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Gnoup Island Area (ha) 0istance Latitude/ 14anagenent Fro||lllai n- Longitude Land (km)

NuytsReef 5 12 320 7r 3g,r 13208 r 00rr ConsenvationPk Sinclair 2 4 32o gr 6'r132o8r 0' ConservationPk |\luyts Lounds 24 B 32016r36rr133022,6g" ConservationPk Archipelago Purdie 40 I 32ol6|001 133013r36rrCons er vat i on Pk 036 St Fnancis 809 35 32 ' 36'' 133017'36'rCons e rvat i on Pk (LighthouseRes. ) S|I|ooth t2 33 32039'96''t33ol8'3ou ConsefvationPk Ess 60 32 3zo28r30rl133019'gg" ConservationPk 029 Dog 60 32 3z | 30rr13302grggrr Cons e rvat i on Pk 029 Fneeling 16 32 32 r6g'r 133o2gr36rr Cons e rvat i on Pk Hest 60 35 32030'3ou133017' 3g', ConsenvationPk llasillon 202 40 32033 r 30l 133o17r3orr ConservationPk Fenelon 81 43 32035rggrr 133017r6g'r Cons ervat i on Pk 039 o Hart 12 43 32 r00rr 133 14r gg'r Cons e r vation Pk 022 Lacy I2l 2T 32024'oou133 |30,r ConservationPk 0 Evans 141 2l 320g ' 36''133 3r 36l' I i ^h+h^,,ca a.c

Franklin 405 19 32027'g6"133039'oou ConservationPk ProhibitedArea) St Peter 028 5 32017'6g',133034r30,r ConservationPk Goat 303 13 33056r3grr 133029'oou ConservationPk 022 Ey.e 012 5 32 r69rr 133049' 99" ConservationPk 0Iives 12 8 32043' 36'' 133059 r6grr Cons ervat i on Pk Eba 121 1 32041r00rr 134016r6g', Cons ervati on Pk Pigface 2 0.5 32o42'oou134016|30rl Cons er vat i on Pk BairdBay Unnam ed I 3304 r 001 134017' 66" Cons e rvat io n Pk Islands Jones B 1 33011'3g"134054r96,' ConservationPk 019 VenusBay A 20 2 33 r3grr 134036' 99" Cons ervat i on Pk Islands B 2 I 33011r66',134037r30rr ConservationPk c 6 1 33ol1roou134o36r36'r Cons ervat i on Pk 012 Gernein 202 2 33 r30rr 13404g,3g" Cons er vat i on Pk lJnnamed 1 0.5 ConservationPk Garden 2 1 33ol2r30rr134042,gg,, Conse fvat ion Pk 013 Iank 0.5 0.5 33 r6g'r 134o42|00rr ConservationPk 036 lnvestigaton lJaldegrave 292 3 33 ' 9q'' 134047' 36" ConsenvationPk Group LittIe llaldegrave 32 5 35034r39rr 13603g' 36'r Cons e rvat i on Pk Flinders 642 29 33044r66'r134031r69rr (Perp etu aI LeaseAgric andLighthouse Re s.

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Bickers 13 1 34045r66'r 135057 rggrr NationalPark Donnington I 1 34043r3g" 136oggrggrr NationalPark Granthanr 40 1 34046'3g,' 135052 r30u RecreationRes Boston 809 3 34042'9g', 135055 r36'' FreeholdAgri c Rabbit 20 5 34036r3g" 135059r00n ConsefvationPk Louth 182 3 34034r36" 135057r g6rr Freehold0 Crorn,Agric Tunby 30 34024r39rr 136008 ' 30u ConsenvationPk Lrps0n I 0.5 34015r6g'r t36ot6 r0Or ConservationPk Sir Joseph Kinkby 21 I1 25o31r3grr136066 r36" ConservationPk BanksGr oup Sibsey 30 IO 34036r3g,r l36o1t'00u ConservationPk (LighthouseRes. o ) English 3 19 34o3g' g6'' 136 11 r gg,r ConservationPk Stickney 70 22 34041' 00x 136016r69" Cons ervat i on Pk Spilsby 468 21 34040'00u13602g '3g" PerpetualLease, Agric./Tourism Boucaut 16 21 34039|00n 136022r66" Cons er vat i on Pk Duffield 29 34039r36'r 136019,6q', ConservationPk Hafeby 53 19 34035'oou t36017,3g,, ConservationPk 019 Roxby 92 2l 34035r3grr 136 r66', ConservationPk 016 Langron 26 to 34036rgg'r 136 ' 30u ConservationPk 017 Blythe 5 19 34034' 6g'r 136 r30'r ConservationPk 014 Dalby 13 34034r66'r 136 ' 00u ConservationPk 016 Reevesby 344 16 34031,3g''136 ' 36', ConservationPk LUSDy l4 14 34032r36rr 136015 r36', ConservationPk 015 lilaru|n 10 13 34039'00u136 rggrr ConservationPk Pariney 40 l3 3403q' 39'r 136015,36" ConservationPk |r,linceby 30 lo 34029,39''136017 r66" ConservationPk (LighthouseRe s. ) Danger ou s Reef I2 17 3404g'gg'r 136012 r39', LighthouseRes. YorkePeninsu 1a Islands Bird I 0.5 33058|30u 137031'39" Cons e rvat i on Pk Goose 2 5 34027r39rr 137022 r6g'r Cons e. vati on Pk 022 Cormorant 0.5 5 34027, 3g',137 ' 66" Conservation l{hite Rocks 0.5 3027r36u 137021' 3gu Cons e nvat i on Pk Green I 34o28'00r'137o24rgg'r AnnualLicence 024 I sIand Point 1 1 34026r3g', 137 ' 30u ConservationPk Rocky 0.5 0.5 34029'00u137025 ' 36rr Con s e rvat ion Pk o22 liardang 2 023 5 34039rgg'r 137 r00u AboriginalRe s. Royston 5 35012'00u136056 t36', NationalPark lliddle Islet 1 35o13' 6g" 136050r001 Nati ona1 Pank SouthIsIet 5 0,5 350t4rggrr l36o50 r00rl NationaLPark 017 055 ChinamanrsHat 0.5 35 r36" 136 r00rl Nat ional Park o2o 055 Seal B 6 35 |30 r 136 |00,1 NationalPark Haystack 5 35019r30u 136054 r39rr NationalPark Althorpe 96 8 35022'30u136051 r3g'r LighthouseRe s. and ConservationPk Troubridge 2 6 35oo7,oou137049 ' 39,' ConservationPk (LighthouseRes. og6 ) l\angar00 435,000 25 36 ,6g,,137036,66,, Freehold,National Park ConsenvationPark

