BULLETIN

Volume 10: No. 6 Cultural Resources Management • A National Park Service Technical Bulletin December 1987

Preserving Landscapes

Rural Landscapes Definitions Hugh C. Miller Cultural Landscape. A geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources, including the Why is what happens today at During a recent travel exchange wildlife or domestic animals therein, Antietam Battlefield important to sponsored by the Sir Herbert Man- that has been influenced by or reflects the English at Battle Abbey zoni Scholarship Trust of Birm­ human activity or was the background (Hastings 1066)? Why is what hap­ ingham, England, I found that we for an event or person significant in pened at the village of Longnor in can learn from each other and find human history. There are five general the Peak District National Park im­ answers together about rural land­ kinds of cultural landscapes, not portant to the village of Everett at scape preservation. I came to mutually exclusive: the Cuyahoga Valley National Rec­ realize that there are many lessons Historic scene. A micro-environment reation Area? These areas are we can learn from the English where a significant historic event oc­ worlds apart in terms of time and system of managing parks. From curred, frequently with associated space and yet the management and us, they could learn how we have structures or other tangible remains. protection of the countryside in na­ developed methods for identifica­ In historic areas, such remains often tional parks and historic sites in tion of historic landscape values are the most significant physical England have a lot in common with that have become the basis for resource of the park. The cultural cultural landscape resources that management strategies in natural scene provides the context for under­ are under similar threats in the standing and interpreting the events, ideas, or persons associated with the United States. (Continued on page 2) park. The historic scene is always present in historic parks, although its integrity may be severely diminished because of intrusions such as nearby developments, inappropriate plant­ The Tao House Courtyard: ings, or lack of maintenance. Historic site. A site where an event or Exposing a activity has imbued a particular piece of ground with significance warrant­ ing preservation of the historic Playwright's Garden appearance of the landscape, i.e., battlefields, landing sites, and historic Cathy Gilbert routes. Historic designed landscape. A land­ scape where form, layout and/or The National Park Service has tion and management of these designer, rather than significant undertaken a variety of landscape landscapes present many challeng­ events or persons, are the primary preservation projects over the last ing issues to the designer and reasons for its preservation, although several years, exploring both preservationist. Some of these both may be relevant. With historic cultural and designed historic land­ scapes. The identification, evalua­ (Continued on page 3) (Continued on page 2) Rural Landscapes walls. Planning is comprehensive The U.S. and English park (Continued from page 1) enough to indicate management op­ managers should jointly learn how tions. Implementation is based on a to define countryside or rural land­ partnership with incentives or scape as a national asset and grants, often from non-park agen­ describe the values in tangible and cultural areas. There are also cies, like the Ministry of Agricul­ terms. For the English the "well mutual concerns to find methods to ture or Ministry of Labor, to carry kept" countryside is a visual qual­ define and communicate resource out the park plan or to protect the ity that is ingrained in the psyche. issues and values. We could study park resources. The success of There is little discussion of their together to find answers to these these parks is based on this part­ landscape features as historic or questions and to raise national, or nership where the park managers cultural resources. This image of even international, awareness of and the private owners have a "manicured" rural countryside is these landscape assets at risk. mutual understanding of and desire accepted as "standard"; it may be The agrarian landscapes of to protect the same values. undistinguished farm land or green America near urban centers are fast This partnership is also built on belt; it may be national parks or disappearing. We in the United accommodation of an economic other zoned reserves with States need to identify, as have the viability for the private owner and agricultural uses or it may be estate English, the significant rural land­ protection of the land or villages land owned by the National Trust, scapes worth saving. Even in the with the appropriate level of public English Heritage or the Crown. U.S. National Park System protec­ access and public use of the park. These places are important to the tion and maintenance of agrarian This understanding of values is way that the English think about lands as cultural landscapes are built with a continuous process of themselves, but these rural land­ generally not considered. In many planning and implementation with scapes are not considered recreation areas they are inten­ an active park technical assistance "historic." While there is scholarly tionally obliterated as the result of program and funding from a study of historic landscapes in misguided planning goals. As we multitude of sources—other national England, there is little articulation now begin to consider the protec­ agencies, local government, founda­ of this information to assess values tion of cultural landscapes in the tions and private investment. At or develop an ethos for protection United States, we should also look best, as I observed in the Peak and management of the historic for alternative management District National Park, there is a countryside. (This is not true of strategies. highly sophisticated partnership historic estate parks.) The English system of national between private owners, local Sense of Value parks, where most of the land base government, the park board and is in private ownership, is not the park management. In other We share a common need to perfect; yet it is worth examining as parks where the values are not as evaluate rural landscapes for signifi­ a method for managing recreation broadly accepted there is a tension cant natural and cultural features areas and natural and historic between "the farmers" and the and to identify the threats to these resources in the U.S. National Park visitors over access issues, and with special places. We in the U.S. have System and protecting national park management over protection so much rural countryside that we natural or historic landmarks with issues. Even here the land base is take its scenic and historical value large multi-owned land areas. The protected from gross land use for granted. We don't miss it until success of the English national park changes. We should learn to do so it is gone. Only by identifying is in its definition of values—often well as to have land areas with historic significances and integrity scenic, to the detail of small basic park values protected with of these landscapes as resources wetlands habitats or medieval field less-than-fee interest. and as special places can their characteristics and limitations be recognized to eliminate or mitigate adverse change or remove existing Definitions peoples, including subsistence hunting adverse impacts. The value of rural (Continued from page 1) and gathering, religious or sacred landscapes must be described as ceremonies, and traditional meetings. national assets with economic value designed landscapes, as with historic A difficult resource to manage because beyond the tangible property. structures, attention to detail is impor­ its significance derives from human tant, i.e., formal gardens and parks interaction with or consumptive use of In England, the solution to the such as at Vanderbilt National Historic the natural environment. To effec­ encroachment of modern society on Site or Olmsted National Historic Site. tively manage the area, the park historic resources is needed at places like Hadrian's Wall or Battle Historic vernacular landscape. A land­ manager must assure perpetuation of scape possessing a significant concen­ the resources, should afford contem­ Abbey where the Battle of Hastings tration, linkage, or continuity of porary groups or individuals the op­ occurred in 1066. Here views and natural and man-made components portunity to continue their traditional vistas of a rural scene should be a which are united by human use and uses, and must provide for the contextually abstract setting and past events or aesthetically by plan or general park visitor. should not be interrupted by power physical development. transmission towers or houses in a From Cultural Resources Management Ethnographic landscape. A landscape Guidelines, NPS-28, National Park characterized by use by contemporary Service. (Continued on page 3)

2 sub-division. The same intensity of realization that the rural setting of in a partnership with government identification of landscape features Antietam and the newly nominated for planning and controls that in­ is needed to develop a landscape South Mountain National Historic clude incentives and grants. protection plan for Richmond Bat­ Landmark District are more than We in the United States have the tlefield or Antietam. There is also a protecting lands associated with the potential for a similiar partnership need to develop preservation stand­ battlefield actions and troop move­ using the presence of national park ards and management methods to ment of the Civil War. Planning areas or the designation of national identify and protect the dynamic and development here are more natural or historic landmarks to biotic cultural resources of the land­ than local land use issues. There is define the broader values of these scape as well as preserve the land­ a recognition that Antietam is an places as "landscapes with special scape's more static features. asset to the State, not just for qualities." In the private preservation sector tourism, but as a special place to be We have an opportunity to join and at the State and local level protected with careful land use with English Heritage, the Country­ there are growing concerns and in­ planning and development controls side Commission and others in terest in rural preservation. The that will permit development only England to learn together how to Commonwealth of Massachusetts when it "fits." In both Massachu­ identify natural, cultural and scenic has recognized the value of setts and Maryland partnerships are resources and to define values so "place" as an identity factor in being formed to invest in specifi­ that protection for rural landscapes people's selection of where they cally designated places with nation­ is not just a role of a government want to work and live (or how ally, regionally or locally significant agency, but an active partnership good they feel about where they history or natural beauty that is with all levels of government, with live). Using a multi-million dollar important to the individual and non-profit organizations and with bond issue for economic develop­ public image of a "good place to private owners. In the future rural ment, Massachusetts is investing in be." landscapes with park values will be "Heritage Parks" in urban centers This is the same psyche that protected by forces outside the and identifying, protecting and makes the English countryside im­ public ownership. rehabilitating open spaces—Olmsted portant enough to protect with zon­ parks, state parks and scenic areas. ing designations of "national With this identification and protec­ parks," "places of special scenic tion of "place" as a goal, the State beauty" and "places of special has formed a partnership where the scientific interest." This is the same public dollars invested by state and sense of values that protects local (and in the case of Lowell- prehistoric or historic sites and Hugh C. Miller is the Chief Historical Ar­ Federal) authorities are leveraged historic structures managed by chitect, NPS, Washington Office. He and by private investment many fold. English Heritage whether they are John A. Fidler, Superintending Architect of This is economic development as English Heritage, were awarded an exchange nationally owned or "scheduled" scholarship by the Sir Herbert Manzoni an investment in "place." on a listing of historic property in Scholarship Trust to widen their knowledge In Maryland, the Governor private ownership. In these cases of preservation with experience-gathering ac­ private owners in England par­ tivities here and in England. Mr. Miller recently has acted to bring the state spent several weeks in England during July into county zoning and planning ticipate in a process that protects 1987, learning about rural preservation. This questions at Antietam. There is the natural, cultural and scenic values article is a summary of his report.

