Chapter Nine Army Nuclear Weapons

9 Army Nuclear Weapons

The Army1 uses a wide variety of nuclear weapon sys- ish, Dutch, Italian, and West German armies. LANCE tems-medium range PERSHING la and short-range replaced HONEST JOHN in all of these countries, more LANCE surface-to-surface missiles, NIKE-HERCULES than doubling the range and accuracy over the older surface-to-air missiles, 155mm and 8-inch (203mm) artil- missile, and providing greater mobility and reliability. lery, and atomic demolition munitions (nuclear land A new warhead for the LANCE, an enhanced radiation mines). The HONEST JOHN surface-to-surface rocket, version of the W70 (Mod 3) produced in 1981-1983, is although withdrawn from active U.S. use, is nuclear being stored in the U.S. and awaits shipment to armed with some NATO allies. Army nuclear weapons Europe. The HONEST JOHN short-range free-flight are deployed with U.S. combat units throughout the rocket, first deployed in 1954, remains deployed with United States, Europe, in South Korea, and among allied W31 nuclear warheads in the Greek and Turkish military forces. They vary in range from manually armies. No plans are currently known for the replace- emplaced land mines to 460 miles, and in yield from sub ment of HONEST JOHN in the above forces with the (0.01) to 400 kilotons. LANCE, but they will be obsolete in the late 1980s and The PERSHING la is the longest range and highest impossible to support. A nuclear armed LANCE yield Army nuclear weapon currently deployed. One replacement is under development, called the Corps hundred and eighty launchers, with more than 300 mis- Support Weapon System, as part of the Army-Air Force siles, all armed with W50 nuclear warheads, are Joint Tactical Missile System program to investigate deployed in West Germany with the U.S. Army and the and develop new medium-range battlefield weapons West German Air Force. First deployed in 1962 to with greater accuracy and flexibility. replace the SERGEANT missile, the PERSHING repre- The NIKE-HERCULES is the only land-based sented an increase in range, accuracy, and reliability. nuclear armed surface-to-air missile in the U.S. mili- A replacement system for the PERSHING la, the PER- tary. Approximately 500 warheads and launchers are SHING 11, is now planned for initial deployment in deployed in Europe. Nuclear warheads are supplied to December 1983. Originally designed as a more accurate the following five countries for their NIKE-HERCU- and reliable missile with similar range to the PER- LES: Belgium, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, and West SHING la, the PERSHING I1 was subsequently made Germany. South Korean NIKE-HERCULES may also be long-range (1800 km) with a small yield warhead supplied with nuclear warheads. The missile was origi- (W85). The deployment of the new PERSHING I1 mis- nally deployed as a strategic system to defend the sile has become very controversial. It is uncertain United States against massed bomber attacks, but has whether the full complement of missiles will eventu- since been withdrawn from that role and is now only ally be deployed and whether the current West German deployed in Europe and South Korea to defend the rear PERSHING la will be replaced. Another PERSHING area and key installations against tactical aircraft. The missile, a short-range and accurate "fallback" system NIKE-HERCULES is a dual capable system, armed designated PERSHING lb, is also under development with conventional warheads or the W31 nuclear war- for deployment with the West German Air Force, or for head. It can also be used in the surface-to-surface role. U.S. deployment in Europe should arms control negoti- First deployed in 1958, the NIKE-HERCULES has a ations successfully eliminate the long-range missiles. number of operational limitations associated with slow More widely deployed than PERSHING is the short- rate of fire and guidance and is gradually being with- range corps support LANCE 125 km range missile, first drawn from use. Some nuclear warheads have already deployed in 1972, and equipped with the W70 nuclear been withdrawn as NIKE-HERCULES batteries are warhead (as well as a conventional warhead). Approxi- being converted to conventional warheads only. The mately 100 LANCE launchers and 945 nuclear war- development of the more accurate and versatile con- heads are currently operational in the U.S. Army, and ventionally armed PATRIOT surface-to-air missile, nuclear armed with U.S. warheads in the Belgian, Brit- starting in 1984, will completely replace the NIKE-

1 Marine Corps use of nuclear artillery and atomic demolition munitions is indicated throughout this chapter and discussed in more detail in Chapter Four. 280 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 9 Army Nuclear Weapons

HERCULES, initially in U.S. forces and eventually in The smallest nuclear weapons are atomic demolition other NATO forces. munitions (ADMs) (nuclear land mines). Two types are Nuclear artillery is widely deployed within the U.S. currently deployed with both the U.S. Army and Marine Army and Marine Corps and with the following seven Corps. A number of NATO units, including at least Brit- NATO armies: Belgium, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, ish, Dutch, and West German units, are also trained to Turkey, the United Kingdom, and West Germany. Some emplace and fire ADMs. The Medium Atomic Demoli- 5000 nuclear artillery warheads are deployed. Two tion Munition (MADM) is the more commonly available. nuclear projectiles-M422 203mm projectile with W33 First deployed in 1965, it weighs about 400 pounds, and nuclear warhead and M454 155mm projectile with W48 is assigned to ADM engineer units within combat divi- warhead-are currently deployed in Europe. One new sions and corps. The Special Atomic Demolition Muni- projectile-M753 203mm projectile with W79 enhanced tion (SADM) is less common than the MADM, smaller radiation warhead-is in production, but is being stored (some 150 pounds), and more portable, designed for use in the United States. by special forces and commando units for emplacement Numerous nuclear capable artillery guns are currently and detonation behind enemy lines. Although replace- operational. The most common are the MI09 self-pro- ments for the ADMs have been discussed occasionally, pelled 155mm howitzer and the MI10 self-propelled there is currently no plan to replace them with new 203mm guns. Originally fielded in 1956, the W33/M422 nuclear systern~.~ nuclear projectile is the oldest nuclear warhead deployed. Its safety, reliability, and usefulness have been widely questioned. However, since the replacement for the W33 was finally limited to an enhanced radiation design in 1982, it is unlikely that it will be deployed to Europe. A new 155mm nuclear projectile- the W82/M785-is also under development, with an enhanced radiation yield. It is planned for initial deployment in 1987.

