) Opening ceremony (2) Review of the current situation in and relating to Namibia (3) Review of the efforts of the United Nations to obtain South Africa's withdrawal from Namibia (4) Co-ordination of action in Latin America and the Caribbean for ending any and all collaboration with South Africa (5) Intensification of support in Latin America and the Caribbean for the struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO and for the front-line States (6) Furthering of the dissemination of information on Namibia in Latin America and the Caribbean (7) Promotion of co-operation between the Council and non-governmental organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean (8) Conclusions and recommendation of the participants. 534. The Symposium was inaugurated by Mr. Luis Alberto Monge, President of Costa Rica. In his statement, the President said that he was sure that no force and no interest could keep the Namibian people from achieving their legitimate goal of self-determination and independence. Furthermore, the President stated that the international community should increase the pressure to make South Africa abide by United Nations resolutions concerning Namibia. -83-

535. In his opening remarks to the Symposium, the Chairman of the Council delegation stated that since the termination of South Africa's mandate in 1966 Namibia had been a unique responsibility of the United Nations and outlined the efforts of the United Nations and of the Council to put an end to South Africa's illegal occupation and colonial domination of Namibia. 536. The Chairman observed that South Africa continued to defy the will of the international community and to obstruct the implementation of the United Nations peace plan for Namibia as contained in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978). The racist regime was supported in its intransigence by its Western allies, who had blocked the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions by the use of the veto power in the Security Council and were attempting to link Namibian independence with irrelevant and extraneous issues such as the presence of Cuban forces in Angola. Those attempts had been categorically rejected by the overwhelming majority of the international community. 537. The Chairman appealed to the participants to render continued support and assistance to the Namibian cause and called for increased co-operation between the Council and non-governmental organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean. 538. The representative of SWAPO declared in his opening statement that Namibia's independence continued to be held at ransom as racist South Africa and its imperialist allies, particularly the United States, injected irrelevant issues such as the linkage of Namibian independence to the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola and the policy of constructive engagement. Meanwhile, Namibia's mineral and other natural resources continued to be plundered by South Africa and Western transnational corporations; and over 100,000 South African troops terrorized the population and had turned the country into a military garrison from which the Pretoria r~gime had unleashed a campaign of aggression and destabilization against independent African States in the region, particularly Angola. Mr. Asheeke said that the Symposium offered an opportunity to SWAPO and the oppressed and exploited people of Namibia to broaden the scope of support for their just struggle against the illegal occupation of their country by racist South Africa. 539. The representative of SWAPO also made a statement on the role of Namibian women in which he outlined the forms of oppression Namibian women suffered under the illegal occupation and the apartheid system imposed by the colonial racist r6gime. He described the prominent role of women in all facets of the liberation struggle and in the SWAPO programme for social emancipation in an independent Namibia. 540. In order to publicize the proceedings of the Symposium, the Department of Public Information undertook various activities, including press conferences and daily press briefings. Television and radio interviews were held with members of the Council delegation and participants in the Symposium and daily press releases were issued at San Jos6 and at various United Nations information centres in the region. In addition, the following United Nations films were screened in English and Spanish at the conference site: "Namibia: A Trust Betrayed", "Free Namibia", "Generations of Resistance" and "South Africa - The White Laager". Two of these films, "Free Namibia" and "Namibia: A Trust Betrayed", were aired on local television. -84-

2. Summary of the discussions 541. Each agenda item was introduced by a member of the Council delegation. 542. The participants at the Symposium expressed solidarity with the Namibian people and their just struggle for freedom and national independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. 543. The participants discussed various aspects of the issues under consideration and the problems non-governmental organizations faced in efforts to end all collaboration with South Africa at the international and national levels. 544. It was noted that while South Africa's obstinate refusal to comply with international law and United Nations initiatives underlined the urgent need for the imposition of mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, the Western permanent members of the Security Council were equally responsible for sabotaging international law and public opinion through the exercise of their veto power against sanctions. 545. There was general agreement that, owing to the continued collusion with the racist r~gime of South Africa and the lack of political will on the part of governmental and transnational commercial interests within Western developed nations and their allies with similar interests, the possibilities for the activation of sanctions remained limited. 546. In this connection, the participants recognized that the failure to implement sanctions against South Africa despite the efforts of the international community was eloquent testimony to the fact that economic and other considerations had been given precedence over concern for national independence and human rights. 547. One participant noted that the extraction and exploitation of the mineral resources of Namibia was vital to the military-industrial complex of the West and therefore the so-called contact group was severely compromised in its search for independence for Namibia. 548. Several participants drew attention to the discrepancies between the stated, diplomatic position of some Governments in the region on South Africa and the manner in which those Governments carried out their policies. Certain Governments were successful in using rhetoric to hoodwink the international community regarding diplomatic, political, economic and military collaboration with South Africa. 549. The participants also pointed out that certain Governments in the region refused to recognize and to aid liberation movements recognized by the United Nations. 550. One participant stated that the Council's report on contacts between Member States and South Africa (reproduced in part five of the present document) gave incomplete information, citing some commercial links of countries in the region with South Africa and leaving out more important examples of economic and military collaboration with the racist r6gime. The participant said that non- governmental organizations in the region could supply the Council with such information and that this should be part of the relationship between the Council and those organizations. In the same context, several participants suggested that the Council could make itself more fully aware of the contacts between Governments in the region ana South Africa by exploiting a greater variety of independent sources of information. -85- 551. The representative of the Bermuda Anti-Apartheid Movement drew attention to the operations of the Mineral and Resources Corporation (MINORCO), which operated out of Bermuda and was the principal vehicle for the Anglo-American Corporation's expansion outside of southern Africa. 552. The participant then described the actions taken in 1982 by the movement to expose the activities of MINORCO, and actions taken in opposition to the Bank of Bermuda's purchase of a $US 25 million bond from the Iron and Steel Corporation of South Africa Ltd. (ISCOR) in 1979-1980. 553. Reference was made to the refusal of workers in Antigua to handle arms cargo destined for South Africa. As a result of that action, the Space Research Corporation, which had used Antigua as a conduit to ship arms to South Africa, had had to leave that Caribbean country. 554. Many participants stressed the importance of the widest possible dissemination of information in all sectors of Latin American and Caribbean society on the situation in southern Africa and in Namibia in particular. Some participants believed that such information should clearly identify Governments and other entities that obstructed the full implementation of relevant United Nations resolutions and decisions. They pledged to keep the Council informed of instances of collaboration with South Africa. 555. Several participants felt that despite the difficulties being encountered, the force of public opinion could be effectively utilized in isolating the racist r~gime. 556. It was stated that the South African regime was mounting costly counter- campaigns in a desperate effort to alter its adverse image in the world. To that end, the Pretoria regime had attempted to lure artists and sportsmen from the region to perform in South Africa. Several participants condemned those attempts and described efforts to enforce the cultural and sports boycotts. 557. Several organizations declared their commitment to maintaining the Caribbean as a Zone of Peace. They expressed serious concern at the implications of the racist South African r6gime developing a nuclear capability and having military links with certain Governments in the region. 558. Several participants stated that the people of Latin America and the Caribbean could readily identify with the struggle of the Namibian people against colonial domination, economic exploitation, racial discrimination and apartheid, as they themselves had fought against similar forms of oppression. 559. A number of participants stated that their sympathy for the plight of the people of Namibia and the front-line States stemmed from the fact that they themselves were fighting against "United States imperialism". 560. The African heritage of large segments of the populations of the Caribbean and Latin America was also highlighted. The participants indicated that it was the role of non-governmental organizations to build on that common heritage and experience by informing those populations of the situation in southern Africa in general, and Namibia in particular, so that a well-informed and motivated public could bring pressure to bear on the Governments of the region to bring their actions more closely into line with their stated diplomatic positions. -86- 561. It was stated that the task of non-governmental organizations was to devise strategies by which the peoples and Governments of Latin America and the Caribbean could be mobilized to express their moral outrage and to take actions against the South African r6gime. 562. In order both to disseminate information and to develop an active and durable grass-roots movement, it was necessary to work with established community leaders and organizations which would undertake programmes in each nation. 563. Several participants proposed the establishment of regional coalitions of the various organizations, which would require an initial series of organizational meetings of churches, trade unions, sports clubs, cultural associations, media groups, etc. They suggested that it would be of great benefit if such meetings could be co-sponsored by the appropriate United Nations agencies, such as ILO and UNESCO. 564. Other participants pointed out that coalitions already existed; in the Caribbean region, for example, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) co- ordinated regional sporting activities, and Carifest sponsored annual cultural festivals. Similarly, regional coalitions of journalists, trade unions, churches and women's organizations were already in existence and should be requested to disseminate information on Namibia, to encourage public opinion to end all collaboration with South Africa and to pressure Governments and businesses in the region to boycott South Africa. 565. Several participants underscored the historical importance of the churches of the region, particularly in the area of social reform. 566. Many participants pointed out the crucial role of trade unions in implementing the boycott of South Africa. Some made reference to specific actions taken in the region, while others described the positions taken by labour organizations on apartheid in South Africa and in Namibia at international meetings such as those of ILO. 567. Several participants emphasized the importance of involving teachers and educational institutions. Others expressed concern about the lack of systematic coverage of Africa in the curricula of schools and universities in the region. 568. Several participants, especially from countries with large populations of African origin, repeatedly emphasized the importance of popular culture as perhaps the most effective way of educating the population. 569. Many examples were given of singers and musicians who had developed a genre of popular music and songs which not only reaffirmed cultural ties with Africa, but were firm expressions of solidarity with the struggling peoples of southern Africa. One participant described ways in which awareness of the situation in southern Africa had been introduced at the carnivals which took place yearly in several countries of the region. 570. Several organizations expressed strong support for efforts to establish a new world information and communication order, which would present third world news in a proper perspective. The participants underscored the distortions caused by the presentation of news by Western sources. 571. Several participants cited examples of how news about the struggles in Namibia and South Africa was distorted. They stated that the legitimate interests and true -87- aspirations of those oppressed were seldom represented. In certain Western media, freedom fighters were referred to as "terrorists", and their genuine and legitimate struggles were reported as "terrorist activities". 572. There was general agreement that in order to create the total support required for the Namibian struggle, an information strategy was required to counteract the one-sided reports from Western news sources. 573. Many participants stated that the information distributed at the Symposium would provide their organizations with invaluable material for education programmes. Others expressed the hope that one of the outcomes of the Symposium would be that non-governmental organizations from the region and the Council would establish methods of dissemination of information to eliminate the "information gap" now existing. Reference was made in particular to the need for audio-visual materials (films, photographs and posters), which were important inputs for information programmes carried out in developing countries. 574. Throughout the course of the Symposium, the participants stressed the need for the Council to continue to hold seminars and meetings in the region and underlined the importance of frequent visits by the representatives of SWAPO. 3. Messages of solidarity 575. Several participants delivered messages of solidarity on behalf of their organizations. Messages of solidarity were also received from several individuals and organizations not present at the symposium. 4. Conclusions and recommendations 576. At the 7th meeting of the Symposium, held on 19 August 1983, the participants adopted the following conclusions and recommendations for submission to the Councils (1) The participants at the Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America% (a) Reaffirm the inalienable rights of the Namibian people to freedom and independence; (b) Recognize that SWAPO is the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people in their just struggle for national liberation and self-determination; (c) Recognize the need for the immediate and unconditional cessation of the illegal occupation of Namibia by the apartheid regime of South Africa; (d) Take note of the urgency of Namibia's situation as demonstrated in the United Nations Council for Namibia's comprehensive documents regarding the situation in southern Africa and Namibia in particularl (e) Affirm the historical importance of and the imperative need to implement the Paris Declaration and the Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983; -88-

(f) Recognize and appreciate the fundamental role of the front-line States in rendering sustained support to the Namibian cause; (g) Strongly condemn the illegal South African apartheid regime's aggression against the Namibian people and exploitation of Namibia's natural resources in collaboration with its Western allies and their transnational corporations in defiance of United Nations resolutions and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, enacted by the United Nations Council for Namibia on 27 September 1974; (h) Condemn all spurious attempts by South Africa's allies, the United States in particular, to link Namibian independence to the presence of the Cuban forces who are in Angola according to an agreement between two sovereign States; (i) Reiterate that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remains the only basis for an internationally acceptable peaceful settlement of the Namibian problem; (j) Strongly condemn the South African r4gime's acts of direct military aggression and economic pressure and intimidation against the front-line States and condemn the use of the veto in the Security Council by some Western allies of South Africa, especially the United States; (k) Recognize that Namibia is the direct responsibility of the United Nations and the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence. (2) The United Nations Council for Namibia should prepare, update and continually disseminate lists of non-governmental organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the contact group countries and in other regions, to ensure continued contact among non-governmental organizations working in support of Namibia and against apartheid. The first such list should result from this Symposium and should include not only the organizations here present, but also other regional non-governmental organizations not present. (3) To this end, the Council should send a questionnaire to all non-governmental organizations asking them to provide the following information: (a) Name of contact person; (b) Specific areas of the organization's work, in relation to apartheid in general and Namibia in particular; (c) Capabilities of the organization, i.e., whether the organization is best able to loan a film, provide a speaker, make a venue available for a regional workshop, obtain media time, collect items for SWAPO and the front-line States, etc. Once this information is collected, the Council should compile the lists and circulate them to all non-governmental organizations. In areas where a United Nations office exists, the Council could seek to obtain verification of the information received and an assessment of each organization's work to ensure that maximum use is made of available resources. -89-

(4) The lists of non-governmental organizations should be sent to the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid so that it can transmit general information on apartheid to the organizations on a regular basis. (5) The non-governmental organizations of the region should establish links in order to facilitate the organization and co-ordination of their activities, for example by forming coalitions of churches, sports groups, cultural organizations, media personalities, women's groups, trade unions, etc. (6) The Council should centralize and disseminate information published by non- governmental organizations in the region and other information coming from the United Nations, Namibia and non-governmental organizations in other regions concerning the anti-apartheid struggle and Namibia's fight for freedom. The Council should also (a) send information on Namibia and the anti-apartheid struggle to regional non-governmental organizations on a regular basis and furnish them with audio-visual materials; and (b) consider the creation of an "urgent action" system to alert non-governmental organizations to issues and developments which require immediate publicity. (7) When non-governmental organizations take action they should inform the Council as well as other non-governmental organizations in the region. As soon as the information is received, news releases should be issued by other non- governmental organizations in their respective areas. In addition, the Council should send a release to the regional media. (8) Non-governmental organizations should inform the Council, for subsequent dissemination of information, of obstructions encountered in their work on behalf of Namibia. (9) The Council should provide information on Namibia to universities, libraries, cultural associations, journalists, trade unions, churches, political parties, students, teachers, professional associations, community organizations and other concerned persons and institutions. Sensitization programmes should be aimed at mobilizing public opinion in the region in support of the Namibian people. (10) Non-governmental organizations should expand the awareness of the people of the region that the struggle against colonialism, neo-colonialism, imperialism, discrimination and exploitation is a common cause of southern Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, since our people experience these evils in their own right and on that basis can better comprehend and develop solidarity with Namibia and its cause. (11) It was generally accepted at the Symposium that some of the media in the region, through a programme of misinformation, were portraying the Namibian struggle in a negative manner. In order to counteract this, a sensitization programme was proposed with the following components: (a) The United Nations should increase its radio programmes on Namibial (b) Non-governmental organizations should issue news releases on relevant developments in order to counteract misinformation in some media reports; -90-

(c) All delegations should give the Council a list of mass media workers and journalists interested in the question of Namibia so that information can be sent to them; in addition, journalists should be the object of sensitization programmes; (d) The Council should host regional and international seminars for journalists from alternative as well as conventional media, (e) Journalists should be informed regularly of recent developments relating to Namibia; (f) Feature writers should be informed of relevant issues and developments; (g) The third world news pool should be further utilized. (12) Efforts should be made to develop collaboration between the region's non- governmental organizations and the Council in joint action programmes. (13) Efforts shoula be made to stimulate the development of links between non-governmental organizations in the region and those in the five nations of the so-called contact group, with the objective: (a) Of promoting educational activities in the region and in the contact group countries focusing on the struggle for Namibia's freedom and against apartheid; (b) Of encouraging non-governmental organizations in the contact group countries to exert pressure on their Governments to terminate all relations with South Africa and to recognize SWAPO as the sole, legitimate representative of the Namibian people; (c) Of preventing the use of Latin American and Caribbean countries as conduits for passage of arms to South Africa or as testing grounds for arms development. (14) Non-governmental organizations should educate members of those Governments in the region having good relations with contact group States, about the plight of Namibia and the necessity of launching a full economic, cultural, diplomatic and military boycott of South Africa and recognizing SWAPO as the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. Non-governmental organizations should also urge Governments to examine the contradictions between their stated positions regarding the illegal South African r4gime and their practice of relations or contacts with the r4gime. (15) The Council should organize regional or subregional encounters, on a regular basis, among regional non-governmental organizations working on the Namibian cause. (16) In all future Council documents, the region should be referred to as *Latin America and the Caribbean". (17) It is important that, in future regional events sponsored by the Council, the language of 130 million inhabitants of the region, Portuguese, be included as one of the official languages. -91- (18) Where relations exist with South Africa, non-governmental organizations should organize pressure for breaking such relations, particularly by launching educational campaigns, enlightening public opinion and mobilizing mass support for full economic, diplomatic, military, cultural and other sanctions against the perpetrators of apartheid, which the United Nations has labelled as a crime against humanity. (19) Non-governmental organizations should promote protest and publicity movements against any form of military pact between South Africa and any countries of the region, particularly the so-called South Atlantic Treaty Organization, explicitly or covertly articulated among certain Southern Cone countries such as Argentina, Brazil and South Africa with the racist intent of "defending Western civilization".* (20) Trade unions, Governments and other bodies should be urged to continue to take firm and concrete actions against South Africa such as cultural and economic boycotts, promotion of educational campaigns regarding transnational corporations with interests in South Africa and protest action against governmental or corporate collaboration with South Africa in the form of strikes, sit-ins, marches and other actions. (21) Trade unions should establish contact with the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the National Union for Namibian Workers. (22) In their union contracts, trade unions should seek to negotiate clauses exempting them from handling South African products, thereby assisting consumer advocacy groups in eliminating those products which have surfaced in the region. (23) Institutions of higher education should give more importance to the issues of southern Africa in their programmes and should promote the preparation of studies and research projects in this area. (24) Efforts should be made to promote essay, painting and general knowledge contests for school children on the Namibian question and apartheid at the national and regional levels. (25) Efforts should be made to promote sponsorship of Namibian students for study at local or regional post-secondary institutions, in accordance with the United Nations Institute for Namibia's goal of training Namibians. (26) Non-governmental organizations should work with graphic artists and cartoonists to develop information packets which are visually appealing. (27) An anti-apartheid sentiment already exists in the popular culture of the Caribbean and Latin America. It should receive wider exposure and should be supported and developed through the provision of information on Namibia and southern Africa, and through material and organizational assistance. Examples would be (a) to organize festivals and contests for musicians, dancers, painters * Argentina and Brazil categorically denied that they had participated or contemplated participating in any form of military pact with South Africa. -92- and writers on themes relating to the struggle; (b) to co-ordinate boycotts of entertainers who have performed in South Africa; and (c) to organize information seminars for artists. (28) Non-governmental organizations should promote simultaneous public demonstrations throughout the entire region on dates significant to Namibia's history, in particular Namibia Day, and disseminate publicity throughout the region with respect to these events. (29) A regional coalition of churches could (a) emphasize through church literature and ministry the sinfulness of the South African r4gime and the moral obligation to take action against it; and (b) forge durable links with the World Council of Churches. (30) The Council should make available to all non-governmental organizations, information on the importance of the sports and cultural boycott of South Africa. (31) The non-governmental organizations of the region should encourage women's organizations to establish links with the SWAPO Women's Council and to sensitize their members in favour of Namibia's liberation. (32) In co-operation with the non-governmental organizations, the Council should arrange for visits by SWAPO representatives to Latin American and Caribbean countries, reaching as wide an audience as possible, in order to strengthen contacts between the non-governmental organizations of the region and SWAPO. Specifically, a visit should be organized if possible before the proposed cricket tour in December 1983 of the West Indian cricketers in South Africa. (33) The Council should continue to send the political programme of SWAPO to all school and university libraries. (34) Non-governmental organizations should be informed when SWAPO or Council representatives are in the region, so that talks can be arranged. (35) When the Council or SWAPO provide speakers for events organized by non-governmental organizations, they should ask the speaker to prepare a report on the activity so that the Council and SWAPO can evaluate the effectiveness of those events. (36) Non-governmental organizations should carry out campaigns in the region to collect material aid for SWAPO, Namibian refugees, the United Nations Fund for Namibia and the front-line States. The Council should identify the priority needs of the front-line States and advise non-governmental organizations as to what assistance can be given in having materials collected and shipped. (37) Given the urgency of Namibia's situation, the participants hope that the Council will act speedily in implementing the proposals this Symposium has addressed directly to it. (38) The participants commend the Council for taking the historical step of working directly with the non-governmental organizations of the region by organizing this Symposium. This initiative contributes to bringing the Countries of the third world closer together and offers them the possibility of elaborating strategies of mutual support vital to the realization of their full potential as sovereign nations. -93- VII. CONSIDERATION OF LEGAL MATTERS CONCERNING NAMIBIA 577. By its resolution 2248 (S-V), the General Assembly delegated to the United Nations Council for Namibia the direct responsibility which the United Nations had assumed for Namibia following the termination of South Africa's mandate for the administration of the Territory. 578. Specifically, the Assembly entrusted to the Council the responsibility of administering Namibia until independence and of promulgating such laws, decrees and administrative regulations as are necessary for the administration of the Territory until it achieves independence. 579. In pursuance of that mandate and in accordance with subsequent General Assembly resolutions defining the Council's responsibilities, the Council continued during the period under review to undertake various activities in the legal sphere with a view to safeguarding the interests of the Namibian people. 580. In the fulfilment of its responsibilities as legal Administering Authority for Namibia, on 11 November 1982, the Council acceded, on behalf of Namibia, to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DiscriminationS/ and the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, 9_/ both of which entered into force for Namibia on 11 December 1982. 581. Furthermore, on 18 April 1983, the Council, on behalf of Namibia, ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which it had signed, along with 117 States and one other entity, on 10 December 1982 at Montego Bay, Jamaica, upon the conclusion of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. The Council haa also signed the Final Act of the Conference on behalf of Namibia, along with 140 States and eight other entities. By ratifying the Convention, the Council undertook to continue to protect Namibia's rights over its extensive territorial sea and littoral, which are rich in marine resources. 582. The Council, representing Namibia, participated as a full member in the United Nations Conference on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts, held in Vienna from 1 March to 8 April 1983. The delegation of the Council took an active part in the proceedings of the Conference and made proposals for adoption by the Conference of provisions regarding Namibia as a successor State. 583. The Council, representing Namibia, also participated as a full member, by virtue of its having signed the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, in the first session of the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, held at Kingston, Jamaica, between 15 March and 9 September 1983. The Council participated actively in the discussions of regional and interest groups with a view to facilitating the work of the Preparatory Commission. 584. During the period under review, the Council continued to consider ways of promoting the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. 585. The Council's missions of consultation to Europe and Latin America (see paras. 227-350 above) discussed with the Governments visited ways of securing the implementation of the Decree, and the Council reviewed with those Governments of Western countries whose corporations have investments in Namibia all possible action to discourage the continuation of such investments. _94-

586. Moreover, in accordance with paragraph 14 (i) of General Assembly resolution 37/233 C, the Council continued to draw the attention of the specialized agencies, particularly those of which Namibia, represented by the Council, is a full member, to the provisions of the Decree. 587. Matters regarding the implementation of the Decree were also the subject of continuing discussions between the Council and concerned non-governmental organizations. At the workshop for non-governmental organizations conducted by the Council at the conclusion of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, on 30 April 1983, several representatives of non-governmental organizations stated that since the Council had held its hearings on Namibian uranium in 1980, 32/ non-governmental organizations and individuals had carried out research on the exploitation, transport, processing and purchase of Namibian uranium and had sought to obtain all available information on that subject so as to assist the Council in taking action to implement the Decree. 588. Pursuant to paragraph 12 of General Assembly resolution 37/233 C, the Council will take steps to accede as soon as possible to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 4_/ and the Additional Protocols thereto (A/32/144, annexes I and II). The Council will also consider in due course acceding to such other international conventions as it may deem appropriate. -95-

VIII. CONSIDERATION OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN NAMIBIA 589. In the exercise of its mandate as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, established in General Assembly resolution 2248 (S- V), the Council maintains under constant review the current social conditions in Namibia as well as the progress in the social sphere of the struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. 590. At its extraordinary plenary meetings held at Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, from 10 to 14 May 1982, the council reviewed the question of Namibia in all its aspects and adopted the Arusha Declaration and Programme of Action on Namibia. L/ In the Declaration, the Council stated, among other things, that "the inhumanity, suffering and subjugation perpetrated by the racist regime of South Africa in Namibia represent a blatant violation of the dignity, value and sacred character of the human being and must end forthwith. While this violation continues, the escalation of conflict in Namibia is inevitable". 591. In the Programme of Action, the Council decided to strengthen its overall assistance to the Namibian people and, within that framework, actively to protect the Namibian refugees and supply their needs. The Council stated that the needs of refugees were particularly crucial because, in addition to their suffering resulting from the disorganization of the Namibian family, there was the added misfortune of an imposed exile from their motherland. 592. The Council also demanded the immediate and unconditional release of all Namibian political prisoners held at Robben Island and other racist gaols and detention centres in apartheid South Africa and occupied Namibia. 593. The General Assembly, by resolution 37/233 A, strongly condemned the South African r~gime for its continued illegal occupation of Namibia in defiance of the resolutions of the United Nations relating to Namibia, and declared that that illegal occupation constituted an act of aggression against the Namibian people. By resolution 37/233 C of the same date, the Assembly decided that the Council should continue to review the progress of the liberation struggle in Namibia in its social aspect, among others, and prepare reports related thereto. The present chapter is based on the report prepared by the Council in compliance with that provision (A/CONF.120/5-A/AC.131/93). A. South Africa's policy of apartheid 594. From the time it was granted the League of Nations mandate over Namibia in 1920, South Africa began to apply to the Territory its own racially discriminatory legislation and practices. The application of apartheid policies accelerated with the coming into power of the Nationalist Party in South Africa in 1948, and that party's policies eventually characterized all spheres of life in Namibia. 1. Bantustanization 595. The creation by South Africa in 1964 of a Commission of Enquiry into South West African Affairs (the Odendaal Commission), and the subsequent publication of the so-called Odendaal Plan for the future of black Namibians, signified the -96- beginning of a sustained effort by Pretoria to fragment Namibia into a number of poverty-stricken "homelands" which would remain economically dependent on the "Police Zone" set aside for white settlement and exploitation. 596. Recently, South Africa's policy of social and racial fragmentation of Namibia was made explicit in the so-called Proclamation AG 8 of 24 April 1980, which divides Namibian society into 11 ethnic groups. 597. This attempt at fragmentation of the Namibian people is based largely on the "bantustan" system prevailing in South Africa, where Pretoria's apartheid policy not only distinguishes between black and white but also divides blacks according to tribal and colour groups. This policy represents a more sophisticated version of the long-standing colonial strategy of "divide and rule", and is aimed at preventing the African majority from organizing and acting in unison against domination by the white minority. 598. In Namibia as in South Africa, the division of the population into ethnic groups is the principal means by which the South African r~gime seeks to entrench white power, prevent unity among black Namibians and keep a pool of cheap black labour at the disposal of South African and other foreign interests operating in the Territory as well as local white businesses. 599. South Africa's attempt to fragment the Territory has encountered the resolute resistance of the Namibian people. The consequences of Pretoria's deliberate policies of social and racial fragmentation of the Namibian people, in violation of international law and morality and in defiance of United Nations decisions, are examined in the present section. 600. Contrary to claims by the illegal South African administration to the effect that there is no longer racial discrimination in Namibia, discriminatory laws and practices continue to govern education, housing, employment and all other aspects of the daily life of Namibians. 2. Education 601. Education for blacks in Namibia is based on the premise that they are to be trained for the subservient jobs allocated to them by the white economy. The initial stages of education in Namibia are under the control of the so-called second-tier (ethnic) governments, most of which are in no position to finance public schooling for young children. Education is compulsory for whites, but not for Africans or "Coloured" people, who are assigned to different schools on an ethnic basis. After decades of apartheid, which resulted in the development of separate educational facilities and dictated that expenditures on white schools far exceed those on black schools, the differences between the two systems are glaring. White school-children enjoy a modern and comprehensive educational system, while educational facilities for black children are non-existent in some areas and mediocre at best in others. There are differences in school facilities, classroom practices, teacher training programmes, teachers' salaries, teacher-pupil ratios and in the amount of money spent per pupil per year. 602. Racial discrimination is particularly evident in the amount of money spent on education for the different races. The Territory's whites ensure that a far bigger proportion of the available money is spent on their own children's education. Available information indicates that some $US 1,500 per year is spent on each white child, which is seven times more than the allocation for each black and "Coloured" child. -97-

603. As far as school enrolment is concerned, one study indicates that in 1981, 83 per cent of black children of primary school age were in school, but that figure dropped to only 16 per cent for black children of secondary school age - 12,301 out of a potential 75,436. The statistics showed a dramatic reduction in attendance levels as the grades increased, indicating strong pressures on black Namibians to leave school and forego high school training. 604. Despite the desperate need for better schooling facilities and educational opportunities for blacks, the illegal South African occupation regime has persisted in denying them to Namibians. The illegal administration has kept schools totally segregated, to the point where it prefers to keep costly educational institutions virtually empty rather than allow black Namibians to attend. A case in point is the newly established teacher-training college in Windhoek, which was built to accommodate 1,500 students but currently has a total enrolment of only 200 white students. Libraries are also segregated; the Windhoek Library, for instance, controlled by the white second-tier government, is exclusively for whites. 605. The discriminatory policies of the racist occupation r4gime in the field of education are also acutely in evidence in the realm of higher education. Within Namibia itself, there are no institutions of higher learning. While white students have unfettered access to institutions of higher learning in South Africa and elsewhere, such opportunities are denied black students. 3. Health facilities 606. The health services in Namibia are inextricably linked to the apartheid system imposed by South Africa. Health care is organized along racially segregated lines, with services for the black majority rudimentary and in many areas virtually non-existent. 607. Security legislation has restricted the ability of health workers to give treatment, and patients have stayed away from hospitals for fear of harassment by the police or army. Doctors and nurses have in some cases been attacked, detained and tortured for alleged collaboration with SWAPO and hospitals have been subjected to police raids. Endemic diseases such as the plague have reappeared, and others, such as malaria, have become more widespread owing to the absence of immunization programmes. As a result of South Africa's military operations, services have deteriorated, clinics have been closed and medical personnel become more scarce. According to one report, some people have to walk up to 50 kilometres or more if they need medical attention. 608. The main causes of sickness and disease among the black population are poverty, malnutrition, overcrowded living conditions, lack of preventive services such as inoculation programmes, and an acute shortage of doctors, nurses, and clinics in the rural areas. 609. According to a 1982 study, the most recent statistical information on health conditions in Namibia indicated that life expectancy for Namibian whites was from 68 to 72 years and for blacks, from 42 to 52 years. The infant mortality rate for children under the age of one was given as 145 per 1,000 for "Coloureds" and 163 per 1,000 for Africans, compared to 21.6 per 1,000 for whites. -98-

610. It was further reported that the annual per capita expenditure on health services for whites in 1980/81 was $US 270, while the expenditure for blacks ranged from $US 65.84 to as low as $US 5.40 depending on the region. Of 152 doctors in Namibia, 80 per cent practised in the urban areas where most whites live. With only 20 per cent of the doctors in the rural areas, where about half the population lives, the doctor/patient ratio was about one doctor for every 17,000 people. 611. The study also indicates that in Kaokoland there is only one hospital for the entire region. A team of medical experts and journalists who visited the area in August 1981 found malnutrition rife among the population and a widespread incidence of whooping cough, chest and eye complaints, scabies and venereal disease. There was no immunization programme or organized health care of any kind available there. 612. At the hearings on Namibian uranium held by the United Nations Council for Namibia in July 1980, 32/ speakers indicated that transnational corporations in Namibia such as those running the R6ssing uranium mine had no concern for the health and safety of Namibian workers or the long-term effects of their operations on the health of the local population as a whole. 613. The lack of adequate safeguards and standards to protect black workers from exposure to radiation made the mining, processing and transportation of uranium particularly hazardous in Namibia. The health danger extended to the whole community owing to the ease with which contaminants could be spread through radiation, water, wind and erosion. The dangers most commonly mentioned were lung and skin cancer; increased mortality due to these and other diseases caused by radiation; and genetic damage. 614. It was also stated that the owners of the Rssing mine practised apartheid in providing health care. While white workers received regular health checks and had adequate medical facilities, the same was not true for black workers. The absence of proper protection created a high risk of radiation-related illness among uranium mine workers, while at the same time threatening future generations of Namibians with genetic damage. 615. In the spring of 1982, SWAPO informed WHO that a hepatitis epidemic had broken out in Namibia. An alarmingly high rate of deaths had been registered in the country, especially in the northern rural areas. The South African authorities in the Territory were not making any effort to bring the disease under control. The SWAPO medical staff was treating those affected Namibians who had been brought to the SWAPO medical centres in Angola. According to information reaching SWAPO in one district alone, 2,527 people had been affected and 151 were said to have died. 4. Housing and living conditions 616. Housing arrangements in Namibia have been governed by discriminatory laws such as the Native Urban Areas Proclamation of 1951, which regulates African residence in urban areas. Although sections of this Proclamation were amended in 1977 to allow Africans to buy land in urban areas and seek loans from building societies, in practice very few Africans can afford to do so. 617. Poor living conditions among the African population are most evident in the rural areas, where poverty is widespread and many dwellings are lacking in even the most basic facilities. Migrant workers on white farms face the additional problem of being isolated from their home communities. -99-

618. South Africa's aim has been to separate SWAPO from the local population in Namibia and thus prevent any civilian assistance to the liberation movement. This has involved the creation of a cordon sanitaire along the border between Angola and Namibia. The black population in the north has been forced into "protected villages" patrolled by South African racist forces, and subjected to numerous restrictions and repressive measures. As a result of these forced removals thousands of people have lost their homes and livelihood. 619. According to a 1982 report by the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, the living conditions of the black workers at the mines are also very poor. At the Oamites copper and silver mine, for example, black workers live four to a room in hostel-like bachelors' quarters. As migrant workers they are not permitted to have their families with them, and loneliness and alcoholism are frequent problems. 620. The report states that conditions at another mining company, Deblin Mining Pty. Ltd., are described by visitors as shocking. No provisions are made for housing and labourers have to build their own "houses" from oil drums from the mine and any other materials they can find. 5. The status of women 621. The colonial economy in Namibia exploits black women on the basis of sex as well as colour, with the result that black women in all categories of work earn less than both black men and white women. 622. With their men away from home most of the time on contract labour in towns, rural women must bear the responsibility for raising the children and providing sustenance by subsistence farming. 623. In Namibia, women are the last to be considered in matters of training and education. Moreover, they make up a large proportion of the unemployed, and no meaningful change in their social status and productive role is conceivable under the present social and economic system in occupied Namibia. 624. Faced with the situation described above, Namibian women are actively taking part in the struggle for the liberation of their country and for the establishment of a new society based on equality between men and women. 625. Many Namibian women have joined SWAPO and the SWAPO Women's Council to participate in the political struggle for national liberation, organizing and mobilizing the Namibian masses. In 1981, for instance, despite South Africa's brutal repression of SWAPO, the Women's Council organized mass demonstrations against the forced conscription of blacks into the South African colonial army in Namibia. 626. Namibian women have also joined PLAN, the military wing of SWAPO, where they have equal status with men. Furthermore, Namibian women participate in the work of SWAPO in the international arena, in diplomatic missions, conferences and seminars. 627. In this connection, SWAPO has concluded that "only by actively taking part in the national liberation struggle can Namibian women heighten their own political consciousness, sharpen their class perspectives, broaden their intellectual horizons, give full play to their talents, realize their own strength, and increase their own sense of self-confidence". -100-

B. Repression and human rights violations 628. The Namibian people have been struggling against colonialism, racism and oppression ever since their country was colonized by Germany at the height of the "scramble for Africa" in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The resistance of the Namibian people to colonialism has been ruthlessly suppressed by both German and South African colonizers, sometimes to the point of virtual extermination of ethnic groups, in particular the Herero. 629. The struggle of the Namibian people for national self-determination reached new heights during South Africa's colonial occupation of their country. Over the last several decades in particular, Pretoria's refusal to withdraw from the Territory, its perpetuation of white minority rule and apartheid in Namibia and its unbridled exploitation of the human and natural resources of the Territory have given rise to widespread and organized resistance by the masses in Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO. 630. In a futile attempt to suppress the struggle of the Namibian people against colonialism, apartheid, oppression and exploitation, South Africa has enacted a great number of repressive measures aimed at brutally intimidating and terrorizing black Namibians. 1. Repressive legislation 631. The racist laws and regulations which the illegal South African r~gime has enacted to repress the Namibian people are similar to those used in South Africa itself. 632. A series of provisions enacted since 1967 by the racist South African r4gime provide for harsh penalties including death sentences, life imprisonment and long- term prison sentences aimed at thwarting the legitimate national liberation struggle of the Namibian people. These acts give the South African colonial police and occupation forces absolute power to ban organizations and publications opposed to Pretoria's illegal occupation of Namibia, and to detain or deport Namibians without trial. They also provide for preventive detention, the banning of meetings, the imposition of martial law and the establishment of "security districts" to stifle the political struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. 2. Arbitrary arrests and maltreatment of political prisoners 633. The laws described above are used by the racist r4gime of South Africa in a futile effort to crush the national liberation struggle waged by the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. Under these laws, the South African authorities have carried out mass arrests and imprisoned many SWAPO members and supporters without trial because of their opposition to South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia. 634. The Terrorism Act of 1967 and Proclamations AG 9 and AG 26, in particular, have been used by the South African police and the army to suppress political activity in Namibia. The Terrorism Act allows for the arbitrary arrest, detention and persecution of those who participate in virtually any political or social activity outside the framework of the racist policies of the illegal colonial -101- administration. Most of the leadership of SWAPO inside Namibia has suffered periodical detention without trial for long periods under the Act, at times being held incommunicado. Families of Namibians detained under these laws are rarely informed by police that their relatives have been taken into custody, and suffer great anguish as a result. 635. The occupation r6gime has also made increasing use of banning orders. SWAPO members released from detention are placed under restriction in their homes or areas where they reside, and are prohibited from leaving those areas, attending meetings or receiving visitors. 636. Information on political prisoners and detainees is extremely hard to obtain, and political repression goes far deeper than the occasionally publicized trials and convictions. 637. Some 200 people were reported to have been arrested for trespassing in March 1982 at the bachelors' quarters in Katutura, outside of Windhoek. Bachelors' quarters are substandard dwellings in which Africans employed or seeking employment in the so-called Police Zone must live separated from their families. Only people in possession of permits are officially allowed to reside in the bachelors' quarters, which are frequently raided by the police. 638. One of the most disturbing facts of life in Namibia today is the frequent "disappearance" of people after having been detained or simply in the course of their daily lives. There are no accurate statistics for the number of people who have "disappeared", since families frequently do not report to the police if one of their relatives is missing, for fear of being themselves harassed by the occupation forces. However, reports of such "disappearances" have from time to time been published. 639. SWAPO has periodically tried to compile lists of people who are known to have been murdered by the forces of the racist r~gime, or who have been described as "missing", usually after being arrested. In many instances, by the word "missing" it is meant that they were secretly killed by the South African occupation forces. 640. According to evidence compiled by SWAPO, many Namibian detainees are being held in secret prisons and detention camps located in thick forest areas in the Otavi and Grootfontein districts. Many prisoners are believed to be held in underground cells. SWAPO has named, in particular, Gertrude Kandanga, Deputy Secretary of the SWAPO Women's Council, detained in January 19801 Joson Angula, Secretary for Labour of SWAPO, detained since December 19791 Eliakim Namaidjebo, Church Warden at St. Mary's Mission, Odibo, detained since June 19801 and Monika Munagobe as among those believed to be held in these secret detention camps. 641. At the recommendation of the United Nations Council for Namibia, the General Assembly, by resolution 37/233 A, demanded that South Africa immediately release all Namibian political prisoners, including all those imprisoned or detained under the so-called internal security laws, martial law or any other arbitrary measures, whether such Namibians had been charged or tried or were being held without charge in Namibia or South Africa. The Assembly also demanded that South Africa account for all "disappeared" Namibians and release any who were still alive and declared that South Africa would be liable for damages to compensate the victims, their families and the future lawful Government of an independent Namibia for the losses sustained. -102- 642. The International Committee against Apartheid, Racism and Colonialism in Southern Africa (ICSA) reports that, in addition to some 60 or so convicted political prisoners, the majority of whom are thought to be imprisoned on Robben Island, hundreds of Namibians are being held without charge or trial. There is also a growing number of prisoners of war and abductees, many of whom have been kidnapped by South African forces during raids into the front-line States. In some cases these abductees, too, have "disappeared". 643. ICSA further indicates that the number of SWAPO combatants captured in the "operational zone" of northern Namibia is not known. Most of them simply vanish and are believed to have been killed by their captors. Some 200 people were kidnapped during South Africa's raid and massacre at Kassinga in May 1978. Today, at least 118 of them are still being held incommunicado by the r~gime. They are believed to be in captivity at the Tenegab military base at Hardhap Dam in southern Namibia. 644. Namibian detainees are held in prisons and open-air detention centres throughout the country. Prisons are extremely overcrowded, particularly during periods of mass arrests. While the police refuse to reveal the number of detention centres, at least 18 camps are believed to exist. Sanitary conditions are described as intolerable and food as bad and inadequate. 645. The South African army and police have consistently suppressed any protest organized by workers. This has taken the form of raids on workers' residences, allegedly to root out "illegal residents", mass arrests and violent attacks on and killings of workers. For instance, during police raids on Katutura between June and August 1982, 447 "illegal residents" were arrested. 646. According to a pamphlet on Namibia published by Amnesty International, the human rights organization, "torture of political prisoners in Namibia is ongoing despite the fact that Namibian church leaders as well as Amnesty International have tried to intervene ... by bringing evidence of torture to the attention of the South African authorities". The pamphlet cites first-hand accounts of torture given to a six-member delegation of the South African Conference of Catholic Bishops during a visit to the Territory in September 1981 (see also para. 655 below). 647. In a letter dated 1 December 1982, Amnesty International appealed to the Prime Minister of South Africa to end the practice of detention without trial and the use of torture in Namibia, and demanded a re-examination of the legal status of all Namibian political prisoners. It criticized the extensive powers given to the police and the army in matters of arrest and the lack of protection for the detainees. 648. The organization requested, among other things, that an independent judicial inquiry be undertaken on allegations of the frequent use of torture in the secret detention camps. It also drew attention to cases of several persons who had "disappeared" after having been abducted by the occupation forces as well as a number of political prisoners languishing in gaols. -103-

3. Terrorization of the general population 649. The people of Namibia are not only subjected to the institutionalized violence of the apartheid system but must also endure an army of occupation and a police force which increasingly use the broad powers conferred on them by the Pretoria r6gime to intimidate and brutalize the entire Namibian population. 650. The catalogue of cases of atrocities that are being perpetrated against the Namibian people by the South African troops in Namibia is becoming extremely long and horrifying. That a reign of terror exists in Namibia has been confirmed by several recent fact-finding missions to the Territory. 651. A mission of the British Council of Churches which visited Namibia from 16 to 28 November 1981 issued a chilling report in early 1982. Among the atrocities recounted to the mission were the followingz "Soldiers came to a local shop and took from it what they wished. When the shopkeeper, who had not been present, returned and went to ask for payment, he was badly beaten and may lose the sight of one eye. "The team met a woman in whose arms a young man had been killed. The young man, who was mentally disabled but known to be harmless, was fired upon near his kraal by two helicopter gunships. He fled to the woman who was carrying water to the kraal and asked her to speak for him. One helicopter landed and the young man was shot dead. The woman was also shot in the arm. "The team met a teacher who had not slept in his own bed for more than a fortnight. He had stood up to a gang of security force people who wished to pull some of the girls out of his school and violate them. They threatened to get him and had been twice to his home. He now lives in terror of his life. "The team met a woman whose two children were killed by the security forces. She was sleeping in her hut with her blind mother and two daughters; her two sons aged eight and fifteen were sleeping outside. A voice cried 'shoot' and there was a great deal of shooting. Missionaries later counted 1,571 cartridges in the area. "The soldiers called her out and asked how many people were inside. She answered that there were six and that her husband was working in the south. She brought her blind mother out of the house to show them. "When she asked about a bundle wrapped in canvas which the soldiers were putting into the truck, she was told that 'a child had been killed'. Her other son, she was told, had already been taken away dead to Oshakati (a South African Army camp)." 652. According to the mission, one particularly inhuman practice of the security forces is to drag through the villages behind their vehicles the corpses of those killed whom they allege to have been "terrorists". The bodies of the young men are exhibited to their parents, to villagers, and even to young children in school. 653. At the conclusion of its mission the delegation issued a press release statingt -104-

"We have ... been deeply saddened by many of the things we have heard and seen of the grave hardships faced by so many people ... Our delegation leaves Namibia conscious of the great sufferings, caused by the war, to many people, especially in the northern areas. We heard accounts of deaths, torture, beatings and seizure of property ... "We experienced at first hand the deep desire of the great majority of the people of Namibia for independence under a government elected fairly and freely ... Only in this way can the terrible sufferings brought about by the war be ended." 654. The fact-finding mission of the British Council of Churches was followed by another representing the South African Council of Churches, which visited Namibia in February 1982. The South African spiritual leaders, too, came back from Namibia fully convinced that the South African army of occupation was engaged in brutal mass repression and cold-blooded murder, rape and destruction of crops and livestock. 655. A wide-ranging description of the atrocities committed by the South African racist forces in Namibia was also made in a detailed report by a delegation of the Southern African Conference of Catholic Bishops which visited the Territory in September 1981. That delegation confirmed that electric torture, shootings, beating up of people suspected of being sympathetic to SWAPO, breaking into their homes, stealing and killing of cattle, pillaging of shops and raping of women were the commonly accepted procedures used by the South African soldiers in Namibia to force the people to give information about SWAPO and its activities. C. Exploitation of labour 656. The Namibian labour force is divided along racial lines by the apartheid r4gime. Discrimination exists in the work situation, in wages, in the right to organize in trade unions and the types of jobs available to different races. 657. The vast majority of black Namibians have become dependent on wage labour for survival. The total black work force is estimated at 481,000, of whom 240,000 are engaged in unproductive subsistence agriculture and 241,000 are employed in the white-owned sectors of the economy. Nearly all black Namibians are dependent on the wages earned by this second group. 658. In order to guarantee a constant supply of cheap black labour, the occupation r4gime places severe restrictions on a worker's ability to seek work, to live in a family setting, to earn a decent wage and to organize. A complex set of customs and ordinances determine when and where a labourer may seek employment. For example, the northern part of the country, where nearly half the population lives, has been declared an "operational area" of the South African occupation forces which no one is allowed to leave without a permit. Once this permit is acquired, a labourer seeking work must leave his family behind and may be gone from 12 to 30 months. He has to receive permission to accept employment and his contract must be registered with the occupation authorities. 659. Such are the characteristics of the migratory labour system which for several decades has facilitated the exploitation of black workers by South African and other foreign economic interests as well as by the white minority in the Territory. The migratory labour system underscores the daily indignities inherent -105- in apartheid for black Namibians. They are separated from their families, forcibly uprooted and restricted in their movements. The customs and languages of the colonizer are imposed upon them, and they are denied basic rights. 660. The transnational corporations are attracted to Namibia because they can hire migrant labourers at low wages. Namibians working for these corporations are employed under a grossly discriminatory system of wages, working conditions and living standards. Although the foreign corporations operating in Namibia and the occupation r6gime refuse to publish income figures, it has been estimated that in mining enterprises African workers receive salaries equivalent to only 5 or 6 per cent of the salaries paid to whites. 661. The differences between the wages paid to Africans and whites, -,-en at the same level of occupation, are partly due to the apartheid policy which treats African labour as temporary and keeps Africans' wages below those of whites, and partly to the denial of bargaining rights to African workers. 662. Namibians generally have no real financial security in their old age. Where pensions exist, they are paid on a discriminatory basis according to race. While black pensioners may get up to R 50 a month, expenditure on each white pensioner is R 120 a month. 663. Although Africans in Namibia are prohibited by law from striking, a number of strikes have occurred over the years. For example, in October 1981 a group of workers at the Oamites copper mine near Windhoek went on strike for two days over a pay complaint. They also complained of job discrimination at the mine. In November of the same year, one third of the total work force of about 630 workers went on strike at Damara Meat Packers, also in the Windhoek area. 664. In earlier years, more than 200 workers at the Krantzberg tungsten mine near Omaruru were dismissed by management for going on strike. Some 500 workers at the Uis tin mine owned by the South African Iron and Steel Corporation (ISCOR) stopped work over complaints about industrial relations, low wages and general intimidation of workers. Several hundred workers went on strike at Consolidated Diamond Mines of South West Africa, Ltd. (CDM) in September 1979, following a dispute over working hours. 665. According to the report published by the British Council of Churches (see paras. 651-653 above), discrimination makes it impossible for black Namibians engaged in industry to obtain the wages or conditions that their work merits. At the R6ssing uranium mine, for example, although the company claims to have applied a single, non-racial wage scale based on job category since 1979, stark discrimination based on race persists. Furthermore, while white workers live at a safe distance from the uranium mines and are given frequent and thorough medical examinations, black labourers are subjected to appalling living and working conditions. The health hazards associated with the miserable living conditions of the black workers are exacerbated by the close proximity of their living compounds to R6ssing's gigantic open-pit mine. 666. Whenever effective unions are formed, bannings or detentions are used to get rid of the leaders and undermine the organizing efforts. The delegation of the British Council of Churches reported that the work force at R6ssing was tightly controlled, and that any effort at independent organization of labour was immediately suppressed with the organizers being detained or restricted. -106-