The Tao House Courtyard for over six years—a period many Osmundson-Staley. Incorporating (Continued from page 1) critics consider the playwright's many of the existing features, the most creative. During their time courtyard was reshaped into a there, the O'Neills developed the California Style garden, which is issues were addressed during a grounds surrounding the main for the most part intact today. landscape preservation project, con­ residence, including a courtyard In 1980, title to the property was ducted at Eugene O'Neill National garden within a walled enclosure transferred to the NPS which cur­ Historic Site in Danville, California. on the southwest side of the house. rently maintains a cooperative Eugene and Carlotta O'Neill Somewhat formal in design, the agreement with the Eugene O'Neill moved to California and purchased courtyard included a rock garden, Foundation. The Foundation spon­ property for their home in 1937, fish pool, walkways, clipped sors various programs at the site shortly after Eugene O'Neill was hedges, rock walls and several and the NPS is responsible for site awarded the Nobel Prize in features that personalized the operations. The park and the literature. Located 30 miles east of garden. region have undertaken several San Francisco, the 157-acre site was The O'Neills sold the house and preservation projects aimed at remote and isolated on a ridge of property in 1944, and for the next enhancing the interpretive environ­ the Las Trampas Hills, with views 30 years the site was occupied by a ment at the site. In conjunction of Mt. Diablo and the orchards of single owner. In 1947, the court­ with the architectural rehabilitation the San Ramon Valley below. The yard was redesigned by the Bay Tao House was the O'Neills' home Area landscape firm of (Continued on page 4)

3 The Tao House Courtyard (Continued from page 3)

and restoration of the Tao House, last year a significant preservation project addressed the courtyard garden. The purpose of the project was to identify significant historic remnants in the courtyard and reestablish the garden to the O'Neill period. No attempt was made to reestablish the garden to a specific year; rather, the intent was to present the garden with its key components and relationships as it evolved over a six-year period. Historic Features Early research for the project revealed a good level of historic documentation for the courtyard. The O'Neills in their garden. Photo courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Historic resource studies, historic Library, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT. photographs, and excerpts from Design issues concerning the Damaged by storms over several Carlotta O'Neill's diaries were used physical landscape focused on the years, the tree survives; but its to understand the physical struc­ selection and replacement of crown has altered so much it no ture, design intent and symbolic historic material, and the repair or longer provides shade to an area of associations for many landscape reconstruction of historic features in the courtyard historically covered components. Investigations on the the courtyard. Replacement of by the canopy of its large limbs. In site itself indicated a significant historic fabric is always a difficult the evaluation, the significance of portion of material from the O'Neill issue in landscape preservation, the tree as a historic feature in the garden remains either below grade, especially when the historic context garden was valued higher than the undefined or in new forms. For ex­ of the landscape has changed. In impact on the landscape caused by ample, when the garden was addition, contemporary site limita­ the change. Therefore, the tree will redone in 1947, rather than ex­ tions, changes in site use and func­ remain and a graft will be taken for cavate a large concrete trough (fish tion, maintenance practices and future replacement. In the area of pool), the top of the feature was unclear or contradictory historic the garden no longer shaded by the simply broken off and debris cast documentation often complicate the tree, an interim planting of inside the trough for fill. The area decision-making process. Under­ materials that can tolerate the sun was then regraded and covered standing the individual historic and are similar in form, texture, with new paving. While other feature and its significance in rela­ shape and association to the materials from the O'Neill period tion to the overall garden was a historic material will be used until are evident in the contemporary key factor in determining an ap­ other plantings mature. This solu­ garden, several important features propriate treatment. This principle, tion retains both the tree as a are either missing or inappropriate for example, was used to determine significant historic feature, and the in the historic garden. As much as the selection and replacement of design intent of the garden. The 80 percent of the existing plant plant materials. In this project, third category included all non- material in the courtyard is non- plant materials were organized into historic plants. These materials historic and inappropriate to the three categories. The first category were selectively replaced with historic design. included plants that are historic but plants that were depicted in historic A process for identifying impor­ are in such poor condition they photographs, or noted in Carlotta tant historic features and evaluating present a significant safety hazard. O'Neill's diaries. If the plant was not a rare their significance was critical for Decisions regarding replacement specimen and did not have a high achieving a responsible design pro­ of other materials and features symbolic association in the historic posal. It was through this process followed on a similar process. design, it was replaced in kind. The that a series of landscape principles Reconstruction was allowed only second category included historic was developed to guide restoration for features that exist (in some plants that have changed so and reestablishment of the O'Neill form) in the garden today. Con­ dramatically since the O'Neill garden. In general, design issues struction details for repair of period, that the historic context of fell into one of two categories: damaged features, and replacement the landscape has been compro­ either the issue involved the of missing components, were physical landscape or the design in­ mised. This was the case with the oldest tree in the courtyard. tegrity of the historic garden. (Continued on next page)

4 developed based on existing rem­ the historic entry walk is the initial entry experience for nants and careful examination of reestablished, access through the everyone, uses other existing the historic record. In every case, courtyard will be awkward for most historic pathways and has a the criteria for determining replace­ visitors and virtually impossible for minimum impact on the historic ment of various garden features the impaired. The question was, fabric. This path, along with the was based on the significance of could the historic design of the entry designed by the O'Neills, will the individual feature, relative to walkway be modified to accom­ provide visitor access for everyone. the greater garden design. modate unrestricted access and still Maintenance and site manage­ retain integrity? Based on the ment concerns involved pragmatic Current Use criteria, the walkway will retain in­ issues such as upkeep of the Another group of issues in the tegrity of function as long as it is a historic garden and interpretation project involved the historic garden path. But the feature as designed of the courtyard. Prior to any and the parameters of design in­ by the O'Neills was more than just design work, meetings with the tegrity. These were primarily issues a path through the courtyard. By park and regional staff provided a of "fit" or the capacity of the design, the walkway was formal, clear sense of the capabilities and historic garden to accommodate contained and symbolically con­ limitation for maintenance and contemporary use. Two significant nected to the greater garden con­ management of the courtyard aspects in this category were visitor text. It controlled direction, speed garden. Although maintenance access and maintenance. Whereas and the visual orientation. These alone did not drive design deci­ reestablishment of the courtyard characteristics were vital to the sions, careful consideration was garden was predicated on physical design of the entry walk. given to the merit of replacing redelineation of existing historic Although there was some flexibil­ features that were poorly designed components, there was much ity, these features could not be in the first place, or cannot be discussion about the sanctity of altered significantly without jeopar­ maintained today as they were several features. Criteria for deter­ dizing the design integrity of the historically. Features such as exotic mining integrity of an individual whole. Given these design plant materials and random edging component was based on an parameters, several alternatives for details give character to the garden evaluation of its functional role and handicap access were developed in its symbolic association in the conjunction with the historic walk. historical design. For example, once A solution was chosen that retains (Continued on page 6)

5 The Tao House Courtyard If the feature presented a safety facilitated a more comprehensive (Continued from page 5) hazard or put an unreasonable and responsible preservation plan burden on maintenance that could for the site as a whole based not on not be mitigated by design treat­ artifact alone but on the relation­ ment, it was not reconstructed. ship among several resources and often enhance interpretive op­ Overall preservation of the Tao within a historic context. Construc­ portunities, but when added to House courtyard was guided not tion on the historic courtyard is overall maintenance tasks, these only by efforts to reclaim and pro­ scheduled to begin soon. features can create considerable tect the resource, but by a commit­ problems. In the courtyard, features ment to enhance our access to it. Cathy Gilbert is a historical landscape ar­ were replaced only if they were Careful and close collaboration be­ chitect in the Pacific Northwest Region, fundamental to the historic design. tween the park and the region NPS.