2 DOD,FY 1983 RDA, p. VII-14. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume 1 281 HONEST JOHN Missile

Missiles and Rockets HONEST JOHN (MGR-IB)

Speed: Mach 1.5

Guidance: spin stabilization with two pairs of spin rockets which are ignited automatically as the rocket leaves the launcher2

Range: minimum range approximately 5000-6200 meters; maximum range of B version, 38 km3

DUAL CAPABLE:

NUCLEAR one W31 in M47 and M48 nu- WARHEADS: clear warhead sections; 1-20 Kt range (see W31)

Figure 9.1 HONEST JOHN (MGR-IB] missile. DEPLOYMENT: Launch Platform: M386 self-propelled truck DESCRIPTION: Short-range, free-flight (un- launcher, M289 self-propelled guided), mobile, nuclear capa- launcher and M33 towed ble surface-to-surface, solid launcher propellant, ballistic rocket used by the Greek and Turkish Number Deployed: about 200 nuclear versions re- Armies, and the Army National maining (1983); as many as six Guard. reload missiles per launcher estimated deployed CONTRACTORS: McDonnell-Douglas (prime/missile) Location: Greece, Turkey; probably some Hercules stored in U.S.; possible nuclear (rocket motor) warheads in South Korea4 Thiokol (stabilization rockets) HISTORY: Emerson Electric IOC: (missile) 1951 firing tests of HONEST JOHN SPECIFICATIONS: began

Length: 24 ft 9.5 in (7.6 m) (297 in) MGR-1B enters service

Diameter: 30 in (762 mm) TARGETING: Types: tactical targets, headquarters, Stages: command post, masses of armor, enemy short range nucle- Weight at Launch: ar weapons

Propulsion: solid propellant rocket motor

282 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I HONEST JOHN Missile

Selection Capability: impact, low air and high air op- COMMENTS: HONEST JOHN has been re- tions with capability for selec- placed by LANCE missiles in tion of height of burst to 2000 all NATO armies except in meter maximum5 Greece and Turkeye8MGR-1B modification incorporated re- one nm; low level winds have a duction in length and improve- considerable effect on both the ment in performance. The range and ac~uracy,~large ver- HONEST JOHN must be tical probable error7 warmed with special electric blankets for 24-48 hours prior to firing; this enables it to at- tain a predetermined temperature (77O F) for proper and even propellant burn.9

1 With nuclear warhead; weight at launch of conventional HONEST JOHN is 4719 lb; 4 Last active U.S. HONEST JOHN battalion in South Korea retired in 1979 with missiles and USACGSC, Selected Readings in Tactics, RB 100-2,Vol VI, June 1977,p. 1-66;The World's equipment turned over to South Korean forces. Presumably nuclear warheads remain in Missile Systems, 6th Ed., p. 282; USA, Field Artillery Battalion, Honest John, FM 6-61,April South Korea under U.S. control; HAG, FY 1980 DOD, Part 1, p. 740; HASC, FY 1981 DOD, 1966, p. 4. Part 1, p. 931. 2 FM 6-61,op. cit., p. 5. 5 USA, Field Artillery Honest John Gunnery, FM 6-40-1,June 1972, pp. 4-38,4-39, 6-1. 3 USA, Field Artillery Rocket Honest John with Launcher M289, FM 6-60,December 1974, p. 6 FM 6-40-1,op. cit., p. 1-2. 12; Army Magazine, October 1978, p. 146; FM 6-61,op. cit., p. 5. 7 FM 6-61,op. cit., p. 14. 8 JCS, FY 1982, p. 76: DOD, FY 1982 Annual Report, p. 127. 9 FM 6-40-1,op. cit., p. 5-1;FM 6-60,op. cit., p. 18; FM 6-61,op. cit., p. 5. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 283 9 LANCE Missile LANCE (MGM-52C)

Speed: Mach 3

Guidance: inertial with mid-course cor- rection made by distance measuring equipment from ground station via radio link; AN/ DJW-48 missile guidance set; directional control, automatic meteorological compensation guidance system (DC- AUTOMET) (weight: 36 lb)

Range:

Ceiling: 1350 m (minimum range), 45,700 m (maximum range)s

Figure 9.2 LANCE (MGM-52C) missile on mobile launcher. DUAL CAPABLE:

DESCRIPTION: Short-range, Army all-weather, NUCLEAR one W70 in M234 nuclear war- highly mobile, guided nuclear- WARHEADS: head ~ection;~five different capable surface-to-surface bal- warhead sections for missile, listic missile. two tactical (one nuclear, one nonnuclear), two trainers and CONTRACTORS: LTV Corporation one practice; 1-100 Kt range Warren, MI (fission mods); circa 1 Kt (ER (prime/missile) mod) (see W70) Farm Machinery Corporation (launcher) DEPLOYMENT: Rocketdyne Launch Platform: M752 self-propelled launcher (motor) tracked launch platform, with LTV/American Bosch Arma 55 km/h speed and amphibious Corp/Systron-Doner Corp. capability, carries one missile; (guidance) the M740 launcher zero length is a towed launcher with the SPECIFICATIONS: basic launch fixture of the M752 for use in special opera- Length: tions such as airborne missions

Diameter: Number Deployed: approximately 945 nuclear missiles (1983); 2133 missiles pro- Stages: cured,7 1450 missiles in Army inventory8 Weight at Launch: 2900 lb (nuclear missi1e);l 2834 lb2

Propulsion: storable prepackaged liquid P8E-6 motor, 46,450 lb thrust (ma~imum)~

284 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 9 LANCE Missile

225 METER CEP 3 MIL ANGULAR - --- / DEVIATION -.- --/^ 375 METER CEP

125 KM MAXIMUM RANGE

5 KM MINIMUM LAUNCHER RANGE I

Figure 9.3 The accuracy of a nuclear armed LANCE missile is portrayed, showing diminished accuracy at longer ranges.

Location: six battalions with 6 launchers LANCE begins deployment each deployed with U.S. Army with NATO armies in West Germany; 2 battalions in the U.S. at Fort Sill, OK;9 adaption kits for installation of with British, Belgian, Dutch, Mods 3 and 4 on LANCE pro- Italian, and West German ar- cured12 mies1Â production of LANCE missile HISTORY: completed IOC: TARGETING: Nov 1962 basic LANCE program begins Types: command posts, logistical elements, troop concentrations, first test firing of basic LANCE transportation elements, chokepoints, missile units, for- Mar 1967 development of improved ward airfields, fixed air defense LANCE begins sites, critical terrain features (defiles, bridgeheads, main Mar 1969 first test firing of improved supply routes).13 Because of its LANCE large CEP, LANCE cannot be effectively used for targets on Sep 1971 production begins or near the FEBA.14

Dec 1972 first firing of conventional Selection Capability: five heights of burst: ground LANCE warhead (impact), air low, air low/ ground backup, air high, or air high/ground backupz5

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 285 9 LANCE Missile

Retargeting: short reaction time (15 min- COMMENTS: LANCE has replaced HONEST utes) due to storable propel- JOHN and SERGEANT mis- lant, simplified prefire check- siles in the U.S. Army and out;16 rate of fire is 4 missiles NATO Armies on a less than per hour, eight missiles per one-for-one basis. The FMC day1' M688 auxiliary vehicle carries a load hoist and two reserve (see Figure 9.3) missiles. Both the M752 and M688 are mounted on the M667 COST: basic vehicle. LANCE missile Unit Cost: $142,000 (FY 1981) (flyaway); is composed of three main sub- $516,000 (FY 1981) (program); sections: the missile main as- $215,300 (FY 1978) semblage, the warhead section, and four control surfaces (fins). Total Appropriation The M29 large control surfaces Number Procured ($ million) are used with the M234 nuclear warhead and provide aerody- 1977 & prior namic stability to the missile 1978 by maintaining axial spin dur- 1979 ing flight. The launcher has an 1980 on-carriage traverse limitation 1981 of 285 mils with the nuclear warhead. Reliability of system is 90 percent of properly checked ready to fire missiles, 95 percent of properly fired rounds.19

