Proizvodnja I Prerada Mlijeka

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Proizvodnja I Prerada Mlijeka TEHNIČKE UPUTE Sarajevo, juli 2008. godine PREHRAMBENA INDUSTRIJA SEKTOR: PROIZVODNJA I PRERADA MLIJEKA Sarajevo, juli 2008. godine SADRŽAJ: 1 IZVRŠNI SAŽETAK .............................................................................................. 11 2 PREDGOVOR......................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Status dokumenta............................................................................................. 14 2.2 Zakonski osnov i definicija najboljih raspoloživih tehnika............................. 15 2.3 Svrha dokumenta ............................................................................................. 15 2.4 Izvori informacija ............................................................................................ 16 2.5 Kako koristiti dokument (upute za razumijevanje i korištenje dokumenta).... 16 3 OBUHVAT DOKUMENTA................................................................................... 17 4 OPĆE INFORMACIJE .......................................................................................... 17 4.1 Opis i struktura industrijskog sektora.............................................................. 17 4.2 Opis mljekara u Bosni i Hercegovini............................................................... 18 4.3 Ekonomski pokazatelji..................................................................................... 42 4.4 Značaj sigurnosti prehrambenih proizvoda ..................................................... 55 4.5 Pravni okvir ..................................................................................................... 58 4.6 Ključni okolinski problemi.............................................................................. 58 5 OPIS TEHNOLOŠKOG PROCESA I TEHNIKA PO PROIZVODNIM POGONIMA.......................................................................................................... 60 6 TRENUTNI NIVOI POTROŠNJE I EMISIJA .................................................... 91 6.1 Uvod ................................................................................................................ 91 6.2 Voda................................................................................................................. 92 6.3 Emisije u zrak ................................................................................................ 101 6.4 Potrošnja sirovina, pomoćnih materijala i hemijskih sredstava..................... 104 6.5 Otpad.............................................................................................................. 117 6.6 Energija.......................................................................................................... 121 6.7 Buka............................................................................................................... 125 7 TRENUTNO RASPOLOŽIVE TEHNIKE U BIH............................................. 127 7.1 Opšte preventivne tehnike ............................................................................. 127 7.2 Prevencija i minimizacija potrošnje vode i nastanka otpadne vode .............. 127 7.3 Prevencija i minimizacija nastanka otpada.................................................... 129 7.4 Prevencija i minimizacija potrošnje električne energije................................ 129 7.5 Prevencija i minimizacija nastanka buke....................................................... 130 7.6 Tehnike specifične za pojedine pogone i operacije ....................................... 130 7.7 Tehnike na kraju proizvodnog procesa.......................................................... 132 8 NAJBOLJE RASPOLOŽIVE TEHNIKE .......................................................... 133 8.1 Opšte preventivne tehnike ............................................................................. 133 8.2 tehnike specifične za pojedine pogone i operacije u proizvodnji i preradi mlijeka ......................................................................................................... 189 8.3 Tehnike za kontrolu i tretman emisija u zrak na kraju proizvodnog procesa 264 8.4 Tehnike za tretman otpadnih voda na kraju proizvodnog procesa ................ 297 8.5 Tehnike za tretman otpada na kraju proizvodnog procesa ............................ 336 8.6 Sprječavanje nesreća velikih razmjera........................................................... 336 9 SMJERNICE I KRITERIJI ZA ODREĐIVANJE GRANIČNIH VRIJEDNOSTI EMISIJA .................................................................................. 345 10 ZAKLJUČNA RAZMATRANJA........................................................................ 348 11 REFERENCE ........................................................................................................ 