Archeological Resources in the NHL Program Richard C. Waldbauer

Only about 10% of the approximately submitted nominations will be coor­ kind of participation is being sought 1,800 National Historic Landmarks dinated between the NPS History Divi­ through two workshops sponsored by (NHLs) were designated because of the sion and AAD, and will involve the the archeological assistance program in significance of their archeological re­ SAA committee and other WASO the Mid-Atlantic Regional Office and mains (although many more NHLs National Register divisions. the Office of New Jersey Heritage to be were recognized within their accom­ The second objective is to produce a held consecutively in January. In addi­ panying documentation as having technical brief on completing condition tion to instruction for completing primary archeological components). assessments of endangered archeologi­ National Register and NHL nomination This lack of representation needs to be cal NHLs. The ability to provide forms, participants will discuss registra­ addressed, and there needs to be more assistance to endangered archeological tion issues and help implement a chal­ awareness of how registration of arche­ NHLs is a function of identifying the lenging new program for New Jersey. ological properties in the NHL program archeological resources and their cur­ Such innovative, interactive approaches can contribute to their long term preser­ rent conditions, prioritizing treatments to archeological preservation require vation. A second important issue is the according to the most immediate cooperation among the many organiza­ high number of archeological NHLs threats, and defining treatment plans tions and individuals concerned about that are endangered, particularly by that include necessary work and costs. impacts to archeological resources. threats of erosion, vandalism, and The technical brief will emphasize Improved awareness of the structure development projects. General informa­ guidance on development of treatment of the NHL program also is needed. tion needs to be collected on the condi­ plans, such as applications of site This is particularly important with tion of archeological properties so that stabilization techniques, through regard to the NHL thematic framework, assessments can be made which will systematic condition assessments. Addi­ which can serve as a tool to develop lead to cost effective treatments. tionally, there will be guidance on historic contexts as well as the basis standardized information about archeo­ for evaluating national significance. In logical resources in NHL properties southeastern states there has been an Objectives which is necessary to insure cost effec­ emphasis on completing historic con­ The archeological assistance program tive protection to these values as part texts for planning and management has two objectives for activities to be of an overall management plan. The purposes. The archeological assistance undertaken in FY 1988 by the regional technical brief will be drafted by the program in the Southeast Regional and Washington offices. The first is to Western Regional Office, reviewed in Office recently convened a workshop encourage completion of archeological the archeological assistance program, that included archeologists from ten nominations as NHLs and to the and coordinated with the Preservation State Historic Preservation Offices to National Register of Historic Places. Assistance Division for implementation. share information on progress and dis­ The regional and Washington offices cuss applications of historic contexts plan to work with individual experts in Interaction in planning. It was shown that the the­ the preparation of nomination forms for Cooperation from other Federal agen­ matic framework provides an im­ archeological NHLs. Each regional cies, State agencies, professional mediately available set of categories office will prepare or assist in prepara­ organizations, and individuals is appropriate for this process. Improved tion of at least two NHL nominations. needed to improve the representation awareness of uses of the thematic The Archeological Assistance Division of important archeological properties framework would contribute to interac­ (AAD) will coordinate with the Society as NHLs. Such an improvement will tion between agencies concerned about for American Archaeology (SAA) NHL increase the awareness of and apprecia­ information exchange and cost effec­ Committee and experts to identify tion for archeological resources by the tiveness in their archeological preserva­ potential NHL archeological properties. general public, legislators, and develop­ tion programs. Attention will focus on properties ers. Increased participation in the NHL associated with the themes of contact program is an excellent means for pro­ Richard Waldbauer is an archeologist in the between Europeans and native cultures moting interest in archeology and con­ Archeological Assistance Division, NPS, and ethnic communities. The review of cern for archeological properties. This Washington Office.

6 NHL Architecture Theme

Carolyn Pitts

In November of 1987, the Secretary of the Interior's Advisory Board recommended that 15 struc­ tures or historic districts be designated National Historic Land­ marks (NHLs) under the Architec­ ture theme. Among the other buildings, there were four sites designed by Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86), acknowledged to be one of America's finest ar­ chitects and the first native American to attain truly interna­ tional stature. His influence was tremendous, especially on his im­ mediate successors: the "Classical" architects Charles Folen McKim and Stanford White and Louis Sullivan, the great 19th century romantic. The series of library buildings, designed late in his life, are Winn Memorial Library. Photo by N. Barbas. generally regarded to be among the architect's best works, expressing "Romanesque" style. America ac­ still belongs to the Victorian High great power of design. As he quired an indigenous architectural Gothic style, but it bears the emphatic matured, his work showed pro­ style with Richardson's "cultural stamp of individual genius and it is one gressively more simplification and community center" libraries. Most of the most important designs of the ar­ coherence. Each library became of Richardson's libraries were chitect's most creative period between 1870 and 1878. more compact than the previous designed to house not only books, one, all using the heavy archway but were also community cultural Crane Memorial Library, Quincy, MA and continuous bands of windows centers, art museums, natural (1881-82) which are the hallmarks of his history collections, as well as lec­ The Crane Memorial is the simplest ture halls. They reflect the plan of all of Richardson's libraries and late-19th-century flowering of the adjoining additions (1908, 1930s) are popular education in this country appended to the original library with represented by the Chatauqua and great respect for the original library. other mass cultural movements. On February 20, 1880, Albert Crane They also served as memorials to of New York, offered the town of men who had helped to build Quincy a library dedicated to his father, Thomas Crane, a dealer in Quincy small-town America. granite. Thomas made a fortune in The four sites honored by the Na­ New York following a fire in the com­ tional Park Service are in chrono­ mercial district in 1835. Among the logical order: Winn Memorial, buildings Crane helped construct are Woburn; Crane Memorial, Quincy; the New York Custom House and the Converse Memorial, Maiden; and old Grand Central Station. the complex of buildings in North Converse Memorial Library, Maiden, Easton, all in Massachusetts. MA (1885, 1916) Winn Memorial Library, Woburn, MA The Maiden library is the last of (1876-79) Richardson's libraries. As his style matured, Richardson's buildings The Winn Memorial is the first of became less complex and more Richardson's great series of library coherent—all became more compact designs and it is here that he estab­ using the heavy "Syrian" archway en­ lished the characteristic, asymmetrical trance, continuing bands of windows, plan that gave these educational struc­ and "eyebrow" roof windows that are Crane Memorial Library. Photo courtesy tures variety, coherence, and real Crane Memorial Library. monumentality. The Woburn library (Continued on page 8)

7 NHL Architecture Theme small industrial village became a for the railroad station. A great deal of (Continued from page 7) beautifully coherent planned town con­ the visual impact of North Easton is taining several of the century's architec­ due to the genius of Olmsted. The tural landmarks. village of North Easton has a collection There are five Richardson buildings in of works by Richardson, largely due to typical of his "Romanesque" style. this historic district: the Oliver Ames the patronage of one resident- The early history of the Converse Free Library, the Oakes Ames Memorial manufacturing family—the Ames. The Memorial is full of Victorian Hall, the Gate Lodge at Langwater, the town depended on this family's melodrama. The Library was a gift to Gardener's Cottage at Langwater, and manufacture of shovels and tools and the City of Maiden from a wealthy in­ the Old Colony Railroad Station. The was built radiating from the core of fac­ dustrialist who wished to build a boundaries encircle the contiguous tories and railroad station to a ring of memorial to his 17-year-old son tragi­ Library and Memorial Hall, and workers' houses to finally the larger cally murdered in December 1863. Rockery in front, the two structures at Frank Eugene Converse was on duty at Langwater, and the third boundary is (Continued on page 12) his father's bank when the robbery and murder occurred. The newspapers ex­ ploited the sensationalism of the crime and the town postmaster, Edward Green, was apprehended, tried, and convicted of the murder. Subsequently, legions of Boston reformers tried to save Green from hanging and, as a result, the "Maiden murder" was the most talked about crime in Massachusetts in the 19th century. For years after their son's murder, Elisha and Mary Converse had con­ sidered ways of honoring the memory of their son, but it was not until 1883 that they found what they considered a perfect and lasting memorial—the Con­ verse Memorial Building for the public library. Mr. and Mrs. Converse also donated the collection of painting and sculpture that formed the nucleus of the art collection with an endowment to purchase additional works. The Con­ verse family planned a memorial in the aftermath of the crime that was to be comprised of two structures on adjacent lots: the First Baptist Church and a new public library, both to be designed by Henry Hobson Richardson. Although the church was not built until seven years later by another architect, the new library and art gallery was commissioned in 1884 when Richardson and Frederick Law Olmsted visited the site. Construction began in the Spring of 1884 and the building Man in Space: was dedicated October 1, 1885. The furniture was designed by The Voyage Continues Richardson and manufactured by the Boston firm of Albert H. Davenport Company. Although it is now carefully preserved, it is the largest collection of his furniture extant. Harry Butowsky