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Figur€ 2. Nuls Archipelago and the Isles of St Francis.

168 69r

puor1u51rofeu qll{,\ sV lueuruopsrd eql $[J€d lsotl uI 'pu€l e;e,Nrd uo u1 uopulaSeapmleu ?urureuar 'aJr rJS pq€ s{red p:qsqqelsa,{lmau {llptrlA leuottuN spuelsy ooruSuqq p o691 tyuo rql (3uuuu14 oql o1 perreJsrr"4 s?.{r es€qc srepullc 'qlusrg lrEd [EuorleN pue luarrruorrûg 3o luaugudaq V'S paruBu-ereq1 ;o lueuaEeueu lcv eJIIpll.4[pue $lred 'Pu"lsl '?rrurlsnv 1uaue8euu141uol$le8a6) pe1uuqsa A{ou sr lI ero;o Surssedeql qllr\ zL6I uI IuuogBN eqt lo obygz rc uq ZgL L1I Surre,rocpuelsJ oorBBuE{ qrnog yo p[o1 eqr puu eprelopv fttsratun fiano5 ;o uo s4red uorlelresuoJ gI puu {rsd leuorluN 3ql 'luouureôc 3ql q"Ee uo{ ss,r1lu$aserder 'enlnJ Jo euo sBA\ereql 986I eunf gg do1 dn €ql o,rq Sqsgduoc Iro.II prsog ?rolC pue ZL6I-026I q pedur luecrgrdrs elour qJ u ? a eq U,{ ,filsnpul euneg u dq psSeuuu se,n '(61761uoxq) u6aq 11 768I lsrlnol aqt 'uoltpllJsuoJeIIp[ 1uo ;;edur urew :ql re,re,toq pe:gru8eu srql roJ elp"q eqJ 'samp 1lud IPnp? ue€q suq e:n11mr.6eroJ lueurdole ep luatet '616I qlnos uI eprsu ur uoq€^r3suo3 JoJ srle4mv les ,(1e,u1e1e:plun dn qSnoqtp emeceq pepraord ueeq eer? puocas eql ssâ ({rpd es?qJ srepuq.'I JpuotlsN e ?q pu€lsl ooreSuqtr Jo esn tslJnol Jo slrelsq ,rou) earasell "Jold prre erm"C es?qJ sJepulld '(986I) 'pelueun '?IfErlsnv Sl[dN EI [?lep eluos In op $ qtrq,t\ €plslno ,irolqq 3uo1 B seq puelq ooJp8u€){ uo uollalresqot r\ot1 obl prre-oy'rt uaal,lqaq dFo glt{ sw4snv qtnos roJ s"eru Jo uollslnbJe sp$,r\ol elorrr eql ruo{ oru {r?d Ieuorleg rofem s1;puu puu1s1ooruSuuy 'el?ls ol srorsr^ go dlroleu eql leql ueas eq u"t lI eql Jo su3r" IIDJtrI"r .(986I reqElq aqt u! uoqearasuoc ro; luuor3rdrs lsoltr 3111 SAdN) €8/286I ul puetq eql Euouu puEIsI oo.ru?ue;trJo s?er" Iurnl"u ?qupuer Jo pue urotss,{\ aql uo {rPd IsuoqsN as?qc srapu-rld aql solBrrr (luasard eru sl". IBraJ q8noqry) saxo; ol srolrsrl ;o u8rro eql s^\oqs ? alqel alq r (t86I JO slrqgsJ ou ql!{ puBIsI eJoqsJJoIrE uo atrrcrmtco rusrmotr Jo lueugedaq rmr1ursnr7qlnos) persdard slr puu erlerlsnv qtnos Jo slrrltslp prntprrr6u :qt m ueoq suq uslmol ro; puqsl oore?uey ;o paue8euuu 'Esrmol Sururuuar uor1ela8? pm1uu Jo (Berepue) a8eluacred emlnJ uo godar papelap V ol pe1eler 'uetsds lseqEg aqt regfq s1qq1 lred eqt urqll{.raou seulsnpln Joqlo pr]? echres,qlunuuot m ssEorcul q o/ow qJrst lo ob6t ol peJnper ueeq /r\ou seq sTrll eql pup Euunp"Jnuuru pue am1pcr.6u ur luaudoldrue pu? uopple8o lumluu q1rrr peJeAocsu,t\ puulsr oql ur onlleop eql are puqq ooruEuui4 uo lueua8euew lo o/ott palr-IrcIzx lsel erel\ semEg eseql uaq r tL6I uorleruesuorJo txstuoJ3gl m elou ot sSurqt:qI