1 Weight of nuclear missile; weight of nonnuclear missile is 3400 Ib; USACGSC, Selected 7 U.S. Missiles Data Book, 1980. 4th ED., p. 2-36;Army Magazine, October 1982. p. 324. Readings in Tactics, RB-100-2,Vol VI, June 1977, p, 1-66. 8 Army Magazine, October 1978, p. 144. 2 The World's Missile Systems, 6th Ed., p, 284. 9 One of these battalions is earmarked for non-European contingencies; ACDA, FY 1980 3 USA, System Description for Lance Guided Missile System, TM 9-1425-485-10-1,February ACIS, p. 153. 1972, CONFIDENTIAL (DECLASSIFIED), p. 1-46. 10 ACDA, FY 1982 ACIS, p. 244. 4 TM 9-1425-485-10-1,op. cit., pp. 1-11.1-45; in USA, Field Artillery Battalion, Lance, FM 6- 11 "Lance," Armies 6 Weapons, No. 42, April 1978, pp. 55-62, 42, w/Ch. 1,29December 1980,p. 2-1,the range is given as 8-75km in non-nuclear configur- 12 ACDA, FY 1982 ACIS, p. 245. ation and 8-115 km in the nuclear configuration at sea level. If the launcher altitude is 13 FM 6-42,op. cit., p. V; TM 9-1425-485-10-1,op. cit., p. 1-7. greater than 1000 meters, the maximum ranges are extended to 80 km and 133 km respec- 14 FM 6-42,op. cit., p. 4-5. tively; Military Balance lists range as 70-110 km, The World's Missile Systems, 6th Ed., p. 15 USA, Field Artillery Lance Missile Gunnery, FM 8-40-4,15 June 1979, p. 2-4,and 0-1. 284, lists range as 3-70 mi. Examples of HOBs in feet given in the manual are 232 ft for Air Low and 840 ft for Air 5 TM 9-1425-485-10-1.op. cit., pp. 1-61 - 1-63. High. 8 Warhead section is stored and shipped in the M511 container. The container is environ- 16 TM 9-1425-485-10-1,op. cit., pp. 1-7,2-7. mentally sealed, RF shielded, and pressure and humidity controlled. It has a small door to 17 TM 9-1425-485-10-1,op. cit.. p. 2-3. provide access to the CDS and PAL device without opening the container. FM 6-42,op. cit,, 16 U.S. Missile Data Book, 1980, 4th Ed., p. 2-38. p. 2-13. 19 TM 9-1425-485-10-1,op. cit., p. 2-4. 286 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I NIKE-HERCULES Missile NIKE-HERCULES (MiM-14)

Figure 9.4 NIKE-HERCULES (MiM-14) missile. Figure 9.5 NIKE-HERCULES missile launch.

DESCRIPTION: Medium-range, fixed, guided, Weight at Launch: 10,400 lb surface-to-air nuclear-capable missile used by the Army in Propulsion: solid propellant with four West Germany and widely boosters, solid sustainer deployed in the following NATO countries: Belgium, Speed: Mach 3.3 Greece, Italy, Netherlands, and West Germany. Guidance: radio command

CONTRACTORS: Western Electric Company Range: 75-100 mi;3120-160 kmi4 140 km Burlington, NC surface-to-surface range5 (prime/guidance) Thiokol DUAL CAPABLE: Yes (propellant) Hercules, Inc. NUCLEAR one W31, 1 Kt range (see W31) (boosters) WARHEADS: McDonnell-Douglas (missile airframe) DEPLOYMENT: Launch Platform: fixed launchers at fixed loca- SPECIFICATIONS: tions Length: 41 ft 6 in (498 in)' Number Deployed: 500 nuclear warheads (1983), Diameter: 31.5 in2 circa 200 launchers

Stages: 2 Location: Greece, Italy, West Germany (U.S., Belgian, Dutch, and Ger- man NIKE-HERCULES are deployed in West germ an^)^

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 287 9 NIKE-HERCULES Missile

HISTORY: COMMENTS: Conventional warheads can be roc: used, but the system was designed to break up forma- TARGETING: tions of attacking bombers Types: aircraft, secondary surface-to- with nuclear warheads. Nucle- surface missions7 ar warheads are being reduced in E~rope.~Concurrent with Selection Capability: Target is acquired by acquisi- PATRIOT deployment, NIKE- tion radars and then tracked by HERCULES will be phased out target tracking radars which is- by FY 1985.9Launchers in nu- sue command, guidance, and clear role have already been re- detonation instructions to the duced in the German and missile's computer and war- Greek forces.1Â U.S. NIKE- head. HERCULES Battalion has 576 men."

1 The World's Missile Systems, 6th Ed., p. 204; USA, ADA Employment - Nike Hercules. FM 7 FM 44-95, op. cit., p. 2-15, 44-95, April 1968. p. 4-1 - 4-8. 8 Walter Pincus, Washington Post, 1 November 1981, p. 1. 2 Ibid. 9 HAC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 4, p. 8. 3 Ibid. 10 JCS, FY 1981. p. 46. 4 USA, ADA Reference Handbook. FM 44-1-2, 30 June 1978. p. 3-4. 11 FM 44-1-2, op. cit., p. 3-4. 5 USA, Fire Support in Combined Arms Operations, FM 6-20, 30 September 1977, p. F-4. 6 Bases in Florida, Alaska, and other locations overseas have been deactivated; training unit is located at Ft. Bliss. TX. 288 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 9 PERSHING 1a Missile PERSHING la (MGMm31A/B)l

Ford Motor Company (transporter) Sperry Rand (fusing and arming)

SPECIFICATIONS: Length:

Diameter:

Stages:

Weight at Launch:

Propulsion: solid propellant rocket motors

Speed: Mach 8

Guidance: inertially guided from RV sepa- ration to target

Range: up to 460 mi (740 km); 160-720 km;4 115-460 mi;5 185-740 km6

Figure 9.8 PERSHING la(MGM-31A/B) missile launch. DUAL CAPABLE:

DESCRIPTION: Medium-range, two-stage guid- NUCLEAR one W50 warhead, in three ed surface-to-surface, mobile, WARHEADS: warhead sections, with three nuclear ballistic missile used yields: 60, 200, 400 Kt (see W50) by the Army and the West Ger- man Air Force. DEPLOYMENT: battalion personnel strength is 1368 men CONTRACTORS: Martin Marietta Corporation Orlando, FL Launch Platform: M757 truck/TEL (5 ton, 8x8) (prime/missile) (originally deployed on M474 Thiokol Chemical Corporation tracked vehicles), air transport- (powerplant) able in C-130, C-141, and C-5 Oregon Metallurgical (jet vanes) Number 'Deployed: some 800 + missiles procured; Singer 180 + launchers deployed (108 (hydraulic actuator) US. launchers in West Germa- Gulton ny and 72 West German (static inverter) launchers); approximately one Intercontinental reload per launcher available; (motor case) approximately 13 missiles are H.I. Thompson returned to the U.S. annually (nozzle) from West Germany and fired Bendix for training7 (guidance)

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 289 PERSHING 1a Missile

Figure 9.7 Launch sequence of PERSHING la.