D. The refugee problem 667. Thousands of Namibians have been forced to flee into exile as a result of wide-scale repression and the introduction of compulsory military service by the illegal regime in Namibia in early 1981. 668. Available information indicates that owing to the worsening situation in Namibia, the number of Namibian refugees in Angola alone has increased to as many as 70,000. This group absorbs the largest share of the assistance programme of UNHCR in Angola. The continued increase in the number of Namibian refugees in Angola has resulted in new needs in the fields of agriculture, health, education and vocational training and in the supply and distribution of tents, food and household goods. 669. Since the liberation of Angola in 1975, a number of refugee camps have been set up there, and the majority of Namibian exiles, many of them survivors of the devastating military raid on the Kassinga settlement in 1978, now live in these camps, where health care is provided and about 8,000 Namibian children and young people attend educational facilities. Many of the refugees arrive in ill health, and may be in a state of shock from experiences in Namibia. 670. Unfortunately, the repeated armed attacks against Namibian refugees in Angola have made long-term assistance planning virtually impossible. The aid provided by UNHCR concentrates on the immediate needs of the refugees. 671. A number of organizations provide help to Namibian refugees. Assistance by UNHCR to Namibian refugees in Angola in 1982 totalled $US 4.4 million, and a further $US 4.1 million has been allocated for 1983. 672. In Zambia a new influx of 500 Namibians in 1982 brought the total number of Namibian refugees in that country to 4,800, of whom 4,500 are in the SWAPO Nyango Health and Education Centre. Some 65 per cent of the Centre's inhabitants are children of school age. A smaller but growing number of Namibian refugees are living in Botswana. 673. SWAPO has established in the refugee settlements a comprehensive programme which, apart from looking after the basic needs of the refugees, provides the education and political training which will enable Namibians to rebuild their country upon independence. Despite the difficult conditions facing them, the Namibians in exile under the leadership of SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people, are preparing for their return to a free Namibia with the assistance of the international community and in particular of their host Governments in Angola, Botswana and Zambia and the United Nations and other organizations. -107-

IX. ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL IN THE FIELD OF DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY CONCERNING NAMIBIA A. General 674. During the period under review, the Council continued to disseminate information to Governments, institutions, non-governmental organizations and directly to the public, in order better to inform and to mobilize world public opinion in support of the genuine independence of Namibia. 675. In its efforts to increase the dissemination of information on Namibia, the Council acted through its Standing Committee III which, in turn, worked closely with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat and non- governmental organizations, especially by giving guidance on specific projects of dissemination of information to the general public. 676. The Council considered a wide range of issues relating to the improvement of the dissemination of information on the question of Namibia, especially with regard to publicity for and at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. 677. The Council also held consultations with representatives of the Department of Public Information and the Publishing Division of the Department of Conference Services in order to guide those departments in their activities of dissemination of information on Namibia. 678. By resolution 37/223 D on dissemination of information and mobilization of international public opinion in support of Namibia, the General Assembly stressed the urgent need to intensify efforts to mobilize international public opinion on a continuous basis with a view to assisting effectively the people of Namibia, under the leadership of SWAPO, in their legitimate struggle for self-determination, freedom and independence in a united Namibia. 679. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the Department of Public Information, in all its activities of dissemination of information on the question of Namibia, followed the policy guidelines laid down by the Council as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia. It further requested the SecretaryGeneral to direct the Department of Public Information to assist the Council, as a matter of priority, in the implementation of its programme of dissemination of information in order that the United Nations might intensify its efforts to generate publicity and disseminate information with a view to mobilizing public support for the independence of Namibia, particularly in the Western States. 680. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to give the widest possible publicity to the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence. It also requested the Secretary-General to group under a single heading, in the section of the proposed programme budget of the United Nations for the biennium 1984-1985 relating to the Department of Public Information, all the activities of the Department related to the dissemination of information on Namibia. 681. The Assembly, recognizing the important role that non-governmental organizations play in the dissemination of information on Namibia and in the mobilization of international public opinion in support of the Namibian cause, called upon the Council to enlist the support of non-governmental organizations in -108- its efforts to mobilize international public opinion in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people and of their liberation movement, SWAPO. The Assembly also requested those non-governmental organizations and support groups that were actively engaged in supporting the struggle to intensify, in co- operation with the Council, international action in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, including assistance to the Council in the monitoring of the boycott of South Africa called for in General Assembly resolution ES-8/2. 682. The Assembly decided to allocate the sum of SUS 200,000 to be used by the Council for its programme of co-operation with non-governmental organizations, including support to conferences in solidarity with Namibia arranged by those organizations, dissemination of conclusions of such conferences and support to such other activities as would promote the cause of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, subject to decisions of the Council in each individual case on the recommendation of SWAPO. 683. The Assembly also decided to intensify its international campaign in support of the cause of Namibia and to expose and denounce the collusion of certain Western States with the South African racists and, to that end, requested the Council to include in its programme of dissemination of information for 1983 the following activities: (a) Preparation and dissemination of publications on the political, economic, military and social consequences of the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa, as well as on legal matters and on the question of the territorial integrity of Namibial (b) Production and dissemination of radio programmes in English, French, German and Spanish designed to draw the attention of world public opinion to the current situation in Namibial (c) Production of material for publicity through radio and television broadcasts; (d) Placement of advertisements in newspapers and magazines; (e) Production of films, film-strips and slide sets on Namibia; (f) Production and dissemination of posters; (g) Full utilization of the resources related to press releases, press conferences and press briefings in order to maintain a constant flow of information to the public on all aspects of the question of Namibia; (h) Production and dissemination of a comprehensive economic map of Namibia; (i) Preparation and wide dissemination of booklets containing official declarations of the Council; joint communiqu6s and press releases issued by missions of consultation of the Council; and resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council relating to Namibia, together with relevant portions of Assembly resolutions on the question of foreign economic interests operating in Namibia and on military activities in Namibial (j) Publicity for and distribution of an indexed reference book on transnational corporations involved in Namibia; -109-

(k) Preparation and dissemination of a booklet based on a study on the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, enacted by the Council on 27 September 19741 (1) Acquisition of books, pamphlets and other materials relating to Namibia for further dissemination. B. Commemoration of the Week of Solidarity with the People of Namibia and their Liberation Movement, SWAPO, and of Namibia Day 684. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 31/150 of 20 December 1976, the Council commemorated the Week of Solidarity with the People of Namibia and their Liberation Movement, SWAPO, at its 389th and 390th meetings, held on 27 October 1982. 685. During the two meetings, statements were made by the President of the General Assembly, the Secretary-General, the President of the security Council, the Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Chairman of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Group at the United Nations, and the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia. Statements were also made by the Vice-Chairman of the Special Committee Against Apartheid, the Chairman of the Group of Latin American States, the representative of the Chairman of OAU, the Chairman of the Group of African States, the Chairman of the Group of Asian States, the Chairman of the Group of Eastern European States, the Chairman of the Group of Western European and other States, the representative of the Chairman of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the representative of the League of Arab States, the Permanent Observer of the PLO, the representative of ANC and the Permanent Observer of SWAPO. 686. Messages from the heads of State or Government of Senegal, Iraq, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Viet Nam, Democratic Kampuchea and Nicaragua were read out by the representatives of those States. 687. The President of the Council announced that messages had been received from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Syrian Arab Republic, the Minister for Foreign Relations and Worship of Argentina and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Algeria; and from the Hungarian Solidarity Committee, the Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee and the Solidarity Committee and Committee for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination of the German Democratic Republic. The President announced that all messages received on the occasion would be reproduced in a document of the Council. 688. The Council held its annual commemoration of Namibia Day at its 403rd and 404th meetings on 26 August 1983. 689. In August 1973, the Council had declared that 26 August should be observed annually as Namibia Day for as long as necessary, as a reminder of the critical time in August 1966 when the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, having been left no alternative by the oppression and obduracy of the illegal -110- racist South African r4gime in Namibia, had taken up arms to liberate their country. The General Assembly had affirmed the Council's decision by its resolution 3111 (XXVIII) of 12 December 1973. 690. The armed struggle of the Namibian people has now been going on for 17 years. The General Assembly, in its resolution 31/146 of 20 December 1976, expressed its support for the armed struggle of the Namibian people, led by SWAPO, to achieve self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. 691. The meetings were opened by the Acting President of the Council. A minute of silence was observed in memory of the heroes who had fallen in the struggle for the liberation of Namibia. 692. The Council heard a message from the President of the General Assembly, as well as statements by the President of the Security Council, the representative of the Secretary-General, the Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Acting Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid, the Acting Chairman of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, the Acting Chairman of the Non-Aligned Group, the Chairman of the Senate of the United Nations Institute for Namibia, the Acting President of the United Nations Council for Namibia, the representative of the Chairman of OAU, the Chairman of the Group of African States, the Chairman of the Group of Asian States, the Chairman of the Group of Latin American States, the Chairman of the Group of Eastern European States, the Chairman of the Group of Western European and other States, the representative of the Permanent Observer of the League of Arab States, the Deputy Permanent Observer of the PLO, the representative of ANC, the Co-ordinator of the Continuation Committees of the Conference in Solidarity with the Liberation Struggles of the Peoples of Southern Africa and the representative of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of SWAPO. 693. Messages from the heads of State or Government of Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Turkey, Egypt, Senegal, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Algeria, Guyana, Panama, Nicaragua and Cyprus were read out by representatives of those countries. Messages were also received from the heads of State or Government of Democratic Yemen and Mali. 694. The Acting President of the Council expressed the thanks of the Council for messages received from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan, the Minister for External Relations of Cuba, the Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia, the Minister for External Affairs of India, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea and the Minister for Foreign Relations and Worship of Argentina; for a joint message from the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden); for a joint message from the 10 member States of the European Community; and for messages from the Director-General of FAO, the Solidarity Committee and Committee for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination of the German Democratic Republic and the Czechoslovak Committee of Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa and Asia. The Acting President announced that those messages would be reproduced in a document of the Council. 695. In order to highlight the event, the Council, in co-operation with the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, organized an exhibit which featured sculptures, paintings and drawings about political prisoners in Namibia and South Africa by the South African artist Mr. Dumile Feni. The exhibit was on display in the visitors' area of United Nations Headquarters from 26 August to 15 September 1983. -iii-

C. Press and publications 696. The central focus in this domain being the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, the Council, with the assistance of the Department of Public Information, began preparations in late 1982. The pre-conference publicity programme included preparation of a press kit, a brochure, a poster, a leaflet on the Council and a pamphlet entitled "Namibia: A Unique United Nations Responsibility". 697. Advertisements announcing the holding of the Conference were placed in Le Monde, The New York Times, the London Times, the Washington Post and The Guardian (Manchester). 698. A two-day encounter for journalists was held in Paris on 21 and 22 April 1983. It brought together over 40 leading journalists and media representatives from around the world and provided them with an opportunity to acquaint themselves better with the Namibian question before the Conference, through detailed discussions with a panel of prominent personalities familiar with the issue. The President of the Council was the moderator of the journalists' encounter. 699. The television series World Chronicle produced a programme featuring the Secretary-General of the Conference, which was broadcast on 11 April 1983. A background press release outlining the issues to be discussed at the Conference was also widely disseminated. 700. In order that they might highlight the Conference, 33 United Nations information centres were provided with additional funds that enabled them to organize special activities such as information sessions for representatives of non- governmental organizations, students and prominent personalities from their respective regions. In certain areas the funds enabled the centres to translate United Nations publications on Namibia into local languages. 701. The Department of Public Information issued daily press releases on all aspects of the Conference, including the statements made in the plenary meetings and the adoption of the final documents. 702. Radio coverage of the Conference took the form of on-the-spot production of complete feature and magazine programmes and collection of recorded materials, including interviews, round-table discussions and excerpts from statements by high-level government representatives for future use in programmes on Namibia. Dispatches via telephone circuits were also used. The radio coverage was in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages. 703. The Department of Public Information made film recordings of the Conference for archival purposes and for further use by the Department as well as by other film media. The Department also assisted in accrediting television correspondents at the Conference. 704. The United Nations information centres were kept informed on a daily basis of the events of the Conferencel a total of 386 news releases in three languages were sent to the centres for transmission to national and local media organizations. Press briefings were given on a daily basis and special press conferences were organized for the public and non-governmental organizations. Also a series of films on the question of Namibia was screened by means of a television monitor installed in the lobby of the conference hall. The Conference was covered by 187 accredited correspondents. -112-

705. Apart from the activities related to the Conference, the Council, with the assistance of the Department of Public Information, also carried out its regular programme of dissemination of information. Its activities were publicized through press releases that were issued to the press corps, delegations, and non- governmental organizations at Headquarters and through the United Nations information centres. In addition, texts of statements concerning Namibia by the President of the Council, the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly were distributed to non-governmental organizations, the media and educational institutions. 706. The missions of consultation sent by the Council to Europe and Latin America during the period under review (see paras. 227-350 above) were provided with the necessary support and assistance by the Department at Headquarters and through the United Nations information centres. 707. Material on the question of Namibia was provided to the pool of non-aligned news agencies on a regular basis and information on the Council's activities was transmitted to the network of United Nations information centres for dissemination to the local media. 708. The United Nations information centres assisted in the dissemination of press releases on major United Nations reports, statements and events relating to Namibia. These press releases were distributed to non-governmental organizations, the media and educational institutions. 709. In accordance with the Council's guidelines, the Department of Public Information continued to disseminate information on the work of the Council and other United Nations organs concerned with the question of Namibia through its periodical publications the United Nations Monthly Chronicle and Objective: Justice, and also in such general reference works as the Yearbook of the United Nations, Everyone's United Nations, Basic Facts about the United Nations and United Nations Today (Suggestions for Speakers). 710. In March 1983 Objective: Justice carried an article entitled "Perspective Namibia". It included a brief review of the United Nations and Namibia, sections on the struggle for freedom and social, military and economic conditions in Namibia, and a chronology of important events from 1884 to 1983. Two other issues of the same publication, those of November 1982 and June 1983, also contained material related to Namibia. D. Radio and visual services 711. During the period under review, the Council, in co-ordination with the Department of Public Information, continued to arrange for radio coverage of developments relating to Namibia and the work of the General Assembly, the Security Council, the United Nations Council for Namibia and other United Nations bodies concerned with Namibia. Coverage was provided in the following languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Pilipino, Portuguese, Russsian, Somali, Spanish and Swahili. 712. In addition, some 470 radio programmes were devoted entirely to Namibia. Of these, 438 were produced in the daily anti-apartheid series in Afrikaans, English, Sotho, Tswana, Xhosa and Zulu. Two special series of six programmes each, entitled Namibia Update and Namibian Legal Issues, were produced in English and Frenchl one -113- special programme was produced for the Spanish series of sixi and three programmes in English and French were made for the series entitled Perspective. Four programmes were produced in the French-language series L'Afrique a l'ONU, as well as one in the English-language series UN Africa; three special programmes in Portuguese, Somali and Swahili; two programmes in the Arabic series Afakon Alamiah/Almajaalatie Al-Natika; one each in the Spanish series Actualidades and Perspectiva International; and one in the Portuguese series Perspectivas. 713. The Department of Public Information continued to provide film, television and photo coverage of the activities and programmes relating to the work of the Council. The material was made available to news syndicators and other interested parties for use in their productions. E. Co-operation with non-governmental organizations 714. As part of its programme of co-operation with non-governmental organizations, the Council, in consultation with SWAPO, made financial contributions to a number of non-governmental organizations in order to enable them to advance the cause of the freedom of the Namibian people under the terms of paragraph 14 of General Assembly resolution 37/233 D. Specifically the Council made contributions: (a) To the American Committee on Africa for the organization of an international seminar on the role of transnational corporations in Namibia; (b) To the American Lutheran Church for the organization of a training seminar on Namibia; (c) To the Center for International Policy for the mounting of an international campaign against loans by IMF to South Africa, with particular reference to the contribution of such loans to the maintenance of South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibiaj (d) To the Namibia Support Committee for the organization of a seminar on health in Namibia; (e) To the International Oil Working Group for the preparation of a handbook to assist oil and tanker workers in detecting illegal shipments of oil to Namibia and South Africa; (f) To the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa for the publication of a booklet on Walvis Bay and the mounting of an art exhibition on the plight of political prisoners in Namibia and South Africal (g) To the Continuation Committee of the Conference in Solidarity with the Liberation Struggles of the Peoples of Southern Africa for the organization of the Second National Conference in Solidarity with the Liberation Movements and Front-Line States of Southern Africa. 715. The Department of Public Information held a special commemorative meeting and workshop for representatives of non-governmental organizations on 26 May 1983, to mark the Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Namibia and all other Colonial Territories, as well as those in South Africa, Fighting for Freedom, Independence and Human Rights. On this occasion, statements were made by the Under-SecretaryGeneral of the Department, the President of the Council, the Chairman of Standing Committee III of the Council and the Permanent Observer of SWAPO to the United Nations. -114-

F. Other activities 716. The President of the Council attended and addressed the World Mass Media Leaders Round-Table on Namibia held by the Department of Public Information in Manila from 12 to 14 May 1983. 717. The Department of Public Information held seminars on the role of transnational corporations in South Africa and Namibia at Sheffield (United Kingdom) from 1 to 2 November 1982, at Geneva from 9 to 10 November 1982 and at Montreal (Canada) from 10 to 12 December 1982. 718. The 1983 United Nations fellowship programme, organized by the Department of Public Information for educators from Africa, North America, and the Middle East, was held from 23 April to 6 May 1983. The programme included a lecture on Namibia and discussions regarding incorporation of the subject into school curricula. 719. The annual graduate student intern programme organized by the Department of Public Information gave significant attention to United Nations activities concerning Namibia. 720. A short explanation of United Nations activities on Namibia has been included in the one-hour lecture tour given by the United Nations guides at Headquarters. During the period under review, several briefings on developments in Namibia were arranged for non-governmental and other organizations, and a variety of relevant materials on Namibia was distributed to the public. G. Dissemination of information by the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia 721. The Office of the Commissioner continued to serve as an additional source of information on the activities of the Council. It prepared the Namibia Bulletin, a quarterly review and analysis of events relating to Namibia that is published in English, French, Spanish and German. The Commissioner's Office also published Namibia in the News, a weekly newsletter. Both publications were widely distributed to Member States, non-governmental organizations and other parties and individuals interested in this subject. The Office of the Commissioner also gave briefings to support groups, student groups and individuals on the activities of the Council. 722. The Commissioner, in his capacity as Secretary-General of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, assisted the Council and the Department of Public Information in the preparation of materials for dissemination at the Conference. The Commissioner also assisted the Council in the organization of the journalists' encounter and participated in its proceedings. 723. The Office of the Commissioner also assisted the Council in the following activitiess (a) Publication and dissemination of booklets, brochures and pamphlets dealing with political, economic, military, social and legal matters, as well as the question of the territorial integrity of Namibial (b) Placement of advertisements in major newspapers for special activities of the Councill -115-

(c) Production of a comprehensive economic map of Namibia on the scale of ls,000,000, with the assistance of FAO and the Cartographic Unit of the United Nations, and dissemination of existing United Nations maps of Namibiap (d) Preparation of an indexed reference book on transnational corporations operating in Namibial (e) Aquisition, translation, reproduction and distribution of United Nations and non-United Nations materials; (f) Dissemination of films, film-strips and slide sets on Namibia. 724. In addition, the Office of the Commissioner distributed some 10,000 information kits on Namibia at the International Conference in Paris and made arrangements for the production of another 15,000 kits for world-wide distribution. -116-

X. UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR NAMIBIA A. Establishment of the Fund, general developments and sources of financing 1. Establishment of the Fund 725. By its resolutions 2679 (XXV) of 9 December 1970 and 2872 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, the General Assembly decided to establish a United Nations Fund for Namibia. Its decision was based on the consideration that, having terminated South Africa's mandate to administer the Territory and having itself assumed direct responsibility for Namibia until independence, the United Nations had incurred a solemn obligation to assist the people of the Territory in their struggle for independence and, to that end, should provide them with comprehensive assistance. 726. Since the Fund became operative in 1972, the programmes of assistance have been continuously expanded by the General Assembly on the recommendations of the United Nations Council for Namibia and the Security Council. In 1975, the Fund became the vehicle for financing the United Nations Institute for Namibia and a special account was approved by the Assembly under resolution 33/182 C of 21 December 1978 for financing the Nationhood Programme for Namibia, established pursuant to Assembly resolution 31/153 of 20 December 1976. The Fund is thus now composed of three separate accounts; (a) the General Account for educational, social and relief activities; (b) the Trust Fund for the Institutel and (c) the Trust Fund for the Nationhood Programme. 727. Until 1973, the Council acted only in an advisory capacity to the Secretary- General as regards the administration and supervision of the Fund. On 12 December 1973 the General Assembly, by resolution 3112 (XXVIII), appointed the Council itself trustee of the Fund. The guidelines for the orientation, management and administration of the Fund were approved by the Assembly in its resolution 31/151 of 20 December 1976. 2. Sources of financing 728. It is the task of the Council, the Secretary-General and the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia to mobilize the resources for the financing of the Fund. 729. Voluntary contributions are the major source of financing of the Fund. The Assembly has appealed to Governments and their respective national organizations and institutions for voluntary contributions to the Fund, and for special contributions earmarked for the Institute and the Nationhood Programme. By its resolution 37/233 E, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the President of the Council to intensify appeals to Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and individuals for generous voluntary contributions to the Fund. Furthermore, the Assembly called upon the specialized agencies and other organizations and bodies of the United Nations system to participate in the Nationhood Programme, inter alia, by allocating funds from their own financial resources for the implementation of the projects approved by the Council. -117-

730. Since the Fund was established in 1970, the General Assembly has each year authorized as an interim measure an allocation from the regular budget to help implement the Fund's programme. Thus, by resolution 37/233 E, the Assembly decided as a temporary measure to allocate $US 1 million to the Fund in 1983 from the regular budget. 731. UNDP finances assistance projects for Namibia and has for that purpose established an indicative planning figure for Namiba. In 1980, the Governing Council of UNDP set a figure of $US 7,750,000 for Namibia for the 1982-1986 indicative planning cycle, of which $US 4,262,500, or 55 per cent, has been made available for programming. With an uncommitted balance of $US 3,637,000 from the 1977-1981 cycle, the total resources available for Namibia now amount to $US 7,899,500. 732. The Vice-Chairman and Rapporteur of the Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia and the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia carried out fund-raising activities during the period under review to ensure the financing of the activities of the Institute, the Nationhood Programme and other programmes financed from the Fund. 733. Through its three accounts, the Fund received the following income in 1982 and the first six months of 1983 (figures are in United States dollars): 1982 1983 January-June General Account 1 893 963 1 407 261 Trust Fund for the United Nations Institute for Namibia 2 235 409 3 587 812 Trust Fund for the Nationhood Programme 1432834 863378 Total 5 562 206 5 858 751 734. The pledges and contributions to the Fund for 1982 and the first six months of 1983 are shown in tables 1 and 2 below. -118-

Table I United Nations Fund for Namibia: pledges and contributions for 1982 (United States dollars) Trust Fund Trust Fund for the General Account for the Institute Nationhood Proqramme Pledges Collections Pledges Collections Pledges Collections Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas Brazil Canada China Cyprus Democratic Yemen Denmark Eqypt Finland France Germany, Federal Republic of Greece Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Kuwait Liberia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Panama Fbilippines Republic of Korea Suriname Sweden Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Venezuela Viet Nam Zimbabwe 6393352841670010005000 20 000 225 500 55 054 158 333 4 500 4 400 500 4 902 t0 000 )0 000 3 000 5 000 ;7 209 3 696 300010002000 1 000 149315002000 1 000) b/ 5 500 4 093 1670010005000 20 000 225 55 054 158 333 4 500 4 400 4 500 a/ 4 902 10 000 00 000 3000500034084a/ 3 696 300010002000 1 000 5 500 10 000 165 289 225 238 095 3 000 176 173 124 167 33 228 5 500 2 000 4 902 9 486 210 000 77 519 200 000 50o 50 000 1 000 670 535 1 000 10 000 165 289 225 238 095 3 000 176 173 15 408 72 340 5 500 4 902 210 000 46 459 200 000 5oo 50 000 1 000 670 535 10 000 225 119 048 444 444 2 000 4 902 166 667 1 000 20 000 225 119 048 789 795 4 902 166 667 1 000 Total 538189 546987 19826191869426 748286 1101637 a/ Includes payment of pledges from earlier years. b/ Adjustment to a pledge from an earlier year. -119-

Table 2 United Nations Fund for Namibia: pledges and contributions as of 30 June 1983 (United States dollars) Trust Fund Trust Fund for the General Account for the Institute Nationhood Programme Pledges Collections Pledges Collections Pledges Collections Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Barbados Canada Chile China Cyprus Denmark c/ Fqypt Finland France Germany, Federal Republic of Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kuwait Liberia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Panama Republic of Korea Sweden Trinidad and Tobaqo Tunisia Turkey United States of America Venezuela Yugoslavia Zimbabwe 5 000 1 282 69 258 16 700 500 1 300 30 000 203 55 679 44 118 4 500 2 000 1 000 c/ 400040006859 .0000200030005000103573278 3 000 1 000 1 500 3 582 a/ 69 258 16 700 500 1 300 30 000 55 679 38 961 4 500 2 000 1 000 aJ 4 000 4 000 100030004984 3 278 3 000 1 000 1 493 a/ 20 000 162 602 203 440 591 167 038 (21 226) 66 667 5 500 6 859 8 571 210 000 71 429 352 113 1 000 540 541 990 000 1 000 158 473 167 038 b/ 90 909 65 679 2 000 7 334 349 541 525 079 5 000 a/ 203 65 646 10 000 408 999 (1 000) ci 6 959 281 690 d/ 490 000 Total 406594 318295 30028881861053 772396 641819 a/ Includes payment of pledges from earlier years. b/ Reflects net effect $US 124,167 to prior pledqe. of 1983 pledge of $US 102,941 and adjustment of c/ Adjustment to pledges from earlier years. d/ Includes pledge from an earlier year. -120- 10 000 379 081 1 000 a/ 251 738

3. Main areas of assistance 735. Within its overall terms of reference, the Fund's activities were streamlined in 1978 and 1979 and are now concentrated in three main programmes: (a) the Nationhood Programme; (b) the United Nations Institute for Namibia; and (c) educational, social and relief assistance. 736. The Nationhood Programme was launched by the General Assembly to mobilize the specialized agencies and other organizations and bodies within the United Nations system to provide assistance in support of the nationhood of Namibia in the form of a consolidated and comprehensive assistance programme. 737. The Institute was established by the Council with the endorsement of the General Assembly, as a specific institution to undertake research, training, planning and related activities with special reference to the struggle for freedom and the establishment of an independent State of Namibia. 738. While the two above-mentioned programmes have been set up with particular reference to the future attainment of independence, the establishment of State machinery and the assumption of administrative responsibilities by Namibians, the third programme, the educational, social and relief assistance, gives particular emphasis to the immediate, present-day needs and welfare of Namibians in the struggle for independence. In accordance with the Council's decision, assistance in this area is administered, to the extent possible, through individual projects. 739. Expenditures from the Fund on behalf of the three programmes in 1982 and during the first six months of 1983 were as follows (figures are in United States dollars): 1982 1983 January-June Nationhood Programme 2 051 654 76 240 United Nations Institute for Namibia 4 442 184 1 627 410 Educational, social and relief assistance 2 259 136 476 672 Total 8 752 974 2 180 322 B. Nationhood Programme for Namibia 1. Launching of the Programme 740. By its resolution 31/153, the General Assembly decided to launch, in support of the nationhood of Namibia, a comprehensive assistance programme within the United Nations system covering the present period of struggle for independence and the initial years of independence. By the same resolution, the Assembly called upon the Council to elaborate, in consultation with SWAPO, the guidelines and policies for such a programme and to direct and co-ordinate its implementation. -121-

741. The projects of the Nationhood Programme fall into three broad categories: (a) pre-independence projects; (b) transitional projectsi and (c) post-independence projects. The projects currently under way cover various economic and social fields addressing key problems of Namibian development under the following sectoral framework: (a) Productive sectors, including mining, industries, fisheries and agriculture; (b) Physical infrastructure and services, including trade, transport and communications, energy and water and land resources; (c) Social infrastructure and administration, including labouri education; information; health, nutrition and social servicesi housing, building and land use planning; economic planning; public administration; and the judicial system. 742. In designing the projects, careful consideration is given to the special conditions under which the Nationhood Programme is being implemented during the present period of struggle for independence. Assistance to a country which is still under colonial domination and for which the United Nations has assumed direct responsibility requires an approach somewhat different from that of conventional technical assistance to independent countries. Implementation of the projects is made difficult by the general unavailability of reliable socio-economic data on Namibia. It is further complicated by the lack of access to the Territory owing to the illegal South African occupation. The training aspects of the projects require special attention because of the scarcity of educational opportunities for Namibians under South African rule. 2. Implementation of the Programme 743. The Nationhood Programme consists of two major components: (a) manpower training programmes for Namibians; and (b) surveys and analyses of the Namibian economy and social sectors, including identification of development tasks and policy options. Under the first component, fellowships and group training opportunities in various economic and social fields have been made available to several hundred Namibians. Training has also been provided for Namibian participants in courses and seminars held in Zambia and other African countries. The number of international experts and consultants employed by the various executing agencies in the pre-independence phase of the Programme is expected to exceed 68 for a total of more than 480 man-months. To assist in the implementation of the Programme, SWAPO, in June 1981, established a Committee on the Nationhood Programme to streamline procedures in general and to review the current projects. Training programmes 744. During 1982 and the first half of 1983 Namibians took training courses at various institutions in a number of countries. Several new training activities were initiated during this period: one group of students embarked on the fourth phase of training in the administration of public enterprises, while another group commenced training in development planning. Students commenced studies in railway operations and in the mining industry, as well as in maritime economics and -122- management. A group of disabled Namibians began remedial training to be followed by basic trades training. Training continued for Namibians in the fields of agricultural economics, pre-engineering in preparation for mining engineering studies, statistics, aircraft maintenance, air traffic control, pilot training and tax administration. 745. Since the inception of the Programme, students have completed training in the fields of industrial development, food distribution, labour administration and legislation, land use, human settlements development, development planning, radio programme production, public enterprises management, rural development, soil survey and land evaluation and immigration procedures. Students have also attended seminars in cargo handling and port management, and Namibian women have undertaken writing and journalism courses as well as study tours to various African countries. Altogether over 200 Namibians have been trained or are being trained under the Programme. The United Nations Institute for Namibia continues to be a major source of candidates for training. 746. Other students are being selected and prepared for future training in key areas such as mining, fisheries management, agriculture, railway operations, electricity supply, teacher training, financial management, public administration, water supply and aeronautical information services. 747. The establishment of the United Nations Vocational Training Centre for Namibia in Angola experienced some delays during the reporting period, but the Centre is expected to become fully operational by the end of 1983. The Centre will provide vocational instruction to Namibians who have completed only primary education and who have limited access to opportunities for further training. The Centre began offering preparatory training in the English language, mathematics and basic sciences in December 1981 and basic trades training in 1982. Approximately 100 students are currently working at the site and it is expected that 100 students will be enrolled each year when the Centre becomes fully operational. The construction has almost been completed. The fourth meeting of the Governing Board was held in Luanda in May 1983 with the participation of the Council, and a visit to the site was arranged. 748. Efforts to provide in-service training for students who have completed their studies in some of the above areas have been successful. Currently, students are undergoing or have completed in-service training in the fields of transnational corporations, railway operations and mining, and action is being taken to place other students in suitable positions in fields such as fisheries management, soil survey and land evaluation, labour administration, radio programme production and equipment maintenance. 749. The Committee on the Fund approved a project drawn up by the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, in consultation with SWAPO, to provide preparatory training in the English language, mathematics, natural and social sciences and physical education for 100 Namibians. This course of instruction will prepare them to follow more specialized training courses such as those provided for under the Nationhood Programme training projects. The Government of Zambia has kindly agreed to make the necessary teaching facilities available. -123-

Sectoral surveys and analyses 750. Except for a preliminary study and development plan for the use of Namibia's water resources for agriculture, all the surveys and analyses envisaged since the inception of the Nationhood Programme have been completed or will be completed by the end of 1983. Final reports in the fields of transport, health and land use and human settlements have already been received by the Council. Draft reports which await finalization have been prepared in the fields of mineral resources and mining, transnational corporations and labour legislation. Draft reports which have been prepared and await further discussion have been submitted in the fields of agrarian reform, maritime training and harbour survey, civil aviation, telecommunications, energy, protection of food supplies, public administration systems, water resources, land suitability (technical report only) and the criminal justice system. A report on agricultural education will be submitted shortly. Comprehensive document on economic planning in Namibia 751. With the completion of the four sectoral planning workshops which the Commissioner organized at the request of the Council for the further development of the Nationhood Programme, the Council has assigned high priority to the task of preparing a comprehensive document on all aspects of economic planning in an independent Namibia. 752. By paragraph 17 of its resolution 37/233 E, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Institute for Namibia, in co-operation with SWAPO, the Office of the Commissioner and UNDP, to prepare such a document and requested the SecretaryGeneral, through the Office of the Commissioner, to provide substantive support to that end. 753. Preparations are under way to have a project approved for this purpose in the framework of the Nationhood Programme. 3. Administration and management 754. The Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia, within its overall terms of reference, formulates and reviews policies related to the Nationhood Programme, reviews the reports of the Commissioner and makes appropriate recommendations to the Council on all matters relating to the Programme. The Office of the Commissioner serves as the co-ordinating authority for the Nationhood Programme under the direction of the Committee on the Fund. 755. At its 369th meeting, on 16 December 1981, the Council decided to streamline the administration of the Programme by authorizing the Committee to approve new projects under the Nationhood Programme and the General Account of the Fund and to approve project revisions, unless the Committee decided to refer the decisions to the Council (see A/AC.131/L.243). 756. The United Nations Institute for Namibia is the implementing agency, on behalf of the Council, for 12 projects, thus giving it a role similar to that of a government implementing agency in standard UNDP procedures. In addition, the Institute is involved in the implementation of a number of projects in the present group of pre-independence projects. -124-

4. Financing 757. The total cost of the projects currently under way is as followss Percentage United States dollars Project costs Executing agencies support costs 96.2 3.8 100.0 11 886 563 467 397 12 353 960 758. The total cost of projects already completed is as follows: Percentage United States dollars Project costs Executing agencies support costs 93.0 7.0 100.0 1 913 470 143 380 2 056 850 759. Of the total cost of the projects in both categories, more than two thirds is covered by the Fund, about a fifth by UNDP and the remainder by the executing agencies, as indicated below; Percentage United States dollars United Nations Fund for Namibia UNDP Executing agencies 70.2 22.6 7.2 100.0 10 111 330 3 260 110 1 039 370 14 410 810 760. The cost of each project and the corresponding sources of financing are shown in table 3 below. 761. The total expenditure and remittance to executing agencies to cover the cost of Nationhood Programme projects were, respectively, $US 2,051,654 and $US 540,356 in 1982 and $US 76,240 and $US 883,750 in the first six months of 1983. As indicated in tables 4 and 5 below, the total income of the Trust Fund for the Nationhood Programme was $US 1,432,834 in 1982 and $US 863,678 in the first six months of 1983. -125-

Table 3 Nationhood Proqramme for asmibia: project costs and sources of financing (United States dollars) Costs Sources Agency Agency's Fund Project support Total own for Executing agencies and project title budget costs 1/ costs funds UNDP Namibia NAM/79/001 NAM/79/011 NAM/79/012 NAM/79/013 NAM/79/015 NAM/78/001 NAM/79/026 NAM/79/027 NAM/79/028 NAM/79/029 NAM/79/030 NAM/79/017 NAM/78/007 NAM/78/008 NAM/82/003 A?/78/005 NAM/78/003 NAM/79/003 NAM/79/004 NAM/79/014 NAM/78/004 NAM/79/021 NAM/79/022 NAM/82/004 NAM/83/003 Department of Technical Co-operation for Development (DTCD) Mineral fellowships Energy survey Electricity fellowships Water resources survey Water fellowships Workshops on socio-economic policies Statistical unit / Public administration system plans b/ Public administration fellowships b/ Reform of criminal justice system bControl of economic crime I LO Training labour administrators Labour legislation Vocational training centre Rehabilitation of war victims FAO Fisheries policy options Fisheries fellowships Agricultural education b Agrarian reform t/ Water development for aqriculture Potential and suitability It/ Food and nutrition fellowships Protection of food supplies b/ Evaluation of NAM/79/033 Satellite imagery studies UNESCO NAM/82/009 Teacher education traininQ t/ NAM/79/020 Communications training and equipment NAM/79/008 Civil aviation adviser NAM/79/009 Civil aviation fellowships WMO NAM/79/015 Meteorology fellowships IMO NAM/79/007 Maritime training and harbour survey 318 160 67 250 40 000 40 500 21 800 38 900 154 820 82 223 32 500 134 460 112 500 1 043 113 221 820 71 930 4 488 260 579 060 5 361 070 41 370 8 740 5 600 3 100 20 220 11 017 4 230 17 630 14 630 126 537 28 840 85 890 60 910 175 640 359 530 75 990 45 600 40 500 24 900 38 900 175 040 93 240 3F 730 152 090 127 130 1 169 650 250 660 71 930 c/ 4 574 150 639 970 5 536 710 252 000 -- 252 000 35 030 -- 35 030 21 300 -- c/ 21 300 119 500 -- 1 119 500 163 500 -- c/ 163 500 231 300 -- c/ 231 300 355 520 -- c/ 355 520 128 600 -- 129 600 20 000 -- 20 000 90 000 e/ -- 90 000 1 416 750 -- 1 416 750 198 000 1 004 190 1 202 190 57 600 711 740 769 340 --S/ 198 000 -- c/ 1 004 190 -- 1 202 190 8 070 92 550 100 620 40 500 40 500 639 970 d/ 639 970 20 000 20 000 82 300 50 000 132 300 38 900 38 900 71 930 2 161 260 2 233 190 252 000 35 030 231 300 518 330 65 670 804 290 869 960 89300 12500 101800 -- 114 460 -- 114 460 359 530 75 990 45 600 24 900 175 040 93 240 3; 730 152 090 127 130 1 090 250 250 660 2 412 890 2 663 550 21 300 119 500 163 500 355 520 128 600 90 000 878 420 115 700 954 190 1 069 890 65 670 804 290 869 960 -- 101 800 -- 114 460 -126-

Table 3 (continued) Executing agencies and project title Costs Agency Project support Total budqet costs a/ costs NAM/79/010 Telecommunications plans UNCTAD NAM/78/006 Fxternal economic policies b/ ECA NAM/79/006 Transport fellowships 57500 7480 64980 253 000 -- c/ 253 000 341950 44620 UNCTC NAM/82/006 Transnational corporations (Phase I) 185 000 -International Centre for Public Enterprises in Developing Countries NAM/82/007 Training in development planning b/ NAM/82/008 Public enterprises management (Phase IV) V/ 386 570 185 000 154 220 f/ -- 154 220 176 370 f/ -- 176 370 330 590 -- 330 590 .... 64 980 -- 253 000 ....- 396 570 .... 185 000 .... 154 220 .... 176 370 -- -- 330 590 Office of the Commissioner NAM/82/001 Clerical and transport support 414 000 NAM/83/001 Continuous remedial training 308 300 722 300 Subtotal 11 886 563 Completed projects Mineral survey (DTCD) Training in development planning (DTCD) Public enterprises manaoement course (Phase I) (DTCD) Public enterprises management course (Phase I) (DTCD) Food distribution training (FAO) Participation of women (UNESCO) Country health programme (WHO) Land use and human settlements (HABITAT) Human settlement development (HABITAT) b/ Clerical and transport support (Office of the Commissioner) Survey of rehabilitation needs (ILO) Industrial development traininq (UNIDO) Transport survey (ECA) Transnational corporations (UNCTC) Public enterprises manaaement course (Phase II) (DTCD) Construction and building materials (HABITAT) Subtotal 1 GRAND TOTAL 13 4 000 -- 4 000 46220 6470 52290 177400 24850 202250 166 780 23450 190230 90 000 -- 90 000 99 790 -- 99 790 45 600 -- 45 600 123110 17240 140350 127750 17420 145170 443 300 -- 443 300 2 500 -- 2 500 101 040 5 500 106 540 141500 19800 161300 124 400 -- 124 400 220390 28650 249040 90 q/ -- 90 913470 143380 2056850 800033 610777 14410810 4 000 90 000 45 600 -- 52 290 -- 202 250 -- 201 640 99 790 -- -- 140 350 -- 145 170 2 500 57 000 7 500 206 600 1 039 370 116 900 443 300 44 540 161 300 -- 24Q 040 -- 90 216690 1633560326011010111330 (Footnotes on following page) -127- Agency's own funds funds UNOP HamibIa Sources Fund for Namibia 414 000 308 300 722 300 12 353 960 467 397 832 770 414 000 308 300 722 300 8 477 770 3 043 420 NAM/78/009 NAM/79/025 NAM/79/034 NAM/81/002 NAM/79/033 SWP/78/004 NAf/7 8/010 NAM/79/023 NAMI/81/001 NAM/79/031 NAM/79/032 NAM/79/002 NAM/79/005 NAM/78/002 NAM/82/002 NAM/79/024 UWDP

(Footnotes to table 3) a/ In accordance with UNDP procedures, these figures do not show the normal support costs in UNDP-funded projects. Agency support costs shown for projects funded by the Fund for Namibia are specified in the project budget and exclude partially or fully waived overhead costs. W/ The United Nations Institute for Namibia is the implementing agency. _ Agencies have waived support costs for these projects. d_/ Multilateral funding. e/ This project provides background material in the form of satellite imagery for the preparation of a comprehensive economic map of Namibia, which is a separate project of the Council and is within the programme of work of its Standing Committee III. f/ The Office of the Commissioner is the executing agency for the preparatory training at the United Nations Institute for Namibia. _/ Project cancelled. -128-

Table 4 United Nations Fund for Namibia: Trust Fund Programme for Namibia for the Nationhood (United States dollars) I. Income and expenditure for 1982 INCOME Pledged contributions Public donations Subventions Interest income Miscellaneous income TOTAL INCOME EXPENDITURE Staff and other personnel cost Travel Contractual services Operating expenses Acquisitions Fellowships, grants, other Subtotal Programme support costs TOTAL EXPENDITURE EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 748 286 1 000 11 500 594 641 77 407 1 432 834 425 767 64 993 418 000 204 602 79 143 739 499 1 932 004 119 650 2 051 654 ( 618 820) II. Statement of assets and liabilities as at 31 December 1982 ASSETS Cash Pledged contributions unpaid Accounts receivable Operating funds provided to executing agencies Due from United Nations general fund TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Accounts payable Unliquidated obligations Reserve for allocations TOTAL LIABILITIES FUND BALANCE Balance available I January 1982 Adds Transfer from reserves Add: Excess of income over expenditure Balance available 31 December 1982 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCE 670 009 7 000 38 669 4 752 444 22 567 5 490 689 283 435 410 3 282 272 3 717 965 1 851 188 540 356 (618 820) 1 772 724 5 490 689 -129-

Table 5 United Nations Fund for Namibia: Trust Fund for the Nationhood Programme (United States dollars) I. Income and expenditure for the six-month period ended 30 June 1983 INCOME Pledged contributions Subvent ions Interest income Miscellaneous income TOTAL INCOME EXPENDITURE Staff and other personnel costs Travel Operating expenses Acquisitions TOTAL EXPENDITURE EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE II. Statement of assets and liabilities as at 30 June 1983 772 396 90 000 1 213 69 863 678 47 611 6 335 21 644 650 76 240 a/ 787 438 ASSETS Cash Pledged contributions unpaid Accounts receivable Operating funds provided to executing agencies Due from United Nations General Fund TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Unliquidated obligations Reserve for allocations TOTAL LIABILITIES FUND BALANCE Balance available 1 January 1983 Add: Excess of income over expenditure Subtotal Less: Transfers to reserves Balance available 30 June 1983 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCE A/ Does not include expenditures for projects administered by receipt of accounting reports from UNDP. 226 077 77 708 29 639 5 550 957 11 709 5 896 090 53 656 4 166 022 4 219 678 1 772 724 787 438 2 560 162 (883 750) 1 676 412 5 896 090 UDNP pending -130-

C. United Nations Institute for Namibia 762. The Institute came into operation in 1976. Admission to the Institute is open to all persons of Namibian origin who fulfil the requirements established by the Senate of the Institute. Through its activities, the Institute helps to train skilled manpower for an independent Namibia. 763. The Institute is administered by a Senate. The Senate, which at present consists of 16 members, submits annual reports to the Council. The budget estimates of the Institute, approved by the Senate, are endorsed annually by the Council subject to the availability of financial resources. 764. In accordance with article 8 of its charter, 41/ the Institute is financed by the Council through the Fund, with the account of the Institute being maintained separately. Further financial assistance for the Institute is also provided by allocations from the UNDP indicative planning figure for Namibia and by UNHCR. 765. The Commissioner undertakes periodic fund-raising efforts for the Institute to ensure adequate financial resources for the implementation of its programme of work. However, during the period under review, the response of Member States and other donors in making voluntary contributions to finance the Institute was less than expected. At the same time the programmes and activities of the Institute expanded. 766. In 1983, the Institute had a student body of 422. The curriculum of the Institute has been expanded to include teacher training/upgrading courses, secretarial instruction and special preparatory courses in the English language, statistics and mathematics in view of the urgent need to train Namibians in those areas. 767. In January 1983, 62 students, the fourth group, graduated from the Institute with diplomas in management and development studies, thus bringing the total number of Institute graduates to 282. The Institute's diploma is underwritten by the University of Zambia. A group of 76 students has been graduated from the secretarial course and a new group of 86 students has been admitted to the course. 768. The Institute continues to undertake applied research in various fields. The research programme is intended to make available basic documentation for policy formulation by the future Government of an independent Namibia. A number of studies have been completed and published in the fields of manpower requirements and development implications, constitutional options, agrarian reform, a language policy for Namibia and a new legal system for an independent Namibia. Studies in the fields of health, education and mining, among others, have been completed and are due for publication. 769. During the period under review, the Institute made substantial progress in the preparation of a comprehensive reference book on Namibia covering aspects of the question of Namibia as considered by the United Nations since its inception, in accordance with the outline prepared by the Council. It was expected that the draft of the comprehensive reference book would be completed by June 1983. 770. By resolution 37/233 E, the General Assembly requested the Institute to prepare, in co-operation with SWAPO, the Office of the Commissioner and UNDP, a comprehensive study on all aspects of economic planning in an independent Namibia. In May 1983, an inter-agency meeting was held to consider the details of the study. A report will be submitted for the consideration of the Senate. -131-

771. At its 12th meeting, held at Lusaka on 23 and 24 January 1981, the Senate approved the appointment of a team to evaluate the training and research activities of the Institute. The report prepared by the evaluation team wa approved by the Senate at its 15th meeting, held on 24 and 25 August 1982, and was subsequently published. 772. The Namibian Extension Unit, established by the Institute to administer a distance education programme for Namibians whose access to formal education is limited, came into operation in November 1981. It currently serves some 40,000 Namibian adults and youths in Zambia and Angola. 773. The Unit is an autonomous body within the Institute and has its own Board of Project Management, of which the Chairman of the Institute is Director. The Commissioner or his representative is also a member of the Board. The Institute administers the Unit's funds in accordance with United Nations financial regulations. The Unit submits an annual report to the Senate of the Institute. 774. The total expenditure of the Institute was $US 4,442,184 in 1982 and SUS 1,627,410 in the first six months of 1983. At the same time, the total income (from various sources) of the Trust Fund for the Institute within the United Nations Fund for Namibia was $US 2,235,409 in 1982 and $US 3,587,812 in the first six months of 1983. Detailed information on the Trust Fund for the Institute is given in tables 6 and 7 below. -132-

Table 6 United Nations Fund for Namibia: Trust Fund for the United Nations Institute for Namibia (United States dollars) I. Income and expenditure for 1982 INCOME Pledged contributions Public donations Subventions Interest income Miscellaneous income TOTAL INCOME EXPENDITURE Staff and other personnel costs Travel Contractual services Operating expenses Acquisitions Fellowships, grants, other TOTAL EXPENDITURE EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE II. Statement of assets and liabilities as at 31 December 1 982 619 51 646 50 000 104 828 46 316 2 235 409 2 560 783 121 965 11 514 476 494 72 890 1 198 538 4 442 184 (2 206 775) 1982 ASSETS Cash Pledged contributions unpaid Accounts receivable Deferred charges and other assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Accounts payable Unliquidated obligations Due to United Nations General Fund TOTAL LIABILITIES FUND BALANCE Balance available 1 January 1982 Add: Excess of income over expenditure Balance available 31 December 1982 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCE 18 169 202 281 177 951 3 639 402 040 13 849 193 382 75 023 282 254 2 326 561 (2 206 775) 119 786 402 040 -133-

Table 7 United Nations Fund for Namibia: Trust Fund for the United Nations Institute for Namibia (United States dollars) I. Income-and expenditure for the six-month Period ended 30 June 1983 Pledged contributions Public donations Subventions Interest income TOTAL INCOME EXPENDITURE Staff and other personnel costs Travel Contractual services Operating expenses Acquisitions Fellowships, grants, other TOTAL EXPENDITURE EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE II. Statement of assets and liabilities as at 30 June 1983 ASSETS Cash Pledged contributions unpaid Accounts receivable Deferred charges and other assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Unliquidated obligations Due to United Nations General Fund TOTAL LIABILITIES FUND BALANCE Balance available 1 January 1983 Add: Excess of income over expenditure Balance available 30 June 1983 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCE 941 253 1 325 904 18 799 9 000 2 294 956 147 286 67,482 214 768 119 786 1 960 402 2 080 188 2 294 956 -134- INCOME 3 002 888 97 545 484 459 2 920 3 587 812 992 351 56 895 5 200 128 153 443 444. 368 1 627 410 1 960 402 . T ......