H.H. Richardson Historic District, The sites that supported the early April 1986 issue of CRM Bulletin— North Easton, MA American Space Program are as "Man in Space: These are the North Easton is the result of an ex­ diverse as the technological and Voyages of..."). With the iden­ traordinary collaboration between two engineering innovations upon tification of these resources as of the towering figures of 19th-century which they are based. Many of NHLs the National Park Service in America. Henry Hobson Richardson these resources have been desig­ 1986 began work on the Man in and Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) worked together under the patronage nated as National Historic Land­ Space Alternatives Study as re­ of the unusual family that turned a marks (NHLs) as a result of the quired by P.L. 96-344 in 1980. The small iron foundry into a shovel Man in Space National Historic Land­ purpose of the Alternatives Study manufactory that produced great mark Theme Study completed by the wealth. In a short eight years, this National Park Service in 1984. (See (Continued on next page)

8 Theme through off-site media and These sites should be interpreted' visitor access would not be as a whole. An interpretive pro­ stressed. Alternative 3 would spectus, developed by the NPS, establish a new foundation or com­ would accomplish this. The mission to coordinate and direct research material has already been preservation and interpretive pro­ gathered and the sites have been grams for the sites nationwide. visited. We should take advantage More emphasis would be placed on of this material and expertise and providing on-site interpretation, take the next logical step of and site preservation would receive developing interpretive material for more attention. Alternative 4 envi­ the Man In Space Sites. sions a leading role for the NPS. 2. Document the sites through the Under option A of this alternative Historic American Buildings Survey an American in Space National and the Historic American Historical Park would be estab­ Engineering Record. lished, focusing on key sites at This recommendation represents Cape Canaveral Air Force Station the next logical step in the Man In was to identify for the Congress the and the Kennedy Space Center. Space effort. While the 26 sites possible locations of a new unit of Other Man in Space sites would discussed in the alternatives study the National Park System comme­ become affiliated areas of the represent only a small fraction of morative of this theme, to recom­ National Park System. Under op­ the technological resources that mend to the Congress potential tion B, all of the 26 sites would supported the early American action alternatives to safeguard become affiliated areas, and the Space Program they represent the from change these NHLs, and to NPS would provide interpretive, best remaining examples of the display and interpret them to the technical, and funding assistance large technological base that en­ American public. rather than direct management of abled Americans to go to the moon The primary concern of the alter­ the sites. and explore deep space. The natives study was how to best tell physical and documentary record of the overall Man in Space story Immediate Action this technological base needs to be through the preservation and inter­ While we must wait for congres­ preserved. pretation of the 26 Man in Space sional action of the Man in Space For example, it was at great ex­ sites. This concern was complicated Alternative Study, the NPS can pense that the United States set up because the sites are owned by four undertake certain actions to insure the facilities and organized the separate agencies—the National some measure of protection to the thousands of skilled technicians Aeronautics and Space Administra­ 25 NHLs and 1 National Register who designed and built the most tion, the United States Air Force, District identified as significant in powerful machine ever made—the the United States Army, and the the history of the American Space Saturn V Rocket. Today the con­ Smithsonian Institution—and are Program. These actions can be struction facilities and tools scattered all over the United States. grouped into three general associated with the Saturn V are Also, many still actively support categories. gone or altered, the designs are new programs and missions of 1. Develop a prospectus to coordinate scattered, and possibly lost, and NASA. and enhance the interpretive pro­ there remains only one intact exam­ The alternatives study, which has grams currently being provided by ple in Huntsville, Alabama, now a now been completed, recommends the agencies that manage the sites. National Historic Landmark. This four possible options to accomplish The 26 sites that illustrate the Saturn V should be documented ac­ the preservation and interpretation History of the American Space Pro­ cording to HAER standards so that of these sites. gram are scattered over the country the record of its technology will be and are managed by four different preserved for future generations. Alternatives agencies. Although the resources 3. Provide technical assistance to the Alternative 1 would allow each relate to and illustrate the history of concerned agencies on preservation, agency to continue managing the the American Space Program, there visitor use, and interpretive issues. resources under current authorities. is no effort to interpret them as a While we wait for congressional Interpretation would continue to unified group to the public. Most action on the recommendations of focus on existing and future pro­ visitors to Cape Canaveral, the the alternatives study, the NPS grams rather than the Man in Smithsonian, or the Johnson Space should provide immediate support Space theme identified in the 1984 Center, for example, are not aware to the concerned agencies focusing National Historic Landmark Theme of these resources and have no idea on these issues, if requested. This Study. Preservation of these how they all fit together. The inter­ support is implied in the original resources would continue to be a pretation done by these agencies is language of P.L. 96-344 which re­ low priority. Alternative 2 would site-specific with no effort to look at quested that the study ".. .shall in­ expand the role of each agency in the entire range of the space pro­ vestigate practical methodologies to preserving and interpreting the 26 gram. In addition, most of this in­ permanently safeguard from change sites. The emphasis would be on terpretation is focused on the future of the space program. interpreting the Man in Space (Continued on page 10)

9 LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER l— GODDARD ! Ohio Maryland ROCKET ENGINE TEST FACILITY ZERO GRAVITY RESEARCH FACILITY SPACECRAFT MA

PLUM BROOK OPERATIONS DIVISION Ohio SPACECRAFT PROPULSION RESEARCH FACILITY

AMES RESEARCH CENTER California UNITARY PLAN WIND TUNNEL

VANDENBERG AFB California SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 10

MARSH) THE^ EDWARDS AFB AND Alabara (Dryden Flight Research Facility) REDSTONE California PROPULkia SATURN VI ROGERS DRY LAKE NEUTRAL I SATURN V ! JET PROPULSION LABORATORY California NATIONAL SPA TWENTY-FIVE FOOT SPACE SIMULATOR TECHNOLOGY SPACE FLIGHT OPERATIONS FACILITY Mississippi/Li ET PROPULSION

GOLDSTONE DEEP SPACE JOHNSON SPACE CENTEI COMMUNICATIONS COMPLEX Texas California SPACE ENVIRONMENT SIMULATION U PIONEER DEEP SPACE STATION APOLLO MISSION CONTROL CENTER

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE New Mexico LAUNCH COMPLEX 33

OTHER SPACE MUSEUMS AND FACILITIES CHICAGO MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, HENRY CROWN SPACE CENTER, IL KANSAS COSMOSPHERE AND SPACE CENTER, KS MICHIGAN SPACE CENTER, Ml MUSEUM OF FLIGHT, WA NEIL ARMSTRONG AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM, OH OKLAHOMA AVIATION AND SPACE HALL AND MUSEUM, OK ROSWELL MUSEUM, NM SAN DIEGO AEROSPACE MUSEUM, CA SPACE CENTER, NM TITAN MISSILE MUSEUM, AZ U.S. AIR FORC U.S. NAVAL AVIATION MUSEUM, FL • WALLOPS FLIGHT FACILITY, VA WESTERN SPACEPORT MUSEUM AND SCIENCE CENTER, CA (proposed!