Location: U.S. Army and West German changeover from Pi to Pla for Air Force battalions/squadrons U.S. Army units completed and at Schwaebisch Gmuend (US); assumption of full QRA mis- Neckars Ulm (US); Neu Ulm sion (US); Landsberg Lech (FRG); Geilenkirchen/Tevren (FRG); changeover from Pi to Pla for each battalion also includes a West German units completed permanent "combat alert site" where launchers are on alert. missile is outfitted with new , digital guidance and high relia- HISTORY: bility components IOC: sequential launch adaptor, Jan 1958 program initiated to replace which permits three missiles to REDSTONE missile be launched before shifting power and air supply cables, Jan 1960 testing of PERSHING began and an automatic reference system, is deployed allowing Jun 1962 first PERSHING battalion acti- launch from non-presurveyed vated at Fort Sill, Oklahoma sites8

Apr 1964 first battalion deployed to West Dec 1979 NATO endorses deployment of Germany 108 PERSHING 11s to replace U.S. PERSHING Is in West PERSHING assigned a limited Germany QRA mission in Europe

290 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I PERSHING 1a Missile

Dec 1983 PERSHING 11s planned for ini- COMMENTS: PERSHING la upgrade re- tial deployment in West Ger- placed tracked vehicles with many wheeled vehicles, added new support equipment increasing TARGETING: rate of fire, improved erector- Types: nuclear delivery units, com- launcher and systems reliabili- mand and control posts, air- ty. The major innovation was fields, command headquarters the incorporation of the ability to fire from unsurveyed firing Accuracy/CEP: 0.2 nm (450 m); 0.5 nm; 82 ft;' positions. Missile was un- 400 m at max range changed. PERSHING la is planned to be replaced by the COST: $3.117 m (FY 1978) PERSHING I1 by 1985 in U.S. Forces. The PERSHING missile Total Appropriation is the only U.S. delivery system FY Number Procured ($ million) currently dedicated solely to the tactical delivery of nuclear weapons."

1 Much of the descriptive information was provided to the authors by the Pershing Program 7 DOD, N 1980 RDA, p. VII-8. Office, USAMICOM, Redstone Arsenal, AL. 8 Army Magazine, October 1977, p. 164; October 1978, p. 142. 2 The World's Missile Systems, 6th Ed., p. 290. 9 The World's Missile Systems, 6th Ed., p. 290. 3 Ibid. 10 "Pershing 11: First Step in NATO Theatre Nuclear Force Modernization?" International 4 Military Balance, 1980.1961, p. 88. Defense Review, August 1979. 5 Missiles of the World, p. 88. 11 DOD, FY 1981 RDA, p. 11-23. 6 USACGSC, Selected Readings in Tactics, RB 100-2. Vol VI, June 1977, p. 1-66. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 291 PERSHING II Missile

PERSHING I1 The Air Force has also proposed a Medium Range Bal- PERSHING I1 (PII) is a new land mobile surface-to- listic Missile (MRBM)3as a competitor or follow-on to surface ballistic missile being developed as the follow- the GLCM and PERSHING. The MRBM under consider- on replacement for the medium-range PERSHING la ation was a longer range, road mobile, MIRVed missile. (Pla). PI1 is designed to provide a significant increase in A feasibility study concerning the MRBM was com- range, greater accuracy, and reduction in yield over the pleted by the Air Force in March 1979. A number of PERSHING la missile. With its longer range, it will be systems were considered as an MRBM candidate, capable of striking targets on Soviet territory from its including a two-stage MINUTEMAN I11 with modifica- bases in West Germany. Greatly increased accuracy is tions to guidance and reentry systems. The MRBM, how- achieved by using a maneuvering RV equipped with ter- ever. was shelved in favor of the PERSHING 11. minal guidance radar. Planned deployment of PI1 includes a brigade of three The major innovation of PERSHING I1 is its all- U.S. battalions, containing four firing batteries (9 weather Radar Area Correlation Guidance (RADAG) launchers each), which each have three firing platoons. which 'takes radar "pictures" of the target area, com- Pla's are currently deployed overseas with U.S. Army pares them with digital information stored in the RV's and West German Air Force units in West Germany. A computer, and makes course adjustments until the pic- total of 108 PI1 launchers will initially be deployed in tures correspond and the warhead hits the target. West Germany, replacing U.S. launchers on a one-for- The PERSHING I1 missile originated as a short-range one basis. design with higher reliability and accuracy than the PERSHING I1 operations will include one platoon (3 PERSHING la.' In 1977, the extended-range missile was launchers) of each battalion on "quick reaction alert" adopted with an alternative reduced-range missile (des- (QRA) at all times. During wartime, batteries would dis- ignated PERSHING RR or PERSHING lb) being main- perse into wooded areas and launchers would be set up tained as an opti~n.~The PERSHING I1 currently has requiring only a clear space of six feet diameter above two configurations: (1) a two-stage missile with a second the missile to fire.4 After a missile is fired, the unit stage propulsion section and (2) a single-stage missile would quickly relocate to another area and set up again consisting only of the first stage. to refire.5 "Combat alert sites" (QRA sites) are not considered to be survivable and missiles must reach "covert field firing positions" to avoid detection and target acq~isition.~ In the FY 1982 budget process the W86 earth penetration warhead (EPW) for the PERSHING I1 was cancelled by DOD. Because the PI1 had become a long-range system designed to meet NATO requirements, the need for an EPW was no longer thought justified. The short- range system first envisioned five years earlier had different targets for which the EPW was thought important.'

1 Martin Marietta began promoting a PERSHING I1 two-stage 400 nm missile and single- 4 HAC. FY 1983 DOD, Part 4. p. 402, stage variant which would allow two missiles per launcher in 1977; see "Pershing, Pershing 5 HASC, FY 1983 DOD. Part 3, p. 764. la, Pershing 11: Evolution of a Total Weapon System," November 1977. 6 SASC, FY 1981 DOD, Part 5, p. 2827. 2 HAC. FY 1983 DOD, Part 4, p. 427. 7 HASC, FY 1981 DOD, Part 4, Book 2, p. 2309. 3 HAG, FY 1980 DOD, Part 2, pp. 442-444. 292 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I PERSHING I1 Missile PERSHING 11'

Figure 9.8 PERSHING I1 missile launch.