D. Educational, social and relief assistance 775. Educational, social and relief assistance is administered by the Commissioner's Office. The main activity in this category is the Namibian scholarship programme, which provides educational assistance to Namibians. The General Account of the Fund is also used to finance vocational and technical training; to provide assistance in the fields of health and medical care, nutrition and social welfare; to acquire books and periodicals for Namibian refugee camps and SWAPO offices; and to facilitate the attendance of Namibian representatives at international seminars, meetings and conferences. 1. Scholarship programme 776. During the period 1 July 1982 to 30 June 1983, 49 new awards were made and 26 students completed their courses. Taking into account the new awards as well as those still active from previous periods, 126 awards were being used as of 1 July 1983. The various fields of study in 13 countries were as follows: Country Australia Algeria Botswana Courses Number of students Urban studies and planning Primary education Business administration Geography Business education Administration Engineering Political science United Kingdom United Republic of Cameroon Liberal arts, education, political science, social science, chemistry, secretarial science, primary and secondary education, public administration, technical communications, business law and economics Business education -135- Canada Congo Egypt Norway Sweden

Country Courses Number of students United States Liberal arts, education, economics, public and business administration, law, biology, political science, medicine, nursing, chemistry, agriculture, electronics, secretarial science, health services administration and secondary education 85 Zambia Primary, secondary and vocational education, journalism, planning and management and rural development 8 Zimbabwe Medicine and agriculture 2 777. By paragraph 18 of its resolution 37/233 E, the General Assembly requested the Council to carry out a study of the educational needs of the Namibian population. In that context, a consultant has been engaged to undertake an evaluation of the scholarships awarded under the United Nations Fund for Namibia in order to establish ways and means of increasing the effectiveness of these scholarships. The consultant will also examine the possibility of increasing the number of scholarship awards that will be made tenable in Africa. 2. Training projects 778. As requested by the Committee on the Fund, all new training activities under the Fund were constituted as projects. During the period under review, six projects were financed by the General Account: individual scholarships were provided to 28 graduates of the United Nations Institute for Namibia through a specially designed project; 21 Namibians continued to receive in-service and refresher training in broadcasting (it is expected that the number will be increased to 37); 100 students received vocational training in such specialized fields as teacher training, electricity and water supply, agriculture, weaving, photography, auto mechanics and sewing; four trainees undertook degree or diploma courses in journalism and communications; 20 Namibians began training in cinematography and video techniques; and educational materials were provided to Namibian students in SWAPO schools. 3. Social and relief assistance 779. The Fund also provides medical care, social services and relief aid to Namibians. During the period under review, assistance was provided to 15 individual Namibians in need of emergency medical treatment and other forms of humanitarian assistance. -136-

4. Emerqency assistance 780. The sum of $US 100,000 was made available from the Fund for emergency assistance to be allocated by the Commissioner. The field offices of the Commissioner's Office were given $US 5,000 each from these emergency funds as an imprest to be used in accordance with the approved guidelines for the funds. In addition, a contribution of $US 10,000 was made to the OAU Bureau for the Placement and Education of African Refugees in support of its programmes to aid African refugees, including Namibians. A further $US 10,000 was given to the Government of Botswana to alleviate the situation in the Dukwe refugee camp; $US 8,228 was used for the shipment of clothes to Namibians and for the travel expenses of Namibian teachers; and $US 6,187 was used to finance the participation of the President of SWAPO and his advisers in the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. 5. Books and periodicals 781. Subscriptions to various publications on Namibia and southern Africa as well as books and library materials were made available to Namibian refugee camps and to SWAPO offices. 6. Representation 782. Funds were provided to facilitate the attendance of 13 Namibians at 19 international seminars and conferences. 7. Financing 783. Expenditures on educational, social and relief assistance amounted to SUS 2,259,136 in 1982 and to $US 476,672 during the first six months of 1983. The total income of the General Account of the Fund was $US 1,893,963 in 1982 and $US 1,407,261 during the first six months of 1983. Detailed information on the General Account is presented in tables 8 and 9 below. -137-

Table 8 United Nations Fund for Namibia: General Account (United States dollars) I. Income and expenditure for 1982 INCOME Pledged contributions Public donations Subventions Interest income Miscellaneous income TOTAL INCOME EXPENDITURE Staff and other personnel costs Travel Operating expenses Acquisitions Fellowships, grants, other TOTAL EXPENDITURE Excess of income over expenditure Add: Adjustments for prior period NET EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 538 189 1 176 1 000 000 224 326 130 272 1 893 963 268 734 23 649 476 972 268 950 1 220 831 2 259 136 (365 173) (50 000) (415 173) II. Statement of assets and liabilities as at 31 December 1982 ASSETS Cash Pledged contributions unpaid Accounts receivable Operating funds provided to executing agencies Deferred charges and other assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Accounts payable Unliquidated obligations Reserve for allocations Due to United Nations General Fund TOTAL LIABILITIES FUND BALANCE Balance available 1 January 1982 Add: Net excess of income over expenditure Less: Transfer to reserves Balance available 31 December 1982 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCE 1 338 596 39 855 Ill 292 633 286 91 616 2 214 645 91 616 735 867 410 140 14 796 1 252 419 1 710 244 (415 173) (332 845) 962 226 2 214 645 -138-

Table 9 United Nations Fund for Namibia: General Account (United States dollars) I. Income and expenditure for the six-month period ended 30 June 1983 INCOME Pledged contributions Public donations Subventions TOTAL INCOME EXPENDITURE Staff and other personnel costs Travel Operating expenses Acquisitions Fellowships, grants, other TOTAL EXPENDITURE EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 406 594 667 1 000 000 1 407 261 28 505 30 107 37 795 1 515 378 750 476 672 930 589 II. Statement of assets and liabilities as at 30 June 1983 ASSETS Cash Pledged contributions unpaid Accounts receivable Operating funds provided to executing agencies Due from United Nations General Fund TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Unliquidated obligations Reserve for allocations TOTAL LIABILITIES FUND BALANCE Balance available 1 January 1983 Adds Net excess of income over expenditure Less: Transfers to reserves Balance available 30 June 1983 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCE 1 119 530 122 007 107 866 806 216 1 187 234 3 342 853 1 039 898 582 047 1 621 945 962 226 930 589 (171 907) 1 720 908 3 342 853 -139-

E. Fund-raising missions 784. Several fund-raising missions were undertaken during the period under review. The Vice-Chairman and Rapporteur of the Committee on the Fund and the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia visited Western Europe and the Nordic countries. The Vice-Chairman and Rapporteur also undertook a fund- raising mission in Paris during the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence and continued fund-raising efforts with the permanent missions in New York. In addition, the Commissioner made trips to the Middle East and to Japan and Australia. 785. The missions visited Egypt. Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Qatar between 19 November and 5 December 1982; Austria, France, Belgium, the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy between 21 January and 3 February 1983; Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark between 14 and 17 February 1983; Japan and Australia between 25 February and 2 March 1983; France again between 25 and 29 April 1983; and Finland again on 2 May 1983. 786. In their discussions with representatives of the various Governments and of EEC, the missions explained the origin and purposes of the Fund and described the various projects being financed by the three accounts of which it is composed, as well as the financial status of the accounts. It also reviewed the priority projects for which new contributions were being sought. 787. In all the countries visited, the missions were received at a high political level. This provided a valuable opportunity to remind the Governments concerned of the pressing needs of the Namibian people and to clarify some important technical points. 788. The Governments visited were unanimous in their recognition of the need to prepare the Namibian people for independence. They expressed their continuing support for the Council's assistance programmes, emphasizing the need for continuity and co-ordination of assistance activities. The Governments further stressed the importance to the donor countries of thorough project evaluation. 789. The Government delegations expressed their appreciation for the regular contacts and consultations on the activities of the Fund and for the opportunity to receive up-dated information on the plans for future assistance, which would help determine their level of contribution. They emphasized that such visits were particularly useful because they offered an opportunity for a thorough exchange of views and information on many aspects of the Namibian situation. -140-

XI. ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSIONER FOR NAMIBIA A. General 790. By resolution 2248 (S-V), the General Assembly decided that the Council should entrust such executive and administrative tasks as it deemed necessary to the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia. The Assembly further decided that in the performance of his tasks the Commissioner should be responsible to the Council. 791. The programme of work of the Council, defined by General Assembly resolution 37/233 C, forms the basis and framework for the activities carried out by the Office of the Commissioner under the authority of the Council. (The Council's programme of work has been further elaborated in the proposed medium-term plan for the period 1984-1989; see A/37/6, chap. IV, sect. II.) 792. During the period under review, the Office of the Commissioner issued 1,778 new and renewed travel and identity documents in Africa, 14 in North America, 2 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1 in Western Europe and I in Asia and the Pacific. 793. The Office also continued to collect and analyse information relating to Namibia and closely followed internal political, economic and legal developments in South Africa concerning Namibia. 794. In early 1983 the Secretary-General appointed the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia as Secretary-General of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence. The report of the Conference has been issued under the symbol A/CONF.120/13. 795. In early 1983 the Commissioner was asked to provide services to the Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia. He appointed his Assistance Programmes Co-ordinator as Secretary of the Committee. B. Assistance to Namibians 796. The Office of the Commissioner administers the assistance programmes under the United Nations Fund for Namibia. The Fund has three major components: (a) the educational, social and relief activities under the General Account of the Fund: (b) the Nationhood Programme for Namibia; and (c) the United Nations Institute for Namibia. The substantive activities of the Fund have been described in the preceding chapter. The present section deals with the arrangements by which the Office of the Commissioner administers the various programmes under the Fund. 1. Educational, social and relief assistance 797. During the period under review, the Office of the Commissioner continued to co-ordinate and manage, in accordance with the approved guidelines for the administration of the United Nations Fund for Namibia, programmes of educational, social and relief assistance for Namibians. The Office of the Commissioner prepares project proposals for consideration by the Committee on the Fund and reports semi-annually to the Committee on the activities financed from the General Account of the Fund. A detailed report on these activities is included in paragraphs 775-783 above. -141-

798. Arrangements have been made for the Office of the Commissioner to administer the scholarship programme under the Fund. 2. Nationhood Programme for Namibia 799. The Office of the Commissioner is the co-ordinating authority for the implementation of the Nationhood Programme. 800. As co-ordinating authority, the Commissioner's Office has established and consolidated a framework of close and continuous working relations with SWAPO, the United Nations Institute for Namibia, OAU, UNDP, the specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system. 801. In accordance with decisions of the Council, the Commissioner has maintained consultations with UNDP concerning the administration of the Nationhood Programme through an arrangement reached in 1979 between UNDP and the Office of the Commissioner on the administration of the projects. According to the agreed guidelines, the transmission of funds from the United Nations Fund for Namibia to the executing agencies is effected by means of a "UNDP Trust Fund for the Nationhood Programme of the Fund for Namibia" establshed on 20 April 1979 by the Controller of the United Nations and delegated to the Administrator of UNDP. UNVP makes allocations and remittances to the executing agencies from this Fund to meet the project expenditures. 802. At its thirtieth session, held from 6 to 24 June 1983, the Governing Council of UNDP requested the Administrator, in consultation with the relevant executing agencies, to examine the feasibility and financial implications of waiving agency support costs in respect of projects financed from the United Nations Fund for Namibia, as called for by the General Assembly. 803. Furthermore, the Governing Council requested the Administrator and the executing agencies to treat contributions from the Fund as Government cash counterpart contributions, for which the agencies, in accordance with UNDP rules and regulations, charge support costs at only 3.5 per cent instead of the normal 13 per cent. 804. During the period under review, members of the Commissioner's Office conducted consultations regarding the implementation and evaluation of the Nationhood Programme with SWAPO, the United Nations Institute for Namibia and specialized agencies of the United Nations system. Further consultations were held with authorities of the institutions where Namibians are undergoing training. 805. The activities of the Nationhood Programme have continued to expand. Many consultants have been recruited and are working on or have completed their work on various sectoral survey projects, and trainees continue to be selected to benefit from the fellowships provided under the Programme. The consultants have been chosen for the remaining survey project under the Programme and only a few fellowships remain to be assigned. 806. Pursuant to paragraph 17 of General Assembly resolution 37/233 E, the Commissioner's Office engaged two consultants to carry out preparatory work on a comprehensive document on all aspects of economic planning in an independent Namibia. The Commissioner's Office was represented at the inter-agency meeting held by the United Nations Institute for Namibia in May 1983 in order to draw up a project document for the exercise. -142-

3. United Nations Institute for Namibia 807. The Office of the Commissioner is not directly involved in the administration of the Institute; however, it provides assistance to the Institute through its fund-raising activities and by serving in an advisory capacity as requested. The Commissioner is a member of the Senate of the Institute. 4. Fund-raising activities 808. During the period under review, the Office of the Commissioner carried out fund-raising activities to ensure the financing of the activities under the Fund (see paras. 784-789 above). C. Implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia 809. Since late 1974, the Council has undertake a number of activities with a view to promoting the implementation of the Decree. These activities include the hearings on Namibian uranium held in New York from 7 to 11 July 1980; 32/ the Seminar on Legal Issues Concerning the Question of Namibia, held at The Hague from 22 to 24 June 1981; the trade union seminar on the implementation of the Decree held in London on 29 and 30 June 1981; the Seminar on the Military Situation in and relating to Namibia, held at Vienna from 8 to 11 June 1982; and the International Seminar on the Role of Transnational Corporations in Namibia, held in Washington, D.C. from 28 November to 2 December 1982. The Director of the Commissioner's Office was a member of the panel which conducted the hearings on Namibian uranium and the Commissioner's staff provided extensive assistance to the Washington seminar. The conclusions of these hearings and seminars indicate that transnational corporations from certain Western and other countries continue to exploit the natural resources of Namibia in violation of the Decree and the relevant decisons and resolutions of the United Nations. 810. The Commissioner's Office has also commissioned, on behalf of the Council, reports and studies related to or in furtherance of the implementation of the Decree. 811. An overwhelming majority of States, with the exception of certain Western States and Israel, have been complying with the provisions of the Decree. With a view to securing universal implementation of the Decree, the Office of the Commissioner, in pursuance of the directives of the Council, undertook consultations during the review period with the Governments of Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany stated that it subscribed to the policy of free trade and hence could not place any restrictions on the commercial activities of its companies or nationals. The Government of Belgium, France, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States also indicated they had not banned trade with Namibia. 812. It may be noted, however, that in other cases these Governments have not hesitated to adopt legislation banning or restricting trade with other countries and to take measures for the enforcement of such legislation despite their proclaimed adherence to the principles of free trade. -143-

813. It should also be noted that the mission which the Council sent to the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany in June 1982, to contact the governing bodies of certain corporations operating in Namibia, was told by the representatives of the corporations that they were acting within the legal framework set by the Governments of their respective countries, and in that light they believed that their activities were not illegal (see A/AC.131/L.271). 814. The Office of the Commissioner has been concerned with the problem of implementing the Decree since its enactment in September 1974. By its resolutions 36/121 C of 10 December 1981 and 37/233 C of 20 December 1982 the General Assembly instructed the Council to "take all measures to ensure compliance with the provisions of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, including consideration of legal proceedings in the domestic courts of States and other appropriate bodies". In 1982, the Office of the Commissioner began the search for duly qualified lawyers in different countries to undertake feasibility studies in accordance with the guidelines established by Standing Committee II of the Council in document A/AC.131/L.254. 815. With a view to securing the names of suitable candidates, the Commissioner's Office sent out communications to the participants in the hearings on Namibian uranium, the seminar on legal issues and the seminar on the military situation. In addition, certain non-governmental organizations were also contacted and personal contacts made with a view to engaging qualified lawyers. 816. After obtaining recommendations from various sources, the Commissioner's Office proceeded to engage lawyers in those countries specified by Standing Committee II. Lawyers have been engaged in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States to undertake feasibility studies. 817. The Commissioner also assigned a senior officer from his office to speak on the implementation of Decree No. 1 at the national model United Nations held in New York from 29 March to 2 April 1983; at the eleventh annual conference in the Freidmann Series, held at the Columbia University Law School on 8 April 1983 on the topic of "Namibia under International Law"; and at a meeting held at the International Centre of Bergen Community College in Paramus (New Jersey) on 20 April 1983. D. Studies 818. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 37/233 E, the Office of the Commissioner is preparing a reference book on transnational corporations operating or investing in Namibia. The study is being conducted in three parts (North America, Western Europe and South Africa); the first draft of the section on North American companies has already been completed. The purpose of the study is to identify the commercial and investment practices of foreign companies in Namibia and the extent of their exploitation of Namibian resources. The study will present recommendations for future Council action. 819. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 37/233 E, as well as the recommendations put forward at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence (see para. 872 below), the Office is conducting a study on assistance to the front-line States. The resulting report will seek to identify the development difficulties of the countries concerned and the magnitude of assistance required as a consequence of the acts of military -144- aggression and economic destabilization by South Africa. It will recommend appropriate action in terms of technical and financial assistance by the international community to the countries of the region. 820. By its resolution 37/233 E, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Institute for Namibia, in co-operation with SWAPO, the Office of the Commissioner and UNDP, to prepare a comprehensive document on all aspects of economic planning in an independent Namibia. The Secretary-General was requested to provide substantive support for the preparation of the study through the Office of the Commissioner. Work is in progress on the preparation of the study. 821. In accordance with paragraph 18 of resolution 37/233 E, the Office of the Commissioner is carrying out a demographic study of the Namibian population. The purpose of the study is to analyse the demographic structure and socio- economic characteristics of the Namibian population, and to make size estimates and growth projections as the basis for the Council's assistance to Namibia. Work is in progress and the study is nearing completion. E. Participation in international conferences and meetings 822. During the period under review, the Commissioner participated in a number of international conferences and meetings. He attended the meeting of representatives of African States held at Tripoli in November 1982 and the nineteenth ordinary session of the OAU Assembly of Heads of State and Government, held at Addis Ababa from 6 to 12 June 1983. He also participated in the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi from 7 to 11 March 1983. 823. The Commissioner made a number of visits to the front-line States, stopping in Angola, Mozambique, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. The Commissioner also held consultations with the Governments of Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Sweden, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Arab Emirates and Yugoslavia. 824. The Commissioner and his staff held meetings with the Chairman of the SWAPO Committee on the Nationhood Programme in New York in August 1982 and again in August 1983 to review the various projects and programmes of assistance for Namibians. 825. As mentioned in paragraph 807 above, the Commissioner is a member of the Senate of the United Nations Institute for Namibia. He or his representative took part in the 15th meeting of the Senate, held in New York in August 1982, the 16th meeting, held at Lusaka in January 1983, and the 17th meeting, held in New York in August 1983. 826. The Commissioner is also a member of the Governing Board of the United Nations Vocational Training Centre for Namibia. He or his representative have participated in the four Governing Board meetings convened thus far, the most recent one having been held at Luanda from 3 to 6 May 1983. 827. The Commissioner or his representative participated in the twenty-ninth and thirtieth sessions of the UNDP Governing Council, and the meetings of the Executi ve Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. -15-

828. The Commissioner participated in the Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, held in Geneva from 1 to 12 August 1983. 829. As in the past, the Commissioner and his staff participated in meetings with a number of specialized agencies and other institutions which are executing projects in favour of Namibians. F. Offices of the Commissioner at Luanda. Lusaka and Gaborone 1. Luanda 830. The Office of the Commissioner at Luanda, which was opened on 26 August 1982, became fully operational on 21 January 1983 with the arrival of the Representative of the Commissioner. During the period under review it served as a focal point for liaison between the Office of the Commissioner in New York and the provisional headquarters of SWAPO in Luanda. It maintained close consultation with SWAPO on all matters of mutual concern within the context of relevant policies and decisions of the Council. 831. The Office assumed new responsibilities for the provision of assistance to Namibians when 17 ongoing Nationhood Programme projects, four projects under the General Account of the United Nations Fund for Namibia and a number of new project ideas were transferred to the Luanda Office from the Office at Lusaka. In the same connection, the Luanda Office facilitated the work of a consultant conducting a workshop for Namibian broadcasters and assisted in the placement of approximately 100 Namibians in training programmes in various countries. Furthermore, the Office participated in the fourth meeting of the Governing Board of the United Nations Vocational Training Centre for Namibia and undertook follow-up activities to ensure speedy implementation of the Centre's programme of training activities. During the period under review, several projects under the Nationhood Programme reached the stage of implementation. 832. In addition to servicing current programmes, the Luanda Office was actively involved in new initiatives aimed at meeting the long-term needs and aspirations of the Namibian people by, inter alia, appraising and preparing projects for implementation in consultation with SWAPO and the executing agencies concerned. In addition, the Office collaborated with UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF and the specialized agencies of the United Nations in working out an integrated approach to programmes of assistance for Namibians in Angola. In this connection, representatives of the Luanda Office undertook visits to the Namibian health and educational centres in order to assess the needs of Namibians there. 833. The Office also facilitated the travel and participation of SWAPO officials in international meetings and initiated negotiations with the Government of Angola regarding the issuance of United Nations Council for Namibia travel documents. 834. During the period under review, the Luanda Office undertook missions to the Congo to make arrangements for a training workshop to be held there under one of the Nationhood Programme projects. It also participated together with the Commonwealth Secretariat and SWAPO in a mission to evaluate a training programme for 30 Namibians in Malta. -146-

2. Lusaka 835. With the arrival of the new Regional Representative on 20 January 1983, the Office of the Commissioner at Lusaka was in a position to resume operation in its full capacity as a centre for the political and informational activities of the Commissioner in the region as well as an administrative office for the programmes of assistance under the United Nations Fund for Namibia. 836. During the period under review, the Lusaka Office continued to provide assistance to Namibians and to work closely with UNDP, UNHCR and the specialized agencies of the United Nations in co-ordinating all programmes of assistance for Namibians. The office also maintained liaison with the United Nations Institute for Namibia, which was the implementing agency for several Nationhood Programme projects and a source of supply of students for other assistance programmes of the United Nations system. The administrative support project established at the Office continued to provide services to project personnel in the form of office space, supplies, use of office vehicles and secretarial services. 837. With the transfer of some 17 Nationhood Programme projects and four projects under the General Account to the newly established Office in Luanda, approximately 22 Nationhood Programme projects and four projects under the General Account remained in Lusaka. The assistance programmes therefore continued to be a major preoccupation of the Lusaka Office. 838. In addition, the Office continued to provide support to executing agencies and consultants associated with the above-mentioned projects and co-ordinated the placement of a large number of Namibians for training in various countries. During the period under review eight consultancies were completed and relevant reports submitted. Some 69 fellowship recipients completed their training in various fields including labour administration, radio broadcasting, statistics, land use suitability and auto mechanics. In addition, 75 fellows were placed in institutions for training in such fields as cinematography, teacher education, public enterprise, management, development planning, hospital administration, tax administration and agriculture. Another 87 fellows were in various stages of placement for training in labour administration, radio equipment operation and maintenance, agriculture, public administration and medicine. 839. The Office also commenced negotiations with the Zambian Government in order to obtain facilities for a new project to be established near Lusaka. The project would provide remedial training in the English language, mathematics and basic sciences to Namibians in preparation for further training under the Nationhood Programme and other programmes available to them. 840. The Office also co-ordinated and participated in four seminars dealing with health and nutrition training, transnational corporations, mineral development and plans for telecommunications. It participated, together with the Office at Gaborone, in a meeting of officials and experts held by the ECA Multinational Programming and Operational Centre (MULPOC) at Mbabane, Swaziland, between 7 and 14 February 1983, to prepare the background work and draw up recommendations for the subsequent MULPOC ministerial meeting. 3. Gaborone 841. During the period under review, the Office of the Commissioner at Gaborone continued to monitor developments in southern Africa and to keep the New York Office informed of these developments. -147-

842. The Office maintained close contacts with the Government of Botswana, SWAPO, UNDP and UNHCR concerning the provision of assistance to Namibian refugees. The Office Representative undertook periodic visits to refugee settlements in order to assess the needs of Namibians. The Office also participated in discussions called by the Government to consider emergency measures to be taken to handle a sudden increase in the flow of refugees into Botswana, which could have resulted in a serious shortage of supplies at the Dukwe refugee settlement. 843. The Gaborone Office also continued to maintain contact with educational and other institutions in Botswana in connection with the implementation of Nationhood Programme projects. The Office provided administrative support to consultants conducting research in Botswana under the Nationhood Programme and assisted in the placement of Namibians in educational institutions. 844. The Office also assisted in administering the United Nations Institute for Namibia student secondment programme in respect of those students attached to the Botswana Government, of whom there were 19 during the period under review. The Office also assisted in the administration of the scholarship programme of the United Nations Fund for Namibia. The Office Representative visited a number of training institutions in the region to discuss the possibility of securing places for Namibian students in those institutions. Five Namibians were offered training in such fields as accountancy and journalism. Arrangements were made for four to be admitted to nursing studies and it was expected that three students would be placed in the University of Botswana to begin a degree programme. 845. The Office also participated in the MULPOC meeting of officials and experts held in February 1983 in Mbabane, Swaziland (see para. 840 above). -148-

XII. PARTICIPATION OF THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATION AS THE SOLE AND AUTHENTIC REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NAMIBIAN PEOPLE 846. SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people, has for many years led their heroic struggle for self-determination and genuine national independence. Through its courageous struggle against racist South Africa's colonial oppression and illegal occupation, under which the Namibian people have languished for many years, SWAPO has earned the recognition and respect of the international community and has received a standing invitation to participate as an observer in the work of the United Nations. 847. Accordingly, a SWAPO delegation led by Mr. Peter Mueshihange, Secretary for Foreign Relations, participated in the work of the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session. 848. A high-level delegation led by Mr. Sam Nujoma, President of SWAPO, also participated in meetings of the Security Council on the question of Namibia held between 23 May and 1 June 1983. 849. Representatives of SWAPO continued during the period under review to participate actively in the work of the United Nations Council for Namibia, its Steering Committee and other subsidiary bodies of the Council. 850. The Council continued to consult with SWAPO in the formulation and implementation of its programme of work as well as on other matters of interest to the Namibian people, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 37/233 C. 851. SWAPO representatives also co-operated and consulted with the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia at Headquarters and the Regional Offices in Africa, through which various assistance programmes for Namibians are being implemented. 852. The President of SWAPO led a high-level delegation to the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. The SWAPO delegation, as a member of the Bureau and the Drafting Committee, took an active part in the drafting of the Paris Declaration on Namibia adopted by the Conference and the Report and Programme of Action on Namibia adopted by the Committee of the Whole (see para. 872 below). A delegation of SWAPO also attended the workshop for non- governmental organizations held on 30 April 1983 at the conclusion of the Conference. 853. SWAPO representatives participated in the organization of the Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America, held in San Josi, Costa Rica from 16 to 19 August 1983 (see paras. 526-576 above). 854. The representatives of SWAPO continued to participate in the Council's missions of consultation with Governments of States Members of the United Nations and in delegations of the Council to meetings of the specialized agencies of the United Nations and other international organizations and conferences. 855. During the period under review, the Council continued to consult with SWAPO on requests for financial contributions by non-governmental organizations. -149-

PART THREE ORGANIZATION AND DECISIONS OF THE COUNCIL I. ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK OF THE COUNCIL A. Establishment of the Council 856. The Council, as established under General Assembly resolution 2248 (S-V), consisted of 11 members, and was subsequently enlarged pursuant to Assembly resolutions 3031 (XXVII) of 18 December 1972, 3295 (XXIX) of 13 December 1974 and 33/182 A of 21 December 1978. The Council now consists of the following 31 members: Algeria, Angola, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Chile, China, Colombia, Cyprus, Egypt, Finland, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Liberia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Senegal, Turkey, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Republic of Cameroon, Venezuela, Yugoslavia and Zambia. B. Presidency of the Council 857. At its 394th meeting, on 3 January 1983, the Council re-elected Mr. Paul J. F. Lusaka of Zambia as its President for 1983. At the same meeting, the Council elected Messrs. Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria), Noel G. Sinclair (Guyana), Natarajan Krishnan (India), A. Coskun Kirca (Turkey) and Ignac Golob (Yugoslavia) as Vice-Presidents of the Council for 1983. C. Steering Committee 858. The Steering Committee of the Council consists of the President of the Council, the five Vice-Presidents, the Chairmen of the three Standing Committees and the Vice-Chairman and Rapporteur of the Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia. D. Standing Committees 859. At its 112th meeting, on 5 January 1983, Standing Committee I re-elected Mr. Tommo Monthe (United Republic of Cameroon) as its Chairman and Mr. Tuluy Tanc as its Vice-Chairman. 860. At its 103rd meeting, on 5 January 1983, Standing Committee II re-elected Mr. Khalid Mahmood (Pakistan) as its Chairman and Mrs. Famatta Rose Osode (Liberia) as its Vice-Chairman. 861. At its 96th meeting, on 5 January 1983, Standing Committee III re-elected Mr. Georgy Denichin (Bulgaria) as its Chairman and Mr. Jorge Eduardo Chen Charpentier as its Vice-Chairman. -150-

862. The composition of the Standing Committees at 1 January 1983 was as follows: Standing Committee I Standing Committee II Standing Committee III Algeria, China, Colombia, Finland, Haiti, Indonesia, Nigeria, Poland, Senegal, Turkey, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Republic of Cameroon, Venezuela, Zambia. Angola, Australia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Cyprus, Finland, Guyana, Liberia, Mexico, Pakistan, Romania, Zambia. Algeria, Angola, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Burundi, Colombia, Cyprus, Egypt, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia. 863. At its 297th meeting, on 17 April 1979, the Council approved the terms of reference of Standing Committees I, II and III. 42/ E. Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia 864. In accordance with the terms of reference of this Committee, approved by the Council at its 297th meeting, on 17 April 1979, 43/ the President of the Council acts as Chairman of the Committee on the Fund. At its 53rd meeting, on 15 October 1982, the Committee on the Fund elected Mrs. Elena Coronel de Rodriguez (Venezuela) as its vice-Chairman and Rapporteur for 1983. 865. The composition of the Committee on the Fund is as followst Australia, Finland, India, Nigeria, Romania, Senegal, Turkey, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia. F. Other committees and working groups 866. During the period under review, the Council established a number of committees and working groups. Working groups of the Steering Committee prepared recommendations for the Council on (a) the thirty-eighth session of the General Assembly; (b) missions and consultations; and (c) guidelines for the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence. A drafting committee and a committee of the whole prepared the Paris Declaration and Programme of Action on Namibia; a drafting committee prepared the annual report of the Council to the General Assembly. G. Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia 867. By resolution 2248 (S-V), the General Assembly decided that the Council should entrust such executive and administrative tasks as it deemed necessary to a United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, appointed by the Assembly on the nomination of the Secretary-General. The Assembly further decided that, in the performance of his tasks, the Commissioner should be responsible to the Council. The Commissioner is appointed with an annual mandate. -151-

868. At its 113th plenary meeting, on 20 December 1982, the General Assembly, on the proposal of the Secretary-General (A/37/772), re-appointed Mr. Brajesh Chandra Mishra as United Nations Commissioner for Namibia for a one-year term beginning on 1 January 1983 (decision 37/324). H. Secretariat services 869. The secretariat of the Council services the Council, its Steering Committee, the three Standing Committees, the Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia and other committees and working groups, as well as seminars and missions of the Council, as required. It also undertakes research on developments in Namibia and prepares working papers and other documentation as requested by the Council and its committees. 870. The secretariat comprises the following established posts within the Department of Political Affairs, Trusteeship and Decolonization: one D-1 (Secretary of the Council), two P-5s, two P-3s, one P-2, one G-5 and three G-4s. In addition, there are two temporary posts at the P-4 level, four at the P-3 level and four at the G-4 level. -152-

II. DECLARATIONS, RESOLUTIONS, FORMAL STATEMENTS, COMMUNIQUES AND DECISIONS 871. The present chapter contains the texts of the resolutions, formal statements and communiques issued by the Council, its President and its missions of consultation during the period under review, as well as the Paris Declaration on Namibia and Report and Programme of Action on Namibia. It also contains a summary of the decisions taken by the Council during the same period. A. Paris Declaration on Namibia and RepOrt and Programme of Action on Namibia 872. The Paris Declaration on Namibia and Report and Programme of Action on Namibia, adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983 (see paras. 75-135 above), reads as follows: Paris Declaration on Namibia* 1. The International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, organized by the United Nations in consultation with the Organization of African Unity, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 37/233 C of 20 December 1982, was held at UNESCO House in Paris, from 25 to 29 April 1983. 2. The Conference was attended by representatives of 138 Governments, many of them represented at the ministerial levell by representatives of the South West Africa People's Organization and the Palestine Liberation Organizationj by representatives of the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azanial by the President of the General Assembly; by the Special Representative of the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement) by the representative of the Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples; by the representative of the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid; by the Chairman of the Committee on the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and by the Chairman of the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Southern Africa; by the representatives of the International Labour Organisation, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; the World Health Organization and the International Telecommunication Union; by representatives of the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Development Programme and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; by representatives of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the European Community, the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference; by 59 non-governmental organizations, and by eminent persons. The Conference was inaugurated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. * Previously issued as document A/38/189-S/15757, annex I. -153-

3. The Conference extensively reviewed the situation in and around Namibia in the context of the situation in southern Africa as a whole and its implications for international peace and security and examined in detail practical measures to increase support for the struggle of the people of Namibia for self-determination and independence, to assist the front-line States in resisting South Africa's acts of destabilization and aggression and to ensure the early implementation of the United Nations plan for Namibia. In so doing the Conference took special account of the resolutions on Namibia adopted by the General Assembly at its thirty- seventh session, the Political Declaration issued by the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries at New Delhi (A/38/132-S/15675), in March 1983, and the communiques of the summit meetings of the front-line States held at Lusaka on 4 September 1982 and at Harare on 20 February 1983. The Conference then proceeded to adopt the following declaration which it submits for the serious and urgent consideration of all Governments, organizations and peoples for appropriate action to secure the speedy liberation of Namibia from illegal occupation by South Africa. 4. The International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence solemnly affirms the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self-determination and national independence in a united Namibia in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, A/ the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 45/ and other relevant resolutions and decisions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. It notes with deep concern that, sixteen and a half years after the termination of South Africa's Mandate over Namibia and twelve years after the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971, 12/ South Africa continues its illegal occupation of Namibia in disregard of the wishes of the international community expressed in numerous resolutions of the General Assembly and of the Security Council. The persistent refusal by South Africa to comply with its obligations under the Charter constitutes a challenge to the international legal system. The repeated use of the veto by the Western permanent members of the Security Council to prevent the adoption of sanctions against South Africa has not only encouraged the South African r6gime in its lawlessness but has provoked increased acts of defiance to the authority of the United Nations. 5. The Conference emphasizes that, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966 and 2248 (S-V) of 19 May 1967, Namibia is the direct responsibility of the United Nations which is exercised through the United Nations Council for Namibia, the legal Administering Authority for the Territory until its independence, and expresses its strong support for the efforts of the United Nations Council for Namibia in the fulfilment of the mandate entrusted to it. 6. The Conference declares that South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia constitutes an act of aggression against the Namibian people in terms of the definition of aggression contained in General Assembly resolution 3341 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974 and that the Namibian people, in the exercise of their inherent right of self-defence, are entitled to avail themselves of all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, to repel South Africa's aggression and to achieve self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. -154-

7. The Conference expresses its firm solidarity with the people of Namibia in their liberation struggle under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), their sole and authentic representative, and calls upon all participants at the Conference to concert their efforts with a view to rendering increased assistance to the Namibian people and to its liberation movement - SWAPO. 8. The Conference draws the attention of the international community to the attempts by South Africa to destroy the territorial integrity of Namibia and affirms that, in accordance with the resolutions of the United Nations, in particular Security Council resolution 432 (1978) of 27 July 1978, and General Assembly resolution S-9/2 of 3 May 1978 and subsequent resolutions, Walvis Bay and the Penguin and other off-shore islands of Namibia are an integral part of Namibia and declares all measures by South Africa to annex them to be illegal, null and void. 9. The Conference denounces the massive military build-up in Namibia by the forces of the illegal occupation regime, its introduction of compulsory military service for Namibians, its recruitment and training of Namibians for tribal armies and its recruitment of mercenaries and other foreign agents in order to carry out its policies of internal repression and external aggression. It calls upon all States to co-operate in taking effective measures to prevent the recruitment, training and transit of mercenaries for service in Namibia. 10. The Conference considers that the acquisition of nuclear weapons capability by the racist r4gime of South Africa, with its record of violence and aggression, constitutes a further effort on its part to terrorize and intimidate independent States in the region into submission while also posing a danger to all mankind. The continuing assistance rendered to the South African r~gime by certain Western countries and Israel in the military and nuclear fields belies their stated opposition to the racist practices of the South African r4gime and makes them willing partners of its hegemonistic and criminal policies. 11. The Conference expresses concern at persistent reports regarding the existence of military and security agreements between South Africa and certain countries in other regions. It considers that any such arrangements would constitute a breach of the arms embargo imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977 and an act of hostility against the United Nations and the struggling people of South Africa and Namibia, would greatly aggravate the situation in southern Africa and pose a serious threat to the security of Africa as a whole. It commends those States which are firmly opposed to any links between the existing military alliances and the South African regime and calls for vigilance by the international community to prevent any military arrangements with South Africa. 12. The Conference strongly condemns the increased acts of armed aggression and military, political and economic destabilization perpetrated by the South African r6gime against independent States in the region. South Africa must put an immediate end to such acts. Increased assistance must be rendered to the independent States of southern Africa to enable them to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity and to free themselves from economic dependence on South Africa. In this connection, the Conference warmly -155- welcomes the establishment of the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC). The Conference views with grave concern South Africa's attempts to thwart the work of SADCC. It calls upon all States to render all possible assistance to SADCC in its efforts to promote regional economic co- operation and development. 13. The Conference unequivocally condemns the persistent acts of aggression launched from the territory of Namibia against Angola as well as the continued military occupation of part of Angolan territory by South African forces. It expresses its support for and solidarity with the people and Government of Angola in their efforts to safeguard their national independence and territorial integrity and demands the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of South African troops from Angola. 14. The Conference further condemns the South African regime for its ruthless repression, its policy and practice of apartheid and other gross violations of the human rights of the Namibian people and demands that an immediate end be put to those policies. It strongly denounces the detention and imprisonment of SWAPO freedom fighters and calls for the unconditional release of Herman Toivo Ja Toivo and all other Namibian political prisoners. 15. The Conference declares that the liberation struggle in Namibia is a conflict of an international character in terms of article 1, paragraph 4, of Protocol I (A/32/144, annex I) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 10 and, in this regard, it demands the application by South Africa of the Conventions and Additional Protocol I. In particular it demands that all captured freedom fighters be accorded prisoner-of-war status as called for by the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War / and Additional Protocol thereto. 16. The Conference calls upon all States, as well as the specialized agencies and other international organizations associated with the United Nations, to render increased material assistance to the oppressed people of Namibia and to SWAPO in the struggle for liberation. 17. The Conference emphasizes the importance of action by local authorities, trade unions, religious bodies, academic institutions, mass media, solidarity movements and other non-governmental organizations, as well as individual men and women, in mobilizing Governments and public opinion in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO and in counteracting all moves to assist and encourage the occupation r~gime in Namibia. It commends them for their selfless commitment on behalf of the oppressed peoples of Namibia and South Africa and urges them to concert and broaden their efforts in the light of the discussions and decisions of this Conference. 18. The Conference expresses its deep concern at the rapid depletion of the natural resources of Namibia, including its marine resources, which are the inviolable heritage of its people, as a result of the illegal exploitation of those resources by foreign economic interests in violation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, / enacted by the United Nations Council for Namibia on 27 September 1974. The Conference strongly condemns such activities, which constitute an obstacle to the immediate independence of Namibia and endanger its eventual economic independence. It -156- calls upon transnational and other corporations to terminate those activities forthwith. It further calls upon all Governments to take legislative and other appropriate measures to ensure the cessation of these activities and any new investments in Namibia by corporations under their jurisdiction as well as their compliance with the provisions of the aforementioned Decree of the United Nations Council for Namibia. It supports the declared intention of the United Nations Council for Namibia to make every effort, including the initiation of legal proceedings in domestic courts, to ensure compliance with its Decree. 19. The Conference further affirms that South Africa and the foreign economic interests which are illegally exploiting Namibian land and marine resources are liable to pay reparation to the Government of an independent Namibia. 20. The Conference strongly condemns the plunder of Namibian uranium and urges those Governments whose nationals and corporations are involved in the traffic or enrichment of Namibian uranium to take immediate measures to prohibit all dealings in Namibian uranium, including all prospecting activities in Namibia. In this respect it urges the Governments of the three countries which operate the Urenco uranium-enrichment plant, namely, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to have Namibian uranium specifically excluded from the Treaty of Almelo, which regulates the activities of Urenco. 21. The Conference deeply deplores the continued assistance rendered to the South African rigime by certain countries in the political, economic, military and other fields and calls for an end to such assistance. It notes also with concern that the United States policy of "constructive engagement" with the apartheid r4gime has further encouraged that r~gime to intensify its repression of the people of South Africa and Namibia and escalate aggression against the front-line States and has also encouraged its continued intransigence over Namibian independence, including defiance of the resolutions and decisions of the United Nations. 22. The Conference notes with profound concern the continued assistance to the South African regime by certain international organizations and institutions, as exemplified by the granting of a loan of one billion special drawing rights, in November 1982, by the International Monetary Fund. Such assistance, while not contributing to the welfare of the vast majority of the people of South Africa, boosts the military capability of the Pretoria r4gime and enables it to continue the brutal suppression of the Namibian people and to commit blatant aggression against its neighbours. The Conference calls upon the Fund to terminate all co- operation with and assistance to the apartheid r~gime and urges all States members of the Fund to take appropriate action towards that end. 23. The Conference rejects the attempts by the South African regime and in certain other quarters to distort the nature of the Namibian problem by portraying it not as the struggle of a long-suffering people for liberation, but as part of a global East-West confrontation. The Conference is in no doubt that the question of Namibia is one of decolonization which must be resolved in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter and the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. -157-

24. The Conference expresses its deep concern that Namibia's independence Continues to be obstructed by the intransigence and persistent refusal of the South African rigime to comply with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations on Namibia in particular Security Council resolution 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978. It categorically states that the United Nations plan for Namibia, endorsed by Council resolution 435 (1978), remains the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and calls for its immediate implementation without modification or qualification. The Conference denounces all fraudulent constitutional and political schemes through which South Africa may attempt to perpetuate its colonial domination in Namibia and urges all States to refrain from according any recognition to or undertaking any kind of co-operation with any entity installed in Namibia in disregard of United Nations resolutions, in particular Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976 and 435 (1978). 25. The Conference firmly rejects the continued attempts by the United States and the South African r~gime to obstruct the implementation of resolution 435 (1978) and to establish any linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and extraneous and irrelevant issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasizes unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts not only retards the decolonization process in Namibia but also constitutes an unwarranted and gross interference in the internal affairs of Angola. Having noted the statement made by one member of the Western contact group disassociating itself categorically from such attempts which are incompatible with the letter and spirit of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) which endorses a plan initiated by the contact group itself and agreed upon by the two parties to the Namibian conflict, namely the South African r~gime and SWAPO, the Conference calls upon the other members of the contact group to do likewise. The fact that Cuban forces were present in Angola when the Security Council adopted resolution 435 (1978), which contained no reference to linkage and parallelism, casts a dark shadow of doubt on the attitudes of those who, while professing continued adherence to the United Nations plan for Namibia, do nothing to remove the obstacles placed deliberately one after another in the path of the implementation of that plan. What is more, at least one member of the Western contact group, the United States of America is itself responsible for the latest obstacle. 26. The Conference is of the strong view that the United Nations and the international community must take energetic and concerted action in support of the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination, freedom and national independence. Failure to act now will not only prolong the injustice and oppression under which the people of Namibia have for so long laboured but will lead to the escalation of the present conflict. Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations can and must play a more attive role in bringing about the early independence of Namibia as well as the speedy elimination of apartheid in South Africa. 27. The Conference, having assessed the current situation in Namibia, considers that South Africa's continued illegal occupation of Namibia, its defiance of United Nations resolutions, its brutal repression of the Namibian people, its increasing acts of destabilization and aggression against independent African States and its policies of apartheid constitute a threat to international peace and security. In this context, the Conference expresses its dismay at the failure to date of the Security Council to -158- discharge effectively its responsibilities for the maintenance of international peace and security owing to the opposition of Western permanent members of the Security Council. It considers that sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter, if universally and effectively implemented, are the only available means to ensure South Africa's compliance with the decisions of the United Nations and to prevent the intensification of the armed conflict in the region. 28. The Conference, therefore, calls upon the Security Council to meet at the earliest possible date to consider further action on the implementation of its plan for Namibia's independence, thereby assuming its primary responsibility for the implementation of resolution 435 (1978). Five years after the adoption of that resolution it is high time that the Security Council assumed fully the central role in its implementation and established the Council's own time frame for such implementation. 29. The Conference urges States, pending the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions by the Security Council, unilaterally and collectively to adopt economic measures against the South African r~gime as called for by relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and commends those Governments that have already taken measures towards that end. 30. The Conference pays tribute to the historic and courageous struggle of the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative, to free themselves from colonial bondage and foreign exploitation in order to achieve what is theirs by right: human dignity and freedom in an independent Namibia. The day is not far off when Namibia will be genuinely independent. In the pursuit of their noble cause the people of Namibia do not stand alone but can count on the support of all peoples and Governments that are truly committed to justice in a peaceful world. Report and Programme of Action on Namibia adopted by the Committee of the Whole* I. INTRODUCTION 1. At its 2nd meeting, on 25 April 1983, the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence established a Committee of the Whole and, in accordance with the guidelines for the International Conference (A/CONF.120/9), assigned to it the consideration of the following items on the agenda: (a) Solidarity with, and assistance to the people of Namibia in their struggle for self-determination and national independence in a united Namibia under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), their sole and authentic representative; (b) Solidarity with, and assistance to the front-line States with a view to enabling them to sustain their support to the cause of Namibia; * Previously issued as document A/38/189-S/15757, annex II. -159- (c) Measures for securing the early implementation of the United Nations plan for Namibia as provided for in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976 and 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978, as well as of other United Nations resolutions and decisions, with a view to ensuring the speedy exercise by the people of Namibia of their inalienable right to freedom and independence. 2. The Committee held five meetings from 26 to 28 April, in the course of which it heard statements on the above-mentioned items by representatives of Governments, SWAPO and other liberation movements, non-governmental organizations and a number of prominent individuals invited to the Conference. 3. At its 2nd meeting, on 26 April, the Committee established a Drafting Committee composed of the following States: Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Chile, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, German Democratic Republic, Guyana, Iraq, Lesotho, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Viet Nam, as well as the representatives of SWAPO and the Organization of African Unity (OAU). In addition, representatives of the following non-governmental organizations were invited to participate in the Drafting Committee: the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, the American Committee on Africa and the World Campaign Against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa. 4. At its 6th meeting, on 29 April, the Committee adopted the following report and programme of action. II. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE 5. The Committee considered that the International Conference was being held at a particularly critical time given the deteriorating situation in southern Africa in general and in and around Namibia in particular. The Committee was convinced that this situation had been created as a result of South Africa's obdurate refusal to implement the United Nations plan for Namibia and to end its illegal occupation of the Territory, by its increasingly brutal repression of the Namibian people and its escalating acts of aggression against independent African States. 6. The Committee strongly condemned the continued illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa in defiance of numerous resolutions and decisions of the General Assembly and of the Security Council and in disregard of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971. It declared that the persistent illegal presence of South Africa in the Territory was an act of aggression against the people of Namibia as well as a threat to international peace and security. 7. The Committee paid tribute to the courage and determination of the Namibian people and proclaimed its full support for the heroic struggle they were waging under the leadership of SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people, to achieve self-determination, freedom and independence in a united Namibia. It recognized that, because of the stubborn refusal of the South African occupation regime to withdraw from Namibia, the people of Namibia had been forced to resort to armed struggle in order to fulfil their genuine aspirations for self-determination and national independence. -160- 8. The Committee denounced the systematic policy of repression practiced by the illegal r6gime in Namibia as being in violation of the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Not only had South Africa extended its apartheid policies to Namibia, but it had intensified its acts of mass repression, arrests, detention without trial, torture, abduction, massacre of innocent villagers and other acts of intimidation of innocent people. The Committee demanded that an immediate end be put to these gross violations of human rights including the immediate and unconditional release of all Namibian political prisoners whether held in Namibia or in South Africa. It further demanded that all captured SWAPO freedom fighters be accorded prisoner-of-war status as called for by the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, of 12 August 1949, ±6 and Additional Protocol I thereto (A/32/144, annex I). 9. The Committee strongly condemned the racist r~gime of South Africa for its massive military build-up, which had turned Namibia into a garrison State, as well as for its recruitment and training of Namibians for tribal armies and its use of mercenaries to suppress the Namibian people and to carry out its military attacks against independent African States. 10. The Committee condemned the continuing collaboration on the part of certain Western countries and Israel with the racist r6gime of South Africa in the political, economic, military and nuclear fields, which was encouraging the Pretoria r4gime in its defiance of the international community and obstructing efforts to eliminate apartheid and bring to an end South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia. The Committee urged that those States cease and desist forthwith from any form of direct or indirect collaboration with South Africa. The Committee also condemned the violation of the arms embargo imposed against South Africa under Security Council resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977. 11. The Committee strongly condemned in particular the collusion by the Governments of certain Western and other States, particularly those of the United States of America and Israel, with the racist r4gime of South Africa in the nuclear field and called upon France and all other States to refrain from supplying the racist minority r4gime of South Africa directly or indirectly with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium or other nuclear materials, reactors or other military equipment. 12. The Committee condemned the continuing political, economic, financial and other relations of certain Western countries and Israel and their economic and other interest groups with South Africa as exemplified amongst others, by the recent action of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in authorizing the export to the South African r~gime of radar equipment. The Committee expressed its conviction that this action constituted a hostile action against the people of Namibia and the front-line States since this equipment was bound further to strengthen the military capability of the racist r6gime. 13. The Committee rejected any constitutional and political schemes by which the Pretoria r4gime might seek to perpetuate its colonial domination of Namibia, be it through the continuation of its direct rule or the use of its puppets in Namibia, and called on all States not to accord any recognition or extend any co-operation to any r6gime which the illegal South African -161- administration might impose on the Namibian people in disregard of the resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, in particular Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978). 14. The Committee stressed that Walvis Bay and the off-shore islands were integral parts of Namibia and solemnly declared that Namibia's accession to independence must be with its territorial integrity intact. Any action by South Africa to separate Walvis Bay and the off-shore islands from the Territory was illegal, null and void. 15. The Committee, while reaffirming that the natural resources of Namibia were the birthright of the Namibian people, expressed its deep concern at the rapid depletion of the natural resources of the Territory, particularly its uranium deposits, due to their reckless plunder by South Africa and certain Western and other foreign economic interests, in violation of the pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly and of the Security Council, of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971 and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, enacted by the United Nations Council for Namibia on 27 September 1974. 4/ The Committee was of the view that, since those activities were illegal under international law, South Africa and all the foreign economic interests operating in Namibia were liable to pay damages to the future lawful Government of an independent Namibia. 16. The Committee deeply deplored the policy of "constructive engagement" of the Unitea States Administration with the apartheid r6gime of South Africa, which was encouraging the racist regime in its intransigence over the Namibian issue. 17. The Committee expressed deep concern at the adoption of a resolution "on the need for development aid for Namibia" by the European Parliament in January 1983, calling upon the European Economic Community (EEC) to extend aid to occupied Namibia as well as to so-called "refugees from southern Angola" in Namibia. Such resolution, if implemented, would flout international law by implying recognition of South Africa's presence in Namibia and would subsidize Pretoria's illegal administration of the Territory, while encouraging its acts of aggression against Angola and the occupation of a part of its territory. 18. The Committee condemned the criminal and terrorist act committed in Angola by armed puppet groups in the pay of the racist rigime of South Africa against citizens of Czechoslovakia who, through their work, were contributing to the economic recovery of Angola. The Committee urged the Secretary-General of the United Nations to continue his constructive efforts aimed at achieving the earliest possible release of the kidnapped Czechoslovak citizens. 19. The Committee strongly condemned the use of the Territory of Namibia by the racist r4gime of South Africa as a military base from which to launch armed attacks against neighbouring African States, particularly the repeated unprovoked acts of aggression against and invasion of Angola, including occupation of parts of that country. The South African regime had also carried out an overall policy of military aggression and destabilization against Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, the Seychelles, Zambia and Zimbabwe in order to intimidate those and other African States and, among other things, to prevent them from supporting the legitimate struggle of the Namibian and South -162-