10 the locations, structures, and at least symbolic instrumentation features associated with this > SPACE FLIGHT CENTER theme." A little effort by the NPS I in this area will help to preserve MAGNETIC TEST FACILITY these NHLs for the education of future generations. When Apollo 11 landed on the moon in mid-July 1969, it seemed SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION as if the exploration of the moon NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM had begun in earnest. However, Washington D.C. after only six landings on the moon and with a great deal still to be -LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER learned, the United States aban­ Virginia doned the moon. The Saturn V VARIABLE DENSITY TUNNEL rockets and lunar modules meant FULL SCALE TUNNEL to carry Americans into space now EIGHT FOOT HIGH SPEED TUNNEL LUNAR LANDING RESEARCH FACILITY reside in a few museums around RENDEZVOUS DOCKING SIMULATOR the country, the object of curiosity by visiting tourists. In a recent editorial on this sub­ KB SPACE CENTER ject in Astronomy magazine, the FloWa following comment was made: SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 39 "These Saturn Vs and lunar modules make a profound state­ ment about our Nation and our CA^^MNAVERAL AFS character as a people. There is at Florida | tffrl least a deep irony here, and LAUNCH CONFLEXES 5/6,26,13. 14, 19. perhaps it can be called a tragedy. AND34ANDTHE ORIGINAL MISSION It is a tragedy of a people whose CONTROL CENTER W practical genius enables them to build machines for exploring the HALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER AND universe, but whose practicality ALABAMA SPACE AND ROCKET CENTER prevents them from finding the motivation to do so." ma y*-y\, The NPS, as a result of the KTESTSTANO HON AND STRUCTURAL TEST FACILITY passage of P.L. 96-344, has com­ V DYNAMIC TEST STAND pleted a comprehensive National L BUOYANCY SPACE SIMULATOR Historic Landmark Theme Study V SPACE VEHICLE and Alternatives Study that have identified the significant resources >ACE remaining from the early days of Y LABORATORIES the space program. The alternatives Louisiana study has recommended a positive ON TE8T COMPLEX course of action to build on this ef­ fort. It is to be hoped that this effort will be rewarded with those steps necessary to see the eventual ^ preservation of the Man in Space I LABORATORY sites and their interpretation to the public. We have the resources, knowledge, and expertise to com­ plete the intent of the Congress as described in P.L. 96-344. We should INSTALLATIONS finish the job so that in the future there is no similar editorial concern­ AND SITES ing the effort to preserve these historic resources for the genera­ MAN IN SPACE tions of Americans yet to come. STUDY OF ALTERNATIVES LLOF FAME united states department of the interior/national pant service IRCE MUSEUM, OH

Harry Butowsky is a historian in the History Division, NPS, Washington Office.

11 NHL Architecture Theme (Continued from page 8)

estates on the outer edges. The town today still retains its orderly village aspect. Oliver Ames Free Library (1877-83) Although the Library was commis­ sioned in September, 1877, the building did not open until 1883, possibly because of cost overruns. Set at the head of a gently sloping lawn, this strong, rusticated building seems to rise from the ground looking less ponderous than its heavy walls sug­ gest. This building is less complex than the other libraries and as a result is a much more unified design. Oakes Ames Memorial Hall (1879-81) Adjacent to the Library in the center of North Easton, the Memorial Hall was commissioned by the children of Oakes Oakes Ames Memorial Hall. Photo by William Pierson. Ames as a memorial. Richardson re­ ceived the commission in February was expanding his private estate called family. It is one of the most remarkable 1879. Norcross Brothers began construc­ Langwater. He also commissioned a of all of Richardson's achievements. tion in the summer of 1879. The dedica­ railroad station as a gift to the Railroad tion was held on November 17, 1881, Company and to North Easton. The F.L. Ames Gardener's Cottage (1884-85) although Olmsted continued to work Langwater estate dates from 1859 with This cottage was commissioned when on the landscaping until 1883-85. 1876 additions, but the north part of the space in the Gate Lodge proved in­ Olmsted designed the siting of the the estate remained unfinished. adequate for the gardener's growing Hall on a rocky ledge with stairs that Richardson, Olmsted, and F.L. Ames family. This small house was built some seemed to be gouged out of the rock. began planning for the new area in 400 feet east of the Gate Lodge near Starting at the foundations of rough- 1879. the stables, conservatory, and planting hewn material, the masonry evolves The decision to build the Gate Lodge beds. Richardson received the commis­ into the beautifully worked stone of the must have been made in late 1879 or sion in March 1884. Later enlarged by Hall. This is an expression of that pic­ early 1880, since the project entered the Richardson's successors, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, a second floor was turesque ideal of harmony with nature, office in March 1880. Construction by added in place of a large gable. It has so strongly advocated by Olmsted. Norcross began that summer and was finished the following year. Olmsted been shingled and the back porch Frederick Lothrop Ames Gate Lodge later produced landscape designs for enclosed. (1880-81) the estate which were carried out in Old Colony Railroad Station (1881-84) 1886-87. The Gate Lodge remains today While the Library and Memorial Hall F.L. Ames commissioned this station in the private ownership of the Ames were being built, F.L. Ames, a cousin, and gave it to the Old Colony Railroad (he was on the Board of Directors). Construction began in 1882 on the com­ mission which entered Richardson's of­ fice in November of the previous year. Olmsted landscaped the grounds in 1884. One of a number of small stations designed by Richardson, it was typi­ cally symmetrical with a central lobby and ticket office dividing rooms for men and women. In 1969 the Ames family bought the station back from the New York Central Railroad and gave it to the Easton Historical Society. The original long passenger sheds are gone; otherwise the station remains as it was originally. The Society has restored the building for use as a museum.

Carolyn Pitts is a historian in the History Frederick Lothrop Ames Gate Lodge. Photo by William Pierson. Division, NPS, Washington Office.

12 Analyzing the Nation's Historic Ships

James P. Delgado

Previous issues of the CRM work has been an evaluative inven­ historic large vessels, particularly Bulletin have detailed the tory of large (greater than 40 feet in those still in active use, are not in cooperative activities of the Na­ length) preserved historic vessels. the inventory, however. tional Park Service, the National After a two-year effort, a A fairly comprehensive "picture" Trust for Historic Preservation, and preliminary inventory of nearly 250 of the status, condition, uses, and the maritime preservation com­ vessels has been prepared. This in­ preservation needs of America's munity to inventory, evaluate, and ventory represents all of these historic ships is now available develop standards and guidelines vessels which are in public owner­ through the inventory. There have for the preservation of the nation's ship or in the collections of been, due to the lack of specific in­ historic maritime resources. maritime museums and other in­ formation, some commonly-held One important aspect of this stitutions. Many privately-owned (Continued on page 14)

PRESERVATION OBJECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF CONDITION Where an Objective Is Indicated 10-16-87

Adaptive Reuse Excellent (11.0%) Unknown Operation (18.1%) (17.3%) (31.0%) Dry Berth (11.0%)

Stabilization (4.1%)

Fair (18.5%) Good (42.0%) Floating/Other Exhibit (42.8%)

ESTIMATED PRESERVATION COST DISTRIBUTION BY SIGNIFICANCE (Where a Cost is Indicated) As Determined by Committee

Over $4 Mil Other Nations (6.0%) (3.7%) $3 Mil to $4 Mil To $100,000 Not Significant National (8.0%) (26.0%) (11.5%) (27.6%) $2 Mil to $3 Mil (4.0%)

$1 Mil to Local $2 Mil (16.0%) (10.0%)

$500,000 to $1 Mil (8.0%)

$100,000 to Not Rated Regional $500,000 (38.0%) (17.7%) (23.5%)

13 LARGE VESSEL DISTRIBUTION LARGE VESSEL DISTRIBUTION By Vessel Type By Construction Date Naval (9.9%) 1939-1945 Misc. Sail Other (16.3%) (7.4%) (31.3%) 1919-1938 1946-1959 Towboat (31.8%) (4.2%) (3.7%) 1776-1799 Dredge (2.5%) (0.8%) 1800-1875 Tug (4.1%) (4.6%)

Ferry (6.6%) 1914-1918 1876-1900 (17.2%) Lightship Schooner (6.3%) (4.9%) (14.8%) Steamer Submarine (7.0%) 1901-1913 (7.8%) (18.8%)

LARGE VESSEL DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION BY REGION By Present Use 10-16-87 Passenger Gulf (10.7%) Pacific Coast (6.3%) (15.9%)

Other Mid-Atlantic (9.5%) (20.1%)

Inland Private (14.2%) (7.4%)

Museum Southeast Laid Up (57.6%) (4.6%) (7.4%) Great Lakes Training (4.1%) (8.4%)

Fishing, Etc New England (3.3%) (30.5%)

LARGE VESSEL DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION BY NHL STATUS By National Register Status 10-16-87 Ineligible (Keeper) (0.4%) NHL (15.2%)

Entered (41.5%)

Undetermined (57.6%)

Non-NHL (84.8%) Eligible (Keeper) (0.4%)

(Continued on next page)