DESCRIPTION: Two-stage, solid propellant, Hercules, Inc. medium-range, highly accu- Salt Lake City, UT rate, low yield, ballistic missile (propulsion) for use in Europe. SPECIFICATIONS: CONTRACTORS: Martin Marietta Aerospace Length: 413.5 in Orlando, FL (prime) Diameter: 39.4 in2 Goodyear Aerospace Corporation Stages: 2 Akron, OH (guidance) Weight at Launch: 15,873 1bi3 10,143 lbi4 16,400 lb5 Singer Co., Kearfott Div. Little Falls, NJ Propulsion: solid (inertial measuring system) Bendix Corporation Speed: Mach 8 Teteboro, NJ (computers and power supplies)

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 293 PERSHING I1 Missile

RAMR AREA CORRELATOR

AMPTER

L 2ND STAGE T

IST STAGE

RAMR SCAN

REFERENCE TARGET AREA

Figure 9.9 Flight sequence of PERSHING I1 missile, showing Figure 9.10 Comparison of PERSHING la and PERSHING I1 radar scanning to increase accuracy. missiles.

Guidance: boost guided phase inertial Location: PI1 Battalions (12 batteries) equipment; all-weather radar will be located at Neu Ulm, area correlation (RADAG) ter- Neckars Ulm, and minal guidancee6 Radar gui- Schwaebisch Gmuend, West dance compares a prestored Germany; one training battal- map of the target area with re- ion (4 and 213 batteries) will be turn signals, generating course located at Fort Sill, OK changes in the RV. HISTORY: Throwweight1 1470 lbi7 650 1bj8 payload IOC: December 198316 Payload: comparable to P1ag Jan 1972 development of PERSHING Range: follow on begins

DUAL CAPABLE: Apr 1974 Martin Marietta awarded contract to develop more accurant NUCLEAR one W85, 5-50 Kt range (see version of PERSHING la WARHEADS: W85) PI1 system requirements docu- DEPLOYMENT: ment approved and PI1 Ad- Launch Platform: PERSHING I1 will use the Pla vanced Development initiated1' erector-launcher with upgraded ground support equip- Nov 1977 first flight of new guidance mental3 aboard modified Pla

Number Planned: approximately 384 missi1es;l4 Aug 1978 PI1 program is directed to work PI1 will reportedly replace U.S. toward the extended-range Pla missiles on a one-for-one variant by the Secretary of De- basis15 fense18

294 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I PERSHING I1 Missile

Dec 1978 PI1 program approved to enter end 1986 PI1 replacement of US. Pla's FSED and a planned 57-month completedz5 Engineering Development pro- gramlg TARGETING: Types: hardened and soft missile sites, Feb 1979 engineering development be- airfields, naval bases, nuclear, gins biological and chemical storage sites, command and control Aug 1979 Secretary of Defense directs centers, headquarters, rail Army to plan for August 1983 yards, road networks/choke 1ocz0 points, ammunition and petroleum storage facilities, troop Dec 1979 NATO endorses deployment of concentrations and facilities, 108 PIIs and readjusts IOC to dams/locks, masonry bridges, match GLCM IOC and tunnelsz6

Feb 1980 President assigns PI1 DX-sta- Retargeting: rapid retargeting capability; tus, highest national priority immediate retargeting with tar- for development2' get data available, can generate President approves Program of new target data immediatelyz7 Cooperation with West Germa- ny to develop Pla follow-onz2 Accuracy/CEP: 45 m; 20-45 m CEP objective; RADAG correlates returns from Apr 1982 first planned flight test is can- an initial 350 square nm area celled surrounding the target with a prestored reference map of the Jun 1982 full production contract target area, obtains several awarded in accelerated concur- such correlations during termi- rent development and produc- nal descent, and updates the tion program inertial position of the RVz8

Jul 1982 first flight test of PI1 is unsuc- cessfulZ3

Dec 1983 initial deployment in West Ger- manyz4

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 295 9 PERSHING I1 Missile

COST: COMMENTS: PI1 will use same ground sup- Unit Cost: $5,475,824 (FY 1983) (unit)" port equipment as Pla system. Option for a short-range, sin- Program Cost: gle-stage version of PERSHING Development: $625.7 m I1 (known as PERSHING I1 RR Procurement: $927.3 m (reduced-range) or PERSHING Operating/Support: $2781.3 m (FY 1980)30 lb to meet requirements to re- Development: $691.6 m place West German Pla's is be- Procurement: $2120.8 m (FY 1983);31 ing maintained,36 The short- $2737.6 m (Dec 1982) range PERSHING I1 is also considered for deployment to Total Appropriation U.S. Army units if the long- N Number Procured ($ million) range missile is rejecteda31 1977 & prior 63.332 1980 & prior 255.7 1981 & prior 4O8.Os3 1981 151.4 (146.0 requested) 372.234 110.935 457.4 447.3 ?

1 Much of the descriptive information was provided to the authors by the Pershing Program 19 Ibid Office, USAMICOM, Redstone A~enal,AL. 20 HASC, FY 1982 DOD, Part 2, p. 237. 2 The World's Missile Systems, 6th Ed,, p. 290. 21 HASC, FY 1982 DOD, Part 2, p. 238: HAC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 4, p, 408 444: SASC/SAC, 3 Ibid. Ioint FY 1981 Mil Con, D. 387 4 U.S. Missile Data Book, 1980, 4th Ed., p. 2-65. 22 ibid, 5 Pershing Program Office, Redstone Arsenal, AL. 23 Walter Pincus, Washington Post, 23 July 1982, p, 8. 6 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p, 115. 24 DOD, FY 1983 RDA, p. VII-13, 7 The World's Missile Systems, 6th Ed,, p. 290. 25 Ibid. 8 U.S. Missile Data Book, 1980, 4th Ed., p, 2-65. 26 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p. 116. 9 ACDA, FY 1981 ACIS, p. 235. 27 SASC, FY 1980 DOD, Part 6, p, 3469: new radar reference scenes for targets which have not 10 HAC, FY 1982 DOD, Part 3, p, 522, been preplanned will be generated in the field by the battalion Reference Scene Genera- 11 DOD, FY 1982 Annual Report, p. 66,lists the unclassified PI1 range as 103l km. The true tion Facility, utilizing a Defense Mapping Agency data base; HAC, FY 1982 DOD, Part 3, p. range is classified. 522. 12 DOD, FY 1981 RDA, p. VII-7. 28 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p. 115. 13 18-2/3 "battery sets" will be procured comprising 9 launchers, 9 missiles, 4 platoon control 29 DOD, Procurement Programs (P-I), 8 February 1982, p, A-6. centers and other ground support equipment per battery set HASC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 3, 30 HAC, FY 1980 DOD, Part 2, p. 8ffl; in escalated dollars, through 1996. p. 762. 31 HASC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 3, p. 773. 14 Of the approximately 384 missiles planned, approximately 228 will be for operational 32 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p. 117. purposes (basic load and reloads/spares), 24 will be maintenance missiles and the remain- 33 Army Weapons Systems, 80, n.d., p, 19. der will be for 10 years of weapons testing; HASC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 3, p, 762, 764. 34 39 missiles were requested, but only 21 were authorized due to cost overruns; HAC, FY 15 HASC, FY 1982 DOD, Pan 2, p. 237. 1983 DOD, Part 4, p. 398. 16 SASC, FY 1962 DOD, Part 7, D. 3803; IOC is defined as 9 launchers and 13 missiles; HAC, 35 HASC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 3, p, 762; 5619.9 m was requested for 91 missiles, but only 5110.9 FY 1983 DOD, Part 4, p. 431, was appropriated; DOD, FY 1984 Annual Report, p. 233. 17 HAC, FY 1980 DOD, Part 2, p, 863; ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p. 116 36 HASC, FY 1982 DOD, Part 2, p. 238. 18 Ibld. 37 HAC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 4, p. 443. 296 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I W85

