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An Atlas of Armageddon: Interpreting Cultural

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An Atlas of Armageddon: Interpreting Cultural AN ATLAS OF ARMAGEDDON: INTERPRETING CULTURAL HISTORY IN A NUCLEAR MISSILE SILO by ERIC BAUGHER (Under the Direction of Ian Firth) ABSTRACT Conventional historic preservation of military artifacts and sites is typically limited to presenting technological context and/or official military history. Cultural context is usually ignored in developing preservation strategies for these sites. This thesis explores ways in which the Atlas F Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) came to embody cultural fears and concerns about nuclear technology, including ways in which these fears were expressed in cultural media. It then goes on to argue for a more culturally inclusive, dynamic, interpretive approach to preservation of historic military landscapes and architecture. Using a specific Atlas F ICBM silo, three possible design alternatives are generated as examples of how to present relevant cultural history on such a site. INDEX WORDS: historic preservation, landscape architecture, military landscapes, public history, cultural history, Cold War, ICBM, Atlas F, nuclear missile silos, nuclear weapons, cultural museums AN ATLAS OF ARMAGEDDON: INTERPRETING CULTURAL HISTORY IN A NUCLEAR MISSILE SILO by ERIC BAUGHER BA, St. Mary's College of MD, 1998 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2003 © 2003 Eric Baugher All Rights Reserved AN ATLAS OF ARMAGEDDON: INTERPRETING CULTURAL HISTORY IN A NUCLEAR MISSILE SILO by ERIC BAUGHER Major Professor: Ian Firth Committee: Marianne Cramer James Dowd Henry Parker Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2003 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank a few folks who helped keep me sane through the process of writing this thesis. First and foremost, I want to thank Professor Ian Firth, my major professor. His guidance and advice was invaluable in conceiving and putting together this project. Moreover, he is and has been a marvelous resource to the students in the landscape architecture program here at UGA. The program will have difficulty replacing him as he embarks on his career as a "flaneur." Second, I would like to thank the other members of my committee, Marianne Cramer, James Dowd, and Henry Parker, who have taken the time to review this thesis and offer their comments and ridicule. Third, I want to thank my classmates. Everybody in the MLA program made the entire experience here in Athens a hoot. I'll miss y'all. In particular I want to thank Andrew Walter for helping juggle thesis ideas along the way and for being an upstanding citizen and roommate all around. I also want to thank Lauren Brandes for leading by example these last three years, and more importantly, for being there when I needed her. And of course, I want to thank my family for their support. I could not have made it through the last three years without them, especially Mom, who always was there to help with some problem or another. Thanks. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 Revelations ....................................................................................................2 2 THE POLITICAL CONTEXT ........................................................................10 Into the Atom...............................................................................................10 War without Battlefields .............................................................................11 Political Internationalism ............................................................................12 Containment Abroad ...................................................................................14 Containment at Home..................................................................................16 The Military-Industrial Complex ................................................................18 Global Apocalypse ......................................................................................21 Conclusion...................................................................................................23 3 THE CULTURAL REACTION......................................................................25 Out of the Pit ...............................................................................................25 Literature/ Poetry.........................................................................................26 High Art.......................................................................................................29 Buildings and Architecture..........................................................................35 Movies.........................................................................................................39 vi Television ....................................................................................................41 Pop Culture..................................................................................................44 Social Movements .......................................................................................47 Conclusion...................................................................................................50 4 PRESERVING ARMAGEDDON...................................................................52 The New Preservation .................................................................................52 Memory as Filter, History as Collage .........................................................53 Knowing History, History as Narrative.......................................................55 Dialogue in Public History..........................................................................58 Transformative Preservation .......................................................................59 Military Landscapes and Sacredness...........................................................60 Synthesis......................................................................................................62 Case Studies ................................................................................................63 Titan Missile Museum.................................................................................64 USAF Museum............................................................................................67 Fort Moultrie National Monument ..............................................................71 Conclusion...................................................................................................74 5 ANATOMY OF AN ATLAS ..........................................................................76 Atlas Groaned..............................................................................................76 Atlas ICBMs................................................................................................76 Operational Atlas Missiles ..........................................................................78 Atlas F Site Locations .................................................................................81 Atlas F Landscape .......................................................................................85 vii Underground Structures ..............................................................................89 Conclusion...................................................................................................97 6 THE RESURRECTION.................................................................................101 Aims ..........................................................................................................101 Spatial Dichotomies ..................................................................................102 Circulation Patterns ...................................................................................104 Integrity and Standard Treatments ............................................................106 Interpretive Narration................................................................................107 Treatment and Interpretation Alternatives ................................................111 Alternative One: Design Ideas ..................................................................112 Alternative One: The Experience..............................................................115 Alternative Two: Design Ideas..................................................................120 Alternative Two: The Experience .............................................................126 Alternative Three: Design Ideas................................................................127 Alternative Three: The Experience ...........................................................130 7 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................136 Design Critiques........................................................................................136 Questions...................................................................................................140 Significance...............................................................................................141 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................143 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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