14 assumptions about these vessels. desired preservation objectives? the vessels have not yet been rated. Most ships were presumed to not Many vessel owners indicated a A larger number of vessels than have been evaluated for listing in need for up to $100,000. The largest previously thought have been the National Register of Historic group, 38%, need between $100,000 evaluated for the National Register, Places, and many were presumed and $500,000. Eight percent need with 41.5% listed, 0.4% determined to date to the time of World War II. between one-half million to a eligible, and 0.4% determined not An analysis of the large vessels million dollars, ten percent need eligible. Nonetheless, a substantial inventory is dispelling some of one to two million, four percent 57.6% of the vessels have not yet these "myths." The dates of con­ two to three million, eight percent been submitted or listed and only struction for the preserved historic need three to four million, and six 15.2% are listed as National vessels provide the following in­ percent need over four million Historic Landmarks. sights. Only 5.4% were built prior dollars. The charts provide a more to 1875, by far the most significant What is the significance of these graphic picture and the various period of American maritime vessels? A special committee was percentages for the location, age, history, which includes the rise of convened by the National Trust at type, condition, present use, the sailing Navy, the packet trade, the request of the NPS to rate the significance (as determined by the China trade, the development of importance of these vessels by con­ National Trust Committee on the the clipper ship and the steamer, text of historical significance. The Inventory and Survey of Historic the Gold Rush, and the Civil War. committee rated 27.6% significant at Maritime Resources), National The last quarter of the 19th century a national level, 23.5% at a regional Register and NHL status, preserva­ accounts for 17.2%, while the first level, and 16% at a local level; 3.7% tion objective, and owner-supplied decade of the 20th century accounts were significant only to other na­ estimates of preservation costs. for 18.8%. WWI vessels account for tion's history. The committee felt 6.3%, while the vessels of the inter­ that 11.5% of the vessels were not regnum between WWI and WWII significant or had a seriously com­ James Delgado is Maritime Historian, NPS, account for the greatest promised integrity, and 17.7% of Washington Office. percentage—31.8% of the vessels. WWII vessels, thought to be the greatest category, account for the fourth lowest percentage—16.3%, and post-WWII vessels account for 4.2%. Capitol Contact The most common type of historic vessel is schooners, Bruce Craig followed by historic naval surface vessels, submarines, various types House Passes Bill Establishing Jimmy Home, the Plains Railroad Depot, the of steamers, ferryboats, and Carter NHS President's birthplace and other key There are currently 15 sites associated structures associated with Jimmy lightships. Most vessels are located Carter. In addition to providing for the in the New England states. The with Presidents in the National Park System. Each of these seeks to interpret interpretation of the Carter Presidency second largest grouping of vessels and preserve the history of the Presi­ at the site, the bill seeks to provide for are those in the Mid-Atlantic states, dent and key events associated with his the interpretation of the history of a with the third largest grouping in Presidency. One again, Congress is small rural southern town. The bill also the Pacific Coast states. The inland confronting the issue of how to protect contains a provision to establish an Ad­ states account for another major and interpret the national heritage visory Commission comprised of group of vessels. The smaller associated with the living former recognized scholars to give advice on groups (in order) are those in the Presidents. achieving balanced and accurate inter­ Great Lakes states, the Gulf states, The Carter bill (H.R. 2416), intro­ pretation of the historic site. The Carter bill just may serve as model legislation and the Southeast states. duced by Congressman Richard Ray (D- GA) on behalf of the entire Georgia for future bills which would designate The majority of these vessels are Congressional delegation, seeks to National Historic sites for Presidents used as museum ships, most establish a National Historic Site for Nixon, Ford and Reagan, as well as moored as waterside attractions. President Jimmy Carter. Similar legisla­ future Presidents. The greatest number of owners and tion was considered in the last Con­ managers wish to maintain their Lowell Preservation Commission gress, but failed to be enacted largely Reauthorized vessels as floating exhibits, while a because of the controversy it created smaller group, 11%, want to when the bill was amended to include Back in 1978, Congress established preserve their vessels in dry land the designation of the Richard Nixon the Lowell National Historical Park to preserve the mills, canals, locks and berths. The next largest group, in­ birthplace in Yorba Linda, California, also as a National Historic Site. The historic buildings of the country's first cluding some museums, want to planned industrial ccommunity. At the restore their vessels to operating current legislation, which recently was passed by the House of Represent­ same time, the Lowell Historic Preser­ condition. A small group of some atives, seeks only to create the Jimmy vation Commission was created to ad­ 11% want to adaptively re-use their Carter National Historic Site and minister grants and loans, to assist in vessels, mainly for commercial National Preservation District. the leasing and acquisition of historic purposes. Properties to be acquired under the What will it cost to achieve these bill would include the current Carter (Continued on page 16)

15 Capitol Contact (Continued from page 15)

properties, and to sponsor cultural and Book Review folk-life events. The "Lowell Plan" sought to create a unique Federal-State-local preservation partnership to turn a deteriorating Public History: An Introduction. their personal interests, public downtown area into an exciting, vibrant Barbara J. Howe and Emory L. historians typically work for economic center by focusing on the Kemp, eds. Malabar, FL: Robert E. organizations with other primary city's rich industrial past. Today, Krieger Publishing Co., 1986. vii + concerns whose missions they must Lowell serves as a national model for 508 pp. serve. As practitioners of "applied" historic preservation, a model that has rather than "pure" history, their been widely copied by cities throughout "Public history" is the umbrella objectivity is inevitably suspect. In the Nation. term most often applied these days his excellent introductory essay, The Commission's authorization was to historical pursuits outside "Public History and the Academy," set to expire in 1987. Consequently, the academic settings. It encompasses Massachusetts congressional delegation Leslie H. Fishel, Jr., declares that the work of historians and related "public history requires as much introduced a bill to reauthorize the practitioners in government Commission for another seven years. immersion in and awareness of They also sought to raise the appropria­ bureaus, historical societies, cor­ historical phenomena and tion ceiling for the Commission to $12.1 porations, and self-employment methodology as any other kind of million so as to complete needed engaged in such activities as editing serious history. The major dif­ restoration and development projects. and publishing, archival manage­ ference between a public historian On October 16, 1987, President Reagan ment, museum planning and and a teaching or research historian signed P.L. 100-134, thereby enabling development, historic site inter­ is neither knowledge nor the Commission to continue its impor­ pretation, cultural resources awareness. It is delivery." Yet the tant preservation work. management, and policy formula­ audience to whom one delivers has tion. With the sharp decline of job Update—Olmsted Historic Landscapes the greatest effect on one's produc­ opportunities for historians in tion. Whereas academics write In the last column, I promised an up­ academia during the 1970s and 80s, date on the Olmsted Historic Land­ primarily for their peers on topics scapes bill. On October 27, the House history graduates have turned in­ of current professional interest, of Representatives passed H.R. 17, a creasingly to these files, and a public historians address mostly significant piece of historic preservation growing number of colleges and laymen to meet practical needs and legislation that would encourage states universities have climbed on the sometimes to divert or entertain. to identify and nominate to the bandwagon with special programs This basic difference in audience National Register of Historic Places, aimed at preparing students for does entail different orders of historic landscapes in general and them. Olmsted historic landscapes in scholarship, and hence status. particular. Public History: An Introduction A number of the articles reveal, As presently drafted, the Olmsted bill is intended to serve as a textbook intentionally or otherwise, the ten­ also directs the NPS to conduct a in such programs. Some three sion public historians sometimes thematic study of historic landscapes dozen articles define the field, undergo in serving two masters: and to identify such landscapes that describe the principal varieties of their profession and their would qualify as NHLs. The bill also public history, and discuss how amends the National Historic Preserva­ employers. As Howard Rosen public historians go about their writes in "Public History and tion Act to make specific mention of duties. The authors represent such "landscapes" and "landscape architec­ Public Works," "organizations organizations as the American generally do not wish to support ture" in the Interior Secretary's charge Association for State and Local to administer a National Register of the publication of documents that Historic Places. History, the Senate Historical Of­ make them look bad." Stated more fice, the U.S. Forest Service, the The bill in its present form has the broadly, organizations are unlikely support of virtually the entire preserva­ Smithsonian, the Pennsylvania to support any activities that do not tion community, but it still faces op­ Historical and Museum Commis­ directly benefit them or redound to position from several private univer­ sion, the Public Works Historical their credit. Several more articles sities and other institutions that own Society, the Coca-Cola Company, deal forthrightly with this obvious Olmsted properties. These institutions and the National Park Service fact of life. Philip F. Mooney, ar­ are concerned that the legislation might (treated in four articles). The qual­ chivist for Coca Cola, makes clear make it more difficult for them to alter ity of the contributions ranges from or further develop their property. The that in the corporate environment, outstanding to sub-mediocre but is "the only utility for history lies in Senate is expected to conduct its own generally high. hearings on the bill in coming months. its pragmatic business applica­ As a group, public historians en­ tions.," and that potentially damag­ dure second-class status in the ing records are more likely to be Bruce Craig is Cultural Resources Coor­ historical profession. Unlike pro­ shredded than saved for dinator for the National Parks and Conserva­ fessors, who pursue history for its tion Association. own sake and in accordance with (Continued on next page)

16 researchers. Unfortunately, a few deserve a more realistic picture of elsewhere, this reviewer is unaware contributors eschew critical analysis employment prospects than they of it. The greatest recent expansion and present their employers and are likely to derive from its con­ in the public history field has prob­ duties in largely promotional terms, tents. From the articles on the Na­ ably been in the academic programs thereby doing more to confirm tional Park Service, for example, training public historians—not in academic prejudices than their can­ students may gain an impression of what this book presents as the did colleagues. numerous professional openings in "wealth of opportunities" available Perhaps it is too much to expect that bureau's historical research, to their graduates. that a book written to support resource management, and inter­ —Barry Mackintosh public history courses—and in­ pretation programs. In fact, vacan­ tended to serve for some years- cies in these areas have been should say much about the current almost nonexistent for years and job market for graduates in the are likely to continue so for the Barry Mackintosh is the bureau Historian, field. Still, the career seekers who foreseeable future. If the employ­ National Park Service, U.S. Department of will constitute its primary audience ment situation is radically different the Interior.