African peoples for freedom and independence. Those acts, which constituted a breach of international peace and security, were aimed at disrupting and destablizing the economies of the front-line States, which had steadfastly stood in support of the Namibian people. The Committee called upon the international community to extend, as a matter of urgency, full support and assistance, including military assistance, to the front-line States in order to enable them to safeguard their sovereignty and territorial integrity against the repeated acts of aggression by South Africa. 20. The Committee reaffirmed that the United Nations plan contained in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) was the only universally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and called for its immediate implementation without qualification, modification or prevarication. 21. The Committee also reaffirmed its determined and full support for the efforts of the Secretary-General of the United Nations to promote the speedy and urgent implementation of the United Nations plan contained in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978). 22. The Committee firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States of America to establish any linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and any extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasized unequivocally that any attempts to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola were purposely designed to delay the decolonization process in Namibia and would constitute interference in the internal affairs of Angola. The Committee expressed deep regret at the failure of some other members of the contact group to disassociate themselves explicitly from such manoeuvres, which were totally incompatible with the letter and spirit of resolution 435 (1978) and merely encouraged the Pretoria rigime to persist in its continued illegal occupation. 23. The Committee strongly supported the recent decisions of the OAU Co- ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries and the International Conference in Support of the Front-line States which had urged the Security Council urgently to exercise its authority and to resume full responsibility for the speedy implementation of resolution 435 (1978). III. PROGRAMME OF ACTION ON NAMIBIA 24. The Committee considers that in view of the threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia and its persistent acts of aggression against neighbouring States, in violation of the Charter and relevant resolutions and decisions of the United Nations, the Security Council should now respond positively to the overwhelming demand of the international community by immediately imposing comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa as provided for in Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. 25. The Committee requests the Security Council to exercise its authority with regard to the implementation of its resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) -163- so as to bring about the independence of Namibia without further delay and to act decisively against any dilatory manoeuvres and fraudulent schemes of the South African administration in Namibia aimed at frustrating the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for independence under the leadership of SWAPO. 26. The Committee calls upon the Security Council to declare categorically that Walvis Bay is an integral part of Namibia and that the question should not be left as a matter for negotiation between an independent Namibia and South Africa. 27. The Committee further calls upon the Security Council to adopt the necessary measures to tighten the arms embargo against South Africa imposed in resolution 418 (1977) and to ensure strict compliance with the embargo by all States. In this connection, the Committee calls upon the Security Council to implement, as a matter of urgency, the recommendations contained in the report of the Security Council Committee established in pursuance of resolution 421 (1977). 4_/ 28. The Committee welcomes and supports the appeal by the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia to the British Government to prohibit the export of Marconi radar equipment to South Africa and urges the Security Council Committee established in pursuance of resolution 421 (1977) to take appropriate action to ensure that the mandatory arms embargo against South Africa is not violated. 29. Pending the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa, the Committee requests all Governments to apply sanctions unilaterally and collectively so as to comply with the boycott of South Africa called for by the General Assembly in resolutions ES-8/2 of 14 September 1981, 36/121 B of 10 December 1981 and 37/233 A of 20 December 1982. 30. The Committee calls upon all Governments to render sustained and increased moral and political support as well as financial, military and other material assistance to SWAPO to enable it to intensify its struggle for the liberation of Namibia. It also calls on the specialized agencies and other international organizations and institutions associated with the United Nations to provide within their respective spheres of competence, assistance on a priority basis to the people of Namibia through SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. 31. The Committee calls upon all Governments, especially those which have close links with South Africa, to support, in co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, the actions of the United Nations to defend the national rights of the Namibian people until independence. 32. The Committee urges all Governments, the specialized agencies and other intergovernmental organizations to provide increased material assistance to the thousands of refugees, especially to those who have been forced by the apartheid r~gime's oppressive policies in Namibia and South Africa to flee into the neighbouring front-line States. 33. The Committee calls upon all States to ensure compliance by all corporations and individuals within their jursidiction with the provisions of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. It -164- further calls upon the United Nations Council for Namibia to adopt the necessary measures, including the institution of legal proceedings in national courts, to implement the provisions of the Decree. 34. In the context of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, the Committee calls upon the Governments of all States, particularly those whose corporations are involved in the mining and processing of Namibian uranium, to take all appropriate measures, including the practice of requiring negative certificates of origin, to prohibit and prevent State-owned and other corporations, together with their subsidiaries, from dealing in Namibian uranium and all uranium prospecting activities in Namibia. 35. The Committee calls upon all Governments to give maximum political and moral support as well as economic and military assistance to the front-line States in order to enable them better to exercise their legitimate right of self-defence vis- 1-vis South Africa, and to support the Southern Africa Development Co- ordination Conference (SADCC), of which the front-line States are members, with a view to reducing their dependence on racist South Africa. 36. The Committee requests all specialized agencies and other international institutions of the United Nations system to initiate under the co-ordination of the United Nations Secretary-General, a major programme of assistance, to the front- line States in order to enable them to implement more effectively United Nations resolutions supporting the struggle of the people of Namibia for liberation and to withstand the economic sabotage perpetrated against them by the racist r~gime of South Africa. 37. The Committee calls upon all States to exert every effort towards the unconditional implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which remains the only basis for a settlement of the Namibian question. It further calls upon them to reject categorically and oppose resolutely, in every available forum, the attempts to link Namibian independence with irrelevant or extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. 38. The Committee takes note of the recent resolution of the European Parliament concerning aid to the people of Namibia and requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, in co-operation with SWAPO, to undertake urgent consultations with EEC and the European Parliament in order to ensure that no action is taken which implies recognition of South Africa's illegal administration of Namibia. 39. The Committee calls upon all Governments to contribute or to increase their contribution to the United Nations Fund for Namibia in order to assist the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and the United Nations Institute for Namibia in the formulation and implementation of their projects in support of the Namibian people, projects which are of particular importance for the economic and social development of Namibia, once sovereignty and independence are achieved. In this connection, the Committee requests all Governments to appeal once again to their national organizations and institutions for voluntary contributions to the United Nations Fund for Namibia. In order to meet Namibia's manpower needs at the time of independence, all States, specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system, should make contributions to the United Nations Institute for Namibia in the form of scholarship grants and other types of assistance. -165-

40. The Committee requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to seek to ensure that all banks, corporations and other agencies with which the United Nations has contracts are in compliance with the United Nations sanctions policies against South Africa. In particular, the Committee deplores the activities of the appointed United Nations travel agency, Thomas Cook, in promoting tourism to Namibia and South Africa, and requests the Secretary-General to take appropriate action on this matter. 41. The Committee appeals to all individuals working in the field of communcations and information and to all the communication media and specialized media organizations of every country to intensify to the maximum extent possible the dissemination of public information concerning the cause of independence for Namibia. It also calls on writers, commentators, lecturers, film directors and other persons in the arts to conduct a major world campaign of solidarity on behalf of the same cause. 42. The Committee notes with appreciation the co-operation extended to date by the United Nations Department of Public Information of the United Nations Secretariat in disseminating information on the struggle for independence of Namibia. It nevertheless considers that it is now necessary to expand and strengthen the activities concerned with a view to giving a fresh technological impetus to public dissemination programmes, to increase the number of information channels and to extend the audience reached through a more flexible, systematic and co-ordinated information campaign. The Committee also invites the information departments of organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations system, and particularly the UNESCO Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication, to participate in this campaign. 43. The Committee expresses its appreciation to those specialized agencies and other organizations and bodies of the United Nations system that have contributed to the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and calls upon them to continue their participation in the Programme, including the provision of funds and other forms of assistance for the implementation of the projects approved by the United Nations Council for Namibia. 44. The Committee further expresses its appreciation to all those non- governmental organizations and support groups that are actively engaged in supporting the struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, and appeals to them to intensify and broaden, in co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, international action in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people and to increase their material, political and moral support to SWAPO. It further appeals to them to widen their campaign to increase the awareness of their national communities regarding the exploitation of the resources of Namibia by foreign economic interests in complete disregard of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, and to insist that these foreign economic interests must withdraw from Namibia immediately. Further, the Committee urges all non-governmental organizations and support groups to campaign in their countries in support of a comprehensive programme of sanctions in order effectively to isolate South Africa politically, economically, militarily and culturally, and to monitor in association with the United Nations Council for Namibia, the implementation of that programme. -166-

45. The Committee, fully conscious of the crucial role that trade unions could play in the campaign to isolate South Africa, urges them to take all appropriate action including organizing an embargo on all shipments to and from South Africa as well as transport and communication with that country. 46. The Committee proposes that the General Assembly consider the present programme of action at its thirty-eighth session and calls upon the United Nations Council for Namibia to promote and secure the implementation of this programme. B. Resolutions 873. The Council adopted the following resolutions at its 388th meeting, held on 13 October 1982: NATIONHOOD PROGRAMME FOR NAMIBIA* A The United Nations Council for Namibia, Having considered the progress report of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia concerning the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and educational, social and relief activities under the United Nations Fund for Namibia, 18 Approves the progress report of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, including the conclusions and recommendations contained therein. B The United Nations Council for Namibia, Having considered the report of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia on the organization of the sectoral planning workshops for the further development of the Nationhood Programme for Namibia, 19 1. Approves the report of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, including the conclusions and follow-up measures contained therein! 2. Stresses the importance of having the United Nations Institute for Namibia prepare, in co-operation with the South West Africa People's Organization, the Office of the Commissioner and the United Nations Development Programme, a comprehensive document on all aspects of economic planning in an independent Namibia which would form the basis for a fifth workshop and declares in this connection that the Commissioner should provide substantive support for the preparation of the comprehensive document? 3. Decides to give the report wide dissemination. * Previously issued as document A/AC.131/89. -167-

C. Formal statements 874. On 12 October 1982, the following joint statement was issued by the Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Vice-Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid and the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia: JOINT STATEMENT DATED 12 OCTOBER 1982 RELATING TO SOUTH AFRICA'S APPLICATION FOR CREDIT FROM THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND* Our attention has been drawn to the report that the racist regime of South Africa has applied for a credit of one billion special drawing rights (about $1.07 billion) from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Special Committee against Apartheid and the United Nations Council for Namibia have repeatedly called for a cessation of all assistance by IMF and other specialized agencies of the United Nations to South Africa. Such assistance encourages the Pretoria rigime to continue with its inhuman oppression of the South African people, its illegal occupation of Namibia and its acts of aggression against independent African States. Moreover, the Pretoria regime requires such credits because of its enormously increasing expenditure for military and repressive purposes, so that the credits violate the spirit of the mandatory arms embargo against South Africa. Acting on the recommendations of the three bodies, the General Assembly in a number of resolutions, most recently in paragraphs 6 to 8 of its resolution 36/52 and paragraphs 8 to 10 of its resolution 36/172 D - has repeatedly called upon IMF to refrain from granting credits and all other assistance to South Africa. We consider it imperative that, as a specialized agency of the United Nations, IMF should be guided by these resolutions of the General Assembly adopted by the votes of an overwhelming majority of Member States. We call on IMF to reject the application by the racist regime of South Africa. We urge all States members of IMF to take all appropriate action towards that end. 875. On 8 November 1982, the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia issued the following statement regarding the illegal holding by South Africa of a by-election in Walvis Bay: * Previously issued as document A/37/554, annex. -168- The United Nations Council for Namibia has learned with profound indignation that the authorities of the racist Pretoria regime have held a so-called by-election in the Namibian port of Walvis Bay on 3 November 1982. This action not only constitutes a blatant violation of the territorial integrity of Namibia but also flies in the face of resolution 432 (1978) of the Security Council and of several resolutions of the General Assembly which have consistently affirmed that Walvis Bay is an integral part of Namibia. By this measure, South Africa has given one further sign of its determination to annex Walvis Bay and deprive Namibia of its most important outlet to the sea. The United Nations Council for Namibia strongly condemns this latest act by South Africa and calls upon all States to refrain from according any form of recognition to any move by South Africa to disrupt the territorial integrity of Namibia. The Council reiterates that Walvis Bay is an integral part of Namibia and that any attempt by South Africa to detach Walvis Bay is illegal, null and void. 876. At its 395th meeting, on 19 January 1983, the Council decided to issue the following statement: STATEMENT OF THE COUNCIL DATED 19 JANUARY 1983 REGARDING THE DEPOSIT OF ITS INSTRUMENT OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY ON BEHALF OF NAMIBIA* On 20 September 1982, the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), on the recommendation of its Board of Governors, approved the admission of Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council for Nami)Sia, to full membership in IAEA. On 4 October 1982, the Council, acting on behalf of Namibia, lodged its instrument of acceptance of the Statute of the Agency with the Government of the United States of America, which is designated as the depositary Government by the Statute. By a note dated 16 December 1982 addressed to all States parties to the Statute, the depositary Government, relying on paragraph C of article XXI of the Statute, circulated a copy of the Council's instrument of acceptance to the parties "to permit them to furnish to the depositary any comments they may have with respect to the tendered instrument". In another note sent on the same date to the heads of mission of the Governments concerned, the Government of the United States, as a party to the Statute, stated that while it recognized "the unique circumstances which have resulted in the tender by the United Nations Council for Namibia of an instrument of acceptance", it believed that because of the language of article IV and paragraph C of article XXI of the Statute, restricting membership in the Agency as well as the depositing of an instrument of acceptance to States, the instrument tendered by the Council should not be accepted in deposit. * Previously issued as document A/AC.131/L.273. -169- The United Nations Council for Namibia is of the opinion that the procedure followed by the United States as depositary with regard to the instrument of acceptance tendered by the Council on behalf of Namibia is unwarranted and improper in that it reflects the political view of one party to the Statute which, by making use of its role as the depositary, is seeking to frustrate or delay the implementation of a decision taken in due and proper form by the supreme organ of the Agency concerned. In this connection the Council notes that all parties to the Statute are members of the General Conference of IAEA and that, under article V of the Statute, the General Conference consists of all members of the Agency. The legal status of the United Nations Council for Namibia, and in particular its competence to represent Namibia internationally, has been widely recognized and accepted since the establishment of the Council by the General Assembly in its resolution 2248 (S-V) of 19 May 1967. Indeed, at the present time, there is no entity other than the Council which is competent to represent the interests of Namibia in the international community, the mandate of South Africa having been terminated by the General Assembly in resolution 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966 and its continued presence in Namibia having been confirmed to be illegal by the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion of 21 June 1971. 12/ Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia, has been admitted to full membership in a number of international organizations and participates actively in their work. It is a full member of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAQ), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and an associate member of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the context of the present note, Namibia's admission to the ILO and UNESCO is particularly relevant in the light of the constitutional requirements of these organizations for admission, which are similar to those of IAEA. The United Nations Council for Namibia also recalls that Namibia, through the Council, has acceded to two multilateral treaties open to participation by States only, namely the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination / and the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. 9/ Furthermore, on 10 December 1982 Namibia, represented by the Council, signed the Final Act of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea at Montego Bay, Jamaica. In the light of the foregoing, the United Nations Council for Namibia trusts that all parties to the Statute of IAEA, having already decided in the General Conference to admit Namibia to membership in the Agency, will find it possible promptly to notify the depositary Government that, as a consequence of the decision taken by the General Conference, the instrument of acceptance by Namibia should be registered without delay. 877. On 7 March 1983, the Council issued the following statement concerning Namibia's membership in IAEA: In connection with the problem that arose with the registration of the instrument of acceptance of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy -170-

Agency tendered by the United Nations Council for Namibia, the Council has been notified by the Government of the United States, in its capacity as depositary Government of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency, that the instrument of acceptance tendered by the Council has been duly registered as of 17 February 1983. 878. On 28 July 1983, the Council issued the following statement regarding the illegal establishment of a "State Council" in Namibia. The United Nations Council for Namibia has learned with profound indignation that the authorities of the racist Pretoria r6gime have proclaimed the establishment of a so-called State Council in Namibia which is to draw up a "constitution" for the Territory. This action constitutes yet another blatant violation of Security Council resolution 439 (1978) of 13 November 1978, by which the Council reiterated the view that any unilateral measure taken by the illegal administration in Namibia, in contravention of the relevant Security Council resolutions, is null and void. By this measure, South Africa has made clear its intention of imposing once again an "internal settlement" in Namibia in utter disregard of the demands of the Namibian people for self-determination and genuine independence and of the will of the international community as reflected in the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. The United Nations Council for Namibia strongly condemns this latest act by South Africa and calls upon all States to refrain from according any recognition to this latest ploy of racist South Africa to perpetuate its illegal occupation of the Territory by impeding the implementation of the internationally recognized United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia. D. Communiques 879. The present section contains the texts of the communiques and statements issued by the three Missions of Consultation dispatched by the Council during 1983, and by the Governments visited. 1. Mission of Consultation to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Belgium, Denmark and Czechoslovakia (a) Statement issued by the Mission on 14 April 1983 At the invitation of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Moscow from 10 to 14 April 1983. The Mission was headed by Mr. Ignac Golob (Yugoslavia) and included Messrs. Syed Muazzem Ali (Blangladesh), Valentin N. Berezovsky (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Godwin S. Mfula (Zambia) and Hinyangerwa P. Asheeke (SWAPO). -171-

The purpose of the Mission's visit was to consult with the Government of the Soviet Union on the situation in and relating to Namibia in order to discuss concrete measures for securing the speedy exercise by the people of Namibia of their inalienable right to self-determination, freedom and independence. The consultations were considered all the more important in view of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. During its stay, the Mission was received by Mr. Inamjon Usmankhodjayev, Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and Mr. V. Vysotin, Head of the International Relations Department of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. It held consultations with Mr. L. P. Ileychov, Deputy Foreign Minister, and Mr. V. Vasey, Head of the Third Africa Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Mission also had talks with Mr. A. S. Dzasokhov, First Vice- Chairman of the Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, and Mr. A. Gromyko, Director of the Institute of Africa and Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences. In view of the fact that South Africa's defiance of the United Nations, its illegal occupation of Namibia, its war of repression against the Namibian people, its persistent acts of aggression launched from bases in Namibia against the neighbouring African States, its policies of apartheid and its development of nuclear weapons constituted a serious threat to international peace and security, the need for a concerted international action to ensure the speedy implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978), as well as all other United Nations resolutions on the question of Namibia, was reiterated. In that connection, the importance of the forthcoming International Confernce in Support of the Struggle of the Namibia People for Independence was emphasized, and the need for all States to participate at the highest level possible in order to enhance the Conference's objective of mobilizing the international community to rededicate itself more resolutely to the cause of Namibia was stressed. It was reiterated that Namibia was a direct responsibility of the United Nations, a mandate the Organization exercised through the United Nations Council for Namibia, the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, and it was reaffirmed that South Africa's continuing illegal occupation of the Territory constituted an act of aggression against the Namibian people. It was reaffirmed that the Namibian people had a legitimate right to struggle for self-determination by all means, including armed struggle, under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. It was stated unequivocally that Walvis Bay and the offshore islands were an integral part of Namibia and that all attempts to annex them by the illegal South African colonial r4gime were illegal, null and void. It was reiterated that Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) constituted the only universally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and that any attempt by racist South Africa to impose a so- called internal settlement in Namibia was illegal, null and void. -172-

With regard to the activities of foreign economic intersts in Namibia, Plundering the human and natural resources of the Territory, it was stressed that such activities were in violation of all the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, which the General Assembly had endorsed in its resolution 3295 (XXIX), and were contrary to the 21 June 1971 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice. In that connection, the need on the part of all States to take appropriate measures to ensure the effective implementation of Decree No. 1 was emphasized. In view of South Africa's persistent acts of subversion and aggression against the front-line States, solidarity was expressed with the firm and principled stand of the front-line States and the moral and material support they continued to render to the Namibian people and to SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. The need was also expressed for the international community to render increased support and assistance to the front-line States in order to enable them to maintain their sovereignty and territorial integrity. It was reiterated that the question of Namibia was one of occupation and of decolonization and the attempt by South Africa and its allies to distort the struggle of the people of Namibia or characterize it as part of an East-West conflict was rejected. It was emphasized that the persistent attempts by South Africa and the United States of America to link the independence of Namibia with extraneous issues such as the presence of Cuban forces in Angola had been unequivocally rejected by the overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations. It was further stressed that such attempts not only retarded the decolonization of Namibia but also constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. It was reiterated that States should take legislative, administrative and other measures in order effectively to isolate South Africa politically, economically, militarily and culturally. And, in view of the threat to international peace and security obtaining in and around Namibia as a result of Pretoria's continued illegal occupation of Namibia and acts of brutality and aggression against the Namibian people and the neighbouring sovereign States, the urgent need for taking effective action against South Africa, including comprehensive mandatory sanctions provided for under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations as one of the most effective ways to obtain South Africa's unconditional and immediate withdrawal from Namibia, was strongly emphasized. Firm support was expressed for the decision of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries to request a meeting of the Security Council in order to exercise the authority of the United Nations and its responsibility for achieving the independence of Namibia. The Mission appreciated that the Soviet side had reiterated its solidarity with the struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination and independence under the leadership of SWAPO and had reaffirmed its determination to continue to extend all possible assistance and support to the struggle of the Namibia people for independence. The Mission also welcomed the reiteration by the Soviet side of support for the initiatives and activities of the United Nations Council for Namibia directed towards securing the independence and territorial integrity of Namibia. -173-

The Mission, on behalf of the United Nations Council for Namibia, expressed its sincere appreciation and gratitude to the Government and people of the Soviet Union for the warm welcome and generous hospitality accorded to it during its stay in the Soviet Union. (b) Statement issued by the Mission on 17 April 1983 At the invitation of the Government of Belgium a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Brussels from 15 to 16 April 1983. The Mission was headed by Mr. Ignac Golob (Yugoslavia) and included Messrs. Syed Muazzem Ali (Bangladesh), Valentin N. Berezovsky (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Godwin S. Mfula (Zambia) and Hinyangerwa P. Asheeke (SWAPO). The Mission visited Belgium to consult with the Government of Belgium on the situation in and relating to Namibia in order to discuss measures for securing the speedy exercise by the people of Namibia of their inalienable right to self- determination, freedom and independence. The consultations were considered all the more important in view of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. During its stay, the Mission held consultations with Mr. H. Perdieus, Minister Plenipotentiary and Director of the Africa Division, and Mr. A. Turine, Minister Plenipotentiary and Director for International Organizations, both of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Mission also met with an EEC delegation composed of Mr. G. Livi, Director for East and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean; Mr. John Scott, Desk Officer for Southern Africal and Ms. D. Vuianovith, Member of the Cabinet of the Commissioner of the European Communities for Development. The Mission also met with national and international non-governmental organizations with headquarters in Brussels. The Chairman of the Mission had a conversation with Mr. G. Van der Epst, Chef de Cabinet in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During the discussions, it was agreed that Namibia was a direct responsibility of the United Nations; that Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) constituted the only universally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question; that increased support and assistance should be given to the front-line States from the international community in order to enable them to maintain their sovereignty and territorial integrity; and that the persistent attempts to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola should be rejected. The Mission reaffirmed that the Namibian people had a legitimate right to struggle for self-determination, independence and freedom by all means, including armed struggle, under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. The Mission stated unequivocally that Walvis Bay and the offshore islands were an integral part of Namibia and that all attempts to annex them by the illegal South African colonial r4gime were illegal, null and void. -174-

The Mission stressed that foreign economic activities in Namibia were in violation of all the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, which the General Assembly had endorsed in its resolution 3295 (XXIX), and were contrary to the 21 June 1971 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice. The Mission emphasized the need on the part of all States to take appropriate measures to ensure the effective implementation of Decree No. 1. The Mission reiterated that the question of Namibia was one of occupation and of decolonization and that the attempt by South Africa and its allies to distort the struggle of the people of Namibia or make it an East-West issue had been rejected by the overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations. The Mission recalled that the General Assembly had called upon all States to take legislative, administrative and other measures in order effectively to isolate South Africa politically, economically, militarily and culturally. The Mission drew attention to the decision of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries to request a meeting of the Security Council in order to exercise the authority of the United Nations and its responsibility for achieving the independence of Namibia. In view of the fact that South Africa's defiance of the United Nations, its illegal occupation of Namibia, its war of brutal repression against the Namibian people, its persistent acts of aggression launched from bases in Namibia against the neighbouring African States, its policies of apartheid and its development of nuclear weapons constituted a serious threat to international peace and security, the Mission emphasized the urgent need for a concerted international action, including sanctions provided for under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, to ensure the speedy implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978), as well as all other United Nations resolutions on the question of Namibia. The Mission also stressed the importance of the forthcoming International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, and the need for all States to participate at the highest level possible in order to enhance the Conference's objective of mobilizing the international community to rededicate itself more resolutely to the cause of Namibia. The Mission, on behalf of the United Nations Council for Namibia, expressed its appreciation to the Government of Belgium for the invitation extended to the Council to hold the consultations. (c) Statement issued by the Mission on 19 April 1983 At the invitation of the Government of Denmark, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Copenhagen from 17 to 19 April 1983. The Mission was headed by Mr. Ignac Golob (Yugoslavia) and included Messrs. Syed Muazzem Ali (Bangladesh), Valentin N. Berezovsky (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Godwin S. Mfula (Zambia) and Hinyangerwa P. Asheeke (SWAPO). -175-

The Mission visited Denmark to consult with the Government of Denmark on the situation in and relating to Namibia in order to discuss measures for securing the speedy exercise by the people of Namibia of their inalienable right to self- determination, freedom and independence. The consultations were considered all the more important in view of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. The Chairman of the Mission met with Mr. Benny Kimberg, Under-Secretary for Political Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Mission held consultations with a delegation of high-level officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs consisting of Mr. Joergen Boejer, Director for African and International Organizations; Mr. J. Munk Rasmussen, Head of the Africa Section; Mr. John Bernhard, Head of the Legal Affairs Section; Mr. Albert Wright, Head of the Danish International Development Agencyl and Mr. C. von Barnekow, Deputy to the Head of the Africa Section. At the Danish Parliament, the Mission met with Mr. B. Elmquist, of the Liberal Party, Vice-Chairman of the Danish United Nations Association, Parliamentary Groupi Mr. C. Kelm-Hansen of the Social Democratic Party; Mrs. I. Harms of the Popular Socialist Partyl Mr. B. Ostergaard, Chairman of the Danish United Nations Association; and Mr. T. Wisniewski, Secretary-General of the Danish United Nations Association. The Mission also met representatives of the following Danish and international non-governmental organizations: the United Nations Association; Amnesty International; World University Service; Program to Combat Racism (World Council of Churches); Labour Movement Solidarity Fundl and Danish Association for International Co-operation. In the course of the consultations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the following points were agreed upon: (a) Namibia is a direct responsibility of the United Nations, and the United Nations Council for Namibia is the legal Administering Authority for the Territory until independence; (b) The Namibian people and SWAPO have a legitimate right to struggle for their self-determination and independence; (c) South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia constitutes an act of gross injustice against the Namibian people; (d) Walvis Bay and the offshore islands are an integral part of Namibia and any attempt by South Africa to annex them is illegal, null and void; (e) The United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia, contained in Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978), is the only universally accepted basis for the peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and it should be implemented without modification or qualification) (f) All so-called laws and proclamations issued by the illegal occupation r6gime in Namibia, as well as all fraudulent constitutional and political schemes through which South Africa may attempt to perpetuate its colonial domination of Namibia, are illegal, null and void; (g) The question of Namibia is not an East-West issue but one of decolonization and illegal occupation; -176-

(h) The attempts to link the independence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola are outside the framework of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia, and cannot be a pre-condition for its implementation; (i) South Africa's persistent acts of aggression and destabilization of the front-line States should be condemned and increased support and assistance should be given to the front-line States so as to enable them to maintain their sovereignty and territorial integrityl (J) Contributions to the United Nations Fund for Namibia and, in particular, to the Trust Fund of the United Nations Institute for Namibia should be increasedl (k) In view of the urgency of the Namibian question, the convening of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence so as to mobilize international support to press for the speedy withdrawal of the illegal South African administration from Namibia in accordance with the resolutions of the United Nations relating to Namibia was very important. The Mission reiterated that SWAPO was recognized as the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people by OAU, the non-aligned movement and the General Assembly of the United Nations. The Mission stressed that foreign economic activities in Namibia were in violation of all the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, which the General Assembly had endorsed by its resolution 3295 (XXIX), and were contrary to the 21 June 1971 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice. The Mission emphasized the need on the part of all States to take appropriate measures to ensure the effective implementation of Decree No. 1. The Mission recalled that the General Assembly had called upon all States to take legislative, administrative and other measures in order effectively to isolate South Africa politically, economically, militarily and culturally. The Mission drew attention to the decision of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries to request a meeting of the Security Council in order to exercise the authority of the United Nations and its responsibility for achieving the independence of Namibia. In view of the fact that South Africa's brutal defiance of the United Nations, its illegal occupation of Namibia, its war of repression against the Namibian people, its persistent acts of aggression launched from bases in Namibia against the neighbouring African States, its policies of apartheid and its development of nuclear weapons constituted a serious threat to international peace and security, the Mission emphasized the urgent need for a concerted international action, including sanctions provided for under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, to ensure the speedy implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978), as well as all other United Nations resolutions on the question of Namibia. -177-

The Mission, on behalf of the United Nations Council for Namibia, expressed its sincere appreciation and gratitude to the Government and people of Denmark for the warm welcome and hospitality accorded to it during its stay in Copenhagen. (d) Statement issued by the Mission on 22 April 1983 At the invitation of the Government of Czechoslovakia, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Prague from 20 to 22 April 1983. The Mission was headed by Mr. Ignac Golob (Yugoslavia) and included Messrs. Syed Muazzem Ali (Bangladesh), Valentin N. Berezovsky (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Godwin S. Mfula (Zambia) and Hinyangerwa P. Asheeke (SWAPO). The purpose of the Mission's visit was to consult with the Government of Czechoslovakia on the situation in and relating to Namibia in order to discuss concrete measures for securing the speedy exercise by the people of Namibia of their inalienable right to self-determination, freedom and independence. The consultations were considered all the more important in view of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. The Mission was received by Mr. Dalibor Hanes, Vice-Chairman of the Federal Assembly of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and Mr. Miloslav Vacik, Chairman of the Czechoslovak Committee for Solidarity with the Nations of Africa and Asia. During its visit, the Mission held talks with Mr. Stanislav Svoboda, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, and a delegation from the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs consisting of Messrs. Eduard Kukan, Head of the African Department) Jan Strucka, Deputy Head of the Department of International Organizationsl Erik Simon, Head of Section in the African Departmentl and Stefan Kalina and Alexander Slaby, experts, Department of International Organizations. In view of the fact that South Africa's defiance of the United Nations, its illegal occupation of Namibia, its war of brutal repression against the Namibian people, its persistent acts of aggression launched from bases in Namibia against the neighbouring African States, its policies of apartheid and its development of nuclear weapons constituted a serious threat to international peace and security, the need for a concerted international action to ensure the speedy implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978), as well as all other United Nations resolutions on the question of Namibia, was reiterated. In that connection, the importance of the forthcoming International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence was emphasizedF and the need for all States to participate at the highest level possible in order to enhance the Conference's objective of mobilizing the international community to rededicate itself more resolutely to the cause of Namibia was stressed. It was reiterated that Namibia was a direct responsibility of the United Nations, a mandate which the Organization exercised through the United Nations -178-

Council for Namibia, the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, and it was reaffirmed that South Africa's continuing illegal occupation of the Territory constituted an act of aggression against the Namibian people. It was reaffirmed that the Namibian people had a legitimate right to struggle for self-determination by all means, including armed struggle, under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. It was stated unequivocally that Walvis Bay and the offshore islands were an integral part of Namibia and that all attempts to annex them by the racist South African regime were illegal, null and void. It was reiterated that Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) constituted the only universally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question and that any attempt by racist South Africa to impose a so- called internal settlement in Namibia was illegal, null and void. With regard to the activities of foreign economic interests in Namibia, plundering the human and natural resources of the Territory, it was stressed that such activities were in violation of all the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, which the General Assembly had endorsed in its resolution 3295 (XXIX), and were contrary to the 21 June 1971 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice. In that connection, the need on the part of all States to take all appropriate measures to ensure the effective implementation of Decree No. 1 was emphasized. In view of South Africa's persistent acts of subversion and aggression against the front-line States, solidarity was expressed with the firm and principled stand of the front-line States and the moral and material support they continued to render to the Namibian people and to SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. The need was also expressed for the international community to render increased support and assistance to the front-line States in order to enable them to maintain their sovereignty and territorial integrity. It was reiterated that the question of Namibia was one of occupation and of decolonization and the attempt by South Africa and its allies to distort the struggle of the people of Namibia or characterize it as part of an East-West conflict was rejected. It was emphasized that the persistent attempts by South Africa and the United States to link the independence of Namibia with extraneous issues such as the presence of Cuban forces in Angola had been unequivocally rejected by the overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations. It was further stressed that such attempts not only retarded the decolonization of Namibia but also constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. It was reiterated that States should take legislative, administrative and other measures in order effectively to isolate South Africa politically, militarily and culturally. And, in view of the threat to international peace and security obtaining in and around Namibia as a result of Pretoria's continued illegal occupation of Namibia and acts of brutality and aggression -179- against the Namibian people and the neighbouring sovereign States, the urgent need for taking effective action against South Africa, including comprehensive mandatory sanctions provided for under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations as one of the most effective ways to obtain South Africa's unconditional and immediate withdrawal from Namibia, was strongly emphasized. Firm support was expressed for the decision of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries to request a meeting of the Security Council in order to exercise the authority of the United Nations and its responsibility for achieving the independence of Namibia. The Mission expressed its appreciation that the Czechoslovak side had reiterated its solidarity with the struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination and independence under the leadership of SWAPO and had reaffirmed its determination to continue to extend all possible assistance and support to the struggle of the Namibian people for independence. The Mission also welcomed the reiteration by the Czechoslovak side of support for the initiatives and activities of the United Nations Council for Namibia directed towards securing the independence and territorial integrity of Namibia. The Mission, on behalf of the Council for Namibia, expressed its sincere appreciation and gratitude to the Government and people of Czechoslovakia for the warm welcome and generous hospitality accorded to it during its stay in Prague. 2. Mission of Consultation to Costa Rica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua (a) Statement issued by the Government of Costa Rica on 14 April 1983 The Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia, which arrived in Costa Rica on 11 April, held detailed discussions on the morning of 12 April with Mr. Fernando Volio Jim4nez, Minister for External Relations of Costa Rica. The discussions covered all aspects of the Namibian question, including the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the People of Namibia for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April. The Mission was gratified to note the personal contribution which Mr. Volio Jim6nez had made in the field of human rights in all their aspects as well as prohibition of all trade between Costa Rica and South Africa. Further discussions were held subsequently between the Mission and a delegation of government officials headed by Alvar Antillon Salazar, Director-General of the Ministry for External Relations. During these meetings, the delegation gave details of Costa Rica's contribution to international efforts in support of the people of Namibia. The Mission and the Government of Costa Rica expressed deep concern that the situation in Namibia continued to deteriorate as a direct result of South Africa's refusal to terminate its illegal presence in Namibia in defiance of United Nations decisions and resolutions. They stressed the necessity of concerted and sustained efforts by the international community to bring about -180- the full and immediate implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) without prevarication, modification or qualification. The Mission welcomed the expressed wish of the Minister for External Relations personally to attend the Paris Conference on Namibia. The Mission was equally gratified to note that the Minister, on the occasion of the Mission's visit, was to make a public declaration to the media in order to underline the cardinal importance Costa Rica continued to attach to enabling the people of Namibia to exercise their right to self-determination and independence. During the evening of 12 April, the Ministry of External Relations, in honour of the Mission, gave a reception which was attended by some Cabinet Ministers and other dignitaries. At the end of the reception, the Director-General of the Ministry of External Relations, on behalf of the Costa Rican Government, made a welcoming speech to the Mission expounding once more on the importance attached by the people and Government of Costa Rica to the Namibian cause. The Chairman of the Mission, Mr. Ahmed Taufik Khalil (Egypt), expressed gratitude for the cordiality with which the Mission had been received and the valuable discussions which had taken place. (b) Joint communigde issued by the Government of Haiti and the Mission on 18 April 1983 The United Nations Council for Namibia's Mission of Consultation, on 15 April, held extensive consultations with representatives of the Haitian Government, including the executive and the legislative branches, and gave several interviews to the media, answering questions on the question of Namibia in all its aspects. During the meeting with Mr. Jean-Robert Estimi, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, a general review was undertaken covering the current political situation in Namibia and the present stage of the struggle of its people under the leadership of SWAPO, its sole and authentic representative, to exercise its inalienable right to self-determination, freedom and national independence. The Minister for Foreign Affairs commended the sustained efforts in this regard of the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independnece. He favourably responded to suggestions by the Mission to give the widest possible publicity to the necessity of implementing the United Nations plan for the settlement of the question of Namibia, as called for in Security Council resolution 435 (1978), without modification, qualification or prevarication and without further delay for whatever reason or pretext. It was agreed that the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence would serve as a focal point for mobilizing world public opinion in support for the cause of Namibia, and that the highest possible level of representation of Member States at the Conference would greatly enhance its importance and ensure the strongest possible impact. -181-

The Mission held detailed consultations in a working session with high officers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Haitian delegation was headed by Mr. Gabriel Anci6n, Under-Secretary of State, and included Mr. Robert Ner~e, Director of the Political Department, Mr. Carl Labossiere, Director of the Cultural Department, and Ms. Marie Laurence P6an, Director of the Department of International Organizations. During that meeting extensive discussions were held covering all aspects of the Namibian question, with special emphasis on the urgency of terminating the illegal and colonial occupation of Namibia by South Africa, in defiance of repeated General Assembly and Security Council resolutions, and the necessity of the Security Council imposing comprehensive mandatory sanctions on South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter. The Mission was later received by Mr. Jauris L4v6que, President of the Parliament of Haiti, and Messrs. Hyppolite Thermitus and St. Arnand Nuna, members of Parliament. The meeting gave both parties the opportunity to review the unrelenting efforts exerted by the United Nations Council for Namibia, the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, as well as the contribution of the Government and people of Haiti to efforts to enable the people of Namibia to exercise their inalienable right to self-determination, freedom and national independence. The Mission was gratified to hear the President of the Parliament and his colleagues reiterate the unequivocal position of the Haitian Government and people in support of the cause of Namibia. The Government of Haiti also provided facilities to the Mission to meet with the media. Interviews were held with the national radio and television stations. For almost two hours the Chairman of the Mission and its members answered questions covering all aspects of the Namibian question including Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, and the role played by the Council in carrying out the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly. (c) Statement issued by the Government of the Dominican Republic on 20 April 1983 On 18 April the Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia was received by Mr. Jos6 Augusto Vega Imbert, Secretary of State for External Relations of the Dominican Republic. There followed a working session headed by Mr. Enrique de Marchera Dujarric, Director for American Relations, the Organization of American States and the United Nations. During the meeting with the Secretary of State, the Chairman of the Mission and its members reviewed the current stage in the struggle of the Namibian people, and the urgent need to mobilize world public opinion to assist them by all possible means to rid themselves of the colonial and illegal occupation by the South African r4gime. The Minister stressed his country's adherence to the principle of self-determination and upholding human rights in all their aspects, and commended the role played by the Council in carrying out the mandate entrusted to it by the United Nations. The Chairman of the Mission and its members held a press conference on 19 April, which was attended by representatives of the local news media, who -182- had been invited by the Ministry of External Relations to contact the Mission on the subject of Namibia. Questions and answers covered wide-ranging aspects of the role of the Council, General Assembly and Security Council resolutions on the issue and the necessity to bring more pressure on South Africa, including comprehensive mandatory sanctions, in order that it comply with United Nations resolutions and implement in full the plan for the peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia. The two sides held a second working session on 20 April at the Ministry for External Relations. At the end of the meeting it was found advisable that the Government of the Dominican Republic would issue a communiqui on the occasion of the visit of the Mission, specifying principles which constituted the basis of the position taken by the Dominican Republic in support of the struggle of the people of Namibia. (d) Joint communigu4 issued by the Government of Nicaragua and the Mission on 22 April 1983 At the invitation of the Government of Nicaragua, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Nicaragua from 21 to 22 April 1983. The Mission was headed by Mr. Ahmed T. Khalil (Egypt) and included Mr. Hadi Wayarabi (Indonesia), Mrs. Famatta Osode (Liberia) and Mr. Jorge Eduardo Chen Charpentier (Mexico). The Mission visited Nicaragua to undertake consultations with the Government on the deteriorating situation in Namibia due to its continued illegal and colonial occupation by South Africa, and the need to identify initiatives and mobilize maximum international support for the immediate and unconditional implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) without modification or qualification. During its stay in Nicaragua, the Mission was received by Mr. Rafael Cordova Rivas, member of the Junta of the Government of National Reconstruction of Nicaragua. It also held substantive discussions with Ms. Nora Astorga, acting Minister for Foreign Affairs. Discussions were also held with the following members of the Foreign Relations Committee of the Council of State: Father Alvaro Arguello, of the Asociaci6n Nacional del Clero; Mr. Jos4 Luis Villavicencio, of the Asociaci6n Nacional de Educadores de Nicaragua; Ms. Angela Rosa Acevedo, of the Asociaci6n de Mujeres Nicaragences "Luisa Amanda Espinoza"I Mr. Reynaldo Payan, of the Juventud Sandinista "19 de Julio"I Ms. Marta Baltonado, Legal Adviser of the Council of Statel and Messrs. Eduaro Cortez and Freddy Velizquez of the Comit4 Nicaragiense de Solidaridad con los Pueblos. The Mission held a working session with a delegation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, comprising Mr. Alejandro Bendaga, Deputy Director of the Division of Multilateral Affairsl Ms. Dora Zeled6n, Head of the Department of African Affairs; Mr. Orlando Moncada, First Secretary of the Permanent Mission of Nicaragua to the United Nations; and Mr. Chester Simpson, Adviser. -183-

The Nicaraguan Government and the Mission stressed the importance of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April, as a focal point for further mobilizing world public opinion to the benefit of the Namibian cause. They stressed that representation by Member States at the highest possible level at the Conference would enhance its effectiveness and ensure the greatest possible impact. The Government reiterated solidarity with and unequivocal support for the just struggle of the people of Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people, for the liberation of the Territory and the establishment of an independent state of Namibia based on the principles of equality, freedom and justice. Nicaragua also expressed full support for the steps taken by the Council, as the legal Administering Authority for the Territory, in its effort to fulfil its mandate in accordance with relevant United Nations resolutions. The Government of Nicaragua and the Mission strongly condemned South Africa's occupation of Namibia, its policies of apartheid and inhuman repression there, its massive militarization of the Territory and its blatant use of it as a springboard for acts of aggression against Angola. They likewise condemned South Africa's policies of destabilization against other front-line and neighbouring African States; its efforts to develop nuclear weapons; its illegal exploitation of Namibian natural resourcesi its use of mercenariesl the creation of tribal armies) the forced conscription of Namibians for military service; and the establishment of so-called homelands. Nicaragua and the Mission deeply deplored the increased political, economic, military and cultural assistance rendered by certain Western States to South Africa and said that that should be exposed before the world and immediately terminated. Reaffirming that the question of Namibia was one of decolonization and, as such, must be resolved in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), the Government and the Mission emphasized that South Africa was obliged to terminate its illegal and colonial occupation, and that United Nations resolutions on the question, in particular Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which endorsed the settlement plan for Namibia, must be immediately implemented without modification or qualification. The Government and the Mission further expressed their conviction that the termination of the illegal and colonial occupation could be hastened if countries having extensive political, economic and other links with the South African r~gime were to exert effective pressure on it. Recalling Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, they condemned the continuous exploitation and plunder of those resources and emphasized the urgency of the effective implementation of the Decree. They demanded that transnational corporations engaged in the exploitation of those resources comply with all relevant United Nations resolutions by immediately refraining from any new investment or activities in Namibia, by withdrawing from the Territory and by putting an end to their co-operation with the illegal South African administration. -184-

In addition, they reiterated that the illegal exploitation of Namibian resources contributed to the perpetuation of the illegal occupation regime in Namibia and that South Africa and other foreign economic interests were liable to pay reparation to an independent Namibia for the illegal exploitation of its human and natural resources. Despite growing disappointment over the progress made by the contact group, the Government of Nicaragua and the Mission urged the members of the group to bring sufficient pressure to bear on South Africa so as to oblige it to comply with the United Nations decisions on Namibia without further delay. They reaffirmed total support for the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination, freedom and genuine independence in a united Namibia under the leadership of SWAPO. They also reaffirmed the people's right to employ all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, to secure their freedom and national independence. They strongly condemned South Africa's manoeuvres aimed at undermining the role of SWAPO as the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people and declared that all Member States should, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, refrain from according any recognition to or co-operating with any r4gime or authority which the illegal South African administration might impose upon the Namibian people. Reiterating their position that Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) formed the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia, they called for their immediate and unconditional implementation without qualification or modification. They recalled that the General Assembly, in its resolution 37/233 of 20 December 1982, had firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa to establish any linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, emphasizing unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts would retard the decolonization process in Namibia and constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola. They commended the positive and constructive attitude of SWAPO and strongly condemned the arrest, detention and torture of SWAPO patriots by the South African r6gime. They demanded that South Africa immediately release all Namibian political prisoners, including all those imprisoned or detained under the so-called internal security laws, and declared that South Africa should be liable for damages to compensate the victims, their families and the future lawful government of an independent Namibia for the losses sustained. Also strongly condemned were the repeated acts of aggression committed by the racist Pretoria r6gime against Angola and its policy of destabilization against neighbouring African States. Nicaragua and the Mission reaffirmed solidarity with the front-line States and condemned all acts by South Africa aimed at destabilizing them or forcing them to withdraw their support for the struggle of the Namibian people. They commended the front-line States for that support and called urgently upon the international community to intensify its efforts to extend all support and assistance, including military assistance, to the front-line States. -185-

The Government and the Mission reiterated that Namibia must accede to independence with its territorial integrity intact, including Walvis Bay and the offshore islands, and that any action by South Africa to fragment the Territory would be unacceptable, illegal, null and void. The Government and the Mission expressed their conviction that the imposition by the Security Council of mandatory sanctions against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter would be one of the most effective ways to secure South Africa's compliance with the relevant Security Council resolutions and urged the Council, in light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to take urgent action to that end. Affirming that the struggle for the liberation of Namibia was in a crucial phase, Nicaragua and the Mission affirmed that it was essential at that juncture for peace- and freedom-loving forces to unite their energies solidly behind SWAPO and to continue to expose and condemn all manoeuvres designed to frustrate the legitimate and just struggle of the people of Namibia to achieve their independence. The Government of Nicaragua informed the Mission of its will to continue, as a member of the Security Council, to collaborate actively with the African countries with regard to convening the Council as soon as possible in order to examine new measures related to the application of the plan for Namibia. In that context, it expressed its hope that certain permanent members of the Security Council would not resort again to the use of the veto in order to prevent that organ from imposing sanctions on South Africa. 3. Mission of Consultation to Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy and Switzerland (a) Statement issued by the Mission on 15 April 1983 With the agreement of the Government of Greece, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Greece from 15 to 18 April 1983. The Mission was led by Mr. 0. 0. Fafowora (Nigeria) and included Ms. Zhang Fengkun (China), Ms. Maria Eugenia Trujillo (Venezuela) and Mr. Peter Manning (SWAPO). The Mission was received by Mr. G. Gemematas of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Pellias, Protocol and African Desk, and Mr. Odd Nordstrand, Resident Representative of UNDP. On 15 April, the Mission held consultations with officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs including Mr. Karolos Papulias, the Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and Mr. Christos Salamanis. Mr. M. Karaphotias and Mr. 0. Nordstrand of UNDP also attended the meeting. The Mission reviewed the situation obtaining in Namibia as a result of South Africa's continued presence in the Territory, as well as the latest political developments in the Territory. In that regard, the Mission stressed the importance of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, aimed at mobilizing international support for the cause of -186-

