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Conserving Marine Biodiversity in South Australia - Part 1 - Background, Status and Review of Approach to Marine Biodiversity Conservation in South Australia

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Conserving Marine Biodiversity in South Australia - Part 1 - Background, Status and Review of Approach to Marine Biodiversity Conservation in South Australia Conserving Marine Biodiversity in South Australia - Part 1 - Background, Status and Review of Approach to Marine Biodiversity Conservation in South Australia K S Edyvane May 1999 ISBN 0 7308 5237 7 No 38 The recommendations given in this publication are based on the best available information at the time of writing. The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) makes no warranty of any kind expressed or implied concerning the use of technology mentioned in this publication. © SARDI. This work is copyright. Apart of any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the publisher. SARDI is a group of the Department of Primary Industries and Resources CONTENTS – PART ONE PAGE CONTENTS NUMBER INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction…………………………………..…………………………………………………………1 1.1 The ‘Unique South’ – Southern Australia’s Temperate Marine Biota…………………………….…….1 1.2 1.2 The Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southern Australia………………………………….4 2 South Australia’s Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity……………………………………………..9 2.1 Oceans, Gulfs and Estuaries – South Australia’s Oceanographic Environments……………………….9 2.1.1 Productivity…………………………………………………………………………………….9 2.1.2 Estuaries………………………………………………………………………………………..9 2.2 Rocky Cliffs and Gulfs, to Mangrove Shores -South Australia’s Coastal Environments………………………………………………………………13 2.2.1 Offshore Islands………………………………………………………………………………14 2.2.2 Gulf Ecosystems………………………………………………………………………………14 2.2.3 Northern Spencer Gulf………………………………………………………………………...14 2.2.4 Reef Communities…………………………………………………………………………….15 2.2.5 Sandy and Soft-Sediment Habitats……………………………………………………………16 2.3 Marine Flora – Mangroves, Saltmarshes, Seagrasses and Seaweeds…………………………………..18 2.3.1 Mangroves…………………………………………………………………………………….18 2.3.2 Coastal Saltmarshes…………………………………………………………………………...20 2.3.3 Seagrasses……………………………………………………………………………………..20 2.3.4 Macroalgae (Seaweeds)……………………………………………………………………….22 2.4 Marine Invertebrates……………………………………………………………………………………24 2.5 Marine Fish Fauna……………………………………………………………………………………...24 2.6 Marine Reptiles…………………………………………………………………………………………25 2.7 Seabirds ………………………………………………………………………………………………...26 2.8 Marine Mammals ……………………………………………………………………………………….27 2.8.1 Cetaceans……………………………………………………………………………………...28 2.8.2 Seals and Sea Lions…………………………………………………………………………...28 3 Conservation of South Australia’s Marine Biodiversity…………………………………………....33 3.1 Marine Protected Areas…………………………………………………………………………………33 3.2 National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA)……………………………..33 3.3 Defining a Framework for a NRSMPA………………………………………………………………...34 3.3.1 The Hierarchical Nature of Biodiversity……………………………………………………...34 3.3.2 Classifying Marine Ecosystems – Bioregionalisation………………………………………...37 3.3.3 IMCRA – A National Template for Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management………………………………………………….37 3.4 Defining a Marine Bioregional Planning Framework for South Australia……………………………..38 3.4.1 ‘Province’ or Large Marine Ecosystem Regionalisation……………………………………...42 3.4.2 ‘Bioregion’ or Ecosystem – Level Regionalisation…………………………………………...43 3.4.3 ‘Biounit’ or Habitat-Level Regionalisation…………………………………………………...48 4 Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Management in South Australia……………………………………………………………………54 4.1 History of Marine Conservation in South Australia……………………………………………………54 4.2 Marine Wildlife Management…………………………………………………………………………..55 4.3 Key MPA Agencies and Legislation in South Australia……………………………………………….56 4.3.1 Fisheries Act 1982…………………………………………………………………………….57 4.3.2 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972………………………………………………………...59 4.3.3 Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981………………………………………………………………...59 4.4 The Status of MPAs in South Australia………………………………………………………………...60 4.5 Status of MPA Management Objectives………………………………………………………………..64 4.5.1 Ecologically Representative Areas……………………………………………………………64 4.5.1.1 Estuaries……………………………………………………………………………………….65 4.5.1.2 Mangrove-Seagrass Communities…………………………………………………………….65 Page 1 CONTENTS – PART ONE 4.5.1.3 Reefs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 4.5.2 Endangered Species and Habitats ---------------------------------------------------------- 66 4.5.3 Areas of Economically Important Species ------------------------------------------------ 66 4.5.4 Tourism, Recreation and Education-------------------------------------------------------- 67 4.5.5 Cultural and Historical Purposes ----------------------------------------------------------- 67 4.5.6 Research Purposes---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 4.5.7 Environmental Monitoring ------------------------------------------------------------------ 68 Page 2 CONTENTS – PART ONE PAGE CONTENTS NUMBER 5 Establishing a Network of Marine Protected Areas in South Australia -------------------------------------------------------- 69 5.1 Why Marine Protected Areas?