New on the Market

National Trust Publications

The National Trust for Historic Maritime, Archeology and Education. and up to 40% discount on publica­ Preservation now publishes a quarterly By joining the Preservation Forum of tions, conferences and training journal entitled, Preservation Forum, the National Trust for $75.00 a year, programs. which covers such subjects as profes­ members also receive Historic Preserva­ As a member of the Forum, the sional issues, technical developments, tion, the award-winning, full-color National Park Service is entitled to ad­ and case studies. Its companion, Forum magazine published bi-monthly, as well ditional subscriptions to the journal at Newsletter, comes out six times a year as Preservation News, the monthly the sharply reduced rate of $18.00 per to supply timely information. Regular newspaper. Other benefits include year. NPS offices and employees may coverage is devoted to pending laws eligibility to receive grants and loans take advantage of this discount and regulations, funding ideas, from the National Trust's Office of privilege by using the form below to deadlines for grants and competitions, Financial Services; technical assistance enter your subscription directly with preservation management, newsmakers, such as testifying or providing letters of the National Trust. Individual member­ National Trust programs and such support to influence key decision­ ships in the National Trust as well are special interests as Neighborhoods, makers; special insurance programs; available for an additional $15.00 per year. This will entitle you to the general interest publications, Historic Preservation (six issues) and Preserva­ tion News (six issues). Preservation Forum Order Certificate Preservation Briefs Available In Sets Name of NPS unit or regional office Your Name: Address "Preservation Briefs," published by the Technical Preservation Services City/State/Zip Branch, Preservation Assistance Divi­ sion, NPS, assist owners and Please check applicable rate: • $18 Preservation • $33 (Preservation developers of historic buildings in Forum Subscription Forum plus National recognizing and resolving common Trust individual preservation and repair problems prior membership) to work. The "Briefs" are especially useful to preservation tax incentives Send check payable to National Trust for Historic Preservation to: program applicants because they ex­ Preservation Forum plain recommended methods and ap­ National Trust, 1785 Massachusetts Ave., NW, proaches for rehabilitating historic buildings in a manner that is consistent Washington, DC 20036. with their historic character. The set is For more information, write to the above address or phone 202/673-4296. comprised of Preservation Briefs 1

(Continued on page 18)

\7 New on the Market System and the NHL Program. The Because of this, it is hoped that it (Continued from page 17) NPS can then be guided in their will be more convenient to use. planning for further study of the While no outline of history or cultural resources of the United archeology is absolute, such a States. topical structure lends balance and through 14. Order GPO stock number Thematic classification of historic guidance to cultural resource 024-005-01026-2 at $5.00 per set. Briefs resources is not new. It was urged surveys, and provides a means of may still be purchased individually at by the Committee on the Study of measuring the success of the prices listed in the Technical Preserva­ Educational Problems in the Na­ surveys to comprehensively cover tion Services Publication Catalog. Mail all areas and aspects of U.S. history to: Superintendent of Documents, tional Parks, the predecessor of the Government Printing Office, National Park System Advisory and culture. Washington, DC 20402-9325. Board, in 1929. The first theme This thematic outline, with its outline, per se, was adopted by the assignment of parks and land­ Advisory Board in 1936. The marks, is an evolving framework. Report to the President and scholarly community represented As our understanding of history the Congress 1986 on these boards and committees and prehistory changes, and Na­ understood well that the classifica­ tional Historic Landmarks are A special commemorative edition of tion of resources is intrinsic to an designated and de-designated, it is the Advisory Council's Report to the understanding of the body of planned that this publication will President and Congress focuses on two knowledge about those resources. be updated and revised on a two- decades of achievement since the They also realized that in order to year cycle. The History Division passage of the National Historic Preser­ make the comparative analysis solicits readers' and users' com­ vation Act of 1966. It discusses the im­ necessary for making judgments of ments and recommendations so petus for this major preservation relative significance, a theme struc­ legislation and provides an overview of that future revisions will maintain the programs it created, their present ture was fundamental. Thus, the currency and accuracy. status, and their future prospects. 1987 version has a long history and many predecessors behind it. Based on an informal survey of History and Prehistory in the Na­ SHPOs and Federal agencies, Report This framework is intended to tional Park System and the Na­ cites a number of trends and challenges guide those involved in historical apparent in the national historic preser­ tional Historic Landmarks Program survey at national, regional, state, 1987 may be ordered from the vation program. With the program's park, or local levels, since the continued growth and diversification, Government Printing Office. The identifying historic properties through theme structure is a comprehensive order number is 024-0050121-1, and careful research, reconnaissance, inten­ outline of U.S. history, prehistory, the cost, before shipping and sive survey and evaluation, and and cultural endeavors. The users handling, is $3.75 each. of this revised theme structure registration is cited as an ongoing con­ —Patricia Milner cern of preservation. should find that it offers them Copies of the report are available greater flexibility, clarity, and direc­ Patricia Milner is a historian in the History from the Advisory Council without tion in classification and survey. Division, NPS, Washington Office. charge, while supplies last. To obtain a copy, write: Publications Office, Ad­ visory Council on Historic Preservation, The Old Post Office Building, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Room 809, Washington, DC 20004. Announcements

History and Prehistory in the Na­ tional Park System and National Historic Landmarks Program 1987, Dr. Connally Decorated by published this fall by the History French Government Division of the National Park Ser­ vice, is a revision and update of an Dr. Ernest A. Connally was Internationally recognized as an earlier 1982 publication. This 1982 recently decorated by the Govern­ authority on the preservation and version, the "Red Book," was in­ ment of France in recognition of his restoration of historic sites and tended to show the extent to which professional standing and broad ac­ monuments, Dr. Connally has been units and cultural resource of Na­ tivities in the conservation of the active in the affairs of UNESCO tional Park System, affiliated areas, architectural heritage. He was in­ and ICCROM (the International and National Historic Landmarks vested as Officier d I'Ordre des Arts Centre for the Study of the Preser­ reflect the Nation's past. By assign­ et des Lettres (Officer of the Order of vation and the Restoration of ing parks and landmarks to all Arts and Letters) by Ambassador Cultural Property) as well as themes, subthemes, and facets in Emmanuel de Margerie at a recep­ ICOMOS (the International Council which they are found to be na­ tion in the residence of the French on Monuments and Sites). He tionally significant, one can gauge Embassy on October 11 during the the comprehensiveness and level of 8th General Assembly of ICOMOS, representation of the National Park held in Washington. (Continued on next page)

