Counting for EU Enlargement? Census-Taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia
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Counting for EU enlargement? Citation for published version (APA): Hoh, A-L. K. I. (2018). Counting for EU enlargement? Census-taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia. Datawyse / Universitaire Pers Maastricht. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20180926ah Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2018 DOI: 10.26481/dis.20180926ah Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. 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If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.umlib.nl/taverne-license Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 06 Oct. 2021 Counting for EU enlargement? Invitation Counting Herewith I would like to invite you for the public defense of my for EU enlargement? PhD thesis entitled Census-taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia Counting for EU enlargement? Census-taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia which will be held on Wednesday 26 September 2018 at 16.00h in the Aula of Census-taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, Maastricht. The defense will be followed by a reception at Centrifuge (Tongersestraat 27). Anna-Lena Hoh Anna-Lena Hoh Anna-Lena Hoh Fortunahof 54 6215RZ Maastricht T:+31612938940 [email protected] Anna-Lena Hoh Boekenlegger Anna Lena Hoh.indd 1 24-08-18 11:30:10 © copyright Anna-Lena Hoh, Maastricht 2018 ISBN: 978-94-93019-73-7 UMP UNIVERSITAIRE Cover: Johannes Wockenfuβ ([email protected]) PERS MAASTRICHT Printing: Datawyse Universitaire Pers Maastricht Counting for EU enlargement? Census-taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia DISSERTATION to obtain the degree of Doctor at Maastricht University, on the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. dr. Rianne M. Letschert in accordance with the decision of the Board of Deans, to be defended in public on Wednesday, 26 September 2018 at 16.00 hours by Anna-Lena Katharina Inge Hoh Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hans Schmeets Co-supervisors: Dr. Gergana Noutcheva Dr. Petar Petrov Assessment Committee: Prof. Dr. Tannelie Blom (chair) Dr. Pieter Everaers, Eurostat, Luxembourg Prof. Dr. Evelyn Ruppert, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom Dr. Aneta Spendzharova Prof. Dr. Esther Versluis This dissertation was financed through the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) research talent grant under the project number 406-12-129. Table of Contents Tables and figures 8 Acknowledgements 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Census-taking and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans 15 1.2 Research question(s) 18 1.3 Europeanisation 20 1.4 Methodology 21 1.5 The paradox of collecting ethno-cultural data in censuses 23 1.6 Europeanisation of census-taking in the Western Balkans 25 1.7 State capacity, domestic and external actors 26 1.8 Contributions & relevance 27 1.9 Outline of the thesis 29 Chapter 2 Counting for enlargement? The theory behind the Europeanisation of census-taking 31 Abstract 32 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Europeanisation 35 2.3 Europeanisation in enlargement countries 39 2.4 Compliance with the EU census regulations 42 2.4.1 The census requirements 43 2.4.2 Measuring compliance with the EU census regulations 47 2.5 Embedding Europeanisation in the chapters 50 2.5.1 Europeanisation of census-taking and the paradox of collecting ethno-cultural data 51 2.5.2 Conditionality and legitimacy of the Europeanisation of census- taking 52 2.5.3 State capacity, domestic and external actors 52 2.6 Conclusion 53 Chapter 3 Using a mixed methods research design while studying census-taking in the Western Balkans 55 Abstract 56 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Mixed methods: potential designs and selected model 58 3.3 Illustrative study 59 3.4 Research design 61 3.5 Qualitative data collection: In-depth interviews 64 5 3.6 Quantitative data collection: Expert survey 66 3.7 Discussion and conclusion 68 Chapter 4 Counting for what purpose? The paradox of including ethnic and cultural questions in the censuses of Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia 69 Abstract 70 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 The sensitivities of census-taking 72 4.3 Europeanisation and census-taking 74 4.4 Expert perspectives on counting ethnic and cultural characteristics 77 4.5 Ethnic and cultural categories in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia 80 4.5.1 Croatia 80 4.5.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 82 4.5.3 Macedonia 85 4.6 Comparison 87 4.7 Conclusion 88 Chapter 5 ‘When counting counts’: Europeanisation of census-taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia 91 Abstract 92 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Census-taking within Europeanisation 94 5.3 Europeanisation of census-taking: Conceptual framework 96 5.3.1 Conditionality 96 5.3.2 Legitimacy 97 5.4 Method, case selection and data 98 5.5 When counting counts: Case analysis 99 5.5.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 99 5.5.2 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 101 5.5.3 Croatia 104 5.6 Conclusion 105 Chapter 6 Census-taking in the Western Balkans: A matter of state capacity or the influence of domestic and external actors? 107 Abstract 108 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Census-taking in the Western Balkans 110 6.3 State capacity and census-taking 111 6.4 Domestic and external actors 115 6.5 Case analyses 116 6.5.1 Croatia 116 6.5.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 118 6 6.5.3 Macedonia 119 6.6 Comparison 121 6.7 Conclusion 122 Chapter 7 Conclusion 125 7.1 Introduction 126 7.2 Main findings 127 7.3 Contribution to the literature 131 7.4 Generalisability of the findings 133 7.5 Limitations and suggestions for further research 134 7.6 Policy recommendations 135 References 137 Appendices 151 Appendix 1: Regulation (EC) No 763/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of 9 July 2008 on Population and Housing Censuses 152 Appendix 2: List of interviews 156 Appendix 3: Topic guide for the interviews 156 Appendix 4: Questionnaire first survey round 157 Appendix 5: Questionnaire second survey round 173 Appendix 6: Indicators and average score for State Capacity (Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Political Stability, and Control of Corruption) for 2004–2015 184 Valorisation addendum 185 Summary/Samenvatting 193 English summary 194 Nederlandse samenvatting 199 About the author 205 7 Tables and figures Table 1: Overview of research question and sub-questions 20 Table 2: Assessing compliance with census-taking 49 Table 3: Embedding Europeanisation in the chapters 51 Table 4: Methods and data applied in the separate parts and the overall design of this research 64 Table 5: Sensitivity per aspect 78 Table 6: Agreement/Disagreement with ethnic and cultural characteristics as part of census questionnaire: UNECE/CES recommendations 78 Table 7: Agreement/Disagreement with ethnic and cultural characteristics as part of census questionnaire: EU census regulations 79 Table 8: Should ethnicity, language and religion be excluded, as they might threaten the data collection? 79 Table 9: Comparison of ethnic and cultural questions in the census questionnaires of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia 87 Table 10: Comparison of state capacity, domestic actors and external actors, by country 122 Table 11: Relevant factors for census-taking in Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia 130 Table 12: World Bank Governance Indicator scores for Croatia, Bosnia, and Macedonia 184 Figure 1: Overview of the status of EU enlargement and the census outcomes 23 Figure 2: Articles of the Regulation (EC) No 763/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of 9 July 2008 on Population and Housing Censuses 44 Figure 3: Visual research design 62 Figure 4: Qualitative and quantitative approach of the research design 62 Figure 5: Average sum of Indicators for State Capacity (Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Political Stability, and Control of Corruption) for 2004–2015 113 8 Acknowledgements There are a couple of things that have a high risk of increasing the amount of grey hair on your head, including having a child and finishing your PhD. Over the last 12 months, I have managed both, and I am very lucky that there were people along my way who were there for me and slowed down the pace of me becoming grey. A PhD usually takes more than 12 months, mine did at least, and I will try to do justice to all the people who supported me and deserve my thanks.