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 5.2 A National, Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) -------------------------------- 69 5.3 Primary Goal of the SA Representative System of MPAs------------------------------------------------------ 71 5.4 Defining Marine Protected Areas in South Australia------------------------------------------------------------ 74 5.4.1 Definition of Existing Marine Protected Areas in South Australia -------------------------------- 74 5.4.2 IUCN Protected Area Categories----------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 5.4.3 Definitions for a System of MPAs in South Australia----------------------------------------------- 84 5.4.4 Management of Activities within MPAs -------------------------------------------------------------- 86 5.5 Developing a Protected Area System for South Australia ------------------------------------------------------ 89 5.5.1 Characteristics of a Protected Area System----------------------------------------------------------- 89 5.5.2 National Guidelines for Establishing the NRSMPA------------------------------------------------- 89 5.5.3 Principles for the Development of a RSMPA in SA------------------------------------------------- 90 5.5.4 Key Steps in the Development of the NRSMPA in South Australia ------------------------------ 91 5.5.5 Setting Targets for a System of MPAs ---------------------------------------------------------------- 91 5.5.6 Guidelines for Developing a SA Marine Protected Area System Plan---------------------------- 92 5.6 Identification of State and Regional Priorities for MPAs------------------------------------------ 93 5.6.1 Defining Gaps and Priorities---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 5.6.2 Methodology for SA Gap Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 5.6.3 Defining Gaps and Priorities for MPAs at the Bioregional Level --------------------------------- 95 5.6.4 Defining Conservation Status and Gaps at the Biounit Level -------------------------------------- 99 5.7 Identification of Potential Marine Protected Areas in South Australia --------------------------------------- 105 5.7.1 Delphic vs. Analytic Approaches ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 5.7.2 Criteria for Identifying Areas of Conservation Significance --------------------------------------- 105 5.7.3 Other Sites of Recognised Conservation Significance ---------------------------------------------- 106 5.7.3.1 Wetlands of International and National Importance Significance --------------------------------- 106 5.7.4.2 Sites on the Register of the National Estate----------------------------------------------------------- 107 5.8 Selection of Marine Protected Areas in South Australia ------------------------------------------- 107 5.9.4.2 Education -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114 5.9.4.3 Review ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115 5.9.4.4 Community Participation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115 5.10 MPA Legislation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115 6 Towards Integrated Marine Conservation Management in SA------------ 119 6.1 The Need for ‘Off-Reserve’ Marine Biodiversity Management ----------------------------------------------- 119 6.1.1 Rare, Endangered and Threatened Marine Species Management---------------------------------- 119 6.1.2 Marine Habitat Management, Policies and Guidelines---------------------------------------------- 120 6.1.3 Public and Political Awareness of Coastal and Marine Habitats----------------------------------- 122 6.1.4 Marine Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring---------------------------------------- 122 6.1.5 The Need for Environmental Accounting in the Assessment Process----------------------------- 123 6.1.6 Marine Biodiversity and Habitat Research and Monitoring ---------------------------------------- 124 6.1.7 Towards Strategic Research, Monitoring and Management ---------------------------------------- 124 Page 3 CONTENTS – PART ONE PAGE CONTENTS NUMBER 6.2 Developing a Strategic Approach to Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Management-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 6.3
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