Namibia in order to bring a speedy end to South Africa's illegal occupation of the Territory. The Mission expressed concern at South Africa's continued illegal presence in Namibia and its persistent refusal to withdraw its administration from the Territory, notwithstanding the termination by the General Assembly in 1966 of its mandate over the Territory, the formation of the United Nations Council for Namibia in 1967, the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971 confirming the illegality of South Africa's presence in Namibia and the numerous United Nations resolutions on the question of Namibia. The Mission expressed concern at South Africa's defiance of the resolutions of the United Nations, its intensified policies of repression of the Namibian people and its war of aggression against the liberation movement of SWAPO and against neighbouring African States. The Mission emphasized that the collaboration with South Africa by certain States in the diplomatic, economic, military and social fields only encouraged that r4gime to entrench its illegal administration in Namibia. In that connection the Mission discussed with the Government of Greece the issue of South Africa exhibiting arms at an international arms exhibition in Athens in October 1981. The Greek Government promised to provide the Council with further details regarding that issue. The Mission expressed the urgent need for the early independence of Namibia and, in that context, stressed further the need to mobilize the international community to bring pressure to bear upon South Africa to implement Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) containing the accepted plan for the independence of Namibia. The Mission strongly condemned the establishment of a link between the granting of independence to Namibia and the presence of Cuban troops in Angola as a delaying tactic by the South African r4gime aimed at frustrating the aspirations of the Namibian people for independence. The Mission expressed its appreciation to the Greek Government for the welcome extended to it during its stay in Greece. (b) Joint communigu4 issued by the Government of Turkey and the Mission on 20 April 1983 With the consent of the Government of Turkey, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Turkey from 18 to 19 April. The Mission was led by Mr. 0. 0. Fafowora (Nigeria) and included Ms. Zhang Fengkun (China), Ms. Maria Eugenia Trujillo (Venezuela) and Mr. Peter Manning (SWAPO). The purpose of the Mission was to bring to the attention of the Government of Turkey the importance of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, and to exchange views on the need to mobilize international opinion in support of the legitimate struggle of the people of Namibia for independence under the leadership of SWAPO. -187-

During its stay in Turkey, the Mission was received by Mr. Erciment Yavuzalp, Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Mr. Erden Erner, Deputy Under-Secretary for Political Affairs. It then had a cordial exchange of views with senior officials of the Ministry. The Government of Turkey and the Mission noted with grave concern that since the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 435 (1978), which provided a basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question, the South African r~gime had continued to occupy the Territory illegally. The Government of Turkey and the Mission condemned South Africa for its continued defiance of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and clearly expressed the will of the international community for the speedy transition of Namibia to independence. The Government of Turkey reiterated its support for the United Nations Council for Namibia as well as for the initiatives being undertaken by the United Nations aimed at bringing Namibia to independence. In that connection the Government of Turkey expressed its appreciation for the contribution being made by the Council in its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence. The two sides strongly rejected South Africa's defiant and arrogant attempts to oppose an "internal settlement" on the Namibian people and reaffirmed their determination not to recognize any such illegal r4gime. The Government of Turkey and the Mission underlined the dangers involved in any country giving political, economic, military and social assistance to the South African regime in its illegal occupation of Namibia, as such collaboration only served to encourage the South African r~gime further to entrench its illegal occupation of the Territory. In that context the Government of Turkey supported the imposition of mandatory economic sanctions by the Security Council on the South African r~gime in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter. The two sides strongly condemned the activities of foreign economic interests in Namibia and the illegal exploitation of the natural resources of that Territory. The Government of Turkey and the Mission reaffirmed their unswerving support for SWAPO as the sole and authentic representative of the people of Namibia and strongly condemned South Africa's war of repression against the Namibian people. The Government of Turkey and the Mission reaffirmed their strong support for the front-line States, which had encouraged and supported the armed liberation struggle of the Namibian people for their inalienable right to self-determination and independence under the leadership of SWAPO. They strongly condemned the persistent acts of aggression by the South African rigime against neighbouring independent African States. The Government of Turkey confirmed its participation at the forthcoming International Conference in Paris at a high level. -188-

(c) Joint communigu4 issued by the Government of Bulgaria and the Mission on 25 April 1983 With the consent of the Government of Bulgaria, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Bulgaria from 20 to 23 April 1983. The Mission was led by Mr. 0. 0. Fafowora (Nigeria) and included Ms. Zhang Fengkun (China), Ms. Maria Eugenia Trujillo (Venezuela) and Mr. Peter Manning (SWAPO). The Mission was received by Mr. Grisha Philipov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgarial Mr. Petar Mladenov, Minister for Foreign Affairs; Mr. Ninko Stephanov, First Deputy Chairman of the National Assemblyl Mr. Sava Dalbokov, First Deputy Chairman of the National Council of the Fatherland Front; and Mr. Slavcho Transky, Chairman of the Committee for Solidarity with the Peoples of Asia and Africa. On 20 April 1983 the Mission held consultations with a delegation consisting of Mr. Luobomir Popov, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs and head of the delegation; Mr. Dimitar Kostov, Director of the United Nations and Disarmament Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Dimitar Chorbadjiev, Director of the African Affairs Department; Mr. Todor Dichev, Deputy Director of the United Nations and Disarmament Affairs Department; Mr. Georgi Denichin, Second Secretary with the Permanent Mission of Bulgaria to the United Nations; and Mr. Alexander Savov, Attache with the United Nations and Disarmament Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During the talks and meetings, the Government of Bulgaria and the Mission exchanged views on all questions relating to the legitimate and just struggle of the people of Namibia under the leadership of their sole and authentic representative, SWAPO, for freedom, self-determination and independence in a united Namibia as well as measures for mobilizing increased international support for the struggle and for ensuring the speedy termination of the illegal occupation and the independence of Namibia. The Government of Bulgaria and the Mission reaffirmed their unswerving support for SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people. They also reaffirmed their recognition of the legitimacy of the struggle of the Namibian people by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, against the illegal occupation of their territory by South Africa. The Government of Bulgaria and the Mission emphasized that Namibia was the direct responsibility of the United Nations until genuine self-determination and national independence were achieved in the Territory and reaffirmed the mandate of the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority until independence. The Government of Bulgaria and the Mission insisted that the genuine independence of Namibia could only be achieved with the direct and full participation of SWAPO in all efforts to implement resolutions of the United Nations relating to Namibia and further insisted that the only parties to the -189- conflict in Namibia were, on the one hand, South Africa, as the illegal Occupying Power and, on the other, the Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. The two sides strongly condemned the apartheid regime of Pretoria for its continued illegal occupation of Namibia, for its military build-up in the Territory, for its racist colonialist oppression and repression of the Namibian people and for the plunder of their natural resources, as well as for the use of the territory of Namibia for aggression against Angola and other front-line States. They reaffirmed their position that the policies of South Africa constituted a threat to peace and security in Africa as well as in the world as a whole and that the increased belligerency of Pretoria was encouraged and supported by its Western allies, particularly the United States. The two sides reaffirmed that the question of Namibia should be resolved on the basis of all the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, including the implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) without qualification, prevarication or modification and that the illegal occupation should be immediately terminated. The two sides emphasized that the Security Council should apply comprehensive mandatory sanctions against Pretoria under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter in order to compel the racists to comply with the resolutions of the United Nations. The two sides stated that the activities of the Western allies of Pretoria had brought new problems into the question of Namibia and had led to the current impasse in the efforts of the international community to secure the independence of the Territory. The two sides firmly rejected the persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa, with the tacit support of certain other Western countries, to establish a linkage or parallels between the independence of Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola and emphasized unequivocally that the persistence of such attempts constituted interference in the internal affairs of Angola and was aimed at delaying the decolonization process in Namibia in accordance with the strategic interests of the Pretoria rigime and its Western allies. The Government of Bulgaria and the Mission condemned the South African rigime for its massive repression of the people of Namibia with the intention of establishing an atmosphere of intimidation and terror for the purpose of imposing upon them a political arrangement aimed at undermining the territorial integrity and unity of Namibia as well as perpetuating the systematic plunder of the natural resources of the Territory. The Government of Bulgaria and the Mission reaffirmed their support for General Assembly resolution 3295 (XXIX), by which the Assembly had endorsed Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia. Both sides strongly condemned the collusion of the Governments of certain Western countries, particularly the United States, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom and Israel, with the racist regime in the nuclear field and strongly demanded that all States refrain from supplying the racist minority regime of South Africa, directly or indirectly, with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium or other nuclear materials. -190-

The Government of Bulgaria and the Mission strongly condemned the activities of the South African and Western economic interests operating in Namibia and illegally exploiting the resources of the Territory, and demanded that the Western transnational corporations engaged in such exploitation, comply with all relevant resolutions of the United Nations by immediately refraining from any investment or activities in Namibia, by withdrawing from the Territory and by putting an end to their co-operation with the illegal South African administration. They unequivocally declared that by their exploitation of the natural resources and continued accumulation and repatriation of huge profits, the activities of Western and South African economic interests operating in Namibia constituted a major obstacle to its political independence. The Government of Bulgaria and the Mission declared their firm support for the front-line States and expressed their appreciation for the assistance rendered to SWAPO in its struggle to achieve self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia. The Bulgarian side reaffirmed its full support for the United Nations Council for Namibia and its activities aimed at the speedy solution of the question of Namibia. The two sides emphasized the great importance of the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, to be held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. The Mission recalled the warm welcome it had received from the Government and the people of Bulgaria during its visit in 1979 and expressed its appreciation to the Government and the people for the equally warm welcome extended to it during its present stay and for their consistent support for the struggle of the Namibian people for independence. (d) Statement issued by the Mission on 4 May 1983 A Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Italy from 1 to 4 May 1983. The Mission, which was led by Mr. Melchior Bwakira (Burundi), also included Ms. Zhang Fengkum (China), Ms. Maria Eugenia Trujillo (Venezuela) and Mr. Peter Manning (SWAPO). The Mission was received by Mr. Bruno Corti, Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The Mission held consultations with a delegation from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs headed by Mr. Roberto Franceschi, Deputy Director of the Political Affairs Department. During the consultations, the Mission discussed the recent International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983. The Mission noted that the Government of Italy had officially participated in the Conference. The Mission also expressed the view that the Paris Conference had been a great success in mobilizing increased international support for the Namibian cause. The Mission noted the requests and decisions contained in the Declaration and Programme of Action issued by the Conference on 29 April 1983 and urged their speedy implementation by the international community. -191-

The Mission reaffirmed its full support for the United Nations Council for Namibia and its activities aimed at the speedy solution of the Namibian question. The Mission strongly expressed the opinion that the maximum material and moral support should be extended to SWAPO and the Namibian people. In that regard, the Mission expressed its appreciation for the contributions of the Italian Government to the United Nations Fund for Namibia and to SWAPO. The Mission expressed appreciation to the front-line States for their continuing support and solidarity with the struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination and independence. The Mission expressed the strong conviction that the people of Namibia must be enabled to exercise without further delay, by means of free and fair elections, their right to self-determination and independence. In that regard, the Mission reiterated that the plan laid down in Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remained the only basis for a settlement of the Namibian question. The Mission called upon all States to exert pressure on South Africa to attain the unconditional implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) without further delay. The Mission expressed its strong objection to any attempt to link Namibian independence with irrelevant or extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. The Mission condemned South Africa's policies of repression and terror in Namibia, its aggression against neighbouring African States, the escalation of its military operations, the expansion of its installations in Namibia and its development of a nuclear weapons capability, all of which posed a serious threat to international peace and security. On the basis of the Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the Paris Conference on 29 April 1983, the Mission reiterated its strong support for the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa. In that regard, the Mission noted that a meeting of the Security Council was to be convened in the near future in order to request the urgent implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978). The Mission expressed its appreciation to the Government and the people of Italy for their support for the Namibian cause. The Mission further thanked the Government of Italy for the warm hospitality extended to it during its stay in Italy. (e) Statement issued by the Mission on 6 May 1983 With the consent of the Government of Switzerland, a Mission of Consultation of the United Nations Council for Namibia visited Switzerland from 4 to 6 May 1983. -192-

The Mission, which was led by Mr. Melchior Bwakira (Burundi), also included Ms. Zhang Fengkum (China), Ms. Maria Eugenia Trujillo (Venezuela) and Mr. Peter Manning (SWAPO). On Friday, 6 May, the Mission was received in Berne by Mr. Raymond Probst, Secretary of State. That same day the Mission held detailed consultations in Berne with a delegation from the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs led by Mr. Edouard Brunner, Head of the Department of International Organizations, and including Messrs. Bernard de Riedmatten, Deputy Director of the Department of International Organization; Jean-Pierre Ritter, Chief of the Political Secretariat; Philippe Levy, of the Office of Foreign Economic Affairsi Herbert von Arx, Chief of the Section for Special Political Questions; Robert Mayor, Chief of the Section for the United Nations and International Organizations; Heinrich Reimann, Chief of the Section for Public International Law; Andr4 von Graffenried, Deputy Director of the Department of International Organization; Christian Dunant, of Political Division II; and Urs Stemmler, of the Political Secretariat. The purpose of the visit was primarily to discuss with the Government of Switzerland the importance of the recent International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, and to request support by the Government for the implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the Conference. In that regard the Mission noted with appreciation that the Government of Switzerland had participated in the Conference in an observer capacity. The discussions were characterized by a frank exchange of views between the Government of Switzerland and the Mission on the Namibian question. The Mission reaffirmed that the independence plan embodied in Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remained the only acceptable basis for a peaceful settlement of the Namibian question. The Mission expressed concern at the persistent refusal of the South African regime to implement the resolution and demanded that such implementation be undertaken without further delay. The Mission also expressed its firm rejection of the injection into the independence plan of any extraneous issues, in particular the linkage of the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola with Namibian independence. The Mission reiterated that the question of Namibia was one of decolonization and could only be settled in accordance with Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978). The Mission reaffirmed its strong support for Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, endorsed by the General Assembly in resolution 3295 (XXIX). In that connection, the Mission strongly condemned the activities of foreign economic interests and transnational corporations in Namibia and all other forms of collaboration in the exploitation of the natural resources of the Territory. The Mission reaffirmed its support for the just struggle of the Namibian people for self-determination and independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. -193-

The Mission further reaffirmed its support for the front-line States and expressed deep appreciatidn for their encouragement and assistance to the people of Namibia in their liberation struggle. The Mission strongly condemned South Africa's continued oppression of the Namibian people, its militarization of Namibia and its armed and unprovoked aggression against neighbouring African States. The Mission expressed the strong view that such acts constituted a threat to international peace and security, and demanded that South Africa desist from such acts forthwith. The Mission expressed the strong view that the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa was the only effective means of putting an end to that regime's illegal occupation of Namibia. In that regard, the Mission expressed support for the Paris Programme of Action, which envisaged, among other things, the convening of a meeting of the Security Council in the near future to request the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa. The Mission appealed to the international community for its support in the implementation of the envisaged sanctions. The Mission expressed its thanks to the Government of Switzerland for the warm welcome extended to it during its visit to Switzerland. E. Decisions Election of officers 880. At its 386th meeting, on 29 September 1982, the Council, in view of the departure of Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui (Algeria) and Mr. Miljan Komatina (Yugoslavia), had to elect two new Vice-Presidents. The Council elected Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria) and Mr. Ignac Golob (Yugoslavia) as Vice- Presidents of the Council for the remainder of 1982. 881. The election of officers for 1983 is described in paragraphs 857, 859-861 and 864 above. Relationship between IMF and South Africa 882. At its 388th meeting, on 20 October 1982, the Council decided to request the Secretary-General to arrange for the distribution, as an official document of the General Assembly, of the report entitled "International Monetary Fund Relations with South Africa", prepared by Mr. David Gisselquist (A/37/568, annex). Report on the United Nations Fund for Namibia 883. At its 395th meeting, on 19 January 1983, the Council approved the progress report on the Fund prepared by the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia (A/AC.131/1982/CRP.5). -194-

Reports of Standing Committee II 884. At its 398th meeting, on 15 March 1983, the Council approved the reports prepared under the direction of Standing Committee II on social conditions in Namibia (A/CONF.120/5-A/AC.131/93); planning for Namibian independences manpower development strategies (A/CONF.120/6 and Corr.l)j activities of foreign economic interests operating in Namibia (A/CONF.120/4-A/AC.131/92)) and contacts between Member States and South Africa (part five of the present report). 885. At its 399th meeting, on 18 March 1983, the Council approved the list of transnational corporations and other foreign economic interests operating in Namibia (A/CONF.120/8). 886. At its 400th meeting, on 25 March 1983, the Council approved the reports on the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia (A/CONF.120/l1); assistance to the front-line States (A/CONF.120/10)1 political developments related to Namibia (A/CONF.120/7-A/AC.131/94)} and the military situation in and relating to Namibia (A/CONF.120/3-A/AC.131/91 and Corr.l and 2). Regional symposium organized b the Council 887. At its 402nd meeting, on 6 May 1983, the Council decided to hold the Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America at San Jos6, Costa Rica, from 16 to 19 August 1983. At the same meeting, the Council approved the report of Standing Committee II containing the guidelines for the Symposium (A/AC.131/L.287). -195-

PART FOUR RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACTIVITIES INVOLVING FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS I. RECOMMENDATIONS 888. The United Nations Council for Namibia recommends to the General Assembly the adoption of the following draft resolutions on the question of Namibiaa A Situation in Namibia resulting from the illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa The General Assembly, Having examined the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia 5_Q/ and the relevant chapters of the report of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,.22/ Recalling its resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960 containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, Recalling, in particular, its resolutions 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966 and 2248 (S-V) of 19 May 1967 and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council relating to Namibia, as well as the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971, 12/ delivered in response to the request addressed to it by the Security Council in its resolution 284 (1970) of 29 July 1970, Recalling also its resolutions 3111 (XXVIII) of 12 December 1973 and 31/146 and 31/152 of 20 December 1976, by which it, inter alia, recognized the South West Africa People's Organization as the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people and granted observer status to it, Recalling further its resolutions ES-8/2 of 14 September 1981 and 36/121 B of 10 December 1981, by which it called upon States to cease forthwith, individually and collectively, all dealings with South Africa in order totally to isolate it politically, economically, militarily and culturally, Recalling the Political Declaration issued by the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, 52/ held at New Delhi from 7 to 12 March 1983, Recalling the Paris Declaration on Namibia and the Report and Programme of Action on Namibia 53/ adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, Recalling the debate on the question of Namibia held in the Security Council from 23 May to 1 June 1983, 54/ -196-

Recalling the resolution on Namibia 55/ adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity at its nineteenth ordinary session, held at Addis Ababa from 6 to 12 June 1983, Strongly reiterating that the continuing illegal and colonial occupation of Namibia by South Africa, in defiance of repeated General Assembly and Security Council resolutions, constitutes an act of aggression against the Namibian people and a challenge to the authority of the United Nations, which has direct responsibility for Namibia until independence, Stressing the grave responsibility of the international community to take all possible measures in support of the Namibian people in their liberation struggle under the leadership of their sole and authentic representative, the South West Africa People's Organization, Reaffirming its full support for the armed struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization to achieve self- determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia, Indignant at South Africa's refusal to comply with repeated resolutions of the Security Council, in particular resolutions 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976, 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978, 439 (1978) of 13 November 1978 and 532 (1983) of 31 May 1983, and at its manoeuvres aimed at perpetuating its brutal drmination and exploitation of the Namibian people, as repeatedly manifested in the course of the consultations for the implementation of the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia, Commending the front-line States and the South West Africa People's Organization for the statesmanlike and constructive attitude which they have displayed throughout the consultations to implement Security Council resolution 435 (1978), Strongly condemning South Africa's continued illegal occupation of Namibia, its brutal repression of the Namibian people and its ruthless exploitation of the people and resources of Namibia, as well as its attempts to destroy the national unity and territorial integrity of Namibia, Strongly condemning the racist r~gime of South Africa for its efforts to develop a nuclear capability for military and aggressive purposes, Deeply concerned at the increasing militarization of Namibia, the forceful conscription of Namibians, the creation of tribal armies and the use of mercenaries for internal repression and external aggression, Noting with grave concern that, as a result of the Security Council's failure on 31 August 1981, 56/ on account of the veto of the United States of America, to exercise its responsibilities, unprovoked massive armed aggression against Angola continues, and recently has escalated to extremely dangerous proportions, Expressing its strong condemnation of South Africa's continuing acts of aggression against independent African States, particularly Angola, which have caused extensive loss of human life and destruction of economic infrastructures, -197-

Reaffirming that the resources of Namibia are the inviolable heritage of the Namibian people and that the exploitation of those resources by foreign economic interests under the protection of the illegal colonial administration, in violation of the Charter of the United Nations, of the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, / enacted by the United Nations Council for Namibia on 27 September 1974, and in disregard of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971, is illegal and contributes to the maintenance of the illegal occupation rigime, Deeply deploring the continued collaboration with South Africa of certain Western States, in particular the United States of America, as well as that of Israel, in disregard of the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, Deeply concerned at the continued assistance rendered to the racist Pretoria regime by certain international organizations and institutions, in particular the International Monetary Fund, in disregard of the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, Indignant at the continuing arbitrary imprisonment and detention of political leaders and followers of the South West Africa People's Organization, the killing of Namibian patriots and other acts of brutality, including the wanton beating, torture and murder of innocent Namibians, and the arbitrary inhuman measures of collective punishment and measures designed to intimidate the Namibian people and to destroy their will to fulfil their legitimate aspirations for selfdetermination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia, Noting with grave concern that the Security Council has been prevented on several occasions from taking effective action against South Africa in the discharge of its responsibilities under Chapter VII of the Charter on account of the vetoes cast by one or more of the Western permanent members of the Security Council, Commending the efforts of the United Nations Council for Namibia in the discharge of the responsibilities entrusted to it under the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, 1. Approves the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia; 2. Takes note of the Paris Declaration on Namibia and the Report and Programme of Action on Namibia adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983; 3. Takes note of the debate on the question of Namibia held in the Security Council from 23 May to 1 June 1983, in which the international community overwhelmingly pronounced itself against the establishment of any linkage or parallelism between Namibian independence and extraneous and irrelevant issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola; 4. Reaffirms the inalienable right of the people of Namibia to self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia, in -198- accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and as recognized in General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV) and 2145 (XXI) and in subsequent resolutions of the Assembly relating to Namibia, as well as the legitimacy of their struggle by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, against the illegal occupation of their territory by South Africa; 5. Reiterates that, in accordance with its resolution 2145 (XXI), Namibia is the direct responsibility of the United Nations until genuine self-determination and national independence are achieved in the Territory and, for this purpose, reaffirms the mandate given to the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence under resolution 2248 (S-V) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly; 6. Reaffirms that the South West Africa People's Organization, the national liberation movement of Namibia, is the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people; 7. Solemnly reaffirms that the genuine independence of Namibia can be achieved only with the direct and full participation of the South West Africa People's Organization in all efforts to implement resolutions of the United Nations relating to Namibia and further reaffirms that the only parties to the conflict in Namibia are, on the one hand, South Africa, as the illegal occupying Power, and, on the other, the Namibian people under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization, their sole and authentic representative; 8. Commends the Namibian people's courage and determination and proclaims its full support for the heroic struggle they are waging under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization, their sole and authentic representative, to achieve self-determination, freedom and independence in a united Namibia; 9. Strongly condemns the South African r4gime for its continued illegal occupation of Namibia in defiance of the resolutions of the United Nations relating to Namibia; 10. Declares that South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia constitutes an act of aggression against the Namibian people in terms of the Definition of Aggression contained in General Assembly resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974 and supports the armed struggle of the Namibian people, under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization, to repel South Africa's aggression and to achieve self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia; 11. Reiterates that, in accordance with the resolutions of the United Nations, in particular Security Council resolution 432 (1978) of 27 July 1978 and General Assembly resolutions S-9/2 of 3 May1978 and 35/227 A of 6 March 1981, Walvis Bay and the offshore islands of Namibia are an integral part of Namibia and that all attempts by South Africa to annex them are therefore illegal, null and void; 12. Calls upon the Security Council to declare categorically that Walvis Bay is an integral part of Namibia and that the question should not be left as a matter for negotiation between an independent Namibia and South Africa; -199-

13. Reaffirms that Security Council resolution 435 (1978), together with Council resolution 385 (1976), is the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia and calls for its immediate and unconditional implementation without qualification or modification; 14. Firmly rejects the manoeuvres by the United States of America and South Africa aimed at undermining the international consensus embodied in Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and at depriving the oppressed people of Namibia of their hard-won victories in the struggle for national liberation; 15. Firmly rejects and condemns the persistent attempts by the United States of America and South Africa to establish any linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and any extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola, and emphasizes unequivocally that all such attempts are designed to delay the decolonization process in Namibia and constitute interference in the internal affairs of Angola; 16. Expresses its appreciation to the front-line States and the South West Africa People's Organization for their statesmanlike and constructive attitude throughout the consultations to implement Security Council resolution 435 (1978); 17. Strongly condemns South Africa for obstructing the implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976), 435 (1978) and 439 (1978) and for its manoeuvres, in contravention of those resolutions, designed to consolidate its colonial and neo-colonial interests at the expense of the legitimate aspirations of the Namibian people for genuine self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia; 18. Denounces all fraudulent constitutional and political schemes through which the illegal racist r~gime of South Africa may attempt to perpetuate its colonial domination of Namibia and, in particular, calls upon the international community, especially all Member States, to continue to refrain from according any recognition or extending any co-operation to any rigime which the illegal South African administration may impose upon the Namibian people in disregard of the present resolution, of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976), 435 (1978) and 439 (1978) and of other relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council; 19. Strongly condemns the illegal South African administration in Namibia for its manoeuvres, such as the establishment of another puppet institution in the form of the so-called State Council in direct violation of Security Council resolution 439 (1978), aimed at perpetuating its domination and exploitation of the people and natural resources of the Territory; 20. Strongly urges the Security Council to act decisively against any dilatory manoeuvres and fraudulent schemes of the illegal occupation r4gime aimed at frustrating the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people, under the leadership of the South West African People's Organization, for self- determination and national liberation, as well as at negating the achievements of their just struggle; 21. Declares that all so-called laws and proclamations issued by the illegal occupation regime in Namibia are illegal, null and void; -200-

22. Calls upon Member States and the specialized agencies and other international organizations associated with the United Nations to render sustained and increased support as well as material, financial, military and other assistance to the South West Africa People's Organization so as to enable it to intensify its struggle for the liberation of Namibia; 23. Urges all Governments and the specialized agencies and other intergovernmental organizations to provide increased material assistance to the thousands of Namibian refugees who have been forced by the apartheid r6gime's oppressive policies to flee Namibia, especially into the neighbouring front-line States; 24. Calls upon all Governments, especially those which have close links with South Africa, to support, in co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, the actions of the United Nations to defend the national rights of the Namibian people until independence; 25. Condemns the increased assistance rendered by the major Western countries and Israel to South Africa in the political, economic, financial and particularly the military fields and expresses its conviction that this assistance constitutes a hostile action against the people of Namibia and the front-line States since it is bound to strengthen the military capability of the racist rigime, and demands that such assistance be immediately terminated; 26. Declares that the resolution on "the need for development aid for Namibia" adopted by the European Parliament on 13 January 1983, calling upon the European Economic Community to extend aid to occupied Namibia as well as to so-called "refugees from southern Angola" in Namibia, if implemented, would flout international law by implying recognition of South Africa's presence in Namibia and would subsidize Pretoria's illegal administration of the Territory, while encouraging its acts of aggression against Angola and the occupation of a part of Angolan territory; 27. Notes, in this connection, the declaration of the European Parliament of 14 November 1983 concerning the resolution on "the need for development aid for Namibia" which the Parliament adopted on 13 January 1983, and the letter of 15 November 1983 from the President of the European Parliament addressed to the Secretary-General underlining that the European Parliament and the European Community support and respect the framework established by the United Nations in respect of Namibia; 57/ 28. Condemns, in this connection, the visit in August 1983 by four members of the European Parliament to Namibia and the parts of Angolan territory occupied by South Africa; 29. Strongly condemns South Africa for its military build-up in Namibia, its introduction of compulsory military service for Namibians, its recruitment and training of Namibians for tribal armies, its use of mercenaries to suppress the Namibian people and to carry out its military attacks against independent African States, its threats and acts of subversion and aggression against those States and the forcible displacement of Namibians from their homes; 30. Stronqly condemns South Africa for its persistent acts of subversion and aggression against Angola, including the occupation of a part of its territory, and -201- calls upon South Africa to cease all acts of aggression against and withdraw all its troops from that country; 31. Condemns the use of the territory of Namibia by the racist r6gime of South Africa as a staging ground from which to launch armed attacks against neighbouring African States, particularly the repeated unprovoked acts of aggression against and invasion of Angola, including occupation of parts of that country, in order to intimidate those States and, inter alia, to prevent them from supporting the legitimate struggle of the Namibian and South African peoples for freedom and independence; 32. Condemns the continuing military and nuclear collaboration on the part of certain Western countries and Israel with the racist r4gime of South Africa, which is encouraging the Pretoria regime in its defiance of the international community and obstructing efforts to eliminate apartheid and bring an end to South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia, and urges those countries to cease and desist forthwith from such collaboration with South Africa, which is in violation of the arms embargo imposed against South Africa under Security Council resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977; 33. Expresses its grave concern at the acquisition of nuclear weapons capability by the racist rigime of South Africa, with its record of violence and aggression, and declares that such acquisition constitutes a further attempt on its part to terrorize and intimidate independent States in the region into submission while also posing a danger to all mankind; 34. Strongly condemns the collusion by the Governments of certain Western and other States, particularly those of the United States and Israel, with the racist r4gime of South Africa in the nuclear field and calls upon France and all other States to refrain from supplying the racist minority r4gime of South Africa, directly or indirectly, with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium or other nuclear materials, reactors or military equipment; 35. Calls upon the international community to extend, as a matter of urgency, full support and assistance, including military assistance, to the front-line States in order to enable them to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity against the repeated acts of aggression by South Africa; 36. Condemns South Africa's attempts to thwart the work of the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference, and calls upon all States to render all possible assistance to the Conference in its efforts to promote regional economic co-operation and development; 37. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to develop, in consultation with the United Nations Development Programme, a comprehensive programme of assistance to States which are neighbours of South Africa and Namibia, on the understanding that such assistance should not only envisage the overcoming of short-term difficulties but be designed to enable those States to move towards complete self-reliance, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its thirty-ninth session on the development of this programme; 38. Requests all specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system to co-operate with the Secretary-General -202- in the development of a comprehensive programme of assistance to States neighbouring South Africa and Namibia; 39. Reiterates its call upon all States to take legislative and other appropriate measures to prevent the recruitment, training and transit of mercenaries for service in Namibia; 40. Strongl condemns the illegal South African administration for its massive repression of the people of Namibia and their national liberation movement, the South West Africa People's Organization, with the intention of establishing an atmosphere of intimidation and terror for the purpose of imposing upon the Namibian people a political arrangement aimed at undermining the territorial integrity and unity of Namibia as well as perpetuating the systematic plunder of the natural resources of the Territory; 41. Demands that South Africa immediately release all Namibian political prisoners, including all those imprisoned or detained under the so-called internal security laws, martial law or any other arbitrary measures, whether such Namibians have been charged or tried or are being held without charge in Namibia or South Africa; 42. Demands that South Africa account for all "disappeared" Namibians and release any who are still alive and declares that South Africa shall be liable for damages to compensate the victims, their families and the future lawful Government of an independent Namibia for the losses sustained; 43. Reaffirms that the natural resources of Namibia are the birthright of the Namibian people and expresses its deep concern at the rapid depletion of the natural resources of the Territory, particularly its uranium deposits, as a result of their reckless plunder by South Africa and certain Western and other foreign economic interests, in violation of the pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly and of the Security Council, of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 July 1971 and of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia; 44. Declares that all activities of foreign economic interests in Namibia are illegal under international law and that consequently South Africa and all the foreign economic interests operating in Namibia are liable to pay damages to the future lawful Government of an independent Namibia; 45. Strongly condemns the activities of all foreign economic interests operating in Namibia under the illegal South African administration which are illegally exploiting the resources of the Territory and demands that transnational corporations engaged in such exploitation comply with all relevant resolutions of the United Nations by immediately refraining from any new investment or activities in Namibia, by withdrawing from the Territory and by putting an end to their co-operation with the illegal South African administration; 46. Requests once again all Member States to take all appropriate measures, including legislation and enforcement action, to ensure the full application of, and compliance by all corporations and individuals within their jurisdiction with, the provisions of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia; -203-

47. Declares that, by their depletive exploitation of natural resources and continued accumulation and repatriation of huge profits, the activities of foreign economic, financial and other interests operating at present in Namibia constitute a major obstacle to its independence; 48. Calls upon the Governments of all States, particularly those whose corporations are involved in the mining and processing of Namibian uranium, to take all appropriate measures in the context of the. implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, including the practice of requiring negative certificates of origin, to prohibit and prevent State-owned and other corporations, together with their subsidiaries, from dealing in Namibian uranium and from engaging in any uranium prospecting activities in Namibia; 49. Requests the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which operate the Urenco uranium-enrichment plant, to have Namibian uranium specifically excluded from the Treaty of Almelo, which regulates the activities of Urenco; 50. Deeply deplores the continued collaboration of the International Monetary Fund with South Africa in disregard of General Assembly resolution 37/2 of 21 October 1982, and calls upon the Fund to put an end to such collaboration; 51. Reiterates its request to all States, pending the imposition of mandatory sanctions against South Africa, to take legislative, administrative and other measures unilaterally and collectively, as appropriate, in order effectively to isolate South Africa politically, economically, militarily and culturally, in accordance with General Assembly resolutions ES-8/2. 36/121 B and 37/233 A; 52. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to continue to follow the implementation of the provisions of paragraph 51 above on the basis of information received from States as well as other sources; 53. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, in implementation of paragraph 15 of General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 and of the relevant provisions of Assembly resolutions 36/121 B and 37/233 A, to continue to monitor the boycott of South Africa and to submit to the Assembly at its thirty- ninth session a comprehensive report on all contacts between all States and South Africa, containing an analysis of the information received from Member States and other sources on the continuing political, economic, financial and other relations of States and their economic and other interest groups with South Africa and of measures taken by States to terminate all dealings with the racist rigime of South Africa; 54. Requests all States to co-operate fully with the United Nations Council for Namibia in the fulfilment of its tasks concerning the implementation of General Assembly resolutions ES-8/2, 36/121 B and 37/233 A and to report to the Secretary-General by the thirty-ninth session of the Assembly on the measures taken by them in the implementation of those resolutions; 55. Requests the Secretary-General to seek to ensure that all banks, corporations and other institutions with which the United Nations has contracts are in compliance with United Nations sanctions policies against South Africa; -204-

56. Declares that the liberation struggle in Namibia is a conflict of an international character in terms of article 1, paragraph 4, of Protocol I 58/ Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 40/ and, in this regard, demands that the Conventions and Additional Protocol I be applied by South Africa, and in particular that all captured freedom fighters be accorded prisoner-of-war status as called for by the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 46/ and Additional Protocol thereto; 57. Declares that South Africa's defiance of the United Nations, its illegal occupation of the Territory of Namibia, its war of repression against the Namibian people, its persistent acts of aggression launched from bases in Namibia against independent African States, its policies of apartheid and its development of nuclear weapons constitute a serious threat to international peace and security; 58. Strongly urges the Security Council, in the light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to respond positively to the overwhelming demand of the international community by immediately imposing comprehensive mandatory sanctions against that country, as provided for in Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations; 59. Calls upon the Security Council to adopt the necessary measures to tighten the arms embargo against South Africa imposed by Council resolution 418 (1977) and to ensure strict compliance with the embargo by all States; 60. Further calls upon the Security Council to implement, as a matter of urgency, the recommendations contained in the report of the Security Council Committee established in pursuance of resolution 421 (1977); 47/ 61. Deplores the decision of the United Kingdom Government to supply radar equipment to South Africa and urges the Security Council Committee established in pursuance of resolution 421 (1977) to take appropriate action to ensure that the mandatory arms embargo against South Africa is not violated; 62. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its thirty- ninth session on the implementation of the present resolution. B Implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) The General Assembly, Indignant at South Africa's refusal to comply with Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976, 431 (1978) of 27 July 1978, 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978, 439 (1978) of 13 November 1978 and 532 (1983) of 31 May 1983 and at its manoeuvres aimed at gaining international recognition for illegitimate groups which it has installed in Namibia and which are subservient to Pretoria's interests in order to maintain its policies of domination and exploitation of the people and natural resources of Namibia, Reaffirming the imperative need to proceed without any further delay with the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which, together with Council resolution 385 (1976), is the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia, -205-

Condemning the attempts by South Africa and the United States of America to continue to deny the Namibian people their inalienable right to self-determination and independence by linking the independence of Namibia with totally irrelevant and extraneous issues, Reaffirming that the Cuban forces are in Angola by a sovereign act of the Government of Angola, in accordance with the provisions of the the Charter of the United Nations, and that the attempts to link their presence in that country with Namibia's independence constitute interference in the internal affairs of Angola, Reaffirming that the only parties to the conflict in Namibia are, on the one hand, the Namibian people represented by the South West Africa People's Organization, their sole and authentic representative, and, on the other, the racist South African r6gime, which illegally occupies Namibia, Recalling its request to the Security Council, in the light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to respond positively to the overwhelming demand of the international community by immediately imposing comprehensive mandatory sanctions against that country as provided for in Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, 59/ Recalling its call upon all States, in view of the threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to impose comprehensive mandatory sanctions against that country in accordance with the provisions of the Charter, L/ Taking note of the further reports of the Secretary-General dated 19 May 1983 ,/ and 29 August 1983 60/ concerning the implementation of Security Council resolutions 435 (1978) and 439 (1978) concerning the question of Namibia, 1. Strongly condemns South Africa for obstructing the implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976), 435 (1978), 439 (1978) and 532 (1983) and for its manoeuvres, in contravention of those resolutions, designed to consolidate its colonial and neo-colonial interests at the expense of the legitimate aspirations of the Namibian people for genuine self-determination, freedom and national independence in a united Namibia; 2. Reaffirms the direct responsibility of the United Nations for Namibia pending its achievement of genuine self-determination and national independence; 3. Reiterates that Security Council resolution 435 (1978), in which the Council endorsed the United Nations plan for the independence of Namibia, is the only basis for a peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia and demands its immediate and unconditional implementation without qualification, modification or amendment or the introduction of extraneous and irrelevant issues of "linkagen, "parallelism" or "reciprocity" insisted upon by the United States of America and South Africa; 4. Emphasizes once again that the only parties to the conflict in Namibia are, on the one hand, the Namibian people represented by the South West Africa People's Organization, their sole and authentic representative, and, on the other, the racist South African regime, which illegally occupies Namibia; -206-

5. Demands that South Africa urgently comply fully and unconditionally with the resolutions of the Security Council, in particular resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) and subsequent resolutions of the Council relating to Namibia; 6. Firmly rejects and condemns the persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa to establish any linkage or parallelism between the independence of Namibia and any extraneous and irrelevant issues, in particular the presence of Cuban forces in Angola, and emphasizes unequivocally that such attempts are designed to delay the decolonization process in Namibia and constitute interference in the internal affairs of Angola; 7. Calls upon all States to condemn and reject any attempt to link the independence of Namibia with extraneous and irrelevant issues; 8. Expresses its dismay at the fact that the Security Council has been prevented by its three Western permanent members from adopting effective measures against South Africa in the discharge of its responsibilities for the maintenance of international peace and security, and considers that comprehensive and mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter, if universally and effectively implemented, would ensure South Africa's compliance with the decisions of the United Nations; 9. Requests the Security Council to exercise its authority with regard to the implementation of its resolutions 385 (1976), 435 (1978) and 532 (1983) so as to bring about the independence of Namibia without further delay, and to act decisively against any dilatory manoeuvres and fraudulent schemes of the South African administration in Namibia aimed at frustrating the legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for independence; 10. Urges the Security Council to impose comprehensive mandatory sanctions against the racist r4gime of South Africa under Chapter VII of the the Charter of the United Nations, in order to ensure the total cessation of all co-operation with that r~gime, particularly in the military and nuclear fields, by Governments, corporations, institutions and individuals; 11. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its thirty- ninth session on the implementation of the present resolution. C Programme of work of the United Nations Council for Namibia The General Assembly, Having examined the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia, 50/ Reaffirming that Namibia is the direct responsibility of the United Nations and that the Namibian people must be enabled to attain self-determination and independence in a united Namibia, Recalling its resolution 2248 (S-V) of 19 May 1967, by which it established the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, -207-

Taking into consideration the Paris Declaration on Namibia and the Report and Programme of Action on Namibia 53/ adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, Convinced of the need for continued consultations with the South West Africa People's Organization in the formulation and implementation of the programme of work of the United Nations Council for Namibia as well as in any matter of interest to the Namibian people, Deeply conscious of the urgent and continuing need to press for the termination of South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia and to put an end to its repression of the Namibian people and its exploitation of the natural resources of the Territory, 1. Approves the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia, including the recommendations contained therein, and decides to make adequate financial provision for their implementation; 2. Expresses its strong support for the efforts of the United Nations Council for Namibia in the discharge of the responsibilities entrusted to it both as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia and as a policy-making organ of the United Nations; 3. Requests all Member States to co-operate fully with the United Nations Council for Namibia in the discharge of the mandate entrusted to it under the provisions of General Assembly resolution 2248 (S-V) and subsequent resolutions of the Assembly; 4. Decides that the United Nations Council for Namibia, in the discharge of its responsibilities as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, shall: (a) Continue to mobilize international support in order to press for the speedy withdrawal of the illegal South African administration from Namibia in accordance with the resolutions of the United Nations relating to Namibia; (b) Counter the policies of South Africa against the Namibian people and against the United Nations, as well as against the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia; (c) Denounce and seek the rejection by all States of all fradulent constitutional or political schemes through which South Africa may attempt to perpetuate its presence in Namibia; (d) Ensure non-recognition of any administration or entity installed at Windhoek not issuing from free elections in Namibia conducted under the supervision and control of the United Nations, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the Security Council, in particular resolution 439 (1978) of 13 November 1978; (e) Undertake a concerted effort to counter the attempts to establish linkage or parallelism between the decolonization of Namibia and extraneous issues such as the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola; -208-

5. Decides that the United Nations Council for Namibia shall: (a) Consult Governments in order to further the implementation of United Nations resolutions on the question of Namibia and to mobilize support for the cause of Namibia; (b) Represent Namibia in United Nations conferences and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, bodies and conferences to ensure that the rights and interests of Namibia shall be adequately protected; 6. Decides that Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia, shall participate as a full member in all conferences and meetings organized by the United Nations to which all States or, in the case of regional conferences and meetings, all African States are invited; 7. Requests all committees and other subsidiary bodies of the General Assembly and of the Economic and Social Council to continue to invite a representative of the United Nations Council for Namibia to participate whenever the rights and interests of Namibians are discussed, and to consult closely with the Council before submitting any draft resolution which may involve the rights and interests of Namibians; 8. Reiterates its request to all specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system to grant full membprship to Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia, so that the Council may participate as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia in the work of those agencies, organizations and institutions; 9. Reiterates its request to all specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system that have not yet done so to grant a waiver of the assessment of Namibia during the period in which it is represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia; 10. Again requests all intergovernmental organizations, bodies and conferences to ensure that the rights and interests of Namibia are protected and to invite Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia, to participate as a full member whenever such rights and interests are involved; 11. Takes note of the ratification by the United Nations Council for Namibia of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; 12. Takes note of the accession by the United Nations Council for Namibia, in its capacity as legal Administering Authority for Namibia, to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 40/ and the Additional Protocols thereto 61/ and requests the Council to accede to such other international conventions as it may deem appropriate; 13. Takes note of the signing by the United Nations Council for Namibia, in its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia, of the Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts; -209-

14. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to promote and secure the implementation of the Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence; 53/ 15. Decides that the United Nations Council for Namibia shall: (a) Review the progress of the liberation struggle in Namibia in its political, military and social aspects and prepare periodic reports related thereto; (b) Consider the compliance of Member States with the relevant United Nations resolutions relating to Namibia, taking into account the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971; 12/ (c) Consider the activities of foreign economic interests operating in Namibia with a view to recommending appropriate policies to the General Assembly in order to counter the support which those foreign economic interests give to the illegal South African administration in Namibia; (d) Continue to examine the exploitation of and trade in Namibian uranium by foreign economic interests and report on its findings to the General Assembly at its thirty-ninth session; (e) Notify the Governments of States whose corporations, whether public or private, operate in Namibia of the illegality of such operations; (f) Send missions of consultation to Governments whose corporations have investments in Namibia in order to review with them all possible action to discourage the continuation of such investments; (_) Contact administering and managing bodies of foreign corporations operating in Namibia regarding the illegal basis on which they are operating in the Territory; (h) Contact specialized agencies and international institutions associated with the United Nations, in particular the International Monetary Fund, with a view to protecting Namibia's interests; (i) Draw the attention of the specialized agencies to Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia,. 4/ enacted by the United Nations Council for Namibia on 27 September 1974; (j) Take all measures to ensure compliance with the provisions of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, including consideration of the institution of legal proceedings in the domestic courts of States and other appropriate bodies; (k) Undertake, in consultation with the South West Africa People's Organization, urgent consultations with the Commission of the European Communities and the European Parliament in order to ensure that no action is taken which implies recognition of South Africa's illegal administration in Namibia; (1) Conduct hearings, seminars and workshops in order to obtain relevant information on the exploitation of the people and resources of Namibia by South African and other foreign interests and to expose such activities; -210-

(m) Organize regional symposia on the situation in Namibia with a view to intensifying active support for the Namibian cause; (n) Prepare and publish reports on the political, economic, military, legal and social situation in and relating to Namibia; (a) Secure the territorial integrity of Namibia as a unitary State, including Walvis Bay and the offshore islands of Namibia; 16. Decides to make adequate financial provision in the section of the programme budget of the United Nations relating to the United Nations Council for Namibia to finance the office of the South West Africa People's Organization in New York in order to ensure appropriate representation of the people of Namibia at the United Nations through the South West Africa People's Organization; 17. Decides to continue to defray the expenses of representatives of the South West Africa People's Organization, whenever the United Nations Council for Namibia so decides; 18. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to continue to consult with the South West Africa People's Organization in the formulation and implementation of its programme of work, as well as in any matter of interest to the Namibian people; 19. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, in the discharge of its responsibilities as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia, to hold a series of plenary meetings in Asia during 1984 and to recommend appropriate action to the General Assembly in light of the refusal by South Africa to implement Security Council resolution 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978; 20. Requests the Secretary-General to defray the cost of the plenary meetings of the United Nations Council for Namibia and to provide the necessary staff and services for them; 21. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia, to review the requirements of personnel and facilities of all units which service the Council so that the Council may fully and effectively discharge all tasks and functions arising out of its mandate; 22. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia with the necessary resources in order for it to strengthen, under the guidance of the United Nations Council for Namibia, the assistance programmes and services for Namibians, the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, the preparation of economic and legal studies and the existing activities of dissemination of information undertaken by that Office. -211-

Dissemination of information and mobilization of international public opinion in support of Namibia The General Assembly, Having examined the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia 50/ and the relevant chapters of the report of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 51/ Recalling its resolutions 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966, 2248 (S-V) of 19 May 1967 and 37/233 A to F of 20 December 1982, as well as all other resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council relating to Namibia, Taking into consideration the Paris Declaration on Namibia and the Report and Programme of Action on Namibia 53/ adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence, held in Paris from 25 to 29 April 1983, Taking into consideration the conclusions and recommendations adopted at the Regional Symposium in Support of the Namibian Cause in Latin America, held at San Jos6, Costa Rica from 16 to 19 August 1983, 62/ Stressing the urgent need to mobilize international public opinion on a continuous basis with a view to assisting effectively the people of Namibia in the achievement of self-determination, freedom and independence in a united Namibia and, in particular, to intensify the world-wide and continuous dissemination of information on the struggle for liberation being waged by the people of Namibia under the leadership of the South West Africa People's organization, their sole and authentic representative, Recognizing the important role that non-governmental organizations are playing in the dissemination of information on Namibia and in the mobilization of international public opinion in support of the Namibian cause, Reiterating the importance of publicity as an instrument for furthering the mandate given by the General Assembly to the United Nations Council for Namibia and mindful of the pressing need for the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat to intensify its efforts to acquaint world public opinion with all aspects of the question of Namibia, in accordance with policy guidelines formulated by the Council, 1. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, in pursuance of its international campaign in support of the struggle of the Namibian people for independence, to continue to consider ways and means of increasing the dissemination of information relating to Namibia; 2. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, in all its activities of dissemination of information on the question of Namibia, follows the policy guidelines laid down by the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia; -212-