18 served two terms as Secretary- Watersite 2000 Awards nominations for both General of ICOMOS and played a categories of recognition will be critical role in the implementation An International Congress on the open until February 19, 1988. Entry of the World Heritage Convention. rejuvenation of former dockland forms and further information The Ambassador cited his long areas for leisure and pleasure will about the awards are available from career, going back to the 1950s be held in Bristol, England, April the Office of the Executive Director, when he conducted the pioneering 13-15, 1988. The Conference will be Advisory Council on Historic restoration of important French col­ of interest to civic leaders, plan­ Preservation, 1100 Pennsylvania onial buildings in the Upper ners, architects, developers, finan­ Avenue, NW, #809, Washington, Mississippi Valley. ciers, technical experts and DC 20004. Dr. Connally has received many marketing professionals as well as awards and citations, notably the managers of leisure and tourism. The Interiors Conference for Crowninshield Award of the Na­ For more information, contact Historic Buildings tional Trust (the highest American Peter Arbury, C.C.W.T., 15 Colston award for achievement in historic Street, Bristol BS1 5AP, Tel. A national conference will be preservation) and the Department 0272-277492. held in Philadelphia December 7-9, of the Interior's Distinguished 1988. This will be the first major Service Award and gold medal. He Awards Program Launched forum to provide an indepth ex­ is the only Membre d'Honneur de amination of design and technical I'ICOMOS in the Americas. issues concerning the rehabilitation A former Associate Director of and restoration of interiors in the National Park Service, Dr. Con­ historic buildings. It is intended for nally is Chief Appeals Officer for architects, interior designers, the Service's historic preservation A unique two-part nationwide developers, engineers, contractors, tax incentives program. awards program to honor privately building owners and managers, funded or Federally-assisted historic conservators, historic site and preservation efforts is jointly spon­ museum managers, planners, sored by the White House; the government officials, manufacturers Information Sought for New Advisory Council on Historic and suppliers. Abstracts are due by Preservation; and the Department Publication January 31, 1988. of the Interior, under the auspices For more information, write to The Catalog of Landscape of the "Take Pride in America" public awareness campaign. the Program Director, The Interiors Records in the United States is the Conference for Historic Buildings, cumulative index to all documenta­ The President's Historic Preserva­ P.O. Box 27080, Central Station, tion of landscapes, past and tion Awards will recognize a select Washington, DC 20038, or phone present. number of private citizens whose 202/343-9578. For the purpose of the Catalog, achievements exemplify the con­ information is primarily sought on tributions of free enterprise to documentation of designed, historic preservation. The National Call for Professor manipulated or managed land­ Historic Preservation Awards will scapes in the United States: from honor projects and programs that The University of South Carolina, small private gardens to national have been federally assisted in Department of Anthropology, an­ parks; from parkways to college some way. The awards program ticipates an opening pending ad­ campuses; from urban parks to marks the 20-year anniversary of ministrative approval for a tenure- private estates; from earthworks to the National Historic Preservation track assistant professorship in ar­ historic restorations; from planned Act of 1966, which called for a cheology, effective August 1988. communities to reserved lands. working partnership between Research and geographical spe­ Although the Catalog accumulates private citizens and the government cializations are open. The position information on all documents or to achieve historic preservation offers involvement in expanding collections that relate to landscape goals. graduate and active undergraduate (including rural, vernacular, or Entries must have resulted in the programs. Other opportunities in­ cultural landscapes), for the initial preservation of specific, identifiable clude and institutionally-supported phase of the project, principle em­ historic properties listed in or eligi­ undergraduate and a graduate field phasis is on designed landscapes. ble for the National Register of school and association with the The Catalogue is a project of the Historic Places. Projects must have South Carolina Institute of Ar­ American Garden and Landscape been completed within the past ten cheology and Anthropology. A History Program at Wave Hill. years and programs must currently Ph.D. is required for assumption of If you are interested in par­ be in effect. position. ticipating in the project or want "Take Pride in America" is a na­ Send vita, letter of interest, and more information, write to The tional public awareness campaign references to Dr. Ted Rathbun, Catalog of Landscape Records in designed to encourage the public to Department of Anthropology, the United States, Wave Hill, 675 protect and wisely use our University of South Carolina, West 252nd Street, Bronx, NY resources and public lands for the Columbia, SC 29208. Closing date 10471, or phone 212/549-3200. benefit of the Nation. is February 1, 1988.

19 Feedback Hugh C. Miller

Easy Cleaning of Stone for More Ideas on "Clean Enough" Results Gentlest Cleaning

We recently cleaned the granite base When using chemical cleaners, of the Lafayette Statue across the reduce the suggested strength. The street from the White House with an dilution ratios suggested by manufac­ easy, gentle, cleaning method. The turers are often stronger than dirt and lichens were made com­ necessary. Most cleaning reactions can pletely wet with a "soaker hose" be more effective with warm matter. I dripping over the surface for about 18 suggest using hot water to dilute one hours. We then washed the stone half the manufacturers recommended with water from a "power washer" at volume (or twice the amount of water 5 gpm and 230° F heated water with to the chemical). Run test in an unim­ Igepal (CO630) detergent. We used portant location and compare results water from a garden hose to rinse the obtained with manufacturers recom­ surface. The results are "good and mended mixture. Adjust dilution to clean." This method was easier and the least possible acceptable cleaning safer than acid washing that would results. have made the stone "bright-clean" J. Henry Chambers, FAIA by eating away the surface. Medina, OH Nick Veloz George Washington Memorial Parkway

Ed Note: How "clean is clean" standards are an important part of the cleaning pro­ cess. Good preservation practice removes most of the dirt and none of the surface of the stone, so clean may not be bright. HCM

U.S. Department of Third Class Mail the Interior Postage & Fees Paid National Park Service Cultural Resources U.S. Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 G-83 Washington, DC 20013-7127 December 1987

Published bimonthly by the Associate Director, Cultural Resources, in the interest of promoting and maintaining high standards in the preservation and management of cultural resources.

Director: William Penn Mott, Jr. Associate Director: Jerry L. Rogers Managing Editor: Ronald M. Greenberg Production Manager: Karlota M. Koester Contributing Editor: Michael G. Schene Feedback Editor: Hugh C. Miller

Cultural Resources, Washington, D.C.

Volume 10: No. 6 Application Exchange NPS Automated Data Processing Standards

The National Park Service has • reduce the complexities and recently adopted a set of ADP stand­ delays of computer procurements; ards, mostly pertaining to microcom­ • help to concentrate training puters. While NPS has previously had resources; ADP standards in other areas, these • improve the mobility and effi­ standards, which were signed by the ciency of NPS staff by allowing Director on October 23, 1987, will them to use skills learned on one have a wide impact because they will job in another; and apply to all new microcomputers pur­ • improve the flexibility to move chase by NPS. hardware and software resources in emergencies or in response to Why Have Standards? changing priorities. The purpose of the ADP Stand­ What are the NPS Standards? ards Program is to set standards for the consistent use of computer • MS/DOS or PC/DOS is the technology in the Service. Stand­ standard operating system for ards are needed because a wide microcomputers in NPS, with a variety of computer technology has version no earlier than 3.1 been acquired by the Service in the • dBASE Ill-Plus is the standard last five years, and because of the microcomputer database manage­ range of products available from ment system (DBMS); Clipper is this rapidly changing industry. the standard compiler for dBASE There are significant benefits to Ill-Plus applications. standardizing various aspects of • WordPerfect is the standard computer technology throughout word processing system, and the Service. These standards will: WordPerfect format is the standard format for transferring documents. • allow computer programs and data to be shared among parks and • AT-Compatible Microcom­ other NPS organizations; puters: This standard enumerates a number of minimum standard • promote the compatibility of technical features for purchasing data stored in different databases in microcomputer hardware (basically the Service; for an IBM-compatible AT-sized • improve the ability to com­ microcomputer.) Printer sizes and municate among parks and other capabilities are also enumerated. NPS organizations; • make more efficient use of the • ProComm is the standard limited resources for technical sup­ microcomputer communications port staff available in the Service; package. • BARR/HASP is the standard members of the Information and communication board and software Data Systems Division, two for microcomputer-based remote job representatives of other WASO entry (RJE) functions using the divisions, and four Regional com­ HASP protocol. puter specialists, who serve on a • FIDONET/SEADOG is the rotating basis for three-year terms. recommended microcomputer elec­ The committee has also been able tronic mail software for intra- to benefit from the experience and regional communications. technical expertise from other • Novell Netware 286 is the specialists as needed. For example, recommended software for local this year's standards were the area networks (LANs); Appendix E product of much assistance from of the Standards Manual is a Local the GIS Division, the Branch of Areas Network Handbook which is Telecommunications Engineering, a general discussion of LAN and from Regional ADP staff who capabilities, and how they can be researched various subjects for the used in parks. Transition Plan. • The standard for GIS database Drafts proposed by the Standards construction specifies standard Committee after their meetings are characteristics for construction of a reviewed by Information Manage­ geographic information system ment Coordinators representing (GIS), both for databases with each Regional Director and WASO vector-based and raster-based files. Associate Director, and by anyone • The standard for GIS hardware else designated by them. Com­ and software recommends two ments are then incorporated and kinds of computer configurations the standards are distributed under for GIS applications: stand-alone the Director's signature. These microcomputers or remote-access standards were mailed in computing. Appendix F of the November to all Regions and parks. Standards Manual provided more detail on both of these GIS How To Learn More: configurations. Contact John Peterson, Chairman, ADP Standards Committee, Infor­ How Are Standards Developed? mation and Data Systems Division, Standards are drafted in NPS by National Park Service, P.O. Box the ADP Standards Committee, 37127, Washington, D.C. which is comprised of two staff 20013-7127, FTS 202/343-1887.