350 12 RJEČNIK POJMOVA.......................................................................................... 351 PRILOG I 3 Popis tabela u tekstu: Tabela 1. Broj mljekara u BiH u 2006 godini.......................................................................... 18 Tabela 2. Struktura mljekara u BiH u odnosu na količinu prerađenog mlijeka u 2006 godini 19 Tabela 3 Rang lista 10 prvih mljekara u BiH u 2006 godini.................................................... 20 Tabela 4 Pregled mljekara u F BiH - 2006 godina.............................................................. 21 Tabela 5 Pregled mljekara u RS – 2006 godina...................................................................... 24 Tabela 6 Pregled razvoja proizvodnje i otkupa mlijeka u BiH ............................................... 26 Tabela 7 Razvoj otkupa mlijeka u BiH, nakon rata ................................................................. 26 Tabela 8 Pregled otkupa mlijeka u F BiH u 2006. godini........................................................ 28 Tabela 9 Pregled otkupa mlijeka u RS po organizatorima otkupa........................................... 29 Tabela 10 Pregled otkupa mlijeka u RS u 2006 g................................................................... 29 Tabela 11 Pregled otkupa i prerade mlijeka kod anketiranih mljekara u periodu januar- septembar ......................................................................................................................... 32 Tabela 12 Razvoj prerade mlijeka u mljekarama , nakon rata................................................ 33 Tabela 13 Struktura prerade mlijeka u 2006 g. ..................................................................... 34 Tabela 14 Pregled otkupa i prerade mlijeka u periodu januar-septembar 2007. godine.......... 36 Tabela 15 Pregled proizvodnje mliječnih proizvoda u mljekarama u 2006 g.......................... 38 Tabela 16 Pregled izvora snabdijevanja mljekara sa sirovim mlijekom u 2006 g................... 39 Tabela 17 Pregled proiozvodnog programa mljekara BiH u 2006 godini .............................. 40 Tabela 18 Pregled uvoza mliječnih proizvoda u BiH u 2006 g. .............................................. 42 Tabela 19 Učešće mliječnih proizvoda u uvozu – 2006 g........................................................ 43 Tabela 20 Pregled izvoza mliječnih proizvoda u 2006 g. ........................................................ 43 Tabela 21 Zbirni bilans proizvodnje, uvoza,izvoza i registrirane potrošnje mliječnih proizvoda u BiH ................................................................................................................................ 44 Tabela 22 Pregled globalnog bilansa mlijeka u BiH u 2006 g................................................ 46 Tabela 23 Pregled potrošnje mlijeka za ishranu stanovništva.................................................. 47 Tabela 24 Registrirana potrošnja mliječnih proizvoda u BiH u 2006 g.................................. 47 Tabela 25 Pregled otkupnih cijena mlijeka, premija i dodatnih plaćanja u BiH , kod država u okruženju.......................................................................................................................... 49 Tabela 26 Pregled carinskih dažbina za karakteristične mliječne proizvode u BiH, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji................................................................................................................................. 51 Tabela 27 Opšti podaci o izvoru vodosnabdijevanja i mjerenju vode u mljekarama u RS-u .. 92 Tabela 28. Podaci o potrošnji vode u mljekarama u RS-u....................................................... 92 Tabela 29. Opšti podaci o izvoru vodosnabdijevanja i mjerenju vode u mljekarama u FBiH. 93 Tabela 30. Podaci o potrošnji vode u mljekarama u FBiH ...................................................... 94 Tabela 31. Podaci o praćenju otpadnih voda u mljekarama u RS-u ........................................ 95 4 Tabela 32. Karakteristike efluenta iz mljekara u RS-u ............................................................ 96 Tabela 33. Podaci o praćenju otpadnih voda u mljekarama F BiH......................................... 98 Tabela 34. Karakteristike efluenta iz mljekara u BiH............................................................. 99 Tabela 35 Karakteristike emisija u zrak iz mljekara u RS-u................................................. 101 Tabela 36 Karakteristike emisija u zrak iz mljekara u RS-u................................................. 102 Tabela 37. Karakteristike emisija u zrak iz mljekara u FBiH ............................................... 104 Tabela 38. Potrošnja osnovnih sirovina, određenih pomoćnih materijala i hemijskih sredstava u mljekarama u
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