'sdnorg quug qdasol rS puu ,teqpqr!\ agl 'g ern8ld

qel eu"|"' D

dnoa9 slNva Hdfsof ars

o Du&,' unol (\ <)o " I

TABLE3: THEORIGII 0F VISITORSTO KA]IGAROOISTAID FROTTHT DOIIESTIC TOURISII IIOIIITOR, ITTERilATIOXALYlSITOR SURVTY(SOURCT S.A. DEPTOF 10uRISil1984)

Placeof %of Residence I otal visitors

South Austnalia 86.1 Interstate 11.1 0verseas 2.8

TOTAL 100.0

TABLE4:THE 0RIGlll 0F 0VERtII6HTYISII0RS T0 TLIilDERSCHASE TATIOIAL PARK. KA]IGAROO ISTAIID.JUTY IS82 IO JUilE1983 FROIRECOROS OFCAIIPIIIG PTRIIIS ISSUEOAT THTPARK. (S0URCEtlPrs (in prep))

PIaceof Residence Nunberof Perrnits %of Total Visitors

SA l.lainland 389 Kangar oo lsland 84 12.4 VIC. 95 14.0 NSli 54 30. ACI 10 ltA 8 QLD 2 0.3 TAS. I NT 3 0.4 0verseas 29 4.3