FUNCTION: Air burst/surface burst war- DEVELOPMENT: head being developed for the Laboratory: LANL PERSHING 11 long-range theater ballistic missile system. History: 1979 Lab assignment (Phase 3) WARHEAD none (through FY 1983)' MODIFICATIONS: 1983 initial deployment (Phase 5)

SPECIFICATIONS: Production Period: Yield: se1ectable;l low Kt; 5-50 Kt range; 10-20 Kt2 DEPLOYMENT: 108 PERSHING I1 launchers are scheduled to be deployed Weight: less than 1600 lb3 in West Germany beginning in 1983; some 384 missiles will be Dimensions: deployed. Length: Diameter: Service: Army

Materials: oralloy warheadi6 contains Allied User: IHE~ Location: West Germany SAFEGUARDS AND CAT F PAL; airburst and sur- ARMING face burst; launch requires COMMENTS: W85 will be an adaptation of FEATURES: PAL, warhead intent (safety), the already developed B61 Mod and missile ignition enabling 4 bomb.ll Also considered as coded signals possible candidates for PI1 were an adaptation of the W70 Mod 1 or Mod 2,12 and W8O.l3 Warhead section is a welded aluminum monocoque struc- ture overwrapped with a rubber modified silica phenolic heatshield. Warhead and electrical connections including the safe and arm fuze (SAF) system are mounted inside the warhead section.

1 ACDA, N 1982 ACIS, p. 203; SASC, N 1982 DOD, Part 7, p. 3688. 9 Funds for production of W85 are included in N 1983 DOE Budget, 2 Aerospace Daily, 3 July 1980, p. 19; 1niernaiional Defense Review, August 1979. 10 West Germany, presently equipped with the PERSHING 1 system, has not yet decided on a 3 Weight of reentry vehicle, AWRST, 2 August 1982, p. 20. replacement system. 4 Information provided to autham by Pemhing Program Office, USAMICOM, Redstane Ame- 11 HAC, N 1980 DOD, Part 2, p. 863;USANCA "Materiel and Safety Significant Activities (1 nal, AL. January 1978-31 December 1978)," n.d., p. 2; "Pershing 11: Fimt Step in NATO Theatre 5 Ibid. Nuclear Force Modernization,'' International Defense Review, August 1979. 6 HASC, FY 1982 DOE, p. 103. 12 ACDA, N 1979 ACIS, p. 115. 7 HASC, FY 1982 DOE, D. 217. 13 SASC, N 1979 DOE, p. 59. 8 DOE Budget Justificatik, N 1983, p. 51; remained in Phase 3 during FY 1980; SASC, N 1981 EWDA, p. 818. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 297 9 Corps Support Weapon System

Corps Support Weapon System The CSWS is part of the larger Army-Air Force Joint The replacement for the LANCE missile, the Corps Tactical Missile System (JTACMS) program to develop Support Weapon System (CSWS), often designated standoff weapons to attack moving rear echelon targets LANCE I1 or Improved LANCE, is currently under deep behind enemy lines. The JTACMS will use Assault development and planned for the early 1990s.' The new Breaker technology, developed under the Defense missile is envisioned as an all-weather, dual capable, air Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program, transportable replacement with an improved CEP and to develop a surface-to-surface weapon system for con- rate of fire.2 The CSWS would be deployed at the Corps ventional and nuclear "deep battlefield interdi~tion."~ level with the mission of interdicting enemy surface-to- Two delivery modes are under investigation within air missile systems and second echelon ground forces at JTACMS: air-launched (the Air Force's Conventional a range of 120-140 miles, with precision conventional, Standoff Weapon) and ground-launched (the Army's nuclear (enhanced radiation), and chemical warhead^.^ CSWS). The JTACMS program originates with the The CSWS will have the capability of striking targets Assault Breaker program started in 1978 to develop new three times further, five times more accurately, and with standoff weapons for second echelon armor strikes. a higher rate of fire than the present LANCEa4An anti- Assault Breaker (and now JTACMS) examined alterna- armor capability, by deploying terminally guided sub- tives such as derivatives of Multiple Launch Rocket Sys- munitions and advanced target acquisition and gui- tem (MLRS), PATRIOT, and LANCE as capable of carry- dance systems, is also planned. ing new warheads and being compatible with new guidance and target acquisition systems. The LANCE

Figure 9.11 U.S. Army Assault Breaker prototype missile, similar in design to the nuclear armed Corps Support Weapon System.

