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Download Download PDF -,Tllllllll Journ al of Coastal Research 607-615 Royal Palm Beach, Florida Summer 1999 Holocene Sea-Level Change at Port Pirie, South Australia: A Contribution to Global Sea-Level Rise Estimates from Tide Gauges Nick Harvey]', ElizabethJ. Barnett] , Robert P. Bourmanf , and Antonio P. Belperiott 'cMawson Gr aduate Centre for ~: School of Environmental and t t Minotaur Gold Environmental Studies Recreation Mangement l a Gladstone Street Univers ity of Adelaide Faculty of Engineering and Fullarton, South Australia Adelaide, South Australi a Environment 506 3, Au stralia 5005, Australia Un iversity of South Australi a The Leve ls, South Australi a 5095, Australi a ABSTRACT _ HARVEY, N.; BARNETT , E.J. ; BOURMAN, R.P ., and BELPERIO, A.P., 1999. Holocene Sea-level Change at Port ,tllllllll:. Piri e, South Australia: A Contribution to Globa l Sea-Level Rise Estimates from Tide Gauges. Journal of Coastal ~ Research. 15(3),607-61 5. Royal Pa lm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. euus~ """"" ~ Modern tidal sediments (subtidal, inte rtidal and supra tidal) at Port Piri e, South Australia, were surveyed to tid al -;::WWUL datum (TOland Australian Height Datum (AHD) and used to int erpret th e nature and elevation of preserved intertidal .. S-- sediment facies in th e subsurface. Vibrocores and excavations along three shore-norma l transects provid ed a wealth of palaeo sea-level indi cat ors that included in situ sea grass , mangrove and sa mphire (sa ltrnarsh) veget ation remains and articulat ed bivalves cha ra cte ristic of these facies and now eleva ted by more th an 2.0 m above th eir contempora ry positions. Radiocarbon dates at or close to th e boundaries between key sediment facies provide a rigorous chr onological fram e­ work for mid to lat e Holocene sea -level cha nge. These revea l that, at Port Pirie, th ere has been a cons istent relative fall in sea -level from a mid-Holocene highstand of 2.2 m at 6,700 years BP. This long-term rate of sea-level fall of 0.33 mm yr ' is attribute d to isost ati c upwarp of th e coast that accompanied and postd at ed th e Holocene transgression. The isost at ic componen t of land level change is geographically variable, increasing systematically up the local gulf waters with dist ance from the continental margin . Isostatic and other neotectonic effects produce millennial-scale land level cha nges th at significantly affect th e sec­ ular tr end of sea-level observ ed in decad al-scale tid e gauge records. At Port Pirie , the historica l sea-level trend der ived from 64 years of tid al records is - 0.02 mm yr '. Neote ctonics essentially masks a decad al secula r sea -level rise of 0.31 mm yr '. Neotectoni c effects are geographically highly variable.Consequently, th eir quantification at tid e gauge sites is an ess ential element in th e detection of any secular or "greenhouse" sea- level signature from tid e gauge data. Several case studies are now documented in southern Australia of both positive and negative contributions to th e gross secular sea -level trend at tide gauge sites . Neotectoni c corrections at these sites indicate that sea -level is rising but at a rate much slower th an present global estima tes of greenho use sea -level rise. ADDIT IONAL INDEX WORDS: Sea-leoel indicators, intertidal sedimentary sequence, hydro -isosta sy, tidal record, greenhouse. INTRODUCTION processes affecting vertical m ovem ents at ti de-gauge locali­ ties must be taken into account to obtain reliable es timates Present global se a-le vel is est imated to be rising between of sea-level change from ti dal r ecords . It h as be en suggested 1 a nd 2.5 m m yr 1 (GORNITZ, 1995; IPCC, 1996) based on that ti de-gauge da ta a re often dominated by neotectonic and long-term ti de -gauge da ta from geographically di s persed a nth ro pogenic effects resulting in an over-estimation of glob­ coa stal local iti es. H owever, m a ny of these sites are influ enced a l sea-level rise by two to t hree times when these influences by vertical la nd movements a nd t he reported range of re la­ are ignored (PIRAZZOLl, 1989). t ive sea-level change around the wo rld varies by a s m uch as Wh ile t here have been n umerous geo logical stu dies of Ho­ :!: 10 mm yr 1, dep ending on whet her regions a re u n dergoin g locene sea-level change arou n d Australia (eg. HOPLEY, 1983 ; su bsidence or uplift (Go RNITZ a nd S EEBER, 1990; P ELTIER PIRAZZOLl, 1991; BRYANT et al., 1992; COLLINS et al., 1993; a nd T USHINGHAM, 1991). Geodynamic models h ave been BEAMAN et al.. 1994; WOODROFFE et al., 