r70 ILI

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Jo " peqsqqelse err res aJIIpIl[ pue {red IpuopeN aql 'qJ?eq uollsllPlsul qll?$ ef,r^res oJ[pll1( pup s{r?d 4961 requaldag uI eql uo polrnor srequnu luuon?N oql fq papeddn ,{le rsueye ueeq ,(pueler aaeq Iplol Jo ol sso€ eqt p uoqelndod uoq-ses aql le slsrmol ol elqrsseare ll]elg{s oasr e^rsuexe srql peltoJJplou seq,{eg ol uortul-rsr uonnqrrlsrp Jo Jeeg Jo suoq-rod eq; '{red aseq3 srepu4.q ,{qruau pu" requnu agl olzp ol leql sreeddetI leuorleN ireqlnol ur druuc o1 uo anuluoJ ro dels o1 elors8ury ol urnleJ 1eas rusermqlua lsou eql uale telap o1 qSnoue reqla ueql pu" sa ?r eql mol ol euoJ oqlt\ srolrsra ,{1unsn s uoq-ees 11nq u,no.6-1q ? uorJ r"oJ e fep ere ,firrofeu ts"^ eql uoflu^rosuoJ pue e8unl lqEls ? tsnl 'suoq-eesaqt ,(q uegrg,{1en1ce {red IIIH ,fteX (880t srurreq prru uosurqog) unuue aldoed ,ra; ,&e,r ueeq el"g ereql 'flSursrrdms sdeqrog lV red 'sleuru" srolrsr 000 dleleurxorddu qtl,[ uorle^resuoC p;t,rr elq"pFrroJ alnb esaqt lcadsar o1 94 {Jed ,{eg pe5 prru umuu? red srolrsr,r gI qly,t sJolrsh Srlmrp^\ puu .{8olorq uoq pas uo uoll?uroJln 00S uorl"^resuoc ale esn rolrsr,r rofeu 8ur,tE srolsr,r ol elqpl.rulu ,rou eJD sle1qdusd IJEd IIIH,(lIa>I qll^{ puelsl ooreSuey uo qred rsqlo o,r! eqJ pu? sdrs a,r11ardrelu1'qreaq eql uo sragznb asol:r l? ques eql oas ,qJpnlJEol qsrA{tou op oqnAosoql roJ 'raded srql u re1e1pelop rlr pessncsp p qJ?eq Jql JoAo lnolool ot lJpJl SffIIEAr ? st :Jeqt er" essql 1nq ualqord uols,lJssuot 'ryed lusue8euern uolllppe uI rec pes{BrtrroJ pue peSrupe uu rofeu reqlo aql uJoJ sdep ,!rue sI ru es?q3 ruo{ {J"rl pspe.€ palcnrlsuoJ IIe \ e prr" plegeunp sraprlrJ.{ ol pacnporln spulrus rr"rlgJlsnv e^rl?u oql Je o a8puq pesr"r e l[JeA\prEoqapurs u sepraord yo ,bu8a1 €qJ 'lumqun weruor ,{grgedoq upc ?ere 'pelelduroc ueeq 11 s?q ,{eg pa5 1e qrueq eql Ired lulol eql Jo sp€d e3re1euos orgppr rofeur e ;o ol ssecc?rolrsr Jo luoudolelepar .rofeue ueql ecurg luele elq"lr eur eql uI amsue pue ,{r1 o1 samseeut '(rL6I l"ql S \dN) Lr6I ur posBalars3^1 ueld IEUIJeql pue Iorluoc erg o1 pelo,rep ,{1e3-ru1ueeq seq {red IeuopeN (9t6I SLrdM 9t6I uJ tueEuor rqqnd ro; peseeyer oseqJ sropuqC uo 1ueue8eueu eyp1,11 .pspFl 'ZL6I se,r ueld UBrp eql tcy eJIIpIrlA pu" $lred ooreSuey uo luorlreJlle 1srmo1,,.rofuu sql re;,{q sr puoqeN aql rapun luauermber fuo1n1e1sE aru"req I {red uoqedasuo3 feg peg 1e $ror1-pes rrcrJpr1snv suuld lueuoSeueu qrud ;o uorslro:d aql uoq,n lr eql pue {rpd uorls resuoC IIH dlle>I te saA?J ro; perederdpaue8eueu ;o ueld e a,reqol "rlerlsn17 eql qll,t reqleSol puu dJpnuue 4'rtd luqorluN ewqC qtnos w 1.rud rsn3 eqt se.!\ Ir"d uolls^resuoC srapurlC lrsrl ,nou aldoad ggg gy dlaluurxorddlT '(ggOf) 'anlp^ ,(eg 1ees spueq pue uosmqog ur ua,l6 uorlslrosuor slred eql uo uoqulrsr^ 'e1e,{c erp L86I ol slunor e1e1duo3 ealpnpo:da.r ;o pzdur eql esnrlrr n ol se ,{e,r ? qcns m sJolrsra eql tn slueae o1 3ur1e1er ,{psour ree,{ E qrltp\ roJ senllceJ go uorsraord eql sr ,!y'r1te lueueSeuuu Responsibility for wildlife managementin broader Kangaroo Island is an island it should be relatively "carrying terms on Kangaroo Island as a whole however, is not easy to assignto it a capacity" which retaias nearly so clear cut. The mosaic of natural vegetation for visitors the quality of holiday they now experience. and agricultural land has created ideal habitat for the The latest plan for increased tourist development two native macropod speciesthe Tammat (l{acropus (S.A. Department of Tourism 1984) does not really eugenii) ar'd the Western Grey Kangaroo (Macropus adequately address the problem of a filite limit to futiginosus). Both these species are biologically potential toudst development, although it does at important, the Kangaroo Island population of least go part of tle way by defiling areas of the island Macropus fuliginosu^tis the nomhate race and differs which are inappropriate for particular t,?es of toudst signifrcantly from Australiar mahland populations development. Clearly conservationmaaagers in South (Poole, 1976). The large Tammar population on Australia have some way to go in educating the public Kangaroo Island is probably the last