1 DOD, FY 1983 RDA. p. VII-12. 4 Information provided by Vought Corporation. 2 DOD, FY 1981 RDA, p, VII-6. 5 DOD, FY 1984 Annual Report, p. 132. 3 HASC, FY 1982 DOE, p. 45; AW&ST, 1 November 1982, p. 77. 298 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 9 Corps Support Weapon System replacement, originally designated the Nuclear Corps nuclear warhead and surface-to-surface ~apability;~and Support Missile System, was an original part of the the T19, a "generic" missile capable of both Army and Assault Breaker concept. Air Force use. A nuclear warhead for the CSWS is being The merging of the Army and Air Force programs in developed. According to one report, it would range from FY 1982 led to a slowing down of the CSWS program 10-40 Kt and would incorporate enhanced radiation pending a clearer definition of requirements and opera- features.1Â tional concept^.^ The joint development program incor- porates the Air Force and Army development programs COST: and takes advantage of common guidance, propulsion, Total Appropriation conventional warheads, and electronic component^.^ FY Number Procured ($ million) Procurement plans, according to one report, are now for some 5500 missiles for the Army, with an accelerated IOC of 1986-1987.8 Competitor missiles for CSWS include the T22, a LANCE missile variant being developed by Vought and first tested in August 1979; the T16, a PATRIOT missile variant being developed by Martin Marietta with a

8 Aerospace Daily, 25 August 1982, p. 305. 9 SASC, FY 1980 DOD,Part 6, p. 3444. 7 HAC. FY 1982 DOD,Part 9. D. 478. 10 AW&ST, 1 November 1982, p. 77. 8 AW&ST, 1 November 1982, p. 77. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 299 Nuclear Artillery

Nuclear Artillery Approximately 5000 nuclear artillery shells are esti- Nuclear artillery is one of the most widely dispersed mated to be deployed, and of these, most are in Europe. and numerous of weapons. From 1953, when the mam- Nuclear artillery is low yield, with the explosive capac- moth 280mm cannon was first sent to West Germany, ity of the warheads varying from about 0.1 kiloton (for until today, six nuclear artillery warhead types have the W48) to about 12 Kt (for the W33). Three warhead been produced, and virtually every large artillery gun types are currently deployed-the 1-12 Kt W33 8-inch has become capable of firing nuclear rounds. Nuclear fission warhead, the 0.1 kiloton W48 155mm fission war- artillery is now in the midst of a major modernization, head, and the 1-2 Kt W79 8-inch enhanced radiation with guns and projectiles being upgraded and replaced. warhead (see Chapter Three). The projectiles are always The U.S. Army has over 3500 nuclear capable artillery fired as air bursts2with accuracies (for W48 and W33) of guns deployed: 748 MI14 155mm guns, 2200 MI09 40,100, and 172 meters CEP at "short, medium, and long 155mm guns, and 1046 MI10 8-inch (203mm) guns.l range."3 Nuclear artillery is also used in the Marine Corps. The Both 155mm and 203mm guns are being increasingly seven NATO allies with nuclear artillery-Belgium, adapted in military formation, with the replacement of Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, United Kingdom, both 105mm and 175mm non-nuclear capable guns. In and West Germany-all use U.S.-designed artillery, par- addition, there has been an increase in the number of ticularly the standard MI09 and MI10 guns, but also guns in combat units both as a measure to generally deploy a number of obsolete guns (see Table 9.1). increase firepower, and as an increase following the retirement of HONEST JOHN rockets from division^.^

Figure 9.12 The first live nuclear artillery test, Shot Grable, on 25 May, 1953. A 280rnrn nuclear artillery shell with an explosive yield of 15 Kt was exploded in an airburst over the Nevada Test Site.

1 HASC, FY 1979 DOD, Part 3, Book 1. p. 773. 3 Ibid., Part 2, p. 43. 2 Military Applications of Nuclear Technology, Part 1, p. 13; Part 2, p. 35. 4 JCS, FY 1981, p. 46 300 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 9 Nuclear Artillery

Two new nuclear capable 155mm guns are beginning to Future artillery guns are being examined to provide enter the U.S. and NATO armies: a new long-range "important capabilities for responding rapidly and accu- towed howitzer (M198) equipping light Army units and rately to fire missions" and "reduced emplacement" the Marines, and a European-designed and produced timeseaThe new weapon is envisioned to have short gun-FH-70/SP-70-available in towed and self-pro- recoil cycle time, burst rate-of-fire, automatic ammuni- pelled designs. The SP-70 is the self-propelled design tion handling, loading and resupply, and automated which features a high rate of fire, an automatic loader, position location and weapons alignment. During 1978, and improved survivability and mobility. Older Ml, the Defense Nuclear Agency initiated a study to deter- M44, and MI09 guns will be withdrawn from Italian, mine the feasibility of Long Range Cannon Artillery, an British, and West German units as newer FH-70/SP-70 8-inch, 80 km, nuclear capable shell for the mid-1980s. A guns are deployed in the mid-1980s. U.S. production Division Support Weapon System is also being devel- lines for M109A2 and MI98 will be open in FY 1984 and oped by FMC. It will be a 155mm, 45 caliber, automatic beyond, primarily for reserve forces5 loading gun, The 155mm artillery unit can contain 18-24 guns, organized with three batteries of either six or eight guns. Table 9.1 An eight inch artillery unit is organized as either a 12, Nuclear Artillery Guns 18, or 24 howitzer battalion with two or three batteries, and four to six sections of four guns, the basic firing Countrv in Use element. Self propelled artillery is assigned to mecha- nized and armor units for support, while towed artillery Italy, Turkey is assigned to infantry and other light units. Nuclear Turkey artillery warheads are maintained available to the firing Italy [MIAI], Turkey, United States, West Germany element, stored in special two-and-one-half ton trucks, Belgium, Italy, Turkey each with a one-and-one-half ton trailer.= Belgium, Greece, Italy, Netherlands The range and design of nuclear artillery is beginning [MI09A11, Turkey, United Kingdom, to reach practical limits, with restraints in noise, target United States, West Germany acquisition, accuracy, and reliability.' The newest guns [MIOSG] United States and barrels have ranees of 30 km, with older MI09 and Italy, United Kingdom, West Germany MI10 guns being converted with new longer tubes and muzzle brakes (and designated A1 and A2 versions). The 8-inch MI15 Belgium, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, new tubes-33 vs. 20 caliber in the MI09 and 37 vs. 25 Turkey caliber in the MllO-increase muzzle velocity and range M55 SP Italy from 18 to 30 km for 155mm guns and from 14 to 30 km MI10 SP Belgium, Greece, Netherlands, Turkey, for 8-inch guns. Nuclear artillery projectiles are also United Kingdom, United States, West becoming more sophisticated (and expensive), incorpo- Germany rating timing and memory assemblies, fuze subcom- Source: 000,"Rationalization/Standardization Within NATO," Fifth Report. 28 ponent~,power supplies, electronic programmers, target January 1978;Seventh Report, January 1981, sensors, and rocket motors in the shell (see Future Artillery).

5 DOD, FY 1984 Annual Report, p. 133. 7 HASC, N 1979 DOD, Part 3, Book 1, p. 772. 6 U.S. Army, "3x8 Direct Support Field Artillery Battalion," TC 6-50-1, January 1981, p. 9-2. 8 Information provided by the Cannon Artillery Weapons System Project Manager Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 301 MI09 155mm Gun Gun'

Figure 9.13 MI09 155mm self-propelled gun.

