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Helsides Faksutskrift

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Helsides Faksutskrift Forsvarsstudier 9/1990 Kryssermussi~er: Strategiske konsekve111ser for 111ordregionen Tomas Ries Institutt ror rors,·arsstudier (IFS) Tollbugt. 10, 0152 Oslo l, Norge INSTITUTf FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER- IFS -(tidligere Forsvarshistorisk forskningssenter) er en faglig u<Jvhengig institusjon som driver forskning med et samtiJshistorisk perspektiv innenfor områdene norsk forsvars- og sikker­ hetspolitikk.. Sovjetstudier og strategiske stuUier. IFS er administrativt tilknyttet Forsvarets hogskole. og virksomheten star under tilsyn av Rådet for forsvars­ stuUier med repre~entasjon fra Forsvart'ls overkommando. Forsvarsdeparte­ mentet Forsvarets høgskole og Universitetet i Oslo. Forskningss)t:/' prq[c.\:Wr Olav Riste FORSVARSSTUDIER tar sikte p<l <1 være e-t fnrum for forskningsarbeider innenfor institusjonens arheidsomr<'i.der. De synspunkter som kommer til ut­ tr}kk i Forsvarsstudier stilr for forfatterens egen regning. Hel eller delvis gjengivelse av innholdet kan bare skje med forfatterens samtykke. Redokwr Ro!! Tamncs INSTITUlT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER - IFS - NORWEGL-\N INSTI­ TUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES (former! y Forsvarshistorisk forskningssen­ ter - Rescarch Centrt.:- for Defence History) conducts independent research from a contemporary history pcrspectivc on dcfcnce and sccurity issucs, Soviet "tudics. and strategi~.: studil's. IFS is administrativdy attachcd lO the National Ddcnct: College. and its activitit's are supervised hy the Council f()r Defcncc StuJics. composed of represt:ntativcs from the DdcrH.:c Command. the Mi­ nistry of Deh:·m:e. the National Dekni..T College. and the University of Oslo. Diri'ctor: ProJi'sWr {)lar Ri.,te. D, Phil. (Qron} FORSVARSSTUDIER - Dcfence Studies - aims to proviUe a forum for re­ search pa pers within the ficlJs of activity of the Norwegian Institute for De­ fem:c Studies. The vicwpoint.'! exprcssed <tre those or the authors. The author·s pem1ission is requirL'd for a ny reproduction. wholly or in part. of the contents. Edirur: Ro/( Twnnes Sms.· Typo Sen·in' a.\. Trykk.· Hammasrad as. Distribuur .~icmwm For.\Tarets ( J l'etlunn 11 u u ulo Dist ri lm:ijomsen traft! n ISSN 0333- 3981 l nn holdsfortegnelse side Forklaringer ........... ............... ....................................... 5 Innledning ................................................................... 7 1. Eksisterende UAV-systemer .................................. 9 1 1. Strategiske kjernefysiske UAV -systemer ........................ 9 USA .................................... .. ................................... 1 O USSR ....................................................................... 12 1.2. Kontinentale (Theatre) UAV-systemer ........................... 13 USA ......................................................................... 14 USSR ....................................................................... 16 1.3. Taktiske UAV-systemer ................................................ 18 1.3.1. Taktiske kjernefysiske UAV-systemer ............................ 19 1.3.2. Taktiske konvensjonelle UAV-systemer ......................... 22 USA . .. ... .. .. .. 22 USSR ...................................................................... 23 1.4. Ikke-bevæpnede (nonlethal) UAV systemer ................... 23 USA ........................................................................ 23 - Strategisk rekognosering ........................................ 24 - Kontinentale (Theatre) rekognoserings-UAV ........... 25 - Taktiske rekognoserings-UAV ................................ 25 USSR ....................................................................... 29 2. Nye UAV-systemer i 1990-årene ............................. 32 2.1. US As programmer ................ ........................................ 33 2.1 1. Strategiske UAV-programmer ....................................... 36 2.1.2. Kontinentale (Theatre) UAV-programmer ....................... 41 2.1.3. Taktiske UAV-programmer ............................................ 43 USAF programmer .................................................... 44 USN programmer ................ ...................................... 48 US Arm y programmer ........ ....................................... 50 2.1.4. Kjernefysiske kontinentale og taktiske UAV-systemer .... 51 2.1.5. Ikke-væpnede (nonlethal) UAV programmer .................. 53 Nær-distanse UAV .................................................... 55 Kort-distanse UAV .................................................... 56 Mrddels-rekc<evidde UAV ........................................... 58 Utholdenhets-UAV .............. ...................................... 59 2 2. Sov]ei1ske programmer ................................................. 