South Australiaa and the toudst iadustry about the potentially large population although there was a small population impact of increased tourism on natural areas and the which persisted on Eyre Penhsula into the 1970s very special biological problems of mans impact on (Smith 1983). Its present status however is unkrown. offshore islards. Both Tammars aad Kangaroos ate regarded as agricultural pests on Kangaroo Island where they Island over 800 ha compete with domestic stock for food on the St Peter (4 028 ha), Thistle (3 925 ha), Flinders (3 642 improved pasturesof the island farms. The conflict is ha), Wardang (2 023 ha), Eyre (1 012 ha), Wedge particularly pronounced on the western half of the ha), Boston (809 ha) and St Francis (809 ha) island with its complex mosaic of natural vegetation QaI Islands make up this group of large islands. All of patches and farmland providing very large areas of them with the exception of Eyre Islaad have been the scrub - pasture tra.nsitions favoured by these e{ensively modified by nearly a hundred years of macropods. Managementof the problem to date has agdcultural developnent. The land tenure of these bee! the issue of limited numbers of destruction large islands is given in Table 1 and it can be seen permits to farmers and one individual farmer has that only Eyre, St Francis ard St Peter Islands are developed something of a businessin the capture of Conservation Parks. Managenent of the lsaaining Tammars alive for sale to Australian Universities as a islands is therefore the responsibility of the lessee or research anirnal under the system of Permits to Take owner ard a fair diversity of managementapproaches Protected Animals from the Wild operated by the are apparent. South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. In addition to their impact on the farming community St Peter Island was held as a pastoral lease until both these speciesare frequent road kills on the 1987 when it was purchased by the National Parks island road network (together with goannas, and Wildlife Service and proclaimed a Conservation brush-tailed possumsand echidnas) and the impact of Park and the sheep removed. Approximately one increasedtourist traffrc and proposalsto sealsome of th d of the island has been cleared and fenced and the main island roads may increase the impact of road the natural vegetation on the renainder of the island kills on these populations. was grazed and regularly bumt, normally in early summer when a steady northerly wind is blowiag The clearance of native vegetation for agriculture resulting in quite hot fues. In spite of this type of on Kangaroo Island which has, uatil very r€cently, managementhistory St Peter Island has considerable been the most significalt conservation maaagement conservationvalue. The extensivemangroves and tidal problem on Kangaroo Island has now virtually ceased mud flats provide very inportant habitat for migratory and a good network of conservationreserves has been waders while the remaining natural vegetation is quite established which only require relatively minor diverse and, in spite of the fire and grazing history, it additions to be as representativeas it is now possible is probably still in much better condition than any of to obtain. The potential problem for the future is the adjacent mainland where rabbits have caused posed by a signifrcaat iacrease in tourist use of the severedegradation. island. The importance of the three natural "attractions" managed by the National Parks and Thistle Island off the southern tip of Eyre Wildlife Service for tourism, namely the sea-lions at Peninsula has a higher rainfall than St Peter Island Seal Bay, caves at Kelly Hill and the Flinders Chase and therefore supports quite different vegetation. National Park has aheady been highlighted. While Again rouehly half the island has been cleared for the sea-lions are perhaps most vulnerable to agriculture, sheep are still grazed ald occasional oats increased toudst pressure all natural areas will and barley crops are grown. Summer burning has undoubtedly be adversely affected. Because been extensivelypracticed and much of the remaining