3. Requests the Secretary-General to direct the Department of Public Information, in addition to its responsibilities relating to southern Africa, to assist, as a matter of priority, the United Nations Council for Namibia in the implementation of its programme of dissemination of information in order that the United Nations may intensify its efforts to generate publicity and disseminate information with a view to mobilizing public support for the independence of Namibia, particularly in the Western States; 4. Decides to intensify its international campaign in support of the cause of Namibia and to expose and denounce the collusion of the United States of America, certain other Western countries and Israel with the South African racists and, to this end, requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to include in its programme of dissemination of information for 1984 the following activities: (a) Preparation and dissemination of publications on the political, economic, military and social consequences of the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa, as well as on legal matters, on the question of the territorial integrity of Namibia and on contacts between Member States and South Africa; (b) Production and dissemination of radio programmes in English, French, German and Spanish designed to draw the attention of world public opinion to the current situation in Namibia; (c) Production of material for publicity through radio and television broadcasts; (d) Placement of advertisements in newspapers and magazines; (e) Production of films, film-strips and slide sets on Namibia; (f) Production and dissemination of posters; (H) Full utilization of the resources related to press releases, press conferences and press briefings in order to maintain a constant flow of information to the public on all aspects of the question of Namibia; (h) Production and dissemination of a comprehensive economic map of Namibia; (i) Preparation and wide dissemination of a booklet containing resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council relating to Namibia, together with relevant portions of Assembly resolutions on the activities of foreign economic interests in Namibia and on military activities in Namibia; (1) Publicity for and distribution of an indexed reference book on transnational corporations involved in Namibia; (k) Preparation and dissemination of a booklet based on a study on the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, A/ enacted by the Council on 27 September 1974; (1) Acquisition of books, pamphlets and other materials relating to Namibia for further dissemination; -213-

5. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to organize a symposium to be held at United Nations Headquarters in 1984 with the participation of prominent personalities, scholars, support groups, media personalities and others from all parts of the world, in order to mark the one hundredth anniversary of the heroic struggle of the Namibian people against the colonial occupation and the plunder of the natural resources of their country, and for self-determination. freedom and independence, and to draw the attention of the world public, particularly in the Western countries, to the question of Namibia, with a view to further mobilizing international support for the just struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization, their sole and authentic representative, to bring about the speedy independence of Namibia; 6. Requests the Secretary-General to allocate, in consultation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, sales numbers to publications on Namibia selected by the Council; 7. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the United Nations Council for Namibia with the work programme of the Department of Public Information for the year 1984 covering the activities of dissemination of information on Namibia, followed by periodic reports on the programmes undertaken, including details of expenses incurred; 8. Requests the Secretary-General to group under a single heading, in the section of the proposed programme budget of the United Nations for the biennium 1984- 1985 relating to the Department of Public Information, all the activities of the Department related to the dissemination of information on Namibia; 9. Requests the Secretary-General to direct that the United Nations Day students' leaflet for 1984 be devoted to the question of Namibia; 10. Requests Member States to broadcast programmes on their national radio and television networks and to publish material in their official news media, informing their populations about the situation in Namibia and the obligation of Governments and peoples to assist in the struggle of Namibians for independence; 11. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, in co-operation with the Department of Public Information and the Department of Conference Services of the Secretariat, to continue to inform and provide information material to leading opinion makers, media leaders, academic institutions, trade unions, cultural organizations, support groups and other concerned persons and non-governmental organizations about the objectives and functions of the United Nations Council for Namibia and the struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization and also to hold consultations with, and seek the co-operation of, those personalities and institutions by inviting them on special occasions to participate in the deliberations of the Council, and to establish for this purpose a regular and expeditious pattern of distribution of information material to political parties, universities, libraries, churches, students, teachers, professional associations and others falling into the general categories enumerated above; 12. Requests all Member States to commemorate and publicize Namibia Day and to issue special postage stamps for the occasion; -214-

13. Requests the Secretary-General to direct the United Nations Postal Administration to issue a special postage stamp on Namibia by the end of 1984 in commemoration of Namibia Day; 14. Calls upon the United Nations Council for Namibia to enlist the support of non-governmental organizations in its efforts to mobilize international public opinion in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people and of their sole and authentic representative, the South West Africa People's Organization; 15. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to prepare, update and continually disseminate lists of non-governmental organizations from all over the world, in particular those in the major Western countries, in order to ensure better co-operation and co-ordination among non-governmental organizations working in support of the Namibian cause and against apartheid; 16. Requests those non-governmental organizations and support groups that are actively engaged in supporting the struggle of the Namibian people under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization, their sole and authentic representative, to continue to intensify, in co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, international action in support of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, including assistance to the Council in the monitoring of the boycott of South Africa called for in General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 of 14 September 1981; 17. Decides to allocate the sum of $300,000 to be used by the United Nations Council for Namibia for its programme of co-operation with non-governmental organizations, including support to conferences in solidarity with Namibia arranged by those organizations, dissemination of conclusions of such conferences and support to such other activities as will promote the cause of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, subject to decisions of the Council in each individual case on the recommendation of the South West Africa People's Organization. E United Nations Fund for Namibia The General Assembly, Having examined the sections of the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia relating to the United Nations Fund for Namibia, 63/ Recalling its resolution 2679 (XXV) of 9 December 1970, by which it established the United Nations Fund for Namibia, Recalling also its resolution 3112 (XXVIII) of 12 December 1973, by which it appointed the United Nations Council for Namibia trustee of the United Nations Fund for Namibia, Recalling its resolution 31/153 of 20 December 1976, by which it decided to launch the Nationhood Programme for Namibia, Recalling further its resolution 34/92 A of 12 December 1979, by which it approved the Charter of the United Nations Institute for Namibia, and resolution 37/233 E of 20 December 1982, by which it approved amendments to the Charter, L/ -215-

1. Takes note of the relevant sections of the report of the United Nations Council for Namibia; 2. Decides that the United Nations Council for Namibia shall: (a) Continue to formulate policies of assistance to Namibians and co-ordinate assistance for Namibia provided by the specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system; (b) Continue to act as trustee of the United Nations Fund for Namibia and, in this capacity, administer and manage the Fund; (c) Continue to provide broad guidelines and formulate principles and policies for the United Nations Institute for Namibia; (d) Continue to co-ordinate, plan and direct the Nationhood Programme for Namibia in consultation with the South West Africa People's Organization, with the aim of consolidating all measures of assistance by the specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system into a comprehensive assistance programme; (e) Continue to consult with the South West Africa People's Organization in the formulation and implementation of assistance programmes for Namibians; (f) Report to the General Assembly at its thirty-ninth session on activities in respect of the United Nations Fund for Namibia, the United Nations Institute for Namibia and the Nationhood Programme for Namibia; 3. Decides that the United Nations Fund for Namibia, including the Trust Funds for the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and the United Nations Institute for Namibia, shall be the primary source of assistance to Namibians; 4. Expresses its appreciation to all States, specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, governmental and non-governmental organizations and individuals that have made voluntary contributions to the United Nations Fund for Namibia, the United Nations Institute for Namibia and the Nationhood Programme for Namibia, and calls upon them to increase their assistance to Namibians through those channels; 5. Decides to allocate as a temporary measure to the United Nations Fund for Namibia the sum of $1 million from the regular budget of the United Nations for 1984; 6. Requests the Secretary-General and the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia to intensify appeals to Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and individuals for generous voluntary contributions to the General Account of the United Nations Fund for Namibia and to the Trust Funds for the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and the United Nations Institute for Namibia, and in this connection, emphasizes the need for contributions in order to increase the number of scholarships awarded to Namibians under the United Nations Fund for Namibia; 7. Invites Governments to appeal once more to their national organizations and institutions for voluntary contributions to the United Nations Fund for Namibia; -216-

8. Urges the organizations of the United Nations system to waive agency support costs in respect of projects in favour of Namibians financed from the United Nations Fund for Namibia and other sources; and in cases where such costs cannot be waived, urges the organizations to treat contributions from the United Nations Fund for Namibia as Government cash counterpart contributions in accordance with decision 83/10 of the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme; 9. Commends the progress made in the implementation of the pre-independence components of the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to elaborate and consider in due course policies and contingency plans regarding the transitional and post-independence phases of the Programme; 10. Commends the United Nations Institute for Namibia for the effectiveness of its training programmes for Namibians and its research activities on Namibia, which contribute substantially to the struggle for freedom of the Namibian people and to the establishment of an independent State of Namibia; 11. Requests the specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system, when planning and initiating their new measures of assistance to Namibians, to do so within the context of the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and the United Nations Institute for Namibia; 12. Expresses its appreciation to those specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system that have contributed to the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and calls upon them to continue their participation in the Programme by: (A) Implementing projects approved by the United Nations Council for Namibia; (b) Preparing new project proposals at the request of the Council; (c) Allocating funds from their own financial resources for the implementation of the projects approved by the Council; 13. Requests the specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system, in the light of the urgent need to strengthen the programme of assistance to the Namibian people, to make every effort to expedite the execution of Nationhood Programme for Namibia projects and other projects in favour of Namibians and to execute these projects on the basis of procedures which will reflect the role of the United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia; 14. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to complete the preparation of and publish at an early date, through the United Nations Institute for Namibia, a comprehensive reference book on Namibia covering aspects of the question of Namibia as considered by the United Nations since its inception, in accordance with the outline prepared by the Council; 15. Requests the United Nations Institute for Namibia to complete the preparation, in co-operation with the South West Africa People's Organization, the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia and the United Nations Development Programme, of a comprehensive document on all aspects of economic -217- planning in an independent Namibia, and requests the Secretary-General to provide substantive support through the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia for the preparation of that document; 16. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to complete the preparation of and publish at an early date, in consultation with the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, a demographic study of the Namibian population and a study of its educational needs; 17. Urges the specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system to co-operate closely with the United Nations Institute for Namibia in strengthening its programme of activities; 18. Expresses its appreciation to the United Nations Development Programme for its contribution to the financing and administration of the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and the financing of the United Nations Institute for Namibia and calls upon it to continue to allocate, at the request of the United Nations Council for Namibia, funds from the indicative planning figure for Namibia for the implementation of the projects within the Nationhood Programme and for the United Nations Institute for Namibia; 19. Calls upon the United Nations Development Programme to raise the indicative planning figure for Namibia; 20. Expresses its appreciation for the efforts of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to assist Namibian refugees and requests him to expand these efforts in view of the substantial increase in the number of Namibian refugees; 21. Decides that Namibians shall continue to be eligible for assistance through the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa and the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; 22. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia with the necessary resources for the performance of the responsibilities entrusted to it by the United Nations Council for Namibia as the co-ordinating authority for the implementation of the Nationhood Programme for Namibia, as well as other assistance programmes. Ii. DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL REQUIRE THE PREPARATION OFASTATEMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS A. General 889. In the light of the foregoing recommendations and subject to further directives that might be given by the General Assembly at its thirty-eighth session, the United Nations Council for Namibia will continue to carry out its mandate as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, established by the Assembly in its resolution 2248 (S-V). 890. The Council notes that, in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, certain of its recommendations contained in section I above will require preparation by the Secretary-General of a statement of -218- administrative and financial implications. In order to assist with the preparation of this statement, the Council has decided, as in the past, to provide further information regarding some of its recommendations. B. Activities of the Council regarding compliance by States with General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 and other relevant resolutions relating to Namibia 891. In order to fulfil its responsibilities for the monitoring of the boycott and the preparation of a comprehensive report for the General Assembly at its thirty-ninth session mentioned in paragraph 53 of recommendation A, as well as the activities of the Council envisaged in paragraph 15 (b) of recommendation C, regarding the compliance of Member States with United Nations resolutions relating to Namibia, the Council would request the Secretary-General to continue to provide the necessary resources. 892. The preparation of the necessary reports would include the compilation of information, preparation of questionnaires to be sent to all States, analysis of replies and follow-up on activities undertaken by States in compliance with United Nations resolutions on Namibia. C. Missions of consultation with Governments and representation of Namibia at international conferences and other forums 893. In fulfilment of paragraphs 5 (a) and 15 (f) of recommendation C, it is expected that during 1984 the Council will undertake three missions to conduct political consultations with Governments in Western Europe, Latin America and Asia. The mission to Western Europe will, where appropriate, include discussions with Governments of possible action to discourage continuation of investments by their corporations in Namibia. The mission to Western Europe will also undertake consultations with the European Parliament in order to ensure that no action implying recognition of South Africa's illegal administration of Namibia is taken by the European Parliament. It is expected that the chairmen of these missions of consultation will report to the Council at the extraordinary plenary meetings. 894. The Council will also dispatch a high-level mission to Africa and Asia for consultations with the Chairman and other officials of OAU, and the Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. This mission will report on the results of its consultations to the Council at its extraordinary plenary meetings. 895. It is anticipated that each mission mentioned in paragraph 893 above will consist of four Council members and a representative of SWAPO, while the mission mentioned in paragraph 894 will consist of five Council members and a representative of SWAPO. The missions will be serviced by a principal secretary, an administrative officer and a secretary. The duration of each mission will be from one to three weeks. 896. In the implementation of paragraph 5 (b) of recommendation C, it is expected that the Council will represent Namibia at meetings of OAU, where it has permanent observer status, and at meetings of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, where it has guest status. The Council will also participate in meetings of the specialized agencies and international organizations associated with the United Nations, United -219-

Nations conferences and other international conferences and meetings according to the priorities of its programme of work. These missions will include up to three Council members, a representative of SWAPO and not more than two staff members. It is anticipated that there will be 40 such missions in 1984 with a duration of seven days for meetings where the Council has observer or guest status or participates as an associate member, and up to three weeks for meetings where the Council participates as a full member. 897. In particular, included in the above activities would be attendance by the Council, in its capacity as a full member, at meetings of ILO, FAO, UNESCO, IAEA, ITU, UNIDO, UNCTAD, the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Similarly, the Council will participate in the activities of other organizations, such as WHO, of which it is an associate member. 898. In accordance with paragraphs 8 and 10 of recommendation C, full membership for Namibia in various organizations would be sought. If Namibia, represented by the Council, acquires full membership in new organizations, this could entail payment of the appropriate membership fee or contribution. In order to fulfil its responsibilities as a member of specialized agencies, the Council would request the Secretary-General to continue to provide the necessary resources. 899. Furthermore, paragraph 12 of recommendation C notes the accession of the Council to two conventions and requests the Council to accede to other international conventions. By acceding to conventions, the Council assumes certain obligations which in some cases include the preparation of periodic reports. D. Studies on the political, economic, military, legal and social situation in and related to Namibia 900. Paragraphs 15 (a), (c) and (d) of recommendation C indicate that the Council will require at least five draft reports to be prepared by the secretariat of the Council on the political, economic, military, legal and social situation in and related to Namibia. The economic report would include the question of uranium. In order to carry out these activities, the Council would request the SecretaryGeneral to continue to provide the necessary resources. 901. Under paragraph 37 of recommendation A, the Secretary-General would continue the preparation of studies on measures to be taken for providing assistance to independent States of southern Africa. Studies are being prepared on the requirements of each of the countries concerned. Funds will be required to engage a senior consultant for a period of four months to co-ordinate and finalize these studies for submission to the Council. E. Implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural the Natural Resources of Namibia and activities in respect of foreign economic interests in Namibia 902. In accordance with paragraph 15 (j) of recommendation C, the Council will, inter alia, consider the institution of legal proceedings in the domestic courts of 10 Western and other countries where corporations or individuals engaged in economic activities in Namibia are based. Feasibility studies are being prepared -220- with regard to six countries where corporations engaged in economic activities in Namibia are based. It is expected that upon completion of these studies, a plan of action will be drawn up by the Council. If found necessary, $50,000 will be required to engage the services of two lawyers with international experience as consultants for a period of six months each, to co-ordinate and prepare a comprehensive plan of action for the institution of legal proceedings in the domestic courts of the countries concerned. 903. In 1984, the Council would send a mission to at least three Western European countries to consult with and seek legal advice from lawyers and non- governmental organizations regarding the implementation of Decree No. 1 in those countries. The mission would be composed of three Council members and one representative each of SWAPO and the Commissioner's Office and would be serviced by a principal secretary and a secretary. The duration of the mission would be two weeks. F. Mission to contact corporations 904. By paragraph 15 (g) of recommendation C, the Council would send a mission to contact administering and managing bodies of foreign corporations operating in Namibia regarding the illegal basis of their operations. 905. The mission would contact corporations based in the United States and Canada. It would be composed of three Council members and one representative each of SWAPO and the Commissioner's Office and would be serviced by a principal secretary and a secretary. The duration of the mission would be two weeks. G. Hearings, seminars and workshops on major issues concerning Namibia 906. In order to obtain relevant information on the political, military, economic and social situation in Namibia, including the activities of foreign economic interests in the Territory, the Council will hold two hearings/seminars/workshops during 1984 as envisaged in paragraph 15 (1) of recommendation C. 907. In this connection, the Council will require budgetary allocations to cover expenditures related to five days of hearings/seminars/workshops in Eastern Europe and North America for the production of transcripts of proceedings, the provision of meeting services and the production of pre-, in- and post-session documentation, and the cost of inviting approximately 20 experts to Eastern Europe and North America for two hearings/seminars/workshops in 1984. In addition, provision will be required for the travel of a delegation of the Council consisting of the President and up to five members and a representative of SWAPO and of the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, as well as of the appropriate Secretariat staff (not more than four Professionals and three General Service). H. Regional symposia in support of the struggle of the Namibian people 908. In 1984, the Council will hold two regional symposia, one in Africa and one in Western Europe, with the participation of individual experts, non-governmental organizations, national support groups and, where appropriate, parliamentarians and trade unionists, in order to mobilize concerted action in the various regions in support of the Namibian people in accordance with paragraph 15 (m) of recommendation C. -221-

909. In this connection, the Council will require budgetary allocations to cover expenditures related to the envisaged symposia of up to five days' duration, for the provision of meeting services and the production of pre-, in- and post-session documentation and the cost of participation of up to 50 experts from each of the two regions hosting the symposia for an estimated stay of five days each. In addition, provision will be required for the travel of a delegation of the Council consisting of the President and not more than five members and a representative of the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia and of SWAPO, as well as of the appropriate Secretariat staff (not more than five Professionals and three General Service). I. Support for the South West Africa People's Organization 910. In accordance with paragraph 16 of recommendation C, the General Assembly would decide to continue to defray the expenses of the SWAPO office in New York in order to ensure the proper representation of the people of Namibia through SWAPO at the United Nations. The requirements of SWAPO for 1984 will remain at the same level as in 1983, taking into account the inflation correction factor established for the regular budget of the United Nations, for the following items: (a) salaries; (b) rent; (c) telex; (d) telephone; (e) news agency service; (f) utilities (electricity, water, etc.); (g) rental of copying equipment; (h) stationery; (i) postage; (j) printing; (k) films, books, newspapers and periodicals (information purposes); (1) supply and delivery of official United Nations documents to the SWAPO office; and (m) official travel (expenses of the Permanent Observer and his Deputy). 911. The Assembly would also, by paragraph 17 of recommendation C, decide to continue to defray the cost of travel to New York and subsistence of other SWAPO members, for the purpose of representing Namibia at the United Nations. 912. The Council will continue to invite, whenever necessary, SWAPO officials based outside Headquarters to attend meetings dealing with matters of interest to the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, to the extent not otherwise covered by the budget for 1984 and 1985 with regard to the representation of SWAPO in missions of consultation of the Council and missions of the Council to attend conferences and meetings. It is expected that approximately 20 persons will be invited to such meetings, each for an approximate duration of one week. J. Extraordinary plenary meetings of the Council 913. In accordance with paragraph 19 of recommendation C, the General Assembly would request the Council to hold extraordinary plenary meetings away from Headquarters in 1984 and would request the Secretary-General to provide the staff and service for the meetings. Extraordinary plenary meetings would be held in 1984 in Asia and would last for five working days. In addition to provision for travel expenses of the President, the Vice-Presidents and the members of the Council and its Secretariat staff as well as a representative of the Office of the Commissioner in accordance with the United Nations guidelines covering the holding of meetings away from Headquarters, it would be required that the Department of Conference Services make appropriate arrangements for pre-, in- and post-session documentation, meeting services and verbatim or summary records of the plenary meetings. Interpretation into six languages would be required for 12 plenary -222- meetings held during the five-day period and also for a committee which would meet simultaneously with the plenary. Arrangements for amplification and recording only, without interpretation, would be made for two other committee meetings. Arrangements would also be made for interpretation equipment, local staff, office equipment and supplies and local transportation. K. Dissemination of information and mobilization of international public opinion in support of Namibia 914. By paragraph 3 of recommendation D, the General Assembly would request the Secretary-General to direct the Department of Public Information to assist the Council in the implementation of its programme of dissemination of information. It is expected that the Department of Public Information will, from its general budget, provide press, radio and television coverage and produce general publications, as appropriate, for regular, commemorative and extraordinary meetings of the Council. The Department will also provide press coverage, including a press officer who will accompany the missions, for the missions of consultation, the mission on the implementation of Decree No. I for the Protection of Natural Resources of Namibia and activities in respect of foreign economic interests in Namibia, and the mission to contact corporations. The duration of the missions would be from one to three weeks. 915. The Department will hold an encounter for the mass media for about 15 journalists in advance of each Council seminar and symposium and the extraordinary plenary meetings of the Council provided for by paragraphs 15 (1) and (m) and 19 of recommendation C. The Department is also expected to prepare and publish a pamphlet on the results of the above-mentioned events. 1. Special publications, films and radio programmes 916. In implementation of paragraph 4 of recommendation D, it is expected that in 1984 the following activities relating to the dissemination of information on the question of Namibia will be undertaken under the guidance of the Council with the involvement, where necessary, of the Office of the Commissioner: (a) Preparation and dissemination of booklets, brochures and pamphlets dealing with (i) political matters; (ii) economic matters; (iii) military questions; (iv) social questions; (v) legal questions; (vi) the question of the territorial integrity of Namibia; and (vii) contacts between Member States and South Africa; (b) Production and dissemination of four series of radio programmes in English, French, German and Spanish, with each series consisting of six 15- minute programmes; (c) Production of material for publicity through radio and television broadcasts; (d) Placement of 16 advertisements in major newspapers for special activities of the Council; -223-

(e) Production of a full-length feature film on the question of Namibia, a film- strip and slide sets; (f) Production and dissemination of four posters and dissemination of existing posters; (g) Production, including cartographic assistance at United Nations and PAO headquarters, and dissemination of a comprehensive economic map of Namibia on the scale of.1:1,000,000; and dissemination of existing United Nations maps of Namibia; (h) Production and distribution of four issues of the Namibia Bulletin and weekly production of "Namibia in the News", with a wider distribution as agreed upon in 1982; this would entail the acquisition of storage equipment and increased allocations for postage and shipping and to continue to subscribe to the Africa service of an established press agency; i) Production and dissemination of a booklet containing resolutions of the Security Council and General Assembly on the question of Namibia together with the relevant portions of resolutions dealing with the activities of foreign economic interests and military activities in Namibia; provision should also be made for the reprinting of existing United Nations booklets; (j) Publicity for and distribution of an indexed reference book on transnational corporations; (k) Preparation and dissemination of a booklet based on a study on the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia; (1) Acquisition, reproduction and distribution of United Nations and non-United Nations materials, which would entail the obtaining of appropriate documentation racks and pigeon-holes. The list of materials would include the following: Materials required Copies required Publications Red folders a English 10 000 Arabic 1 000 French 5 000 German 2 000 Portuguese 2 000 Spanish 5 000 A publication on the political situation English 10 000 in and relating to Namibia Arabic 1 000 French 2 000 German 2 000 Spanish 2 000 -224-

Materials required A publication on the economic situation in and relating to Namibia Publication on the military situation in and relating to Namibia (updated) (15-25 pp.) Publication on the social situation in Namibia (updated) (15-25 pp.) A publication on some legal aspects of the question of Namibia "Walvis Bay - Namibia's Port": publication on the territorial integrity of Namibia A pamphlet on contacts between countries and South Africa "Namibiat The Crisis in United States policy towards South Africa" (S/15781) (pamphlet) UN Chronicle, vol. XX, No. 06 (1983) UN Chronicle, vol. XX, No. 07 (1983) Objective: Justice, vol. XV, No. 1 (June 1983) -225- English Arabic French German Spanish English Arabic French German Spanish English Arabic French German Spanish English Arabic French German Spanish English Arabic French German Spanish English Arabic French German Spanish English French German Spanish English French Spanish English French Spanish English French German Spanish 1000020002000 1000020002000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 oo0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Copies required

Materials required Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the Namibian People for Independence (Paris, 25-29 April 1983) A publication on the Senate of the United Nations Institute for Namibia "Apartheid: The Facts" (International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF)) (booklet) "Namibia: The Facts" (IDAF) (booklet) "Namibia: The Ravages of War" (IDAF) (booklet) To be Born a Nation (book) Study Series 2: Nuclear capability of South Africa (pamphlet) "The Rissing File" (Alun Roberts) (updated) (booklet) "The Workers of Namibia" (booklet) "Remember Kassinga" (IDAF) (booklet) Let Us Die Fighting (book) "Apartheid's Army in Namibia" (IDAF) (booklet) Posters (pre-folded) "Namibia in Struggle" SWAPO poster (to be designed) Copies required English Arabic French German Spanish English English English English English French German Spanish English Arabic French Spanish English English English English French German Spanish English 5 000 5 000 10 000 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 5 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 English French German Spanish English French German Spanish -226- 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

Materials required Copies required Poster to be devised by Standing Committee III (1984) Second poster to be devised by Standing Committee III (1984) Economic map of Namibia (scale 1:1,000,000) b/ Films (16 mm) "Free Namibia" "Trust Betrayed" New film to be prepared English Arabic French German Spanish ditto English Arabic French German Spanish English Arabic French German Japanese Portuguese Spanish ditto English Arabic French German Japanese Spanish (Footnotes on following page) -227- 25 000 500 1 000 500 1 000

(Footnotes to table) aJ The red folders will contain the following materials (updated); "A crime against Humanity: Questions and answers on apartheid in South Africa" (DPI/1705) Constitution of SWAPO Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia List of transnational corporations operating in Namibia (A/CONF.120/8) Map 16" x 16" "Namibia: A Trust Betrayed" "Namibia: A Unique United Nations Responsibility" Nationhood Programme booklet Booklet on Walvis Bay by IDAF Pamphlet on the plunder of Namibian uranium Pamphlet on labour in Namibia Pamphlet on scholarships and other activities under the General Account of the United Nations Fund for Namibia Political programme of SWAPO Poster. "Stop the Plunder of Namibia's Natural Resources" Poster of Sam Nujoma "The United Nations Council for Namibia; What it is, what it does" (DPI/603) _ To be submitted to the Publications Board for sale as a United Nations publication. -228-

917. It is also foreseen that after completion of the demographic study mentioned in paragraph 16 of recommendation E, appropriate data on Namibia would be included in the United Nations Statistical Yearbook, the United Nations Demographic Quarterly and other United Nations statistical publications. 2. Co-operation with non-governmental organizations 918. By paragraphs 14 and 15 of recommendation D, the General Assembly would request the Council to intensify, in co-operation with non-governmental organizations, international action in support of the liberation struggle of the people of Namibia. Under the terms of paragraph 17 the Assembly would decide to allocate the sum of $US 300,000 to be used by the Council to undertake a programme of co-operation with non-governmental organizations including support to conferences in solidarity with Namibia arranged by those organizations, dissemination of the conclusions of such conferences and support to such other activities as will promote the cause of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, subject to decisions of the Council in each individual case, on the recommendation of SWAPO. 919. The implementation of paragraph 11 of recommendation D would require that the Secretary-General provide adequate funds to the United Nations information centres and the Department of Conference Services to enable them to distribute information material on the question of Namibia. 920. In accordance with paragraph 5 of recommendation D, the Council will organize a symposium at Headquarters in order to mark the one hundredth anniversary of the struggle of the Namibian people for independence, with the participation of prominent personalities, scholars, support groups, media personalities and others from all parts of the world. In this connection, the Council will require budgetary allocations to cover expenditures related to the envisaged symposium of up to three days' duration, for the provision of meeting services and production of pre-, in- and post-session documentation and to cover the cost of inviting up to 30 experts from all regions to New York. The dissemination of information and publicity costs of these activities will be met by the Department of Public Information. L. United Nations Fund for Namibia 921. In accordance with paragraph 5 of recommendation E, the General Assembly would decide to allocate to the Fund as a temporary measure the sum of $US I million from the regular budget of the United Nations for 1984. 922. The implementation of paragraph 6 of recommendation E, dealing with an appeal for voluntary contributions, implies that the Secretary-General would continue to assume administrative responsibilities in respect of the Fund as a whole and the Trust Funds for the Institute and the Nationhood Programme. 923. The implementation of paragraph 6 would also require, in addition to the fund-raising activities of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, four fund-raising missions conducted by the Council. Such missions would consist of the Vice-Chairman and Rapporteur of the Committee on the Fund, the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia and a staff member of the United Nations Secretariat. These missions would visit Western countries as well as the Middle East. -229-

924. Under the terms of paragraph 2 (b) of recommendation E, the Council would continue to act as trustee of the Fund and, in this capacity, to administer and manage the Fund. The Council would exercise this responsibility through its Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia, subject, in the case of certain major decisions, to the approval of its recommendations by the Council as a whole. The Secretary-General retains the fiduciary responsibility which he exercises in respect of all trust funds. 925. In paragraph 15 the General Assembly would request the United Nations Institute for Namibia to complete the preparation of a comprehensive document on all aspects of economic planning in an independent Namibia. To finalize the various components of this comprehensive study, the services of a senior consultant will be required for a period of three months. 926. In paragraph 16, the United Nations Council for Namibia would be requested to complete the preparation of and publish at an early date, in consultation with the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, a demographic study of the Namibian population and a study of its educational needs. It is expected that funds will be required to engage the services of two junior consultants for two months each to complete the studies and for the printing of the reports. M. Requirements of the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia 927. By paragraph 22 of recommendation C, the General Assembly would request the Secretary-General to provide the necessary resources for the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia to strengthen its expanding activities. 928. In compliance with this request, it will be necessary to provide for the upgrading to P-5 of the P-4 post presently occupied by the Head of the Unit of Information and Assistance to Individual Namibians. This is required in view of the increasing importance of the Office's programme of information and the increased workload of the Unit which, in addition to the preparation, gathering and disseminaton of information materials, is responsible for social and humanitarian assistance to individual Namibians, as well as for the scholarship programme and the administration of travel documents. Compliance with this request will also entail (a) the creation of one G-4 post to provide required additional secretarial services to the Unit on Political and Economic Research and liaison with non-governmental organizations, in view of the increased workload of this Unit, particularly with regard to the number of economic and social studies which the Office has to carry out; and (b) the financing from the regular budget of one G-5 programme assistant post and one G-4 secretary post presently funded under a Nationhood Programme support project. Both posts are in the Commissioner's Office in New York. Their inclusion in the regular budget would increase the funds available in the account of the Nationhood Programme for the financing of projects. 929. It is also understood that the request in paragraph 22 would imply increased computer and word processing support for (a) the issuance and control of travel documents; (b) the accounting and monitoring functions for the Nationhood Programme projects and the scholarship and social and medical assistance programmes; and (c) information processing for the preparation of the various social and economic research reports on Namibia. -230-

930. By paragraph 22 of recommendation E, the Secretary-General is requested to provide the Office of the Commissioner with the necessary resources for the performance of its responsibilities as the co-ordinating authority in the implementation of the Nationhood Programme for Namibia and other assistance programmes. It is envisaged that this would entail, inter alia, in 1984 and subsequent years. arrangements by which official documents of the United Nations would be supplied to the Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia in Luanda, which was created by the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session, and also to the Office of the Commissioner in Lusaka, to the United Nations Institute for Namibia in Lusaka and to the Office of the Commissioner in Gaborone. -231-

PART FIVE CONTACTS BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA SINCE THE ADOPTION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS ES-8/2 AND 36/121 B I. GENERAL 931. On 14 September 1981, at its eighth emergency special session on the question of Namibia, the General Assembly adopted resolution ES-8/2, the relevant paragraphs of which read as follows: "The General Assembly, "12. Strongly urges the Security Council, in the light of the serious threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to respond positively to the overwhelming demand of the international community by immediately imposing against that country comprehensive mandatory sanctions as provided for in Chapter VII of the Charterl "13. Calls upon all States, in view of the threat to international peace and security posed by South Africa, to impose against that country comprehensive mandatory sanctions in accordance with the provisions of the Charter; "14. Also strongly urges States to cease forthwith, individually and collectively, all dealings with South Africa in order totally to isolate it politically, economically, militarily and culturally, "15. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia to monitor the boycott of South Africa and to bring instances of contacts between Member States and South Africa to the attention of the General Assembly as necessary i". 932. By resolution 36/121 B of 10 December 1981, the Assembly requested all States, in furtherance of the objective of bringing to an end South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia, to take legislative, administrative and other measures, as appropriate, in order to isolate South Africa in accordance with resolution ES-8/2. The Assembly also requested the United Nations Council for Namibia to continue to monitor the boycott of South Africa, and to seek from any States information relevant to the implementation of the resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council on Namibia, particularly resolution ES-8/2, and to compile information from other sources. 933. By resolution 37/233 A of 20 December 1982, the Assembly again appealed to all States to take appropriate measures in order to isolate South Africa completely, and addressed the following request to the United Nations Council for Namibia: "The General Assembly, -232-

"34. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, in implementation of paragraph 15 of General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 and of the provisions of Assembly resolution 36/121 B, to continue to monitor the boycott of South Africa and to submit to the Assembly at its thirty-eighth session a comprehensive report on all contacts between all States and South Africa, containing an analysis of the information received from Member States and other sources on the continuing political, economic, financial and other relations of States and their economic an other interests with South Africa and of measures taken by States to terminate all dealings with the racist regime of South Africa;". 934. The present report has been prepared in pursuance of the above requests. Both section III, on replies received from States up to 24 January 1983, and section IV, on contacts between Member States and South Africa up to 30 April 1982, cover their respective topics from the adoption of General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 of 14 September 1981. 935. The report also covers South Africa's relations with States not Members of the United Nations and the local authorities in Taiwan. -233-

II. EFFORTS BY THE UNITED NATIONS TO INVOKE CHAPTER VII OF THE CHARTER AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA IN SUPPORT OF NAMIBIA'S INDEPENDENCE 936. The basic concept of sanctions as a non-military measure of international enforcement is provided for in Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Under this chapter, the Security Council is empowered to take action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression. 937. The question of imposing sanctions against South Africa, prompted initially by concerns over apartheid, has been debated within the United Nations for many years. During this time, the international community has determined apartheid to be a crime against humanity, morally repugnant, contrary to the Charter and a threat to international peace and security and on various occasions has invoked the application of sanctions as a means of achieving its elimination. 65/ However, the adoption of General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 marked an important stage in the efforts of the international community to secure the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa, in that it was the first time that the call for such sanctions was made explicitly in relation to the question of Namibia. 938. The recognition of the existence of a threat to international peace and security in Namibia dates back to the adoption of General Assembly resolution 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966, by which the Assembly terminated South Africa's mandate to administer the Territory. That action was later upheld by the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971, L/ which also declared that South Africa was occupying Namibia illegally and had an obligation to withdraw from the Territory. Since the termination of the mandate the General Assembly and the Security Council have adopted numerous resolutions L6/ calling upon South Africa to withdraw from Namibia. South Africa, however, has ignored each and every resolution and continues to occupy the Territory illegally. Recognizing that the situation provided a basis for the invocation of Chapter VII of the Charter, the General Assembly has in several resolutions, 67/ most recently in resolutions ES-8/2, and 36/121 A, called upon the Security Council to impose sanctions against South Africa in an effort to end its illegal occupation of Namibia. 939. In its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia, entrusted with the responsibility of defending the rights and interests of the Territory and its people, the United Nations Council for Namibia, in the conclusions and recommendations adopted at its 154th meeting on 8 September 1972, expressed its conviction that: "... the crisis situation persisting in Namibia as a result of South Africa's incorrigible policy of defiance of United Nations decisions and resolutions requires the adoption and implementation of more effective measures by the Security Council and the General Assembly to ensure the speedy removal of South Africa from the Territory." §/ 940. It was not only by the breach of legal obligation by South Africa that posed a threat to international peace and security, but also by its brutal repression of the Namibian people and its use of the Territory as a springboard for aggression against neighbouring countries. -234- 941. Inside Namibia, South Africa has increasingly imposed its policy of apartheid and intensified its acts of mass repression, arrests, political trials, public floggings and other acts of intimidation. / 942. In a statement 70/ issued on 7 February 1974, the Council condemned the mass arrests conducted by the South African police in Namibia, the trials of politically active Namibians and the increasing campaign of mass intimidation and terror against the people of Namibia. The Council issued a further statement 1_/ on 18 June 1974, expressing deep concern and anxiety regarding the condition of detained officials of SWAPO. 943. In an earlier statement 72/ issued on 16 November 1973, the President of the Council had strongly condemend the systematic policy of public flogging which the South African police had perpetrated in Namibia. 944. South Africa has repeatedly resorted to overt and unprovoked massive military aggression against Namibian refugees and the neighbouring African States of Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana and Lesotho, using Namibia as a springboard for such aggression. These continued violations of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of independent African States were brought to the attention of the international community in a statement issued by the President of the Council on 23 March 1981 2/ in response to a South African attack on Namibian refugee camps some 300 kilometres inside Angola. 945. In a full-scale invasion of Angola in August 1981, some 11,000 South African troops penetrated up to 300 kilometres inside the country and launched brutal aerial and ground attacks on civilian settlements. Yet another incursion was made in March 1982, when South African forces killed over 200 people, mostly women and children, in attacks on Namibian refugee camps in Angola. 24 946. The South African occupation of Namibia has thus been characterized by precisely those activities covered by Chapter VII of the Charter, namely, threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression. 947. The first call for sanctions against South Africa with regard to Namibia under Chapter VII of the Charter was made by the United Nations Council for Namibia in its third report to the General Assembly. 25/ The Council's recommendation was endorsed by the General Assembly in resolution 2403 (XXIII) of 16 December 1968. By that resolution, the Assembly drew the attention of the Security Council to the serious situation which had arisen as a result of the illegal presence of South Africa in Namibia, and recommended that the Security Council urgently take all effective measures under the Charter to ensure South Africa's immediate withdrawal from the Territory. On 20 March 1969, the Security Council adopted resolution 264 (1969), by which it called upon South Africa immediately to withdraw its administration from the Territory and invited all States to exert their influence to that end. By resolution 269 (1969) of 12 August 1969, the Council renewed the call for South Africa's withdrawal and further called upon all States to refrain from all dealings with South Africa in which that Government purported to act on behalf of Namibia. 948. In view of South Africa's continuing intransigence on the question of Namibia, the Security Council established, by resolution 276 (1970) of 30 January 1970, an Ad Hoc Sub-Committee to study ways and means by which its resolutions on Namibia could be effectively implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the -235-

Charter. On the basis of the recommendations submitted by the Sub-Committee, Z6/ the Council adopted resolution 283 (1970) of 29 July 1970, requesting all States to refrain from any diplomatic, consular and other relations with South Africa implying recognition of the authority of the Pretoria Government over Namibia. Furthermore, by resolution 301 (1971) of 20 October 1971, the Security Council endorsed the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971 and sought to impress upon South Africa that its continued refusal to withdraw from Namibia could create conditions detrimental to the maintenance of peace and security in the region. 949. South Africa not only ignored all of the above-mentioned resolutions but intensified its repressive measures and aggressive actions. 77/ Namibians reacted with widespread labour strikes, student protests and the intensification of armed resistance by SWAPO. 2-/ 950. In spite of these developments, the Security Council could not agree on adopting appropriate measures under Chapter VII of the Charter to further the implementation of its own resolutions regarding the Territory. Instead, at a series of meetings held at Addis Ababa from 28 January to 4 February 1972, the Security Council adopted resolution 309 (1972) of 4 February 1972, by which it, inter alia, invited the Secretary-General to initiate contacts with all parties concerned with a view to establishing the necessary conditions for the people of the Territory to exercise their right to self-determination and independence. 951. After more than a year of fruitless negotiations, the Secretary-General reported in April 1973 that South Africa had failed to clarify, completely and unequivocally, its policy regarding self-determination and independence for Namibia. 79/ Consequently, the Security Council decided by resolution 342 (1973) of 11 December 1973 to discontinue the contacts with South Africa. 952. In view of the faiure of the dialogue with South Africa, the Security Council adopted resolution 366 (1974) of 17 December 1974, by which it demanded South Africa's compliance with the relevant resolutions and decisions of the United Nations and the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971. The Council set 30 May 1975 as the deadline for South Africa's compliance with the terms of the resolution and decided to consider appropriate measures under the Charter in the event of South Africa's non-compliance. The Council in effect set another deadline of 31 August 1976 by its resolution 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976, and also declared that free elections must be held in Namibia under United Nations supervision and control. 953. South Africa, however, refused to comply with either resolution. In both instances, draft resolutions 80/ proposing the imposition of a complete and mandatory arms embargo against South Africa were introduced in the Security Council following the expiration of the deadline set for South Africa's compliance. Neither of the draft resolutions was adopted because of the negative votes cast in each case by the three Western permanent members of the Council, namely, France, the United Kingdom and the United States. 81/ 954. In April 1978, five Western members of the Security Council (Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States) formulated a proposal for the settlement of the Namibian question. §2/ In a report dated 29 August 1978, 83/ the Secretary-General made detailed recommendations on administrative arrangements for implementing the proposal of the "Western Five". -236-

By its resolution 435 (1978) of 29 September 1978, the Security Council aproved the Secretary-General's report and provided, inter alia, for the establishment of a United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) to ensure the early independence of Namibia through free elections under the supervision and control of the United Nations. 955. While negotiations on the implementation of resolution 435 (1978) were in progress, South Africa continued its campaign of repression of the Namibian people and aggression against Namibian refugees and neighbouring African States. 84/ 956. Inside Namibia, in a brutal act of ruthless suppression, the racist r6gime arrested over 15,000 Namibians in May, June and July 1979 alone. During 1980, the apartheid regime continued its systematic aggression against both Zambia and Angola. Its reign of terror and death against Angola alone, unleashed on 25 May 1980, resulted in substantial destruction of property and the loss of over 200 Angolan lives. 15 957. In early January 1981, "pre-implementation talks" between SWAPO and South Africa were convened in Geneva under the auspices of the United Nations. The talks failed because, as the Secretary-General's report concluded, "... the South African Government was not yet prepared to sign a cease-fire agreement and proceed with the implementation of resolution 435 (1978)". 6/ 958. In the face of South Africa's blatant refusal to accept a negotiated settlement of the Namibian question, the international community, by General Assembly resolution 35/227 J of 6 March 1981, called upon the Security Council to impose, as a matter of urgency, comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against South Africa as provided for under Chapter VII of the Charter. The Assembly also decided that, in the event of the Security Council's inability to adopt concrete measures to compel South Africa to end its illegal occupation of Namibia, it would "urgently consider necessary action in accordance with the Charter, cognizant of the fact that this is a unique instance in which the United Nations has assumed responsibility for promoting self-determination, freedom and national independence for Namibia". 959. Consequently, the Security Council met between 21 and 30 April 1981 to consider the question of Namibia. However, in spite of the global consensus in favour of imposing sanctions against South Africa, the Security Council once again failed to do so because of the negative votes of the three Western permanent members, namely France, the United Kingdom and the United States. 960. In view of these developments, OAU and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries called for the convening of an emergency special session of the General Assembly in accordance with General Assembly resolution 35/227 J. 88/ That call was reiterated on 5 June 1981 by the United Nations Council for Namibia in its Panama Declaration and Programme of Action on Namibia. 89/ 961. In the Declaration, the Council drew the attention of the international community to the situation prevailing in and around Namibia, which constituted a threat to international peace and security, and, in view of the failure of the -237-

Security Council to impose mandatory sanctions against South Africa, called for the early convening of an emergency special session of the General Assembly, at the level of foreign ministers, to review the question of Namibia and take measures as appropriate under the Charter of the United Nations. 962. In response to the request made by the overwhelming majority of Member States, the General Assembly held its eighth emergency special session on the question of Namibia in New York from 3 to 14 September 1981. At the conclusion of that session, the Assembly decided to request all States to isolate South Africa politically, economically, militarily and culturally, and reiterated that request at its thirty-sixth regular session in December 1981 (see paras. 931- 933 above). -238-

III. REPLIES RECEIVED FROM MEMBER STATES ON MEASURES TAKEN BY THEM TO IMPLEMENT THE RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE RESOLUTIONS 963. As noted above in paragraphs 931-933 above, the General Assembly, in its resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 B, requested the United Nations Council for Namibia to monitor the boycott of South Africa. Furthermore, in resolution 36/121 B, the Assembly requested all States to co-operate fully with the Council in the fulfilment of its tasks concerning the implementation of resolution ES-8/2 and to supply such information as might be sought by the Council in puruance of that resolution. 964. Communications dated 21 September 1981 and 10 February 1982, respectively, were addressed to all States, transmitting the texts of the aforementioned resolutions and inviting the States to submit information on action taken or envisaged by them in the implementation of the resolutions. As of 24 January 1983, the following 31 States had replied: State Document reference Member States Argentina Barbados A/37/203/Add.2 Botswana A/36/696 and A/37/203/Rev.l Bulgaria A/37/203/Add.4 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic A/36/696/Add.4 and A/37/203/Add.3 China A/36/696 and A/37/203/Add.l Cuba A/36/696/Add.3 Cyprus A/36/696/Add.4 Czechoslovakia A/36/696/Add.4 Ecuador A/37/203/Add.2 Egypt A/36/696 and A/37/203/Add.l German Democratic Republic A/36/696 and A/37/203/add.l Hungary India A/37/203/Add.2 Indonesia A/36/696 and A/37/203/Rev.l -239-

State Document reference Iraq A/37/203/Rev.1 Lesotho A/36/696/Add.3 Mexico A/36/696/Add.2 Pakistan A/37/203/Add.2 Philippines A/36/696/Add.4 Poland A/37/203/Rev.1 Romania A/37/203/Add.2 Saudi Arabia A/37/203/Add.4 Syrian Arab Republic A/36/696/Add.4 Tunisia A/36/696/Add.2 Turkey A/37/203/Add.1 Uganda A/36/696/Add.l Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic A/37/203/Add.3 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics A/36/696/Add.3 and A/37/203/Add.3 United Arab Emirates A/36/696/Add. 1 Non-member States Republic of Korea A/36/696/Add.4 and A/37/203/Add.l 965. Of those that replied, 17 States asserted that they had never had any relations with South Africa; eight stated that they had had some relations with South Africa but had severed them in compliance with various United Nations resolutions; four indicated their support for the relevant resolutions; and two indicated that when resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 B had been adopted, they had reserved their position on some operative paragraphs because of geo-political constraints well known to the international community. 966. It will be recalled that the recorded votes for the two resolutions showed support by an overwhelming majority of Member States. 967. Resolution ES-8/2 was adopted by a vote of 117 to none, with 25 abstentions. The Member States abstaining were: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Guatemala, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America. 968. Those absent were Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Israel, Malawi, Paraguay and Solomon Islands. 969. Resolution 36/121 B was adopted by a vote of 118 to none, with 29 abstentions. The Member States abstaining were the same as those which had abstained on resolution ES-8/2, plus Botswana, Costa Rica, Lesotho and Uruguay. 970. Those absent were Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Israel, Malawi, Paraguay, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Solomon Islands. -240-

IV. CONTACTS BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE RESOLUTIONS A. Political, diplomatic, consular and other contacts 971. During the period under review, some Member as well as Non-member States continued to maintain diplomatic relations with South Africa and took no action to terminate them despite the United Nations resolution requesting them to do so. 972. As indicated in Table 1 below, as of 30 June 1982, 24 States had diplomatic missions in South Africa and 36 had consular and/or honorary missions. South Africa had diplomatic missions in 25 States and consulars and/or honorary missions in 33 States. 973. In September 1981, the United States permitted South African deputy commissioners of police to attend the annual conference of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, held in New Orleans from 26 September to 8 October 1981. Another officer, the Commissioner of the South African railway police, attended the October meeting in New York of the International Association of Airport and Seaport Police. 90/ 974. Shortly thereafter, in December 1981, the United States appointed Mr. Herman Nickel as Ambassador to South Africa, 91/ and South Africa, in turn, appointed Mr. Brand Fourie as its next Ambassador to the United States. L/ 975. In October 1981, the Chilean Government sent a high-ranking official on a two-week tour of South Africa, in response to an official invitation from the Pretoria rigime. On his return to Chile, the official confirmed that relations between Chile and South Africa were getting better every day and that his Government would improve them even more. 976. Brazil allowed a nine-member party of its legislators to pay an 18-day visit to South Africa in January 1982, on a "fact-finding mission". 94/ Previous to that, the United Kingdom played host, in December 1981, to two members of the South African parliament who visited that country as guests of the Government. 95/ 977. The United States, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal and the local authorities in Taiwan voted in September 1981 to re-admit the Medical Association of South Africa into the World Medical Association. The South African group had been forced to resign in 1976 in response to international pressure. 96/ B. Economic contacts 978. By resolution ES-8/2, the General Assembly requested all States to isolate South Africa economically. More specifically, by resolution 36/121 B, the Assembly requested all States, in furtherance of the objective of bringing to an end South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia, to terminate and prohibit all relations with South Africa involving trade, investments, loans, air communication and shipping. -241-

Table 1 States maintaining diplomatic and consular relations with South Africa as at 30 June 1982 Missions of country Missions of South in South Africa Africa in country Diplomatic Consular and/or Diplomatic Consular and/or Country missions Honorary missions missions Honorary missions Argentina x X X X Australia X X XX Austria X X X X Belgium x x x x Bolivia X X X X Brazil x X X X Canada X X X X Chile x x x Colombia a/ X Costa Rica X X x x Denmark X n^nnin Rpublic X -242-

Table 1 (continued) Missions of country Missions of South in South Africa Africa in country Diplomatic Consular and/or Diplomatic Consular and/or Country missions Honorary missions missions Honorary missions Finland X XX X France X XX X Germany, Federal Republic of X X X Greece X X X X Guatemala XX Honduras X Iceland X Ireland X Israel X X X Italy X X X X Japan X X Lichtenstein b/ Luxembourg cMalawi X Monaco X -243-

Table 1 (continued) Missions of country Missions of South in South Africa Africa in country Diplomatic Consular and/or Diplomatic Consular and/or Country missions Honorary missions missions Honorary missions Netherlands X X X X New Zealand X Norway X X Panama x X Papua New Guinea q/ Paraguay x X X X Peru X X Portugal X x X Spain X X X X Suriname c/ Sweden X X X X Switzerland X X X x Thailand X United Kingdom X X X X -244-