61 2.2.1. Strategiske UAV-programmer ....................................... 62 2.2.2. Kontinentale (Theatre) og taktiske UAV-programmer ..... 63 2.2.3. Ikke-væpnede UAV-programmer ................................... 63 3. Innvirkningen av UAV-systemer på nordregionen i 1990-årene ...................... ........ ................................ 64 3.1. Dnvkreftene ................................................................. 64 3.1 .1. Amerikansk strategi for nasjonal sikkerhet i 1990-årene 66 Det strategiske forhold til USSR ... .............................. 69 USA - Sovjetunionen: det kJernefysiske forhold .......... 70 Europeisk engasjement ................ ............................. 73 Global un1lateralisme ................................................. 75 3.1.2. Sovjetisk politisk strategi 1 1990-årene ................. ........ 77 3.2. Anvendelse av UAV-systemer ....................................... 85 3.2.1. USAs anvendelse av UAV -systemer ............................. 85 SAC strategiske kjernefysiske operasjoner ................. 86 SACLANTs kjernefysiske/konvenSJOnelle operasjoner 1 01 Ikke-bevæpnede UAV operasjoner ............................ 112 3.2.2. Sovjetisk anvendelse av UAV -systemer ........................ 114 Strategiske kjernefysiske oppdrag ............................. 114 - Strategisl<e UAV luftoperasjoner ............................. 115 - Strategiske maritime UAV operasjoner ................... 118 UAV i operasjonsteatret ............................................ 121 Strateg1sk forsvar mot UAV angrep ............................ 124 - Strateg'1sk luftforsvar mot ALCM ............................. 125 - S!rateg1sk maritimt forsvar mot SLCM ..................... 129 KonkluSJOn ................................................................... 134 Engl1sh Summary ......................................................... 139 Forklaringer Kort beskrivelse av begrepet <<kryssermissil>> Det populære begrepet «kryssermissil>> er upresist. Det brukes i dag for å betegne de moderne ubemannede flyvende systemene som ble tatt i bruk i 1980-åra - med lang rekkevidde (mellom 1.000-3.000 km), stor presisjon mot faste bakkemål, og som meget effektive for sofistikert og indirekte navigasjon mot malet. De kan bære enten ett kjernevftpenstridshode eller et eller flere konvensjonelle strids­ hoder. Teknisk sett har «kryssermissiler>> eksistert siden de tyske Y-l «flygende bombene» under Annen Verdenskrig. Forskjellen er at disse hadde kortere rekkevidde, meget primitiv navigasjon og ingen mftlsøkingskapasitet. På 50-lallet ble denne våpentypen sterkt utviklet av Sovjetmarinen, som siden har skaffet seg en stor og variert familie anti-skip kryssermissiler med rekkevidder lra noen titalls km til flere hundre km. På 1970-tallet begynte USA en sterk utvikling av mellomdistanse (l 00-2.000 km) kryssermissiler for rekognoserings- og andre støtteoperasjoner. Disse ble brukt i stor omfang i Sørøst-Asia. Pft !970-tallet begynte også USA og en rekke andre vestlige land utviklingen av kort- og mellomdistanse antiskip «kryssermissiler». Men det var først på !980-tallet som dagens sofistikerte «kryssermissiler» ble tatt i bruk. Det var da at den teknologiske utviklingen på flere relaterte felt, som datateknologi, jetmotorer, sensorer, styringssystem, miniatyrisering, osv. tillot den lange rek­ kevidde, sofistikerte navigasjon og høye nøyaktighet som de har i dag. For tiden utvikles kryssermissil-systemene sterkt, og på 1990- tallet vil vi se utplasseringen av nye typer med enda bedre ydelse. 5 Kort ordliste Akronym Engebk betydning AC't\.-1 Advanccd Crui~c t\Hssilc AGM Air-to-Ground tvlhsilt: ALCM Air Launchcd Cruise Missilc ASCM Anti-Ship Cruise Missilc CDCM Coastal Defencc Cruise Missilc CEP Cirrular Error Probablc ECM Electronic Countl.!nneusures EW Eleclronic Warfarc GLCM Ground Launchcd Cruise Missilc HE High Explosivcs {konvensjonelt stridshodc) IAPVO Sovict Stratcgic Air Defcnce Fighter-lmerccptor Force,~ ICBM lntcn:ontincntal Ballistic Missile IOC Initial Operational Capability LRB Lung Range Bomber RPV Rcmotcly Pilntcd Vchiclc SAC Strategic Air Command SACLANT Supremc Allied Commander Atlantic SlO P Single lntegrated Operating Plan SLBM Suhmarine Lnmched Ballistic Mi~sile SLCM Sea Launchcd Cruise Mis~ilc SRAM Short Range Atlack Mi~sik SSGN Sub-Surfacc, Guidcd Nudcar (Submarine.) SSM SurHtcc to Surface Missilc SSN Sub-Surfacc, Nudear SYS Sovict Stratcgic Nuclcar Force:-. UAV Unmanncd Airbornc Vchicle USAF Unitcd States Air Force LISAR United S1ates Army USMC United Stntes Marine Corps USN United States Navy VMF Sovict Navy VPVO Soviet Strategic Air Dcfcnce Fnrce.s Noen tekniske uttrykk CtJUntcrforce Angrep rettet mot fiendens militære styrke Countervalue Angrep rettet mot fiendens nasjonale infrastruktur cEknnmnisk, sivilt, OSV). Dcploy Utplassere i opcmtiv
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