172 ELI

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Suoqanpolrn pu?lsr uaq,{\ relel pessnJstp oq €rnos seq puels1 eEps16 lqAI ,{q sr puelsr 'soorsr 11 \ qt5ll!\ (Snquasot snun.roA) seuueoS go uorppdod Jql uo{ pm ot ssa;}cv rpqns amoq ,(eploq 'elels ? s"q osp lI aql v (st4so.uu8oul perprmqJere os 1es o1Eurdrl 3o sseco.rdaq1 ur'puu1s1 lemlpu snullqng) ^\€lmJ euols aql Jo ploq6uo4s ollqql e{{ ,nou sr s.reaf fueu ro; peure; ym pazet? 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IMDV) sl?U qsng ureqnos Jo uorppdod eql qI^\ ploqearJ ot ploqesPel Iuo{ peueûor uaaq 'srape,r 'seqsnq aEreyz sgoddns t1 d.ro1e.6rurprn spnqaroqs sBq puel$ sJrll Jo omuol oql eseql Jo lelleqs ;o ftarre,r epm u lroddns slEU pues pue pnu ppl eql q sao.6 s1ueyd ,(erolsrepun eoll€u pue qlssq 'seunp ?urpunorrns €qJ puus pe1u1a8e,r1e,n puu sleg dlrsre rp epr,r. u puu uo4e1a8e,r eqt qcnu ?urzu-G 'slauupqJ Jo ;o errqdues e,ro.6ueu Jo sseuJeplut 1elsuoo uo4 daaqs sa8umoasrp ,leaqrage qnrqs ,(uroq1 pecgrdeu e sr sree,( 000 9 noqe roJ pup1ursu dlaue:1xe srSa 'nxopolod olcocV sanads yrr-n1o1 'puu1s1 o$ uo{ peplosr ,{po qinoqtp srdg anJ Jql Jo slelJrqt rsurp seq uorlela8:,r pmluo "for Important wildlife on the remaining islands colonies shooting the animals sport". These incidents are quite rare and hopefully, with increasing As can be seen from Table 1, most of tle public concern for marine mammals will cease remaining islands less than 800 ha ia area are altogether. A biologically interesting but vhtually National or Conservation Parks managed by the unlnown potential ma-nagementproblem relates to National Parks and Wildlife Service. The following the removal of the major predator of sea lions the section outlines the conservation value of some of White Pointer (Carcharodon carcharias) by game these island parks. Iishermen. The waters off the sea lion breedins colony Dangerous The islards of the Sir Joseph Banhs Group al Reef are one o[ t-hemajor whir! pointer fishing Conservation Park support most of the winter sites in the world with about 3-4 very large breediag population of Cape Baren Geese(Cercopsis sharks being takea each year. At present this game fishing novaehollandiael in South Australia. The natural is totally unregulated in South Australia. history ar:d managementof this speciesis discussedin The Pearson Islard Rock Wallaby (Petrogate detail in Robinson et al. (1982)- The only importart lateralis) occrursnaturally only on Pearson Island, developnent since this was published has been the isolated for 10 5@ years. This spectacular granite establishment of a breeding population on Reevesby island is one of the most unspoiled of all South (Robinson Island fust noted in the winter of 1985 ard Australian islands. It has a population of Delroy 1986).If thesegeese are able to raiseclutches approximately 500 wallabies on the main section in the face of the small feral cat population on (Robinson 1980)but visitors to the island in f9Z3 and ReevesbyIsla;rd this large island (3,14ha), which has the 1960'snotsd that there were no wallabies or signs not had Cape Barren Geese breeding on it in living of wallabies on the c€ntral and southern sections. memory has the potential to signficantly expaad the These sections, althongh cortaining apparently total summer population of this species in South suitable habitat, are separated from the main islaad Austmlia, currently estimated at approximately 3 000 by a rocky poiat and sand spit which can be crossed birds (Robinson er al. 1982). at low tide. In 1960 fivs wallabies were captured on the main palt Franklin Islald in Nuyts Archipelago Conservation of the island for transport back to Adelaide Park supports the last known population of the to establish a captive colony. They were kept penned Greater Stick-nest F.aa (Lepoillus conditor). A on the central section and four females, male three-year ecological study of this population has a and oae of unlnown sex escaped. These have now established been completed(Read 1984,Copley 1988). It is too and there were between 50 and 150 early yet to formulate detailed management animals in 1969 (Thomas & Delroy 1971) on the central recommendations for this species but the alld southern sections, The most recent (Robinson establishmeut of another population, possibly on estimate in 1976 1980) was of 150 ReevesbyIsland is beiag seriouslyinvestigated. individuals and they have caused a measurable reduction in the cover of the chenopod shrublands on The Australian Sea-\on (Neophocacinerea) is ol,e these parts of the island (Fatchen 1982). la L974,75, of the rarest seals in the world (Ling 1978). It is 16 animals were transported to Thistle alld in 1975 l0 restricted to the southern coast of Australia ftom to Wedge to establish additional colonies ia case of a Eclipse Island in Western Australia to The Pages disaster on Pearson Island. Neither of these islands Islands in South Australia. With a total estimated are known to have supported rock wallabies, and they population of approximately 5 000, 3 000 are found in have quite different habitat fiom Pearson Island. South Australia together with the major breeding Both however are much larger then Pearson Islaad populations. The three main breeding areas in order and have lsel 5ignificmtly degraded by past of size are Seal Bay (discussed earlier), Dangerous agdculture. These introduced populations are both Reef and The Pages. Smaller breeding colonies are still present and breeding has been recorded. The found on 14 other south Australian islands (Robinson 200 m cliffs that the wallabies inlabit males it and Dennis 1988). Virtuatly all the islands however virtually impossible to carry out any systematic are used as hauling out sites and are a vital part of the population monitoring. sea-lions habitat even though they only actually breed Tammer wallabies on relatively few. Sea-lionstake fish from nets tearing occurred naturally on kangaroo, St Peter, Flinders, Francis, the nets to get them aud, although totally protected, a St Thisde and possibly ReevesbyIslands small number are illegally shot. These tend to be lone as well as on the South Australian mainland at the animals, often large males and the shooting of a single time of European settlement. As mentioned previously the population animal often solves the problem. There have also only still definitely remaining is been reports of people moored in boats off sea lion that on Kangaroo Island

