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ELECTRIC MOBILITY: STATUS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL COLLABORATION 2019. 2 ELECTRIC MOBILITY: STATUS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL COLLABORATION 2019. Published by the United Nations Environment AECID or ACCIONA. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), November 2019. Programme is not responsible for the actions or verbal positions taken by these, before, during or after Recognition- this partnership. NonCommercial- NoDerivatives The views expressed in this publication are those of CC BY-NC-ND the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part regret any errors or omissions that may have been and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes inadvertently made. without special permission from the copyright holder, © Photographs and illustrations as specified provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would This document may be cited as: appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that UNEP (2020). Electric mobility: Status in uses this publication as a source. Latin America and the Caribbean 2019. United Nations Environment Programme, Office for Latin America and This publication may not be used for resale or any the Caribbean, Panama. other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations You can find a copy of this report together with the Environment Programme. Applications for such supporting annexes at the following link: http:// permission, with a statement of the purpose and movelatam.org/transicion/ extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Division of Communication, United Nations With the support of: Environment Programme, Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Building 103, Alberto Tejada Street, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama. Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the Report of Electric Mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean 2019 and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. Mention of a company or commercial product in this document does not imply an endorsement by UNEP, the authors or the financers of this report. The information in this document may not be used for advertising or marketing purposes. Trademark names and symbols are used editorially without intent to infringe trademark or copyright laws. The relationship between the United Nations Environment Programme and Acciona S.A. is limited to co-funding the report. The collection of information, the drafting of the report and its publication are carried out independently and do not include in any way the opinions of the funders, including the European Union, ELECTRIC MOBILITY: STATUS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL COLLABORATION 2019. 3 Acknowledgements The United Nations Environment Programme would like to thank the lead and contributing authors and On behalf of the Center for Urban Sustainability reviewers for their contribution to the preparation of (CPMU, by its Spanish acronym), we thank the efforts this report. of Arturo Steinvorth, Karla Gutiérrez and Yordy Guzmán. The authors and reviewers have participated in the report in their individual capacities. Their affiliations Internal reviewers: are only mentioned for identification purposes. Agustin Matteri, Elizabeth Font Iribarne y Mercedes García Fariña (UNEP). Lead authors: Gustavo Máñez Gomis, Esteban Bermúdez Forn, Juan External reviewers: Luis Pardo González and Jone Orbea Otazua (UNEP). As external reviewers, thanks are due to Paola Visca and Christian González of the Ministry of Housing, Collection and processing of information: Land Management and Environment of Uruguay. Special thanks to the Latin American Association Likewise, thanks are due to Ariel Álvarez, Carolina for Sustainable Mobility (ALAMOS, by its Spanish Mena, Martín Piñeyro, Emiliano Roselló, Ignacio Simon acronym) and the Center for Urban Sustainability and Antonella Tambasco of the Ministry of Industry, (CPMU, by its Spanish acronym) in Costa Rica for Energy and Mining of Uruguay. We also thank Ana their support in collecting and processing information Gabriela Dávila, Gabriel Oliveira, Juan Lucero, Maxim for this report. Specifically, we would like to thank Rebolledo, Pablo Azorín and Sebastián Galarza for Sergio Norberto Álvaro and Mariano Luis Jimena of their reviews. the Argentine Association of Electric and Alternative Vehicles; Rodrigo de Almeida of the Brazilian Design and layout: Association of Innovative Electric Vehicles; Daniel Karla Delgado Olguín (UNEP). Celis of the Chilean Association of Electric Vehicles; Oliverio García from the National Association of Style correction: Sustainable Mobility, Colombia; Diana Rivera from Ariel Cambronero Zumbado the Costa Rican Association of Electric Mobility; Juan Botrán, Gabriela Ramírez and Nancy Chacón from the Guatemalan Association of Electric Mobility; Javier Peón from the Business Association for the Development and Promotion of Electric Vehicles, Peru; and Charles Sánchez from the Dominican Republic Electric Vehicle Association. 4 ELECTRIC MOBILITY: STATUS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL COLLABORATION 2019. Glossary Short-Lived Climate Pollutants: (SLCPs), compounds This glossary has been compiled by the lead authors in the atmosphere that cause warming and have of this report and is based on glossaries and other a shelf life of less than about 20 years. These resources available on the websites of the following include black carbon, ozone, methane, and many organizations: International Energy Agency [1], hydrofluorocarbons. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [2], United Nations Environment Programme [3], United Nations Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC): Actions Framework Convention on Climate Change [4]. submitted by countries, ratified by the Paris Agreement, that present their national efforts to Paris Agreement: on December 12, 2015, the Parties to achieve the long-term temperature goal stipulated the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate in the Paris Agreement: to limit global warming to Change (UNFCCC) reached a historic agreement below 2°C. New or updated NDCs will be submitted in to combat climate change and to accelerate and 2020 and every five years thereafter. Therefore, NDCs intensify the actions and investments needed for a represent a country’s current target for reducing its sustainable low-carbon future. The Paris Agreement emissions nationally. builds on the Convention and, for the first time, brings all nations together in common cause to undertake Electric vehicle corridor: (also known as “electro ambitious efforts to combat climate change and corridor”), a succession of charging stations that adapt to its effects, with increased support to help allows different points in a territory to be connected developing countries do so. so that electric vehicles can be charged along the route in which those stations are located. Climate change: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in Article 1, Decarbonization: process by which countries or defines climate change as “a change of climate which other entities seek to achieve a low carbon economy, is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity or by which individuals seek to reduce their carbon that alters the composition of the global atmosphere consumption. and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”. The Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e): a way of placing UNFCCC therefore differentiates between climate the emissions of various radiative forcing agents change attributable to human activities that alter the (difference between the insolation absorbed by the composition of the atmosphere and climate variability Earth and the energy radiated back into space) on attributable to natural causes. a common basis when considering their effect on climate. It describes, for a given mixture and amount Charging station: infrastructure for the supply or of greenhouse gases, the amount of CO2 that would trading of electrical energy for the charge of batteries have the same global warming capacity, when for electric vehicles or hybrid plug-in vehicles. measured over a specific period. Connector: The terminal to which the electric vehicle Electrification: for the purposes of this report, is connected to receive electrical energy. There are is understood as the process of conversion or several types of terminals with different levels of replacement of other energy vectors by electricity for charge and most are not compatible with each other. a given application. For example, replacing a fossil fuel vehicle with an electric vehicle. Flexible fuel: a vehicle that has a fuel system, but can mix different types of fuel in the same tank; for Greenhouse gases: the atmospheric gases example, gasoline and ethanol. Supports a wide range responsible for causing global warming and climate of blends. Also known as flex fuel. change. The main greenhouse gases are Carbon ELECTRIC MOBILITY: STATUS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL COLLABORATION 2019. 5 Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). engine and an electric motor with a battery bank. In Less frequent, but also very potent,