1995; WYRWOLL et used to filter regiona l vertica l movements fro m ti dal r eco rds. al., 1995; SEMEN IUK, 1996), only a few , suc h as BELPERIO However , their precision de pends on whether deta iled local (1993 ) and t hose r eport ed by GORNITZ (1995 ), have been car­ H olocene geo logic a l st udies h ave been carried out. Geological r ie d out adjacent to long-ter m, reliable ti de-gauge stations. Co nversely, few of the numerous reports of secular sea level 97129 received 17 October 1997; accepted in revision 30 Jun e 1998. ri se fr om h istoric tide ga uge da ta h ave a dequately addressed 608 Harvey et al. the problem of separating local land level changes at the tide cated mid-way up northern Spencer Gulf, (Figure 1), provides gauge sites. BELPERIO (1993) demonstrated the dramatic ef­ an ideal site to investigate further the geographical variabil­ fect that anthropogenic and isostatic land level changes have ity of the Holocene highstand, as well as to provide quanti­ had on the tide-gauge signals at Port Adelaide and Outer tative and site-specific isostatic/neotectonic correction data Harbor, data that has been used indiscriminately in the for the local tide-gauge record. greenhouse sea-level rise debate. In this paper, we document the coastal sedimentary facies The present study of the coastal zone at Port Pirie, South developed in the vicinity of the Port Pirie tide gauge site, Australia, was undertaken to compare and contrast the sea­ identify appropriate palaeo sea-level indicators, quantify mid level change data from a tide gauge that has been operating to late Holocene relative sea-level change, and compare, con­ for over 60 years, with that derived from the Holocene geo­ trast and correct the secular sea level trend obtained from logical record. Temperate mesotidal coastal environments the local tide gauge record. The removal of the isostatically­ such as at Port Pirie, preserve an extensive stratigraphic re­ driven sea level signal from the tidal record provides a more cord containing organic sea-level indicators from former sea­ definitive estimate of secular sea-level change for the region. grass, sandflat, mangrove, samphire (salt marsh) and supra­ tidal environments that can be used to determine sea-level METHODS change over time (DE BOER et al., 1988; BARNETT et al., 1997). Subsurface geological samples and associated elevation Several earlier studies of Holocene sea-level change in data were collected across the 6-8 km wide Port Pirie peri­ Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, have doc­ tidal zone along three transects and at 35 sampling sites (Fig­ umented a sea-level fall of several metres following a mid ures 1, 2). A backhoe was used to excavate sites in the inter­ Holocene highstand (BURNE, 1982; BELPERIO et al., 1984, tidal to supratidal samphire (salt marsh) regions. In subtidal 1988; GOSTIN et al., 1984; CANN and GOSTIN, 1985). Esti­ to intertidal areas 22 vibrocores, 75 mm in diameter and up mates of the highstand have varied according to geographic to 4 m in length, were collected. Additional cores within the location up the Gulfs, as well as with the resolution afforded mangrove woodland were taken using a peat auger. All cores by the palaeo sea-level indicators used. BURNE (1982) used were corrected for sample compaction by recording penetra­ dates from beach ridges and the boundary between the top tion versus recovery in the field. Compaction varied from neg­ of the subtidal seagrass facies and the base of the intertidal ligible for clay-rich cores, up to 40% for organic-rich man­ sandflat facies to derive a relative highstand of some 3m at grove-dominated cores. The sediments intersected using the approximately 6000 yrs BP. BELPERIO et al. (1984) used the back hoe required no corrections for sample compaction. boundary between subtidal and intertidal facies to recon­ The elevation of all core and sample sites, as well as the struct Holocene sea-level history from coastal cores at Red­ modern sedimentary zone boundaries, were surveyed to both cliff in the northern Spencer Gulf. A Holocene highstand of Australian Height Datum (AHD) and to local Tidal Datum 4.5 m at 6600 yrs BP preceded sea-level fall to present levels. (TD). Tidal Datum at Port Pirie, regularly re-surveyed by the The method used by BELPERIO et al. (1984) to establish sea­ Port Authority, is related to Australian Height Datum by a level change involved interpolating a contact between dated correction of -1.933 m (South Australian Ports Authority, seagrass facies and sandflat facies to derive the palaeo sea­ 17/3/1983).
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