L74 9LI asaql uo parmrro p?q serJedseseql aruap e 'eplulepv 13ql er0 uo{ slsuTrlv Jo &lJ eql Jo qtrou ou spl\ eraqJ 'pue1s1e8perll pue 'r(ug pryS pue lsnf 1le6 uorluer3ed Brrri11srud 1u peqsllqelse su,tr snue1 ut sprrelsrol s8uolleg pepe1-qsrugprc puelsl duoloo o,rqdece puu "rler1mv urolsai6 rsorJ paumtqo 'spmlsl ,(pae.rg o1 serqelp^& rBurEpJ ellslrlJ puB era,r sfuolleg e^g gL6I u1 'luesord ors pus 'passncsrp [Fs a3pa16o1 selqulle^\ {rod puulsl uosreod oArAJnsol peSuuurura,ra,roq slooJrpn"g o8eyodrqery ueeq ,{peerJes^?q q"Iq,'( spuBISru?rfp4snv qlnos ot sl,{nN Jo uol]?lndod oql uorpurlxe siuollag aansu suoqcnpojlur Jsqunu 3 eJ? otoql '3ura\o-6 EerrrmB Jo Jo aql pemul leerer roJ puelsr eqt Jo lred a8rel " 6uueel3 spuels!uelJBrlsnY qlnos ,{q lnoqe lq6norq soqcnJlsrp rBrlq?q eql ol q1r,npeldnoc'slpr esoql 'puplsroql o1slet papodur sleruluc ealfEuu€IlBrlsnv Jo suolfJnporlul 'uepru? elqela8sr naql ur s€uoleq oql q*rr sualqord 'puplsr 'palqdueluor Sunuouedxs oql seessoleql ueq,{ s006I dlrue aqr q trurxe eruereq prrul$ srqt uo uorlepdod aq u?t esealoJ ,(up eJoJaq pelerrpere eq aq; 'puulsl srcrrerC o1 (olnlptuad ot o^"q eseqt prru sler uoqqndod ({u1qt Jeufrro 19 Ipr\ IBreJJo DEuogag) siuolleg pelpl-qsnJfl ernporlrrar s,t) leus e ;o acuesard eql sr puqsl ,(qsaaea6 uo ol us.6ord rofeu e lno peute s€q eJrNeS sleU tsarqrrls ;o (lueuqsqqelsa-arro) luenrqsqqelse 'ereql aJrlpllld puB $lrBd qBrlerlsnv qlnos erlJ eql ol 1treurpedur rofuu aqa luose.rd IeuopeN Suaq quuuuu ssegl Jo reqlle requerual uur s0Z6I sruEJSoJd uorlJnpoJlulou eql ol ItEq oB puelsr aql uo acueprsar;o sporrad esoqa prr?Iq ,{qsa,ree6 Jo seessel reuro; Suraq (8986r) 'sureuar aql Jo euoN ,{qeJpT11reuupJ qll/rr Jaqla?ol rerraaqrs dq poqsqqnd ueeq e^pq sapnts eseql puulsl 'paarqrelu dqseêed uo spo^\olq flIqpu"s rn leua$w Jo sllnsar ,{reuruqar; ,nou 1ou Jp,tr,{eql I?lelo{s Jo ,{.ro,rocspegt uo pespq sr srql lsed eql ueq,,nlurod eql ol paAre^rp eêg qcrq^\ suorppdod rn l?d lsemprls Ja1eergeql pepoddns a,reqo1 u.tou1 o^rl 'puBlsl r(qxog uo 'spt[ruu 3ql pus puBIsI 'dno.6 Ilsus pu?lsr eroqs JJo raqlo ,!uo eq1 slueg qdosol urI{uBJd uo seleus a8rel ,{:a,r aq1 8ur:q sarue.lya {S aqt uI puqsl dqso,reagopo sJpuru? 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F. l islands since their isolation from the nainland and so eastem Australia, is now causing severedefotation of they were true introductions rather tha" Manna Gums and to a lesser extent Swamp Gums, re-introductioos of a population that had become The origins and spread of this koala population are extinct since European settlement such as the St discussedin Robinson (1978). It is not known (and Francis Island Bettong re-inhoduction program. details of its impact on Kangaroo Islaad are in Kangaroo Island also has a number o[ deliberate Robinson et al. al989l) if Common Ringtail Possums introductions of native animals and these will be occurred on Kangaroo Island naturally prior to the discussed separately. The knom introductions of 19'26release but they are now widely distributed on native vertebrate speciosto South Australia's islands the western end of the island. Hairy-nosed Wombats (excluding Kangaroo Island) aro shownon Table 5' and Wallaroos apparendy failed to become established but there aro continuing reports of the These introductions have been caried out for a possible persistence of a population of Burrowing variety of reasonsby people with various motivations' Bettongs in Flinders ChaseNational Park at least into island Goamas for exanple were inhoduced by the 1960sbut there have unfortunately been no recent islands farmers to get rid of venomoussnakes on the sightings. 9f the reptile introductions, shinglebacks on these and the acedotal evidence now available are still present but the tortoises did not survive. introductions is discussed in detail in Schwaner (1985b) and Robinson et el. (L985). As would be Small Island managementproblems in expected the introductions of herbivorous mammals South Australia. The Sir Joseph Banks to islands which had never supported natural populations of these speciessince their isolation have Group, a case study. resulted in signifrcant degradation of the natural The Sir Joseph Baaks Group consistsof 14 islands vegetation. the effects of introduced predators such and two oudying reefs at the head of Spencer GuJf '10 as go: [xrs is much more difficult to assessbut there km east of the town of Port Lincoln. They are are quite low density snakepopulations (or no snales relatively easily accessible,contaia a variety of safe at all) on islands with introduced goanna populations. anchorages and they are becoming increasingly Other forms of environrnentaldegradation is addition popular with cruising yachts arrd diving groups. Their to goanna predation however have undoubtedly also conservation value is high, ald as nentioned affected these snale populations- Although future previously, they are the najor breeding area for Cape proposals for introducing native vertebrate speciesto Barren Geese in South Australia and in addition offshore islands must be assessedon their individual support large and inportant sea-bird breeding rnerits, the environmental damage fton many of the colonies. The following species are present: South Australian iatroductions to date, would argue White-faced Storm Petrels, Black-faced Cormorants, against supporting future island introductions. Pacific, and Silver Gulls, Crested and Fairy Terns and On Kangaroo Island" Flinders Chass National Little Penguins. Important shoreline breeding birds Park has a long history of introductions and tlese are include Pied arrd Sooty Oyster-catchers, Hooded major listed in Table 6. Plovers, Ospreys and Sea Eagles, while breeding populations of Rock Parrots and a variety of Between 1911 al,d 1957 fourteen speciesof birds other passerinebir& are also found. Dangerous Reef were introduced but of these only three enus, a few has the second largest breeding colony of Australian Gang Gang Cockatoos s1d n $lesding population of Sea lions in the region while Hareby, Roxby, Brush Twkeys remain in the park today. The Cape Reevesbyand Winceby Islands support the in. portant Barren Goose introduction was undoubtedly the one populations of Black Riger snakesaheady mentioned. that has had the most impact on the islands biolo$I' The two main islands, Reevesby and Spilsby, were The expansionand subsequentma:r€ement problems farmed for nearly one hundred years and most of tho of the Kangaroo Island Cape Barren Goose outlying islands were grazed by sheep during the population are discussedin Robinson et al. (1982). winter months. E*ensive guano mining operations were carried out on some islands. The whole group, The mamnal introductions were more successful. with the exception of Spilsby Island and Dangerous A small breeding population of the Plaq?us now Reef, have been part of the Sir Joseph Banks Group appears to be well establishedalong Rocky River and Conservation Park since 1972. Thete is no resident recently a snall number have been released into ranger staff and the islands are managed from Port nearby Breakneck River (NPWS 1986). The Lincoln. The National Park and Wildlife Service has introduced Koala population has u:rfortunately, only had its own Port Lincoln based boat for the last become only too well established,and as is happening nine years. Dalgerous Reef is managed by the with introduced koala populations elsewhere in Comnonwealth as an automatic lighthouse reserve