Table 1 (continued) Missions of country Missions of South in South Africa Africa in country Diplomatic Consular and/or Diplomatic Consular and/or Country missions Honorary missions missions Honorary missions United States X X XX Uruguay X X X X Sources: Who's Who of Southern Africa, 1982 (Johannesburg, Argus Printing and Publishing Company, Ltd., 1982); Sudifrica informa, publication of the South African embassy in Buenos Aires, October 1982. a_/ The Government of Colombia has informed the Council that it severed relations with South Africa at the end of 1982. b_/ Interests taken care of by Switzerland. c_/ Interests taken care of by the Netherlands. d_/ Interests taken care of by Australia. 979. Foreign participation in South Africa's economy is extremely extensive, broad-ranging and complex. Information on some aspects of foreign involvement, investments and loans in particular, is hard to come by as the sources of such transactions are notoriously secretive. 980. Nevertheless, press reports and other sources reveal that a wide range of economic contacts have taken place between Member States and South Africa since the adoption of General Assembly resolution ES-8/2 and 36/121 B, as described in paragraphs 987-1059 below. 981. Available data confirm the position long held by the United Nations Council for Namibia, that Western support for South Africa in the form of investments, loans, trade, transfers of technology and expertise has been instrumental in enabling the racist r~gime to perpetute its illegal and colonial occupation of Namibia in the face of extensive internal, regional and international opposition. Indeed, the regime itself has been the first to acknowledge that the support received from the major Western nations has been a major factor in the continued existence of the apartheid regime. 982. In a statement before the United Nations Council for Namibia at its extraordinary plenary meetings held at Panama City from 2 to 6 June 1980, the representative of SWAPO underscored the position of the Council in this regard when he stated that the apartheid regime was using every bit of support it received from the imperialist Powers to entrench itself in Namibia (A/AC.131/SR.354). -245-

983. Based for the most part on mineral resources, South Africa's economy has attracted a substantial amount of Western capital and collaboration. This collaboration has enhanced South Africa's ability to build up its military machine, entrench the apartheid system and perpetuate its illegal occupation of Namibia. 984. The 1980s do not augur well for Pretoria economically. The economy, which expanded by over 8 per cent in 1980, recorded a growth rate of 4.5 per cent in 1981 was expected, to grow by only 2 to 3 per cent in 1982. The balance of payments, which was R3 billion in surplus in 1980, was R4 billion in deficit by the end of 1981, a R7 billion decline. 985. In 1981, the South African regime devalued the rand from $US 1.35 in January to about $US 1.00 by the end of the year, making imports more expensive and fueling inflation to nearly 14 per cent. Many economists expected the inflation rate to climb even higher in 1982. Moreover, the economy has begun to feel the impact of the world recession from which it had previously been shielded by the artificially high price of gold. From a record high of over SUS 800 per ounce in early 1980, the price of gold plummeted to below $US 350 per ounce in 1982. 97/ South Africa's 1981 gold output fell to 21.1 million ounces from a total of 21.7 million ounces in 1980, causing gold export earnings to fall from R10.4 billion in 1980 to R8.6 billion in 1981. 98/ At the same time, sales of Krugerrand gold coins in 1981 rose to 3,559,000 ounces, 13 per cent higher than 1980. For the year, Europe superseded the United States as the number one market for Krugerrands as sales there rose to 50 per cent of the total while United States purchases accounted for less than 40 per cent. 99/ 986. Economic sanctions against South Africa would be effective if they were implemented by its major Western trading partners. However, South Africa's trading partners have not supported United Nations resolutions calling for the imposition of economic sanctions against the apartheid r4gime. i. Trade 987. Table 2 below provides data on South African trade with selected countries in 1980 and 1981. 988. The apparent increase of imports into South Africa was as much a function of price hikes as it was of expanded volume. The bulk of South Africa's imports, excluding military goods, was in machinery, industrial and consumer goods and oil. 989. During the first nine months of 1981 alone, Europe and the Americas exported more goods to South Africa than they did in the whole of 1980. With respect to individual countries, the same was true for the United States, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, France, Italy, Switzerland, Canada, Israel and the local authorities in Taiwan, among others. 990. South Africa depends heavily on exports in order to earn the foreign exchange necessary to pay for its essential imports. The country's main exports are minerals, including gold, diamonds, platinum, manganese, chrome, coal, iron ore and asbestos, among others. The pattern of exports remained fairly stable between 1980 and 1981 except for substantial increases in shipments to Japan, France and Taiwan. -246-

Table 2 South Africa's main trading partners, 1980-1981 (millions of rand) Imports by South Africa 1980 1981 Exports by South Africa 1980 1981 Total trade 1980 1981 United States United Kingdom Federal Republic of Germany Japan Switzerland France Italy Belgium Netherlands Canada Source: Republic of South Africa; Monthly January-December 1981. Abstract of Trade Statistics, United Kingdom 991. Although in the last few years the United States has superseded it in total volume of trade with South Africa, the United Kingdom has traditionally been South Africa's most important trading partner. 992. As table 2 shows, South Africa's total trade with the United Kingdom for 1981 was over R 3.3 billion, more than R 2.1 billion in imports and R 1.1 billion in exports. 993. In November 1981 it was reported that as part of the continuing efforts by various industries to keep and increase traditional markets in South Africa, six British trade missions had visited the country during the year. The leader of one of these missions, representing the Engineering and Building Centre of Birmingham, said that as a result of the mission's visit to South Africa, "much business will mature over the next 12 months" between the two countries. 100/ -247- Country 1 949 1 738 1 853 1 287 237 542 438 171 197 139 2655216123661962315 877 633 247 254 216 1 653 1 371 815 1 216 1 242 421 388 299 248 205 1 520 1 193 775 1 410 1 155 458 382 310 235 205 3602310926682503 1 479 963 826 470 445 4175335431413372147013351015 557 489

994. It was also reported in November 1981 that the South African Minister of Industries, Commerce and Tourism had held talks in London with British trade and industry officials, and that a high-level South African delegation led by the Minister of Finance had held a "secrecy-cloaked" one-day meeting with leading British financiers and businessmen. 101/ 995. A South African newspaper indicated in March 1982 that Ford (South Africa) would export 10,000 small trucks and a range of spare parts to the United Kingdom. The transaction was expected to amount to R 60 million, making it the largest export order received by a South African motor manufacturer. 102/ 996. British industry has been involved in South Africa's major energy projects by supplying the requisite infrastructure, material and expertise. In some cases, British banking interests have provided the loans necessary for the projects. 997. In December 1981 it was reported that West's Prochem, a Darlington-based process contractor, had been awarded a $US 3-million turn-key contract to design and build a gas plant for the municipality of Port Elizabeth. 123/ 998. In April 1982, a much larger contract was won by General Electric Company (GEC) Turbine and Generators to build six 600-megawatt turbine generators for the Electricity Supply Commission of South Africa (ESCOM) for SUS 440 million. The contract was secured against competition from two United States groups, General Electric (GE) and Westinghouse, as well Northern Engineering Industries of the United Kingdom, Toshiba of Japan, Brown Boveri of Switzerland and Kraftwerke-Union and Machinenfabrik Angsburg-N~rnberg, both of the Federal Republic of Germany. 104/ 999. With its contract for the new plant, which would be installed at Power Station D between Volksvust and Amersfoort, near the coal fields in South East Transvaal, GEC would claim some 50 per cent of the turbine generator market in South Africa. GEC had also completed or was in the process of fulfilling orders worth some $US 640 million at the Dhuva and Tutuka power stations. 1000. Financing for the new GEC project was being arranged by the London merchant bank Hill Samuel, which had arranged a similar loan package for the Dhuva and Tutuka power station projects and also handled a $US 400 million loan for the construction of boilers at an ESCOM power station by Combustion Engineering of Connecticut, United States i0_/ (see para. 1014 below). Federal Republic of Germany 1001. South Africa's economic ties with the Federal Republic of Germany have been growing steadily over the last few years. In 1981, South Africa's imports from the Federal Republic of Germany totalled R 2.4 billion, an increase of nearly 30 per cent from 1980, while its exports to the Federal Republic of Germany decreased from R 815 million in 1980 to R 775 million in 1981. Between 1980 and 1981 alone, South Africa's trading deficit with the Federal Republic of Germany thus widened by over 50 per cent. In the latter year the Federal Republic of Germany was South Africa's fourth largest trading partner, next only to the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom. 1002. Like the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany also won a major power station contract from South Africa in 1981. Kraftwerken, a subsidiary of -248-

Siemens, prevailed over GE, Westinghouse and others in the bidding to supply six 600-megawatt turbines for a power station 100 kilometres from Pretoria. Kraftwerken reached agreement with ESCOM to supply the turbines at cost of more than SUS 373.3 million. The contract was made possible by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany easing its export guarantee policy towards the apartheid regime and agreeing to provide credit guarantees for Kraftwerken on the order of DM 850 million. 106/ France 1003. South Africa also registered a large increase in its trade with France during 1981, when total trade between the two countries reached R 1,335 million, an increase of almost 40 per cent over the 1980 total of R 963 million. 1004. On 17 November 1981, The Cape Times reported that the ministers of foreign affairs, defence, and youth and sports of France's new Socialist Government had stated that there would be "business as usual" between their country and South Africa, and that the idea of closing down the French trade mission in Johannesburg was out of the question. 1005. The French trade mission in Johannesburg is in fact one of the biggest of any country, as South Africa has remained a lucrative market for French goods. 1006. According to press reports, 127/ the Office of the French commercial attach4 in Pretoria has been sparing little effort to strengthen economic links between the two countries. Several publications have been issued for the benefit of French businessmen, charting out promising new areas of business opportunity in South Africa. One such possibility has been exploited by the French company Crouzet, which forged a deal with South African Railways to install an experimental automatic ticketing office worth R 3.8 million. 1007. It was also reported in January 1982 that a number of state-controlled concerns had broadened their activities since the Government of President Franiois Mitterand had come to power. For example, Compagnie G~n4rale d'Electricite (CGE) had signed a contract to supply the electricity-generating facilities for the Matimba power plant and the Stein company, an affiliate of CGE, was furnishing the boilers and other equipment, while the Bangue d'Indochine et de Suez was financing the entire operation. The report also indicated that these and other deals would not have gone forward without the cover of the French export guarantee organization, Compagnie frangaise d'assurance au commerce ext4rieur (COFACE). 128/ 1008. French economic involvement was not limited to South Africa. According to a subsequent report, 109/ a French firm called Alliance Coop4rative Internationale (ACI) signed a contract with the First National Development Corporation (ENOK) in Namibia for the construction of a meat refrigeration plant at Walvis Bay and an ultramodern abbatoir at Gobabis. Again, COFACE was involved, underwriting 85 per cent of the venture by ACI. 1009. France also imports a sizeable quantity of minerals from South Africa. Africa Confidential reported on 6 January 1982 that in 1981, about 40 per cent of the manganese, 30 per cent of the titanium, 31 per cent of the coal and 20 per cent of the uranium used in France had come from South Africa. -249-

United States 1010. As had been widely reported, L the Administration of President Ronald Reagan recently relaxed United States trade restrictions to allow shipment of various items to South Africa without subjecting them to a strict licensing procedure. The policy shift was announced on 26 February 1982 in a set of revised export control regulations issued by the United States Commerce Department. l011. Under the new regulations, United States companies can freely ship to South Africa non-military foods, clothing and personal hygiene items; general non- strategic industrial chemicalsp and copying machines and word processors. The new regulations represent a reversal of a four-year-old policy established by the previous Administration that blocked sales of non-military goods to South Africa. According to the reports, the new regulations also have wide loop-holes that allow other countries to ship goods with United States components to South Africa, provided that the proportion does not exceed 20 per cent. 1012. While the earlier restrictions had not prevented a surge in United States trade with South Africa, 1llj/ trade between the two countries was expected to increase even more significantly in the wake of the revised regulations. At about the same time as the new policy was enunciated, a former lobbyist for the South African r4gime, who had become general counsel in the office of the United States Special Trade Representative, paid an official visit to South Africa. The official discussed "general United States trade policy" with high South African trade officials including the Minister of Trade and also spoke to the United States Chamber of Commerce in Pretoria. 112/ 1013. In both 1980 and 1981, the United States was South Africa's leading trading partner in terms of imports, exports and total volume of trade. In 1981 South Africa's imports from the United States jumped by more than 36 per cent, to over R 2.6 billion, while its exports to the United States totalled more than R 1.5 billion. 1014. Like firms in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and France, United States companies have substantial involvement in South Africa's massive power station equipment purchases. In the last few years, ESCOM has placed orders for many generating plants. One such order was given to Combustion Engineering of Connecticut, to build a coal-fired power station for an ESCOM power station. The contract, which was worth about $US 750 million, was the largest ever awarded a United States company by South Africa. Combustion Engineering would provide the design, engineering, field construction management and procurement for six 600,000-kilowatt coal-fired boilers. 11-3/ 1015. Another United States firm, Westinghouse Electric, would build its first full-scale coal gasification system at Secunda, South Africa, using technology it had developed in the 1970s. The system would be installed at the coal liquefaction facility of the South African Oil, Coal and Gas Corporation, Ltd. (SASOL), which is owned mostly by the South African Government. Once the system began commercial operation in 1983, Westinghouse and SASOL would licence the technology to others. 114/ 1016. In other developments, it was reported in November 1981 that Armadah, a South African firm, was building four oil rigs for United States drilling concerns. One rig had already been delivered to Baker Marine Corporation, a Texas -250- company. Armadah's export earnings from the sale of the oil rigs to the United States clients would be more than R 100 million, or nearly 50 per cent of South Africa's total exports of capital equipment. 115/ 1017. Also, the South African subsidiary of the General Motors Corporation had contracted to build 51 shunting locomotives for South African Railways at a cost of $US 21 million. 116/ Japan 1018. Official Japanese Government policy limits economic relations with South Africa to "normal trade" activities. The range of activities which fall into this category is quite extensive. In 1980, Japan's exports to South Africa amounted to almost R 1.3 billion while its imports were valued at over R 1.2 billion. The figures for 1981 were considerably more: exports, R 2.0 billion; imports, R 1.4 billion. 1019. A South African source reported that in 1981, Japan had imported some 120,000 metric tons of charge chrome from South Africa. 117/ Portugal 1020. While on a week-long visit to South Africa in early 1982, the President of the recently established Portuguese-South African Chamber of Commerce warned that no country could afford to close its doors to South Africa. The President, accompanied by the Chamber's chief secretary, held negotiations with South African officials and businessmen. 118/ Greece 1021. According to a report published in October 1981, 119/ Greek exports to South Africa would soon be increased through the establishment of a new Greek- South African Chamber of Commerce. The report noted that there was a 70,000- strong Greek community in South Africa. Many of South Africa's leading businessmen felt that trade between the two countries could be boosted through that community, a notion which had also been voiced by the Greek Minister of Commerce. Greece, which already exported fertilizers, petroleum, petroleum products and leather footwear to South Africa, was said to be keen on boosting its exports of pharmaceuticals and plastic products, synthetic and cotton yarns, tractors and electrical goods. Australia 1022. The West Australian Minister of Industrial Development and Commerce was reported in October 1981 to have said that Australia should expand its trade with South Africa. According to a high official of the Australian Department of Trade and Resources, his country's exports to South Africa were worth R 133 million in 1981 and rising every year. 120/ The local authorities in Taiwan 1023. The racist r6gime of South Africa and the local authorities in Taiwan have developed close economic relations with each other. In this regard it was reported in February 1982 that South Africa would export some 1.8 million metric tons of maize to Taiwan in the period up to June 1985. The total value of the sale was put at about R 220 million, or some 15 per cent of South Africa's total maize exports. 121/ -251-

2. Trade fairs and conferences 1024. General Assembly resolution 36/121 B requests all States to prevent any activities by their nationals or in their territories that are calculated to promote any economic relations with South Africa. In addition to visiting specific States in order to enhance bilateral economic relations, South African officials and businessmen have also participated in various international trade conferences and trade fairs as described below. 1025. South Africa and the National Coal Board of the United Kingdom took part in an international gathering entitled "Coaltrans 81", which was described as the first international conference on the supply and movement of coal. Ten South African companies were listed as participants in the London event, and the managing director of South Africa's main state coal terminal was on the steering committee of the conference. 122/ 1026. The racist rigime seeks to use international conferences such as Coaltrans 81 to increase its coal exports to 80 million metric tons by the end of the current decade. Coal is one of the few sectors of the South African mining industry that has realized significant growth during the last decade. Between 1975 and 1981 alone, coal exports increased more than ten-fold, from 2.7 to 30 million metric tons. The 1981 coal export earnings were R 960 million, exceeding earnings from diamonds and making South Africa the third largest coal exporter in the world. Among foreign transnational corporations, British Petroleum (BP), the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and the French conglomerate Total have taken a stake in South Africa's coal industry. The three corporations and some of the major South African mining houses jointly own the Richards Bay Coal Terminal through which more than 85 per cent of South Africa's 1981 coal exports were shipped. 123/ 1027. Gundle Plastics, a South African firm specializing in plastic palletising and packaging, took part in the annual Fifsa exhibition held in Chile in October 1981. According to a Gundle spokesperson, Fifsa is one of the top trade fairs in Latin America and the 1981 South African pavillion was more than twice as large as those of preceding years. 114/ 1028. Machine Tools 82, the biggest international exhibition of its kind in southern Africa, was opened in Johannesburg in February 1982. According to a report in a Johannesburg daily, 125/ the exhibition was supported by seven international groups from the United Kingdom, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Spain, Argentina and Taiwan. The report also noted that machine tools were a major factor in the economic and strategic power of any country and that the production capacity and output of other sectors of industry depended to an appreciable extent on a large and modern machine-tool industry. 3. Investments and loans Foreign investments in South Africa 1029. The continuing strength and variety of foreign investments in South Africa gives the racist rigime a high degree of confidence in its ability to maintain the present apartheid system and the illegal occupation of Namibia. -252-

1030. Foreign investments take two different forms: direct acquisition by foreign firms of fixed assets such as plant and machinery, and indirect investment through bank loans and private and institutional purchases of shares in South African companies. 1031. Traditionally, the United Kingdom has been South Africa's major foreign investor. 126/ The most significant aspect of involvement by the United Kingdom is that its firms have managed to acquire a dominant position in several key economic sectors. In banking, the London-based Barclays and Standard Banks control nearly two thirds of South African banking deposits. BP and Shell between them control some 40 per cent of the country's oil imports. 127/ 1032. Early in the period under review, the effort to enhance United Kingdom investment in South Africa was given a boost by the convening of a South African investment conference attended by some 400 bankers, financiers and industrialists, at the South African embassy in London. According to delegates who attended the conference, it was aimed not only at promoting trade and investment in South Africa but also at raising long-term capital to help finance South Africa's budget deficit, which was expected to reach R 4 billion in the 1981/82 fiscal year. 128/ 1033. With regard to direct investment, it was reported in November 1981 that CMC, the United Kingdom's largest manufacturer of computer equipment, was to establish a permanent presence in South Africa by setting up a full subsidiary. CMC had already taken the initial steps in that direction by making a large unspecified investment in stocks and parts taken over from the South African company which had to date been distributing its equipment in the country. 129/ 1034. The Federal Republic of Germany also has been a major investor in the South African economy. In 1981 it was the third largest foreign investor in South Africa, next only to the United States and the United Kingdom. One investor from the Federal Republic of Germany, the Uhde Construction Company, a division of the huge Hoechst Chemical group, established a subsidiary in South Africa in 1981. Uhde already had contracts worth about $US 180 million, and the new subsidiary won a SUS 60 million contract to build a fertilizer complex at the SASOL coal liquefaction plant. 130/ 1035. French industry too has been heavily involved in South Africa's major projects, particularly in energy infrastructure (see para. 1007 above) and nuclear power development (see para. 1095 below). 1036. According to the managing director of Fulmen Africa, a wholly-owned subsidiary of CGE, applications from French concerns for financial projects in South Africa have been handled more expeditiously by the present French Government than the previous one. In January 1982 it was reported that between 50 and 60 French companies had significant direct investments in South Africa and no efforts to restrain their activities had so far been made. Fulmen Africa itself had doubled its investment in South Africa since the Mitterand Government had come to power. 131/ 1037. Another major French investment had been made by Renault, which had signed an agreement with Leyland (South Africa) for the assembly, starting in 1983, of a new automobile, the 142. 131/ -253-

1038. Late in 1981, press reports indicated that several United States companies were expanding their investments in South Africa and that United States diplomats in Pretoria were actively promoting United States-South African business. 132/ Subsequently it was reported that the South African subsidiary of John Deere, a major United States farm machinery maker, had opened a new SUS 3.5 million plant in Transvaal for manufacturing tractors. John Deere, whose 1981 South African sales were $US 111 million, will manufacture 3,000 tractors per year in the new plant. 133/ 1039. Also, HPD Inc. of the United States, a world authority on evaporation and crystalization, secured an association with a young Germston-based South African company, Magcent. The first HPD-Magcent plant in South Africa was expected to be ready for use in mid-1982. 114/ 1040. As mentioned above, United States transnational companies have been broadening their involvement in South Africa's energy development, particularly in coal. According to a recent report, 135/ Utah International, a mining subsidiary of GE, which was already one of the largest United States-based investors in South Africa, was contemplating a major investment in a South African coal field. Utah International has been wholly owned by GE since 1976, and its extensive coal and uranium mining operations accounted for $US 1.72 billion of the parent company's revenue of $US 2.72 billion in 1981. 1041. Although Japanese corporations are officially prohibited from investing directly in South Africa, and banks cannot make direct loans (except trade-related loans) to South African borrowers, Japanese firms have been able to circumvent these restrictions. 136/ In particular, Japanese automobile manufacturers license South African firms to assemble and sell Japanese cars. In so doing, they supply the patterns and blueprints, new technology, management skills and personnel training. In this connection, The Star (Johannesburg) reported on 29 September 1981 that Datsun-Nissan had begun selling its forklift trucks in South Africa by granting the sole franchise to a South African firm, Camex. The franchise agreement was signed in June 1981. 1042. Economic relations between South Africa and Israel have increased considerably in the last few years. Although trade makes up the bulk of these relations, 137/ there has also been some direct Israeli investment in South Africa and Namibia. A Namibian source reported in January 1982 138/ that an Israeli company had co-sponsored with ENOK a fishing venture in Laderitz, Namibia, to be put into operation by the end of June 1982. The joint venture, involving an initial investment of R 1.1 million, would be 51 per cent owned by the Israeli company, which would also provide a 500-metric ton refrigerated stern trawler. 1043. The local authorities in Taiwan have reportedly been seeking participation in South African industry in a wide range of areas, including joint ventures in ship-building, fish canning, smelting and electronics, an increased quota of coal and exchange of technology in chemicals and fertilizer products. The joint ventures between South Africa and the local authorities in Taiwan already in operation include a micro-electronics systems manufacturing plant in Cape Town; fish farming in the Kwazulu "homeland"; a foot-wear factory in the Ciskei "homeland"; and technology exchange in the sugar industry. 139/ -254-

South African investments abroad 1044. While much attention has focused on investments in South Africa by corporations from the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries, the reverse, which has the same effects of strengthening the apartheid rigime and abetting its illegal occupation of Namibia and its aggressive external behaviour, has been little noticed. A number of major South African investments abroad, both direct and indirect, were reported during the period under review. 1045. According to one recent report, 140/ De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. and its parent company the Anglo-American Corporation, the South African diamond and mining conglomerate controlled by Mr. Harry F. Oppenheimer, are rapidly becoming major investors in the United States and Canada. Through a subsidiary called the Minerals and Resources Corporation (MINORCO), a Bermuda-based holding company, De Beers and Anglo-American have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in North American coal, uranium, gold, copper and other important minerals, making them one of the biggest foreign investors in the United States in the last two years. Altogether the South African group has 144 separate investments in North America, of which 108 are in the United States spread over 32 states, and the rest in Canada. 1046. It was also reported that MINORCO would acquire 40 per cent of Empresas Sudamericanas Consolidated, S.A., which has inveptments in a copper and a nickel mine in Chile, a columbium mine in Brazil and a Peruvian silver mine. 141/ 1047. Consolidated Gold Fields, a United Kingdom company controlled by AngloAmerican, has bought more holdings in the Newmont Mining Corporation of the United States and now owns more than 6 million shares, or 22.4 per cent of the company. Gold Fields paid $US 357 million for its stake and may purchase up to 26 per cent of Newmont under an agreement reached between the two mining companies. 142/ 1048. Compagnie frangaise des p6troles (CFP), a French oil concern one-third owned by the Government, reportedly plans to take up a half share in the United States coal properties owned by Inspiration Coal, which forms part of the Anglo- American group. 143/ 1049. In another development, a R 35 million coal terminal co-financed by Generale Bankmaatschapij of Belgium and South African financial institutions was being established in Ghent, Belgium, by the Rand London Corporation, a South African mining group, in partnership with the Anglo-International Mining Corporation, Ltd. of the United Kingdom. The first R 2 million worth of steel and electrical and mechanical equipment needed by the coal terminal was sent to Belgium in late 1981. The terminal, which was expected to be operational in mid- 1982, had been designed by a South African engineering firm and all its facilities manufactured in South Africa. 144/ Foreign loans to South Africa 15/ 1050. Identified foreign loans to South Africa almost tripled beteeen 1979 and 1980, from $US 295 million to $US 800 million. As far as public borrowing is concerned, the debt of the South African Reserve Bank soared from almost nothing at the beginning of 1981, to $US 3.5 billion by February 1982. During the same period, South African companies also borrowed another $US 1 billion from overseas banks. The most consistent lenders were reportedly banks in Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany. -255- 1051. In 1982, South Africa entered the international capital market in a big way. Although details are hard to come by, the following borrowing activities by South Africa were reported: (a) AECI, the largest South African chemicals producer, in which ICI of the United Kingdom and the De Beers mining group both own 40 per cent shares, began a $US 100-million credit search with Citicorp (United States) as its lead manager; (b) ESCOM, which took out a $us 250 million seven-year credit in February 1982, placed a Swiss franc bond with Union Bank of Switzerland as lead manager. 1052. The ground work for the borrowing spree was established late in 1981, when the South African Reserve Bank reportedly pledged a quarter of its gold holdings some 3.1 million ounces - as collateral for foreign exchange in gold "swaps" with foreign banks. The Reserve Bank also encouraged commercial banks and trading companies to borrow abroad by adjusting the rand's forward exchange rate against other currencies. As a result, by February 1982, private South African banks had arranged "loans worth several hundred million rand". As with most other recent developments in the South African economy, the return to such massive foreign borrowing was, in no small measure, a result of the fall in gold prices. 4. Air and sea links 1053. By resolution 36/121 B, the General Assembly requested all States to prevent airline companies constituted in their territories and aircraft of their registration or under charter to their nationals from operating to or from South Africa or occupied Namibia and from linking up with any airline company constituted or aircraft registered in South Africa or occupied Namibia. 1054. Since 1962, the General Assembly has adopted resolutions calling on Member States to deny to all airlines facilities for flying to and from South Africa. Most OAU member States have terminated all services and facilities to airlines and ships proceeding to or coming from South Africa and banned all aircraft registered in South Africa from flying over their territories. However, South African Airways (SAA) continues to fly to Europe, Asia and the Americas and to share revenue with other major airlines which transit in Africa and fly over African territories. 1055. El Al (Israel), SAS (Scandinavia) and Pan American Airways (United States) service South Africa. Furthermore, SAA operates in pool partnership with British Airways, Alitalia, Iberia, KLM, Lufthansa, Olympic, Swissair, TAP (Portugal) and UTA (France). 436 1056. With regard to shipping, an agreement was reportedly reached in October 1981 between Agromar, a private Colombian shipping company, and Transnave, of Ecuador, to operate a joint one-way service from South Africa to some ports in Colombia and Ecuador. The new monthly shipping service, Aframerica, was the first line offering South African exporters scheduled service to the west coast of South America. 147/ 1057. Trade between South Africa, Peru and Chile also gained a significant boost in September 1981 when Uniline, a Peruvian shipping line, transported its first cargo under the terms of a new trading agreement linking Chilean ports with South Africa. Uniline, registered in Lima, is recognized as the official Peruvian flag -256- carrier on the South African trade route. South Africa reportedly imports substantial quantities of fish meal and pilchards from Peru and Chile and exports paper products, ferro minerals and steel to the two countries. 148/ 1058. The Star (Johannesburg) reported on 16 March 1982 that Hellenic Lines, the largest Greek flag liner fleet, had increased its service to South Africa. According to The Star, Hellenic Lines now offers container carriage service between Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and East London in South Africa and the European ports of Barcelona, Genoa, Trieste, Venice, Piraeno, Marseilles and Leghorn. 1059. According to another South African news source, 149/ the first Taiwanese flag liner service between South Africa, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan was inaugurated in early 1982. Two of the largest shipowners in Taiwan, Wan Hai Steamship Company and Nantai Line, soon to be joined by the state-owned Yan Ming Marine Transport Corporation, would offer a joint service with full cellular vessels. The ships would call at the main ports of Japan and at Keelung and Hong Kong, and at Durban, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. C. Contacts in the military and nuclear fields 1060. The corner-stone of South Africa's strategy for perpetuating its illegal occupation of Namibia has been the attainment of the greatest possible military strength in terms of arms and armaments. 1061. By its resolution ES-8/2, the General Assembly strongly urged all States to isolate South Africa militarily. More specifically, by resolution 36/121 B, the Assembly requested all States to cease forthwith any provision to South Africa of arms and related matiriel of all types, to ensure that arms export agreements provided for guarantees that could prevent embargoed items or any components thereof from reaching South Africa through third countries, to prohibit the export of spare parts for embargoed aircraft and other military equipment belonging to South Africa and to prohibit government agencies and corporations under their jurisdiction from transferring technology for the manufacture of arms and related mat4riel to South Africa. 1062. During the last 15 years, South Africa has pursued a co-ordinated and well- financed dual policy of internal arms production and external acquisition. The production and acquisition programme has been carried out by the State-owned Armaments Development and Production Corporation (ARMSCOR), which was established in 1968. 1063. Since its establishment, ARMSCOR has helped the South Africa Defence Force (SADF) become self-sufficient in electronics and communications; a wide range of guns including the G-5 155-millimetre artillery system; and ammunition, of which ARMSCOR produces 141 different types required by all branches of the military. 150/ 1064. South Africa's arms production capacity was made possible by the acquisition of production licences from France, Italy, and Israel, among others (see table 3 below). By 1980, the arms produced under licence included highly sophisticated armaments such as fighter and counter-insurgency planes, armoured cars, fast patrol boats, surface-to-surface and air-to-air missiles and a wide range of ammunition, 151/ making South Africa the tenth largest arms producer in the world. -257-

Table 3 South Africa: licensed production of major weapons, 1974-1980 Weapon Weapon Year of Year of Number Licenser designation description license production produced Comments France Cactus Surface-to 1974 1978 100 A/ air missile 1979 100 a/ 1980 100 A/ Eland-2 Armoured car 1965 1977 100 A/ Designations 1978 100 a/ Panhard AML1979 100 a/ 60/90; 1980 100 second-generation locally developed Mirage- Fighter 1971 1979 5 a/ F-lA plane 1980 10 a/ Italy Impala-2 Trainer/ 1974 1974 4 a! Also designated counter- 1976 30 a/ MB-326K insurgency 1977 30 A/ plane 1978 50 a/ 1979 50 a! 1980 30 a/ Israel Reshef Fast patrol 1977 ... To be built in class boat Durban; in addition to six previously acquired Source: World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1981 (Stockholm, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1981), p. 257. Uncertain data or SIPRI estimate. 1065. The racist regime's arms production and acquisition efforts have been facilitated by a seemingly unlimited military budget. According to one source, 152/ the 1981 defence budget was R 2.5 billion, with another R 172 million in additional transfers from surplus revenues. The same source estimated that actual spending could reach as high as R 3 billion. In the 10-year period between 1971 to 1981, South Africa's military budget had increased by a staggering 835 per cent. Such a drastically increasing defence expenditure, which has remained the largest single component of the total budget, has allowed South Africa -258- to purchase all the armaments it needs from States willing to ignore the mandatory arms embargo imposed against the racist r4gime by Security Council resolution 418 (1977). 1066. South Africa's arms suppliers have employed a variety of methods to circumvent the arms embargo. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reported in its 1980 Yearbook 153/ that one common method was the exportation of "civilian" items having military applications. Another was the transfer of arms via a third party, usually a private sales company. The most prevalent conduit has been the establishment, by the producing company, of a local branch in South Africa. Many Western firms have subsidiaries in South Africa, highlighting a fundamental characteristic of that country's arms and armaments acquisition, namely, that the apartheid r6gime's arms suppliers have remained a small number of Western countries. 1067. Despite the imposition of the mandatory United Nations arms embargo in 1977, South Africa continued to obtain military equipment as well as the technology and know-how to develop its own armaments industry. 154/ Recent reports indicate that this trend has continued since the adoption of General Assembly resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 B. 1. Military contacts 1068. The most widely publicized and most harmful blow to the international effort to obtain South Africa's withdrawal from Namibia was the Reagan Administration's adoption of a policy of "constructive engagement" with South Africa, which went into effect on 1 March 1982. According to press reports, 155/ the new policy, entailing a relaxation of, among other things, the embargo on selling non-military items to South Africa's police and military, has far-reaching and adverse ramifications. 1069. The United States disguises its support for the repressive and aggressive apartheid r4gime by professing neutrality between that r4gime and the peoples of southern Africa fighting for freedom, justice and equality. 1070. In his statement before the eighth emergency special session of the General Assembly, the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia said that the professed neutrality of the United States amounted to open support for South Africa. The President continued: "The policy of the United States, which is to treat the question of Namibia in terms of an ideological confrontation, can only give solace and succour to South Africa. By placing its own economic and strategic interests far above the expressed will of the international community, the United States has encouraged South Africa to pursue a perilous course which threatens international peace and security." 156/ 1071. At the same session, the Secretary for Foreign Relations of SWAPO said: ... United States neutrality in the face of what South Africa represents - a hostile and destructive racist entity - to the world means support for apartheid and embracing the perpetrators of repression, violence and state terrorism". 156/ -259-

1072. These assessments of the United States policy vis-1-vis South Africa were confirmed by the United States Government's subsequent characterization of its policy of "constructive engagement" as "a more positive and reciprocal relationship" between South Africa and the United States and President Reagan's recent reference to the apartheid r6gime as a "friend of the United States". 1073. One consequence of the new policy of "constructive engagement" with South Africa has been a much less strict enforcement of Export Administration Regulation 175, which was imposed in 1978 to cover the "grey areas" of the 1977 embargo on military sales to South Africa. The Reagan Administration has already authorized exceptions to the law twice, to permit sale of a Hewlett- Packard heart-monitoring device to a military hospital in Pretoria and to let South African police buy United States metal detectors for Jan Smuts airport in Johannesburg. The latter action was taken on the ground that export controls should be relaxed "to encourage other countries to prevent international terrorism". 157/ 1074. The ban against visits to the United States by high-ranking South African military officers has also been relaxed. Quoting United States State Department sources, The New York Times reported on 12 March 1982 that senior South African military officers had come to the United States in recent months as part of delegations that had met with Mr. Chester A. Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, in connection with Namibia's independence. 1075. At meetings on 22 and 23 February 1982, the South African delegation included, among others, General P. W. Van der Westhurzin, Chief of Staff for intelligence in SADF. The General, it will be recalled, was one of five senior South African military officers who had visited the United States in March 1981 under what the State Department called "misleading circumstances". While in New York, the officers met the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations, a meeting that was divulged only after the group left the country. Another delegation of South African senior military officers had met with Mr. Crocker in Middleburg, Virginia, in November 1981. 1076. On 29 September 1981, the Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg) reported that in yet another deviation from previous policy, United States State Department officials had indicated that South African military officers would be accepted for training with the United States Coast Guard on a "fairly routine basis". The report cited the decision as a "tilt" by the Reagan Administration towards the apartheid r~gime. 1077. An editorial in a leading South African newspaper stated that the lifting of restrictions on visits to the United States by South African military personnel showed the realism with which the Reagan Administration was approaching South Africa. The editorial went on to say that the new United States policy of "constructive engagement" had managed to repair, within a short period of time, the damage caused during the Administration of former President Jimmy Carter. The editorial also noted that the changed attitude of the United States would be well received in South Africa and remarked on the "euphoric relations" which had blossomed between the two countries. i~/ 1078. According to an article in the Rand Daily News of 2 March 1982, with the relaxation of trade restrictions by the Reagan Administration, South Africa's security forces were planning a "shopping spree" in the United States. High on their shopping list were sophisticated computers and aircraft. The article also -260- noted that the revised export control procedures would not only allow the sale of so-called dual-purpose items - civilian equipment that could have military applications - but would also affect regulations governing aircraft sales. Furthermore, the new United States policy would make available, without licence, industrial equipment and chemicals to the South African military. 1079. The Washington Post reported on 15 March that the newest requests for licensing were from Beech Aircraft of Wichita, Kansas, and the Pennsylvania- based Piper Aircraft Corporation. The two aircraft manufacturers were competing to sell six twin-engine turboprop aircraft to the South African air force as air ambulances. Beech Aircraft was said to be offering its Super King 200C, a civilian version of the C-12a, which has been purchased by all branches of the United States military. Piper Aircraft was pushing an air ambulance derivative of its Cheyenne III corporate jet. 1080. On 16 March 1982, The Star (Johannesburg) reported that South Africa had taken delivery of its one thousandth King NI 842 P from Beech Aircraft. The airplane has a full complement of avionics for all-weather flying, including navigation and communications radar. Opposing the sale of these aircraft to South Africa. Representative Howard Wolpe of Michigan, Chairman of the sub- committee on African affairs of the United States House of Representatives, said: "The notion that these planes do not have military utility is simply a very deceptive proposition. They are designed to help the military - that's why they are being sent to the military." 1081. The use of civilian aircraft and personnel by the South African air force was confirmed when two Johannesburg men were killed following the crash of their Piper Warrior aircraft into the Vaal River near Venterskroon in late September 1981. The aircraft had been lent to the air force by the Johannesburg Flying Club and was reportedly on a navigation exercise when it crashed. 159/ 1082. On 16 September 1981, six months before the new United States policy came into effect, Africa Confidential reported that Globe Aero Ltd. of Lakeland, Florida, was supplying a substantial number of planes to South Africa for possible counter-insurgency use. According to the report, Globe Aero operated by purchasing small aircraft from United States manufacturers, making modifications and alterations according to its clients' specifications and then using its own pilots to fly the planes to its customers abroad. Although the planes supplied were civilian aircraft, they were nevertheless ideal for aerial surveillance and reconnaissance missions. They could be fitted with under-wing pylons for carrying ammunition, bombs, rocket pads, napalm and defoliants. While it was unclear whether Globe's South African clients were civilian or military, Globe pilots reportedly enjoyed close co-operation with South African military personnel, who gave them access to secret air force radio channels. 1083. In addition to relaxing existing restrictions on official visits by South African military personnel and the sale of dual-purpose equipment, the Reagan Administration has also given the go-ahead to previously stalled high-technology computer exports. 1084. According to press reports, several of these high-technology items skirted the United Nations ban on military-related sales, including: -261-

(a) A Sperry Univac 1182 computer destined for the Atlas Aircraft Corporation, a subsidiary of ARMSCOR; (b) An International Business Machines (IBM) 4341 computer and a Data General MV/8000, both for companies in the Barlow Rand group, a conglomerate with close ties to ARMSCOR; (c) Another Data General MV/8000 for the National Institute of Telecommunications Research, a branch of the State-run Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which is responsible for developing defence communications and radar. 1085. The press reports further indicated that among the first sales could be a highly sophisticated Control Data Corporation computer - the Cyber 170/150 - to CSIR. The Cyber 170/150 is a powerful computer with far-reaching potentials in code-breaking and nuclear fields. United States Defense Department officials were said to be worried because the system, with proper programming, might compromise American cryptographic secrets and nuclear non-proliferation goals. 160/ 1086. In other developments, it was reported 161/ that in testimony before Congress regarding the new policy of the United States Government, it had been disclosed that the United States Army was involved in ongoing research with CSIR to develop a substance to increase the efficiency of gun barrels. It was also reported i2/ that after a two-year staff investigation, a congressional sub- committee had accused United States Government officials of failing to carry out the arms embargo against South Africa. The investigation was concerned with an illicit sale and shipment to South Africa of nearly 60,000 155-millimetre extended-range artillery shells by the Space Research Corporation between 1976 and 1978. The sub-committee's report recommended investigation by the House and Senate intelligence committees of the role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in attempts to evade the arms embargo. 1087. With regard to other countries, the SIPRI yearbook for 1980 reported that since the adoption of resolution 418 (1977) in particular, Israel had to some extent taken the place of Western suppliers who were too embarrassed openly to violate the mandatory arms embargo. In the past, Israel had supplied South Africa with a wide variety of armaments including Reshef-class missile boats, Gabriel ship-to- ship missiles and small arms. 163/ 1088. On 12 October 1981, The Sun (Johannesburg) reported that a substantial but undisclosed number of new missile-equipped, high-speed strike craft were on order from Israel. Also on order were several sophisticated corvettes with an operational range of more than 8,000 kilometres. 1089. According to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Summary of World Broadcasts of 13 April 1982, the chief of the South African navy said that his country would begin building its own corvette warships within 10 years. It was also reported that the corvette would be of combined French and Israeli design. 164/ South Africa and Israel have a long history of co-operation which has already seen the South African navy strengthened by missile-carrying strike craft, some of which were built in Haifa, Israel, before construction was transferred to Durban, South Africa. It is also reported that South African navy personnel trained aboard French corvettes before France placed a ban on sales of corvettes to the apartheid r~gime. -262-

1090. The military relationship between South Africa and Israel assumed a new significance with an unpublicized 10-day trip to South Africa in December 1981 by Mr. Ariel Sharon, the Israeli Defence Minister. Mr. Sharon was said to have visited South African forces stationed in Namibia near the border with Angola. During a subsequent visit to the United States, the Israeli Defence Minister, in the company of United States and NATO military analysts, said that South Africa needed more modern arms. 165/ 1091. On 19 January 1982, The Citizen (Johannesburg) reported that according to the South African ambassador to Argentina, the two countries shared a responsibility to ensure freedom of the South Atlantic sea lanes. In an interview published in the January 1982 issue of the Argentinian news magazine Redacci6n, the ambassador said: "A South Atlantic controlled by a Power inimical to [our values] would pose a grave threat to our survival". The Citizen noted that while no formal treaties or understanding existed between the two countries, there might be a need for them in the future. Although both South African and Argentine officials have denied it, there have been persistent reports 166/ that a NATO-style South Atlantic pact involving, apart from South Africa and Argentina, Brazil and three other unnamed South Atlantic countries, has been under active consideration and planning by South African military and political strategists. 1092. An article published in The New York Times on 14 December 1981 indicated that South Africa had purchased 41 Centurion tanks and the Tiger Cat missile system from Jordan. In a letter published in The New York Times on 21 December and annexed to a subsequent letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, 167/ the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations categorically denied the allegation and stated that his Government "has banned any dealings with South Africa, not only in armaments but in civilian goods as well". 2. Nuclear collaboration 1093. During the last decade, South Africa has moved firmly into the category of a near-nuclear State. The development of South Africa's nuclear potential has been considerably enhanced and accelerated by the collaboration extended to the apartheid r4gime by the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Federal Riepublic of Germany* as well as Belgium,** Israel, Japan,*** the Netherlands and * In a letter to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia dated 10 December 1982, the Permanent Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations rejected allegations of nuclear and military co- operation with South Africa. ** Belgium has rejected the notion of nuclear collaboration between Belgium and South Africa. *** In a letter to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia dated 1 August 1983, the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations rejected the allegations of nuclear collaboration with South Africa as unfounded. -263-

Switzerland.* This collaboration has taken various forms including assistance in the extraction and processing of Namibian uranium in violation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, 4/ enacted by the United Nations Council for Namibia on 27 September 1974; the supply of nuclear equipment; and transfers of technology, provision of training and exchange of scientists. 1094. The change in the status of the apartheid regime occurred as a result of several developments. 168/ First, following the announcement in 1970 that the South African Atomic Energy Board had successfully pioneered a new process of uranium enrichment, a pilot plant was built at Valindaba and became operational in 1975. 1095. Second, in 1976, a consortium of French, Belgian and United States firms won a contract to supply two light water power reactors, scheduled to become operational in 1982 and 1983, for the nuclear power station at Koeberg. The pressurized-water reactors would be supplied by the French-Belgian-United States firm Framatome; the civil engineering work would be done by the Franco-Belgian company Spie-Batignolles; and the turbo-generators would be supplied by the French company Alsthom. Fuel for the nuclear reactors would be supplied by the United States under a long-term contract and by Eurofuel, a Franco-Belgian concern. 169/ The total completion cost of the Koeberg plants, excluding escalation costs, was recently estimated at R 1.8 million. It has been reported that a number of Western banks, particularly French, helped finance virtually the entire cost of the Koeberg project, which is being developed under the direction of ESCOM. The leading banks include Cridit Lyonnais, Banque de l'Union Europeene, Cr~dit Commercial de France and Banque de l'Indochine et de Suez UK. 17/ 1096. Third, South Africa's develoment of nuclear capability was brought to world attention in August 1977 when the Soviet Union alerted the international community to preparations by the apartheid rigime for an atomic test in the Kalahari Desert. Subsequently, in September 1979, a United States reconnaissance satellite detected a double flash of light in the South Atlantic, leading many to conclude that South Africa had indeed been able to develop a nuclear explosive. 1097. These events underscored the extent of Western participation in South Africa's nuclear development programme. This fact was acknowledged in 1976 by Dr. A. J. Roux, President of the South African Atomic Energy Board and Chairman of the Uranium Enrichment Corporation, when he stated: "We can ascribe our degree of advancement today in large measure to the training and assistance so willingly provided by the United States of America during the early years of our nuclear programme, when several of the Western world's nuclear nations co-operated in initiating our scientists and engineers into nuclear science." 171/ * The Permanent Observer of Switzerland to the United Nations, in a letter dated 22 August 1983 addressed to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia, denied the allegations directed at the Government of Switzerland in paragraph 1093. The Permanent Observer stated that the Swiss Federal Council strictly enforced the provisions of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as well as the embargo on exports of war materials to southern Africa decreed by the Federal Council itself in 1963. -264-

1098. The question of the acquisition of nuclear capability by South Africa has been engaging the close attention of the United Nations. The Secretary-General, at the request of the General Assembly, submitted to it in September 1980 a report prepared by a group of experts on South Africa's plan and capability in the nuclear field (A/35/402, annex). 1099. Convinced that the efforts of the apartheid r~gime to develop a nuclear capability were for military and aggressive purposes, the General Assembly, by its resolution 37/223 A of 20 December 1983, strongly condemned the collusion by the Governments of certain Western and other countries, particularly those of the United States and Israel, with the racist r~gime of South Africa in the nuclear field and called upon France and all other States to refrain from supplying the racist minority r6gime, directly or indirectly, with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium or other nuclear material reactors or military equipment. Also, by resolution 37/69 D of 9 November 1982, on military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, the Assembly urged the Security Council to take mandatory decisions, under Chapter VII of the Charter, to ensure the total cessation of all co-operation with the racist regime of South Africa in military and nuclear fields by Governments, corporations, institutions and individuals. 1100. Since its inception in 1963, OAU has striven resolutely to bring an end to all nuclear collaboration with the apartheid regime. In one of the latest of its efforts, OAU joined with the United Nations in sponsoring the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, held at Paris from 20 to 27 May 1981. After assessing the situation in southern Africa, the Conference emphasized in its Paris Declaration on Sanctions against South Africa and Special Declaration on Namibia 3Y the need for strengthening Security Council resolution 418 (1977) in order to ensure the immediate cessation of all nuclear collaboration with South Africa. 1101. The United States contracted as early as 1974 to supply South Africa with enough enriched uranium to run the two plants at Koeberg from 1981 to 2010. In September 1981, nuclear experts from the United States held high-level talks with counterparts in Pretoria. That visit, which reciprocated an August 1981 tour by South African technicians of a uranium enrichment plant under construction in Ohio, confirmed suspicions that nuclear co-operation between the United States and South Africa would be strengthened by the Reagan Administration. A short time later, a South African newspaper reported that the Reagan administration appeared to be exploring ways to end the embargo on enriched uranium to South Africa. 172/ 1102. On 13 November 1981, The Washington Post reported that South Africa had acquired enough enriched fuel to launch the first Koeberg reactor on schedule in June 1982. The same source indicated on 13 April 1982 that two United States firms, Edlow International of Washington, D.C., and Swuco, Inc. of Rockville, Maryland, had played a key role in South Africa's acquisition of almost 100 metric tons of enriched uranium. Reportedly, Edlow and Swuco had bought excess uranium held by Switzerland and Belgium, turned the uranium over to two European enrichers (the consortium Eurogy and another unnamed firm) to be enriched into usable fuel, then sold title to it to South Africa. The newspaper further indicated that South Africa had arranged to send 1,360 kilogrammes of the uranium it was buying through Edlow to be enriched in the United States. -265-

1103. In a report in The New York Times of 26 June 1981, concerning the adoption by the Reagan Administration of a more flexible policy that would allow the United States to increase its sales of nuclear materials to South Africa, it was disclosed that since May 1980 the Department of Commerce had approved five export licenses for devices which could be used in South Africa's nuclear programme. These included vibration test equipment which could be used to assess the reliability of warheads and ballistic re-entry vehicles as well as computers and multi-channel analyzers which could analyze data from hundreds of cables at a nuclear test site. 1104. In other developments, The Morning Star (London) of 9 March 1982 reported that in defiance of official government policy, the publicly-owned electricity service in the United Kingdom, British Electricity International (BEI), was paying the wages of a senior official working on South Africa's nuclear programme. According to the report, the official's expertise was in the development of the British Mangox reactors. 1105. Also of concern to the international community have been persistent reports of increasing nuclear collaboration between South Africa, Israel and the local authorities in Taiwan. According to these reports, South Africa has supplied uranium and shared its uranium extraction process with them. 173/ 1106. On 19 August 1980, the Daily News (Dar es Salaam), basing its report on the weekly French magazine Le Point, wrote that South Africa was believed to have signed a contract with the local authorities in Taiwan to supply the island with 1,800 kilogrammes of uranium in the next six years. According to other sources 174/ South Africa, Israel and the local authorities in Taiwan were also collaborating in the development of a strategic cruise missile mounted on a small pilot-less jet which would evade radar detection by flying at very low altitudes and would have nuclear warhead delivery capacity within a radius of 2,700 kilometres. 1107. The development of South Africa's nuclear capability continues to be of grave concern to the international community. The reports of the United Nations Seminar on Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa, held in London on 24 and 25February1979,1 and the International Seminar on the Role of the Transnational Corporations in South Africa held in London from 2 to 4 November 1979 (A/34/655, annex), stressed the need for co-ordinated international action to end all nuclear collaboration with South Africa. In its resolution 36/172 E of 17 December 1981, on military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, the General Assembly strongly condemned the collusion by the Governments of certain Western countries and other States, particularly those of the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel, with the racist r~gime of South Africa in the nuclear field. The Assembly also requested the Security Council to take mandatory measures to strengthen the arms embargo and secure the immediate cessation of any form of collaboration with the racist r4gime of South Africa in the military and nuclear fields. D. Social and cultural contacts 1108. The United Nations Council for Namibia, in the Programme of Action adopted at its extraordinary plenary meetings held at Panama City from 2 to 5 June 1981, 17/ called upon all Governments to prohibit travel for any purpose, including tourism, sports and scientific and cultural exchanges, by their nationals -266- to South Africa and occupied Namibia. That call was reiterated by the General Assembly in resolution 36/121 B. 1109. In spite of this resolution and the appeal from the United Nations Council for Namibia, available evidence indicates that during the period under review, social and cultural contacts between some Member States and South Africa were on the increase, particularly those involving sports. 1. Sports 1110. The United Nations first move against sports contacts by Member States with South Africa was the adoption of General Assembly resolution 2396 (XXIII) of 2 December 1968, by which the Assembly requested all States and organizations to suspend sporting exchanges with South Africa. 1111. The response to resolution 2396 (XXIII) was the adoption by a large number of Member States of programmes of action aimed at isolating South Africa in sports. On 12 June 1977, for example, the heads of Government of the Commonwealth countries adopted the Gleneagles Agreement in Scotland. 1112. By that agreement they pledged themselves to withhold any form of support for, and to discourage contact or competition by their nationals with, sporting organizations, teams or sportsmen from South Africa. The Gleneagles Agreement was further strengthened when the Commonwealth countries adopted the Brisbane Code of Conduct in 1982 (see para. 1132 below). 1113. In March 1978, the campaign against South Africa's participation in international sports was carried a step further when the foreign ministers of the Nordic countries, in their Joint Nordic Programme of Action against South Africa, pledged their countries' efforts to discourage all sports exchanges with South Africa. 1114. However, while some Member States, by these programmes of action, demonstrated their determination totally to isolate South Africa from the international sports scene, some other Member States have held on steadfastly to their sporting links with the racist r6gime. Over the years, these States have propounded the view that politics has no part in sports. This myth was shattered by those States themselves in 1980, when there was a campaign to boycott the Olympic Games at Moscow for political reasons. Since some States invoked the use of a sports boycott as a political weapon, it would have been hoped that they would implement the sports sanctions imposed upon South Africa by United Nations resolutions. 1115. Among the tactics employed by the racist regime in its efforts to break through the global sports boycott is the offer of large sums of money to international sports personalities in order to attract them to South Africa. 1116. The sports contacts identified during the period under review are described below. -267-

Rugby 1117. In September 1981, the United States and New Zealand permitted the Springboks, the national team of South Africa, and other rugby teams to tour their countries and play matches in several of their large cities. 17/ Reportedly some R 47,500 from the South African Rugby Board was transferred to the sponsor of the United States tour, the Eastern Rugby Union, for the promotion of the matches. It is further reported that $US 25,000 was donated by Mr. Louis Luyt, a millionaire instrumental in South Africa's image-polishing machinations abroad. 178/ Rugby matches were likewise played in South Africa in April 1982 by teams consisting of players from the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany and Canada. 179/ Another team consisting of players from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Paraguay took part in a seven-match rugby tour of South Africa in February 1982. 180/ Swimming 1118. A team from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Paraguay took part in an international test match staged at the Swakopmund pool in Namibia in February 1982. 181/ In March 1982, the Amateur Swimming Union of South Africa officially announced that a swimming team from the Federal Republic of Germany was in South Africa to participate in an international contest at the Swakopmund pool. 182/ Golf 1119. South Africa was also successful in enticing renowned golfers to enter the country by offering them large sums of money. Mr. Bernhard Langer, a top British golfer confirmed in November 1981 that he would be playing in the R 100,000 Sharp Classic at Killarney in South Africa from 27 to 30 January 1982. 183 Messrs. Johnny Miller, Jack Nicklaus and Lee Trevino from the United States played at Sun City in the Bophuthatswana "homeland" in a tournament that was paying $US 500,000 as a first prize. 184, In April 1982, Mr. Duke Hayes, another well-known golfer from the United States, was training 15 South African golfers at the Windhoek Country Club in Namibia. 1§5/ Cricket 1120. In February 1982, professional British cricketers toured South Africa and played several matches with local teams in that country. According to reports, the large sums of money offered to the players was a major factor in persuading them to go to South Africa. The British cricketers were said to have been offered SUS 45,000 to SUS 135,000 each, depending on their reputation. 186/ Horse racing 1121. Jockeys from the United Kingdom participated in various racing events in South Africa. 187/ Messrs. Pat Eddery, Greville Starkey, Joe Mercer, Paul Cooke and Edward Hide, who had all been placed on the "black list" of the Special Committee against Apartheid for racing in South Africa, ignored that list and returned to South Africa in February 1982. The British Jockey Club refused to pay attention to attempts to stop the jockeys, saying that it was entirely their own business if they wanted to go to South Africa. 18/ -268-

Automobile racing 1122. Automobile racing is another sport which the Pretoria r6gime uses to prop up its apartheid policy. Increasingly the r~gime is paying out large amounts of money to international racers in an effort to lure them to South Africa. According to available information the latest prize offered for the Kyalami Grand Prix, an event held annually in South Africa, was $US 1.7 million. Tennis 1123. Tennis stars from the United States have taken part in tournaments in South Africa. Mr. Vitas Gerulaitis, who had earlier said he was withdrawing from the Sigma tennis tournament in South Africa because of death threats, participated in the November 1981 staging of that tournament. 189/ Mr. Keith Brebnor, a tennis promoter, confirmed in April 1982 that "secret" negotiations had been held to bring the full British Davis Cup team to meet the Springboks in the Standard Bank Cup at Ellis Park from August 2 to 8. i-9/ Boxing 1124. Boxing matches between the United States and South Africa and Puerto Rico and South Africa took place in South Africa during the period under review. In February 1982, Mr. Ossie Ocasio of Puerto Rico competed against Mr. Robie Williams of South Africa in the World Boxing Association (WBA) junior heavyweight title match, in Johannesburg. 191/ In April 1982, Mr. Davy Moore of the United States took part in the WBA world junior title fight against Mr. Charlie Weir of South Africa at Ellis Park in Johannesburg. 12/ Sports tours 1125. It is also reported that the Netherlands airline KLM has been contributing to the breach of United Nations sanctions imposed on South Africa in sports. The airline has been distributing a pamphlet to South Africa's white sports clubs and organizations, arranging tours to other countries. As a result, several South African sports teams have been able to tour countries in Europe, passing through the Netherlands. 193/ Reaction by the international community to sports contacts with South Africa 1126. The States most frequently cited in reports on sports contacts with South Africa are the United States and the United Kingdom. These Member States and others whose citizens have been participating in sports in South Africa, or who allow South African teams to participate in sports in their countries, could argue that the contacts are essentially between individuals. However, it must be emphasized that the General Assembly resolutions call on all Member States actively to discourage their nationals from having such contacts, so as to give effect to these resolutions. Member States which do not do so are in breach of United Nations resolutions calling for a sports boycott of South Africa. 1127. The sports contacts with South Africa have evoked strong reactions from the international community, including national organizations. In the aftermath of the rugby tours of the United States and New Zealand by South African teams and the cricket tours of South Africa by British players, the campaign for the total -269- isolation of South Africa and for the imposition of punitive measures against those countries which collaborate with the racist r~gime has intensified. 1128. In protest against rugby matches held between the United States and South Africa, OAU called on its members to boycott sports events attended by United States athletes. The request expressed the Organization's profound displeasure that the Springbok team had been allowed to visit the United States in September 1981. OAU was of the opinion that the United States could have prevented the tour because it had already departed from its supposed principle of not letting politics interfere with sports by its boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics. 194, 1129. Following demonstrations or threats of demonstrations from groups opposed to South Africa's racial policies, several national groups in late 1981 called off rugby matches with South African teams planned for 1982. The Richmond Rugby Club, United Kingdom, cancelled scheduled matches with a South African side. The Hong Kong Rugby Union called off two rugby matches between a visiting South African team and school teams in that country, following a strong protest against the matches by the Nigerian High Commissioner in Hong Kong. A tour of Australia by the Springboks, the national team of South Africa, was banned by the Australian Government. 195/ 1130. The New Zealand Government, however, rejected a proposal in August 1981 for a referendum on sporting links with South Africa. The call for the referendum was made by a deputation led by the Mayor of Wellington, who had met with the Prime Minister earlier in the month to express concern over the South African Springboks' continuing tour of New Zealand. 196/ The tour also led OAU to suggest an African boycott of the Commonwealth Games, to be held at Brisbane, Australia in September 1982, if New Zealand competed. 197/ Moreover, Zimbabwe had asked that New Zealand be barred from the Commonwealth Games because the decision to allow the tour by the South African team was in breach of the Gleneagles Agreement. 1981 1131. In protest against the United Kingdom for allowing British cricketers to take part in matches in South Africa, the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee proposed that the sports ministers of the Commonwealth Governments meet urgently in order to condemn the United Kingdom and seek that country's exclusion from the Commonwealth Games to be held in Brisbane. 199/ However, following informal consultations the meeting was not held. 1132. In the course of the Brisbane Games, the Commonwealth States adopted the Brisbane Code of Conduct, which strengthened the Gleneagles Agreement by clarifying that the prohibition against sports contacts with South Africa extended to sports contacts between national organizations and South African sports organizations. 1133. The Indian Government banned participation in the 1981 cricket tour of India by Messrs. Geoff Boycott and Geoff Cook, two British cricket players who had gone to South Africa. 20/ The cricketers had been prohibited from taking part in international cricket matches for three years, and Mr. Boycott has since been publicly disowned by his fellow Yorkshiremen through the South Yorkshire County Council. The Council expressed the belief that by going to South Africa, Mr. Boycott was supportive of a "notoriously repressive regime". The Council decided to urge the Yorkshire County Cricket Club to ban him from playing for its team again. 201 -270-

1134. In spite of these protests, the United Kingdom Government has taken no concrete measures to put an end to its sporting links with South Africa. In fact, the Secretary of State for the Environment confirmed in answer to a question in Parliament in March 1982 that there had been no change in government policy towards participation in South African sports by individuals or teams. 222/ 1135. In response to pressure from groups opposed to South Africa's racial policies, Mr. Jimmy Connors, the United States tennis star, withdrew from the Sigma tournament held in Johannesburg in November 1981. 223/ 1136. South Africa is also likely to be banned from all future international bridge tournaments. The boycott of South Africa in this game would appear to have begun after the 1980 World Bridge Olympiad, when Egypt and Suriname both refused to play South Africa and were banned from international competition for three years as a result. In February 1982, India, China, Pakistan, Hungary and Poland threatened to boycott the World Bridge Championships to be held in Biarritz, France, in October 1982, if South Africa was represented. Yielding to pressure from the World Bridge Federation, South Africa withdrew. 204/ Effect on South Africa of the international isolation in sports 1137. The extent of South Africa's isolation in sports was revealed in the South African parliament in February 1982 by the Minister of National Education. He listed the following 23 sports from which South Africa had been barred by international sports associations: Athletics Cycling Speed skating Badminton Fencing Swimming Basketball Football Table tennis Boxing Ice hockey Tennis Canoeing Lifting Water skiing Chess Netball Women's hockey Croquet Power lifting Women's squash Yachting He stated that invitations to take part in sporting events in Canada, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States had been withdrawn during 1981. The Minister further revealed that South Africa had been barred from taking part in a karate event in Japan. 205/ 1138. After the controversial rugby tours by South Africa (see para. 1117 above), the president of that country's rugby board, as well as other sports officials, conceded that the tours had been a setback for South African sports and that the prospects of future travels by South African sports teams to other countries were bleak. 20/ 2. Entertainment 1139. South Africa has also made desperate attempts to break its international isolation in the field of entertainment. In addition to enticing international -271- artists by offering them large sums of money, the latest initiative of the racist r4gime is to enlist the support of international sponsors to organize entertainment tours to South Africa. 1140. In September 1981, one of these sponsors, Mr. Stuart Weaving, a British millionaire who donates about $US 150,000 a year to various foundations around the world to promote friendship between the white Commonwealth States, South Africa and the Americas, was advertising for Welsh singers to go to South Africa. This was to be an ad hoc group to take part in the Eisteddfod musical festival at Roodepoort, near Johannesburg, in October 1981, after two choirs had pulled out of the trip following heavy pressure from groups opposed to South Africa's racial policies. The venture was being sponsored with more than $US 40,000 of Mr. Weaving's own money. 27/ 1141. A 69-member Welsh choir did fly to South America at the end of October 1981, under the blanket pseudonym of "Jones", to sing at the Eisteddfod festival. However, efforts by their sponsor to conceal their true identity were foiled by the Welsh Anti-Apartheid Movement. 208/ 1142. Ms. Shirley Bassey, the black British singer, performed in September 1981 in Sun City in the Bophuthatswana "homeland". More than £1 million worth of tickets were sold for that event. Ms. Bassey replied to accusations of collaboration with the racist regime by saying that she was "an entertainer and not a politician". 209/ In a strong reaction to Ms. Bassey's visit to South Africa, the Cardiff branch of the National Union of Seamen, located in the district where the entertainer was born, overwhelmingly backed a motion deploring the visit and calling on the Union's executives to condemn it. 21 1143. A South African rock group, Harari, visited the United States in September 1981 on a six-week promotion and recording industry study tour. In the same month, Messrs. Lou Donaldson, Willis Jackson and Dakota Staton, top United States jazz artists, appeared at the jazz festival at the Portuguese Hall in Tuffontein, South Africa. 211/ 1144. Certain Member States refuse to take any firm measures against contacts by their nationals with South Africa in the field of entertainment. However, many individual artists, often responding to pressure from groups opposed to South Africa's racial policies or to information received from those and other sources, have taken the initiative in refraining from and discouraging artistic contacts with the racist r6gime. 1145. Thus, in January 1982, whereas Mr. Leo Sayer, the 33 year-old British pop musician, said he was ignoring all pressures in making his second visit to Sun City, the manager of Mr. Elton John revealed that the British pop star had cancelled a proposed visit to Sun City for fear of being included in the United Nations' apartheid black list. 212, 1146. Ms. Stefanie Mills, the well-known black singer from the United States announced in May 1982 that she had cancelled her trip to South Africa for performances in that country. She took this decision after talking to two black South Africans about the atrocities committed against Africans by the minority racist rigime. 213/ -272-

3. Tourism 1147. The promotion of tourism is yet another task undertaken by the South African Government in its vigorous campaign to break its international isolation and to gain acceptance by the world community. 1148. According to the South African Minister of Trade and Tourism, South Africa received £520 million in revenue from tourism for the year ended 30 September 1981. The official figures for foreign tourists visiting South Africa in the same period were 343,125 from Europe, 223,944 from Africa, 80,238 from the Americas, 30,656 from Asia and 19,265 from New Zealand and Australia, for a total of 697,228. 214/ 1149. The number of passengers carried by South African Airways between Johannesburg and North America increased by 23 per cent in 1980 and by 2 per cent in 1981. Applications for South African visas in the United States grew from 28,886 in 1980, of which 25,525 were for tourist purposes, to 33,160 in 1981, of which 25,627 were for tourism. 4L/ 1150. South Africa's latest initiative in the promotion of tourism was the International Skal Association's annual congress which opened in Alberton, South Africa in November 1981. The congress, which was the first of its kind to be held in South Africa, was attended by more than 1,600 travel executives from 54 countries. 216, 4. Immigration 1151. Migration to South Africa from Member States is on the increase. This upward trend began in late 1979 when an increased number of immigrants from some States began pouring into South Africa and emigration from that country began a downward trend. Large increases were seen in the migration to South Africa of engineers, doctors, dentists, accountants and educationists. Data issued by the South African Department of Statistics indicated that in the first eight months of 1981, South Africa had a net gain of 2,240 people with professional and technical skills, 10 per cent more than the gain of 2,041 in 1980. 21/ 5. Educational and scientific co-operation 1152. Available information reveals that a number of educational institutions in some countries continue to maintain educational contacts with South Africa. For example, Imperial College of London University has reserved, in its nuclear physics course, certain places for South African nuclear scientists. It was also revealed that, during the period under review, British academics made educational tours to South Africa and gave lectures at some of the universities in that country. 218/ 1153. Scientific contacts continue to take place between South Africa and some Member States, especially the United Kingdom. It was stated in the British Parliament on 8 February 1982 that British and South African scientists were co- operating in a joint project of the Science and Engineering Research Council and the South African astronomical observatory. 219/ -273-

V. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 1154. The findings of the present report indicate that, despite the adoption of General Assembly resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121 B, the United Kindgom, the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany,* Japan,** Switzerland, France, Israel, and the local authorities in Taiwan continue to increase their active collaboration with South Africa. This collaboration together with the policy of open support of the racist r6gime of Pretoria adopted by the Government of the United States and the consistent steps taken by that Government to prevent the isolation of South Africa in all fields, including the political field, contribute directly to the survival of the apartheid policies of South Africa, its illegal occupation of Namibia and its acts of aggression against independent African States. 1155. Most States which had political and diplomatic relations with South Africa prior to the adoption of the resolutions have made little or no effort to discontinue those relations. A proportionately small number of those States have taken concrete measures to terminate such contacts. 1156. As regards economic relations, ties between South Africa and its traditional Western trading partners continue unabated and have in fact been further enhanced. The recent decision of the United States Government to relax existing restrictions on trade and other economic relations with the racist regime appears to have encouraged these and other countries to take a similar position. 1157. Military and nuclear contacts between South Africa and the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Federal Republic of Germany,*** Belgium,**** * In a letter to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia dated 10 December 1982, the Permanent Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations rejected the allegations of collaboration with South Africa. ** In a letter to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia dated 1 August 1983, the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations rejected the allegations of collaboration with South Africa as unfounded. *** In a letter to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia dated 26 August 1983, the Permanent Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations stated that the Federal Republic of Germany had strictly observed the relevant resolutions of the Security Council on export of arms to South Africa and had no co-operation with South Africa in the nuclear field. **** Belgium has rejected the notion of nuclear and military collaboration between Belgium and South Africa. -274-

Israel, Japan,* the Netherlands, Switzerland** and other countries have also shown a similar pattern. ARMSCOR, the arms manufacturing corporation owned by the South African Government, has been able to produce under license and acquire through purchases from States which violate the mandatory arms embargo imposed against the racist r~gime by Security Council resolution 418 (1977) and General Assembly resolutions ES-8/2 and 36/121, a wide range of sophisticated arms and related material. Of special concern to the international community has been the growing relationship between South Africa and Israel in the military and nuclear fields. The instability inherent in southern Africa, resulting from the racist r~gime's apartheid policies, illegal occupation of Namibia and repeated acts of aggression against the independent African States in the region, has been aggravated by the military collaboration between South Africa on the one hand and certain Western and other countries on the other. 1158. Contacts in the cultural and social fields have also been characterized by an increase in the collaboration by certain States with South Africa. However, the international community has stepped up its campaign to isolate the racist regime in an effort to force it to withdraw immediately from Namibia and to abandon its apartheid policy. The intensification of the international boycott in sports and the demonstrations against the South African teams in the various countries where they have participated in sports competitions are clear indications of the determination to eradicate apartheid and to free the Namibian people from the grips of the racist regime. South Africa's own intensified manoeuvres to break the international isolation in sports are yet another indication of the growing adverse impact that such isolation is having on the racist r~gime. 1159. It is thus clear that while an overwhelming majority of States, by boycotting South Africa, have demonstrated their adherence to the principle of self- determination and independence for the Namibian people, the support accorded to the South African Government by certain States not only militates against these genuine efforts, but encourages the racist r6gime to step up its abhorrent apartheid policies and entrench its illegal occupation of Namibia. 1160. The threat to international peace and security resulting from the serious situation in southern Africa in general and in Namibia in particular calls for prompt and decisive action by the international community. If South Africa's collaborators continue to frustrate and undermine the global effort to isolate the racist r4gime and to compel it to withdraw from Namibia, the inevitable result will be a scenario of catastropic violence between the forces of oppression, racism and * In a letter to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia dated 1 August 1983, the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations rejected the allegations of military and nuclear contacts with South Africa as unfounded. ** The Permanent Observer of Switzerland to the United Nations, in a letter dated 22 August 1983 addressed to the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia, denied the allegations directed at the Government of Switzerland in paragraph 1157. The Permanent Observer stated that the Swiss Federal Council strictly enforced the provisions of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as well as the embargo on exports of war materials to southern Africa decreed by the Federal Council itself in 1963. -275- colonialism and those seeking justice, equality and national liberation and independence. 1161. It is of the utmost importance that the Security Council proceed without delay to impose comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. The Security Council has been repeatedly thwarted from taking this action by its three Western permanent members, namely, France, the United Kingdom and the United States. These countries should bring their policies into accord with the clearly expressed wish of the international community in this regard. All Member States must take a firm and unequivocal stand in support of the oppressed and exploited people of Namibia in their just struggle for national liberation and independence under the leadership of SWAPO, their sole and authentic representative. Notes 1/ A/37/414-S/15380. For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1982, document S/15380. 2/ A/37/644-S/15501. For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-seventh Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1982, document S/15501. 3/ Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-seventh Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1982, document S/15515, annex. I/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/35/24), vol. I, annex II. 5/ Ibid., Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/37/24). 6/ Ibid., Supplement No. 23 (A/37/23/Rev.l). 7/ Ibid., Thirty-seventh Session, Plenary Meetings, 101st meeting. 8/ General Assembly resolution 2016 A (XX), annex. 9/ General Assembly resolution 3068 (XXVIII), annex. L Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/37/24), para. 767. 1i/ Ibid., Thirty-seventh Session, Plenary Meetings, 102nd meeting. 12/ Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971, p. 16. 1 Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-eighth Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1983, document S/15776. -276-

!A/ Ibid., Thirty-seventh Year, Supplement for June, August and September 1982, document S/15287. 5/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/37/23/Rev.1), chap. VI, para. 14 (22). Ibid., Thirty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/38/23), chap. VIII, para. 17. i2/ Ibid., 18/ Ibid., annex VI. 19/ Ibid., 20/ Ibid., 21/ Ibid., annex XII. L2/ Ibid., L3/ Ibid., annex II. 25 Ibid., 25 Ibid., chap. II, para. 10. Twenty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/9624), vol. II, Supplement No. 24A (A/9624/Add.l), paras. 38-60. Thirtieth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/10024), vol. II, annex V. Thirty-first Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/31/24), vol. II, vol. III, annex XIV. Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/32/24), vol. II, Ninth Special Session, Supplement No. 1 (A/S-9/4), paras. 42-261. paras. 262-312. 26/ Ibid., Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/34/24), vol. III, annexes II and III. 27/ Ibid., annex IV. 2 Ibid., annex V. 29/ For the reports of the missions, see A/35/339-S/14067 (Latin America), A/35/300-S/14014 (Western Europe), A/35/338-S/14066 (Caribbean), A/35/301- S/14015 (South Pacific), A/35/337-S/14065 (North America) and A/35/364- S/14083 (Middle East). 30/ For the reports of the missions, see A/AC.131/L.203 (Colombia, Peru and Argentina), L.237 (Spain, Ireland and Finland), L.225 (Netherlands), L.214 (German Democratic Republic, Hungary and Romania) and L.231 (India and Viet Nam). 3/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/37/24), paras. 227-266. 3/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/35/24), vol. III. 3/ Report of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, Paris, 20-27 May 1981 (A/CONF.107/8), sect. X. -277-

L/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-seventh Session, Plenary Meetings, 16th meeting. 1/ The Times (London), 22 November 1982. 1/ A/37/540-S/15454, annex. 17/ Le Monde (Paris), 10 November 1982; The Times (London), 11 November 1982. 18 The New York Times, 28 November 1982. 9/ A/38/106-S/15628, annex. L/ United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, Nos. 970-973. 4j/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/37/24), annex IV. 1/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/34/24), vol. II, paras. 33, 35 and 37. j Ibid., paras. 44-45. ±V General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV). 1/ General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV). ±6 United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 972, p. 135. 37/ Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-fifth Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1980, document S/14179. j See A/AC.131/L.258, paras. 1-8. 4_ See A/AC.131/L.258, paras. 9-13. .LO/ The present report. 54!/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/38/23). 5_J See A/38/132-S/15675, annex. L/ See para. 872 of the present report. SSee Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-eighth Year, 2439th to 2451st meetings. L/ A/38/312, annex, resolution AHG/Res. 105 (XIX). 6J See Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-eighth Year, 2300th meeting. -278-

57/ See annex III to the present report. 5Y A/32/144, annex I. 59/ See General Assembly resolution ES/8-2. 6/ Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-eighth Year, Supplemernt for July, August and September 1983, document S/15943. 61/ A/32/144, annexes I and II. 6/ See para. 576 of the present report. 63/ Part two, chap. X and Chap. XI, sect. B of the present report. 64/ The Charter, as amended, is reproduced in Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/37/24), annex IV. 65 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 22A (A/35/22/Add.1-3), first special report, paras. 1-71 resolution 1761 (XVII) of 6 November 1962 and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly on the policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa; resolution 134 (1960) and subsequent resolutions of the Security Council relating to South Africa. 6/ General Assembly resolutions 2248 (S-V) of 27 October 1967, 2325 (XXII) of 16 December 1967, 2372 (XXIII) of 12 June 1968, 2403 (XXIII) of 16 December 1968, 2498 (XXIV) of 31 October 1969, 2517 (XXIV) of 1 December 1969, 2678 (XXV) of 9 December 1970, 2871 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, 3031 (XXVII) of 18 December 1972, 3111 (XXVIII) of 12 December 1973, 3295 (XXIX) of 13 December 1974, 3399 (XXX) of 26 November 1975, 31/146 of 20 December 1976, 32/9 D of 4 November 1977, S-92 of 3 May1978, 33/182 B of 21 December 1978, 33/206 of 31 May 1979, 34/92 G of 12 December 1979, 35/227 J of 6 March 1981, ES-8/2 of 14 September 1981 and 36/121 A of 10 December 19811 Security Council resolutions 245 (1968) of 25 January 1968, 264 (1969) of 20 March 1969, 269 (1969) of 12 August 1969, 276 (1970) of 30 January 1970, 283 (1970) of 29 July 1970, 301 (1971) of 20 October 1971, 366 (1974) of 17 December 1974 and 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976. 6/ Ibid., excluding General Assembly resolutions 2248 (S-V), 2325 (XXII) and 2498 (XXIV) and the Security Council resolutions. 68 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/8724), vol. I, para. 229. 69 See Namibia; The Facts (London, International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 1981). 70/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/9624), vol. I, para. 161. 211_ Ibid., paras. 166-167. 22/ Ibid., para. 158. -279-

23/ Ibid., Thirty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/36/24), vol. I, para. 704. 4/ The Washington Post, 17 March 19821 The Times (London), 15 March 1982. L/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-third Session, Annexes, agenda item 64 (A/7338), para. 45. 26/ Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-fifth Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1970, document S/9863, section III. 7_/ A Trust Betrayed: Namibia (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.74.I.19), p. 38. L8/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/8724), vol. I, paras. 11-23. L/ Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1973, document S/10921. 10 Ibid., Thirtieth Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1975, document S/11713; and ibid., Thirty-first Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1976, document S/12211. § See Official Records of the Security Council, Thirtieth Year, 1829th meeting; and ibid., Thirty-first Year, 1963rd meeting. / Ibid., Thirty-third Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1978, document S/12636. / Ibid., Supplement for July, August and September 1978, document S/12827. 1 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/34/24), vol. I, paras. 11-18; and ibid., Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/35/24), vol. I, paras. 13-16. §/ See Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-fifth Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1980, documents S/13956, annex; S/13965, annex; and S/13969. §/ Ibid., Thirty-sixth Year, Supplement for January, February and March 1981, document S/14333, para. 19. § See Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-sixth Year, 2277th meeting. W See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/36/24), paras. 51, 66-68, 73 and 83-87. g/ Ibid., para. 222. 92/ Pretoria News, 6 October 1981. -280-

1/ The Washinton Post, 11 December 1981 and 20 March 1982, The New York Times, 26 February 1982. 12 The Washington Post, 22 and 27 February 1982, 15 March 1982; South African Digest, 5 March 19821 The Economist, 6 March 1982. 2/ British Broadcasting Corporation, Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 4, No. ME/6870, 3 November 1982; Santiago Home Service, 31 October 19811 Cape Times, 16 October 1981. 24/ Daily News (Dar es Salaam), 6 February 1982. 15 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 15 December 1982, col. 120. 2/ The Times (London), 23 September 1981; The Washington Post, 29 September 19811 The Sowetan, 29 September 19811 The Star (Johannesburg), 3 October 1981. 27/ The Times (London), 1 March 1982. 2/ Financial Times (London), 23 February and 20 March 19821 The Washington Post, 27 March 1982; Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 17 February 1982. 29/ Financial Times (London), 7 January 1982. 10 TheSunday Times (London), 1 November 1981. 101/ Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 26 November 1981. 102 Ibid., 12 March 1982. 123, International Review Service, Energy Developments, vol. XXIV, 15 December 1981. 194/ Financial mail (Johannesburg), 13 November 1981; Financial Times (London), 20 April 1982. 1051 Financial Times (London), 20 April 1982. 1 / Ibid.,8October1981. 107/ The Sunday Tribune (London), 28 February 1982. 108/ Africa Confidential, 6 January 1982. 199I Ibid., 17 February 1982. 110/ The New York Times, 27 and 28 February 19821 The Washington Post, 27 February 19821 The Times (London), 1 March 1982. Li The Guardian (London), 13 and 18 November 1981; Financial Times (London), 2 March 19821 The Star (Johannesburg), 30 October 1981. 112, The Washington Post, 27 February 1982. -281-

113/ Financial Times (London), 21 August 1981y The Wall Street Journal (New York), 21 August 19811 The Star (Johannesburg), 17 November 1981. 114 World Business Weekly, 24 August 19811 Daily News (Dar es Salaam), 16 November 1981. 115 The Sunday Times (London), 19 November 1981. 116 Financial Times (London), 24 September 1981; The Wall Street Journal (New York), 24 September 1981. 117 Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 5 March 1982. 118/ The Citizen (Johannesburg), 16 February 1982. 119/ The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 4 October 1981. Daily News (Dar es Salaam), 20 October 1981. 121i Financial Times (London), 11 February 1982. 122/ The Guardian (Manchester), 26 September 1981. 123/ Financial Mail Supplement (Johannesburg), 30 October 19811 The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 6 September 19811 The New York Times, 24 March 1982. 124/ The Star (Johannesburg), 20 October 1981. 125/ Ibid., 15 February 1982. 126, See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 22 A (A/35/22, Add.l-3), first special report, paras. 130-131. 127/ The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 10 November 1981. 128/ Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 24, 26 and 27 November 1981. 129/ The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 15 November 1981. 110/ The Star (Johannesburg), 5 December 1981. L3 Africa Confidential, 6 January 1982. 132/ The Guardian (London), 13 and 18 November 19811 The Star (Johannesburg), 24 September 1981. j South African Digest, 5 March 1982. 134J South African Engineering, 29 October 1981. The Washington Post, 8 April 1982. 136/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 22 A (A/35/22/Add.1-3), first special report, paras. 146-149. -282-

1b/ Ibid., paras. 150-154. jL/ The Windhoek Advertiser, 22 January 1982. 1 Cape Times, 26 September 1981. 140/ The Washington Post, April 1982. 11L Financial Times (London), 7 January 1982; The Wall Street Journal (New York), 22 December 1981. 142 The Washington Post, April 1982. jjL/ Financial Times (London), 23 April 1982. !j/ Cape Times, 17 November 1981. 145, This section is based on articles appearing in Financial Times (London) on 19, 20 and 26 March 1982 and The Star (Johannesburg) on 27 March 1982. 1/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 22 A (A/35/22/Add.l-3), first special report, paras. 174-177. LJ/ The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 4 October 1981. 148 Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 29 September 1981. 149/ Ibid., 15 March 1982. LO/ Johannesburg Radio, 18 September 19811 Financial Times (London), 19 September 1981 and 29 March 19821 The Guardian (London), 29 March 19823 British Broadcasting Corporation, Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 4, Nos. ME/6981, ME/6992, ME/6996 and ME/7010 (March-April 1982). 11 World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1981 (Stockholm, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1981), p. 80. 152 Register (Bulletin of the Committee on South African War Resistance), No. 16 (October-November 1981), p. 14. 153/ world Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1980 (Stockholm, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1980). 1 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 22 A (A/35/22/Add.l-3), first special report, paras. 12-48. 155 Business Week, 15 March 19821 The Washington Post, 27 February and 15 March 1982; The Economist, 6 March 19821 South African Digest, 5 March 19821 Financial Times (London), 1 March 1982; The Star (Johannesburg), 27 February 1982. 156 Official Records of the General Assembly, Eighth Emergency Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 3rd meeting. 1 The Guardian (London), 13 and 18 November 1981. -283-

158/ Die Burger (Pretoria), 15 March 1982. 159/ Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 28 September 1981. 160/ The Washington Post, 15 March 1982; Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 18 September 1981. 161/ Cape Times, 15 February 1982. 162/ The Christian Science Monitor (Boston), 25 March 1982. 163/ SIPRI Yearbook 1980, op. cit., pp. 111-112. 164/ The Star (Johannesburg), 8 March 1982. 165/ The New York Times, 14 December 1981. 166/ British Broadcasting Corporation, Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 4, No. ME/7602, 15 April 1982; The Sun (Johannesburg), 12 October 1981; The Sunday Times (London), 11 April 1982; Financial Times (London), 28 May 1981; Namib Times (Walvis Bay), 2 and 23 June 1981 and 23 March 1982; The Windhoek Advertiser, 1 October 1981. 167/ A/37/61-S/14830. For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-seventh Year, Supplement for January, February and March 1982. 168/ See Richard K. Betts, "A Diplomatic Bomb for South Africa?", International Security, No. 4, 1979. 169/ Frank Barnaby, Nuclear South Africa (General Assembly document A/CONF.107/2), p. 12. i70/ Terry Shott, Role of Banks in Strenghthening South Africa's Military Capability (Notes and documents No. 21/81, United Nations Centre against Apartheid, August 1981), paras. 29 and 30. I As quoted in Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 22A (A/35/22/Add.1-3), first special report, para. 55. 1221 The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 15 November 1981. 173/ The New York Times, 26 June 1981. 174/ Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 1 July 1981; International Herald Tribune (Paris), 29 June 1981. 175/ Official Records of the Security Council, Thirty-fourth Year, Supplement for January, February and March 1979, document S/13157. 176/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/36/24), para. 222. -284-

177/ The Christian Science Monitor (Boston), 14 September 19811 The Sun (Johannesburg), 16 September 1981; The Washington Post, 22 September and 29 October 1980. 178, The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 18 August 19811 Johannesburg Radio, 18 August 1981; The Star (Johannesburg), 25 September 1981. 17 The Windhoek Observer, 6 April 1982. 18/ The Windhoek Advertiser, 11 February 19821 British Broadcasting Corporation, Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 4, No. ME/6975, 11 March 1982. 181 The Star (Johannesburg), 13 February 1982. 1 The Windhoek Advertiser, 15 March 1982. 183 The Star (Johannesburg), 11 November 1981. 184 The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 4 January 1982; The Star (Johannesburg), 2 January 1982. 185 The Windhoek Observer, 6 April 1982. 186 The New York Times, 3 March 1982; The Guardian (London), 9 and 10 March 1982; The Observer (London), 14 March 1982. 187 The Star (Johannesburg), 13 February 1982. 188 The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 4 January 1982; Cape Times (Johannesburg), 14 January 1983; The Star (Johannesburg), 2 January and 13 February 1982. 189 The Times (London), 19 November 1981. 190 The Star (Johannesburg), 17 April 1982. 191 The Windhoek Advertiser, 8 February 1982. 192 The Windhoek Advertiser, 1 May 19821 Pretoria News, 30 April 1982. 1 The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 16 October 1981. 194 The Star (Johannesburg), 5 September 1981; Johannesburg Radio, 8 September 1981; The Christian Science Monitor (Boston), 14 September 1981; The Washington Post, 22 September 1981. 195 The Observer (London), 6 December 1981; The Guardian (London), 2 October and 8 December 1981. 196 The Guardian (London), 28 August 1981. 1 The Christian Science Monitor (Boston), 3 March 1982. 198 The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 21 August 1981. -285-

19J The Guardian (London), 9 and 10 March 19821 The Observer (London), 14 March 1982; The Windhoek Advertiser, 15 March 1982. 200/ The Star (Johannesburg), 18 October 1981. 201// The Windhoek Advertiser, 22 April 1982; The Windhoek Observer, 15 April 1982, The Times (London), 5 March 1982. 2032/ Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 20 March 1982, col. 147. 393/ The Times (London), 18 November 1981. 23 / The Times (London), 18 November 19811 The Observer (London), 21 February 1982. 203/ The Washington Post, 22 September 1981; The Star (Johannesburg), 13 February 1982. 2036/ The Christian Science Monitor (Boston), 14 September 1981; The Star (Johannesburg), 13 February 1981. 207 The Observer (London), 6 September 1981. 20S The Times (London), 3 November 19811 The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 3 and 5 November 1981; Anti-Apartheid News (London), December 1981. 30/ The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 8 and 27 October 19811 The Star (Johannesburg), 10 October 1981; The Times (London), 27 October 19813 Anti- Apartheid News (London), October 1981. 210/ The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 17 January 1982. 2111 The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 3 and 4 September 1981. 212 The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 17 January 1982. 213/ News broadcast on WLIB (New York), 17 May 1982. 3.L/ Die Burger (Pretoria), 9 March 1982. 215/ South African Digest, 30 April 1982; Sunday Times/Business Times (Johannesburg), 18 April 1982. 316/ Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 10 November 1981. S21/ The Star (Johannesburg), 21 November 1981. 218, Anti-Apartheid News (London), December 1981. 2191 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 8 February 1982, cols. 293- 294. -286-

Annex I ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES TO THE COUNCIL FOR 1983 WITHIN THE PROGRAMME BUDGET FOR 1982-1983 1. In its report to the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session, the Council made a number of recommendations and gave a description of the activities which would require the preparation of a statement of administrative and financial implications. V2. The Council's recommendations took the form of draft resolutions which were reproduced in the Council's report under the following headings: (a) Situation in Namibia resulting from the illegal occupation of the Territory by South Africa; (b) Implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978); (c) Programme of work of the United Nations Council for Namibiaj (d) Dissemination of information and mobilization of international public opinion in support of Namibiaj (e) United Nations Fund for Namibia. The draft resolutions were adopted by the General Assembly at its 113th plenary meeting, on 20 December 1982, as resolutions 37/233 A, B, C, D and E, respectively. 3. Prior to consideration of the draft resolutions by the plenary, the Secretary- General submitted to the Fifth Committee a statement of their administrative and financial implications (A/C.5/37/102). The statement analysed the financial implications of all the draft resolutions taken together as follows (figures are in United States dollars): -287-

V '4> 4> 4>10 *- 0 4>0 i 4> -4 4> 0 10 V 4> 10 0 0. 0 0 0 <'4 <4 .4 <0 .44 .0 140 mm .02 0.44>~4>00 -.4,.. .u V4><014000'104>1000,1., .44> <'44J1...0'~.4> ~>æ ,-~ - ..-< I 4> -4 >lfl 44 ca r~a 010 <0 24>00 04>00 o 10 -4 -4 .4<4>4> 2 .6 .4.-4 4>><0 0 .01010 <~ 4>4> 04>4<'. ca 100>.4>4>4>'-4 0 ..~.'4 .0 4> 4>.4 i> ..4 0. 4> 4> > i 4>,-4 .4 0 10 0> 4>0<14 0 10 4>100 0 4u4 4> 4 0 4 41 .4 O 0 04> 0 <40 4 1-. 4> 04j 0141,0 c> 44 Ø5 <14 0 10 4> -4-4 .6 01 0.0 4>4> -4 04~101414010o24>Z "<2 ~ .44>, -4 ~14 * i 0 .-<04>24>..~10 14 4> 4>21014 4>4>4>4> 14. -.4 4> 024>0 * -4-4 04>> <144>4>-4 o om 04>4> * -4 4>4>4>0 00 0' 4>01.0-4 i4>-.4 4> 4>01014 i 44 0 <'4 UN t4 t gi m> 0 0 <'4 0% 0 10 0 -4 14 <14 4< 4>10 g 0 4>4> 210 6 4>. .60% 4> 14 0 14 010 .44. 4> 4>.4 140. 2 10 40 414 -,4ý t Z0 0 0 0 I 'i><.4 0 0 -4 4< 0 10 0. 2 0 .4, <-4.6 04<4><14 V <140 4>04>.k 4< 10104> 4<0<44 1400 4>0 V 100 6-4 20.4 4>10 0<06 4> 0 4< 6 ~ 10 10<0 6 4>4<4< -4 104> 204> 104>0 61444 0 1.> 0 -4 .4 .0 2 0. V 0.410 ja 4> -4 6.0 00-4 010 -4 4> ja 4<4>2 100 1014-4 144>0 04> <4404<614 <4400. 0 2 Om :0 00 -44> 4<10 4140 00 -4.4-4 10 4 6 4>.0 ~44 0 10 .0 10 4>10 .4 .402 104>0.4> ~ 2..>..> 14 .00.>. 4>4>4<24>>4<10-4 00.44 14 ~1' 0.0010 0 0 fl.-øV O 020 0 0.4 i 0-420 .0 1460 4> i4< - .44 010 0 .100.4610g 4<00 10 10 <~.0 6 4>14 4<-4 4> -4 10 4> 14 4<0141004 - 104> 2<14>0.06 -414 4 <14 0 4> 0.400 0 4< -288- 0 0 <4 0% 0% 0 0 .4 0 <.4 0 0 0% .4 0 0 en> 0 ca 0 0 0 .4 <0 0% 0 -4 0 -4 14 .4 10 0 6<>~ 0 4> 4>14 104> -4 <14 *0 100 40 0.4 4>10 0 -4.44 104<4>. 106 14 .44>104> 66 0<-' -4 4<0> '04> V <4>

0 -40 4 4 0 4 C m 0 0 4 11 41 1 10 44 4 Z -4n 41> rq M4 pi 4 c < oj14 bi: 0 0 "-4 1 1 1 0 0 It 1 1 <'1 0 0 0h 0 0 0 0' 4%' 0 CD 0 cm 0 0 0 0 I~ -4 o0 cm0 10 0 2 00 t- r'4 .4><4 4>.4>en ~0 4>0 4> >4 4> -4 41 ej 4> 8. 0 k 0 0 It <'4 0 -4 .4>4>mm -4 me 4144 4444> 0 4> *0 1,4 04>0141 .-4 S 448. 0 '. '4> -'4 * 4,4 CI o<~. -4 4" .4> 14 0 0 41 444 0 4 4 0 r' 44 0 44 -4>4' 444 .04> -441 .4 4>- 3 4130 4> -444 2 4>4>41.444 4444 44 4444>444 >0-4444 04>444> 4>.4 0 U4> 4444>41 .4.. 0.-4-4 c 0U044 C 44-44 44 * 4> 541 M44444> 44 OZ 4-4 40 d 0 0 0 -4 It -4 0 -4 ~04>4444 4>0 44-4 '4>> -44-. *~444 Om go '4> ou 04> 44 4>44 £4> 4> 444 4> co '0 4> 440 '0 04> - 4> 4>44 cc -4, 41 4> c440 c .414b -4 4 40 0 c4 0 1 0 4 4 4>' 1 41 c44.4 U0 -289-

4. In his statement, the Secretary-General indicated that if the draft resolutions were adopted by the General Assembly, an additional appropriation of SUS 2,421,800 would be required. In addition, an amount of SUS 92,800 would be required for staff assessment, offset by an equivalent amount in income. 5. Subsequently, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions accepted the appropriations recommended by the Secretary-General in his statement. P/ 6. At its 76th meeting, held on 18 December 1982, the Fifth Committee decided by a recorded vote of 71 to 5, with 7 abstentions, to inform the General Assembly that if it adopted the draft resolutions on the question of Namibia, the following appropriations would be required: $US 330,300 under section 3B.2; $US 820,000 under section 3C.1; SUS 678,500 under section 3C.2; $US 502,000 under section 27; SUS 91,000 under section 28; $US 1,016,100 under section 29. 7. As mentioned in paragraph 2 above, the General Assembly adopted the draft resolutions at its 113th meeting on 20 December 1982. Notes a_/ See Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 24 (A/37/24), part four. b/ Ibid., Supplement No. 7 (A/37/7 and Add.l-24). annex, paras. 84 and 85. -290-

Annex II LIST OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS OF THE COUNCIL (I SEPTEMBER 1982 to 31 AUGUST 1983) Document No. Title A/AC.131/89 A/AC.131/90 A/CONF. 120/3A/AC.131/91 and Corr.1 and 2 A/CONF.120/4A/AC.131/92 A/CONF.120/5A/AC.131/93 and Corr.1 A/CONF. 120/7A/AC.131/94 Documents issued Nationhood Programme for Namibia - Resolutions adopted by the Council at its 388th meeting held on 13 October 1982 Political developments related to Namibia Report of Standing Committee II The military situation in and relating to Namibia - Report of the United Nations Council for Namibia Activities of foreign economic interests operating in Namibia - Report of the United Nations Council for Namibia Social conditions in Namibia - Report of the United Nations Council for Namibia Political developments related to Namibia Report of the United Nations Council for Namibia 26 October 1982 16 December 1982 March April April 1983 1983 1983 16 March 1983 16 March 1983 28 March 1983 31 March 1983 in the 1imit~pd ~ri~ A/AC.131/L.260 Draft annual report of the Council to the General Assembly a/ A/AC.131/L.261 Assistance to establish a pilot vocational training centre: project revision A/AC.131/L.262- Draft annual report of the Council to the L.266 General Assembly a/ A/AC.131/L.267 Report of the delegation of the Council to the twenty-sixth regular session of the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency, held at Vienna from 20 to 24 September 1982 1 September 1982 3 September 1982 10 September8 October 1982 26 October 1982 -291- Date Documents issued in the general series in the limited series

Date Document No. A/AC.131/L.268 A/AC.131/L.269 A/AC.131/L.270 A/AC.131/L.271 A/AC.131/L.272 A/AC.131/L. 273 A/AC.131/L.274 A/AC.131/L.275 A/AC.131/L.276 A/AC.131/L.277 Report of the delegation of the Council to the Seminar on the Military Situation in and Relating to Namibia, held at Vienna from 8 to 11 June 1982 Report of the delegation of the Council to the informal meeting of the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees held at Geneva on 23 June 1982 Report of the delegation of the Council to the thirty-third session of the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees held at Geneva from 11 to 20 October 1982 Report of the mission of the Council to contact corporations, 30 June to 9 July 1982 Report of the delegation of the Council to the final part of the eleventh session of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, held at Montego Bay, Jamaica, from 6 to 10 December 1982 Statement of the Council dated 19 January 1983 regarding the deposit of its instrument of acceptance of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency on behalf of Namibia Report of the delegation to the Council to the extraordinary ministerial meeting of the Co-ordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries held at Managua from 10 to 15 January 1983 Text of the agreement between the Republic of Botswana and the United Nations Council for Namibia concerning the issuance by the Council of travel and identity documents to Namibians, signed at Gaborone on 20 August 1981 Programme of work of Standing Committee I for 1983 Report of the delegation of the Council to the 16th meeting of the Senate of the United Nations Institute for Namibia, held at Lusaka on 31 January 1983 9 November 1982 12 November 1982 10 January 1983 12 January 1983 12 January 1983 28 January 1983 9 February 1983 9 February 1983 14 April 1983 21 April 1983 -292- Title

Document No. A/AC.131/L.278 A/AC.131/L.279 A/AC.131/L.280 A/AC.131/L.281 A/AC.131/L.282 A/AC.131/L.283 A/AC.131/L.284 A/AC.131/L.285 A/AC.131/L.286 Title Date Report of the delegation of the Council to the informal meeting of the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees held at Geneva on 23 February 1983 Programme of Work of the Committee on the United Nations Fund for Namibia for 1983 Nationhood Programme for Namibia and educational, social and relief activities under the General Account of the United Nations Fund for Namibia Report of the delegation of the Council to the fortieth ordinary session of the OAU Co-ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, held at Arusha from 10 to 12 February 1983 Report of the delegation of the Council to the meeting of the National Continuation Committee of the Conference in Solidarity with the Liberation Struggles of the Peoples of Southern Africa, held in New York on 2 January 1983 Report on consultations with the DirectorGeneral of the International Atomic Energy Agency Participation of the Council in the International Conference in Solidarity with the Front-line States, held at Lisbon from 25 to 26 March 1983 Report of the delegation of the Council to the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi from 7 to 11 March 1983 Report of the delegation of the Council to the seventeenth session of the Industrial Development Board, held at Vienna from 26 April to 13 May 1983 25 April 1983 29 April 1983 11 May 1983 13 May 1983 24 May 1983 24 May 1983 31 May 1983 31 May 1983 23 June 1983 -293-