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. ( 986r ) srdil :9 l18vr :lrunos)r96l ollv116Irllills 0llvlsl 00uv9lvxlo olsvl'l:lus:llYu8lluli lllrYll but, with the exception of the light tower and a small The development of a successful managens shed,this developmenthas not disturbedthe sealions strategy for the Sir Joseph Banks Group for and breedingseabirds at all (negotiationsto include conseryation, should enable the development of Dangerous Reef within Sir Joseph Banls Group management guidelines for the State's other island ConservationPark will be included by the end of Conservation Parks where the pressures are currently 1989). Spilsby Islzmd is not longer an econonic farm nowhere near as great as in this group of islands with although some sheep are still run on it, It now its wide array of managcment problems. supports a smali holiday house subdivision similar to thoseon Wedgeand ThistleIslands. REFERENCES 'fbe grazng history of the Group has left a legacy Copley,P. (1988).The Stick-nestRats of Australia.A of disturbance particularly in the form of irtroduced frnal report to World Wildlife Furrd (Australia) plants. All islands support exteosivewinter growing (National Parks and Wildlife Service, S.A. Dept. pasturesof Medic and introduced grassesbetween Env. Plan.Adelaide). the nativeAtripler paludosa shrubland and the larger ,4usr islards, where the native vegetation was actually Delroy, L.B. (1974). Flindersislard WallabyS. cleared arrd large areas cultivated for barley and oats, Nat. 49,15. have a wide varietyof weed species.The most severe Delroy, L.B., Earl, K., Radbone,I., Robhson, A.C. point weed problemfrom a conservationmanagement and Hewett, N. (1986). The breeding and of view is African BoKhorn. It grows extremely well Re-establishmentof the Brush-Tailed Bettong, native 'jj,387-396. on islands eventually choking out much of the AusL Wdl. Res. shrub vegetation. Its red berries aIe consumedby a variety of birds hcluding starlings, gulls and rock Dixon, S. (1920). The full story of Flhders Chase parrots and the seedsspread lrom island to island in Kargaroo Island. (Adelaide Field Naturalists their droppings. the only way to begir to control it is Society,S.A.) to start on the smaller patches cutting, poisonhg ard Falchen, T.J. (1982). Vegetation distribution and truning by hand alrd then gradually working in change on offshore islards of the Investigator towards the major bfestations which will have to be and WhidbeyIsles, Great AustralianBight. tackledwith machinery. Group Trans.R. Soc.S. Aust. 10639-60. ReevesbyIsland currently supports irtroduced Kartan Mystory. populations of cats, goamas and house mice with Lampefi R. (1982). The Grcat Spilsby, Stickney and several of the small islands still TenaAustralis,5. support (or have supported in the recant past) Ling, J.K. (1981.). The status of endangered populations of chiachilla rabbits originally introduced Australian marine mammals In The Status of to provide a rabbit fur industry which ncver EndangeredAustralasian Wildlife M.J. Tyler Ed. eventuated.Eradication of the feral catson Reevesby pp 67-75 (Royal Zoological Society of South Island is of critical importarce both in efforts to Australia, South Australia, Adelaide) preserve the large wbite-faced Storm Petrel populations nestirxgthere and in the longer term, in N.P.W.S.(1976). Draft Maragement Plan Seal Bay relation to the possiblcre-introduction of Stick-nest and Cape Gantheaume Conservation Parks, Rats. KangarooIsland, South Australia. (Government Printer,Adelaide). The control of accessto and visitor use of these islands is ertremely difficult without resident rauger N.P.W.S.(1977). ManagomentPlan Seal Bay and staff and can really only be achievedby au education Cape GantheaumeConservation Parks, Kang:Lroo programamong thc groupswho are likely to visit such Island. South Australia. (Government Printer, as yachtsman,fisherman and scuba-divinggroups. Adelaide). Consideration is behg given to extendirg the Management Plan - ConservationPark boundariedto low-water-markto N.P.W.S. (1984). DraIt Island, Beatrice achievemanagement control over the islandbeaches ConservationParks of Kangaroo Torrens, and to the possibility of establishirg a large Aquatic Islet, Busby Islet, Cape Hart, Cape Reserve in associationwith these islands. Visitor Dudley, Mount Taylor, Nepean Bay, Parndana, accessIo sea lion, seabbdand Cape BarreoCoose Pelican Lagoon, Seddon,Vivome Bay, Western breeding areas during the breeding seasonneeds River. (GovernmentPrinter, Adelaide). some form of voluntary control by visitors rather than completeprohibition which could not be enforced.

180 I8I

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