DESCRIPTION: Heavy, self-propelled 155mm SPECIFICATIONS:2 artillery gun used by the U.S. Max Range: 14,600 m (initial); 18,100 m (Al); Army, Marine Corps, NATO, 24,000 m (A2); 30,000 m (A3 and and allied armies upgraded A2)

MODIFICATIONS: M109Al(SP), Ml09A2(SP), Weight: 52,461 lb (initial); 53,060 lb (Al); M109A3(SP), M109G(SP) 54,700 lb (A2)

CONTRACTORS: Bowen-McLaughlin-York Weight of HE Round: 95-104 lb York, PA (final assembly) Rate of Fire: 4/min (first 3 min); l/min Detroit Diesel thereafter (engine) Cadillac Division, General Crew: 6 Motors Corp. (development) Prime Mover: armored tracked vehicle, max speed 35 mph (roads), amphibious to 42 inches of water (with kit); air transportable (C-5A)

302 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I MI09 155mm Gun

NUCLEAR W48, 0.1 Kt yield (see W48); COMMENTS: Basic MI09 carried 20 caliber WARHEADS: compatible with W82 (156 in) gun; A1 and later versions upgraded to 33 caliber DEPLOYMENT: (238 in) gun; M109A3 is the Number Deployed: 1608 (Army) (1978);3 2100 (Ar- name for the retrofitted m~);~2200 (Army) (1983)5 M109A1; M109A2 improves gun mount design, hydraulic com- Location: United States, Europe, South ponents, safety features, and Korea, Japan (Okinawa) ammunition stowage (36 rounds),' in full scale produc- Allied User: West Germany (M109G) (gun tion; new production MlO9Als modified by Rheinmetall); Italy and later versions contain crew (M109G), Netherlands, Belgi- safety and ammunition stow- um, South Korea age improvements.

HISTORY: IOC:

1953 development of MI09 began

COST:6

Total Appropriation FY Number Procured ($ million)

1980 & prior ? 474.5 1981 0 27.3 1982 0 ?

1 USACGSC, Selected Readings in Tactics, RE 100-2, Vol. VI, June 1977, pp. 1-68, 1-64; Army 4 Army Magazine, October 1978, p. 137. Magazine, October 1977, October 1981. 5 HASC, FY 1979 DOD, Part 3, Book 1, p. 773 2 USA, 155rnm Howitzer, M109, MW9A1, Self Propelled. FM 6-8, June 1974. 6 USA, Army Weapons Systems, 80, n.d. 3 HASC, FY 1979 DOD, Part 3, Book 1, p. 773. 7 Military Review, May 1980, p. 83. Nuclear Weapons Databook," Volume I 303 I MI98 155mm Gun

MI98 155mm Gun'

Figure 9.14 MI98 155mm towed gun.

DESCRIPTION: Medium, towed 155mm artil- SPECIFICATIONS: lery gun used by light units of Max Range: 18,000 m;2 30,000 m (rocket as- the Army and Marine Corps sisted projectiles)

MODIFICATIONS: none Weight:

CONTRACTORS: Rock Island Arsenal Weight of HE Round: IL (gun mounts and final Rate of Fire: 4/min (first 3 min); 20/hr there- assembly) after Condec Corp. Greenwich, CT Prime Mover: M813 5-ton truck, speed 34 mph (carriages) (roads); helicopter and air Watervliet Arsenal transportable; fordable to 30 NY inches of water (cannon) Numax Electronics Crew: Hauppauge, NY (fire control)

304 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 9 MI98 155mm Gun

NUCLEAR W48, 0.1 Kt yield (see W48); COST:4 WARHEADS: compatible with W82 Total Appropriation FY Number Procured ($ million) DEPLOYMENT: Number Deployed: 468 (Army) (1983)3 1980 & prior 0 1981 0 Location: United States, Japan (Okina- 1982 wa), South Korea COMMENTS: -MI98 is used by United States Allied User: none known airborne and light infantry units, replacing the M114. HISTORY: IOC: 1979

development of MI98 begins

1 USACGSC, Selected Readings in Tactics, RB 100-2, Vol. VI,June 1977, pp. 1-63, 1-64; Army 3 HASC, FY 1979 DOD,Part 3, Book 1, p. 773. Magazine, October 1977, October 1981. 4 USA, Army Weapons Systems, 80, n.d. 2 With standard ammunition. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 305 MI10 8-inch (203mml Gun

(203mm) Gun'

Figure 9.15 MI10 8-inch [203mm] ~elf-~ro~elfedhowitzer.

DESCRIPTION: Heavy, self-propelled 8-inch Weight: 58,500 lb (initial); 60,100 lb (Al); (203mm) artillery howitzer used 62,500 lb (A2) by the Army, Marine Corps, NATO, and allied armies. Weight of HE Round: 228 lb

MODIFICATIONS: MllOAl(SP), M110A2(SP) Rate of Fire: 1 every 2 min

CONTRACTORS: Bowen-McLaughlin-York Crew: 13 Yak, PA (final assembly) Prime Mover: tracked vehicle; speed 9 mph Detroit Diesel (cross country); 34 mph (roads); (engine) fordable to 42 inches of water; Pacific Car and Foundry air transportable (C-5A) Renton, WA (NBC protection system) NUCLEAR W33, sub-12 Kt (see W33); com- WARHEADS: patible with W79 (see W79) SPECIFICATIONS: Max Range: 16,800 m (initial); 20,600 m (Al); 29,000 m (A2)

306 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 9 MI10 8-inch (203mml Gun

DEPLOYMENT: COMMENTS: A1 version carried 25 caliber Number Deployed: 720 (Army) (1978); 1046 (Army) gun, no muzzle brake; A2 gun (1983)' incorporated muzzle brake, longer (37 caliber) cannon; con- Location: United States, Europe, South version of MllOAls to A2 con- Korea, Japan (Okinawa) figuration by field installation of muzzle brakes is in progress. Allied User: Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, MI10 is deployed with 12-24 United Kingdom, West Germa- guns per battalion. ny

HISTORY: IOC:

in full scale production (A2)

Total Appropriation FY Number Procured ($ million)

1980 & prior ? 1981 0 1982 0

1 USACGSC, Selected Readings in Tactics, RB 100-2, Vol. VI, June 1977, p. 1-65; Army Mogo- 2 HASC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 3, Book 1, p. 773. ine, October 1977, October 1981. 3 USA, Army Weapons Systems, 80, n.d. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 307 9 Future Nuclear Artillery

Future Nuclear Artillery Much controversy within the nuclear weapons pro- The W82 155mm nuclear artillery projectile is cur- gram has been created over whether the new warhead rently under development, with a planned deployment should be fission yield, enhanced radiation yield, or date of late-1986. The development program went both. Although technically the warhead is capable of largely unfunded during most of the Carter Administra- accepting an ER ~ption,~it has been referred to in some tion, but has been brought to full funding in the Reagan official reports as having a fission yield.5 According to budgets. The new projectile will have an enhanced radi- some report^,^ the proposal to build the warhead as an ation capability.' The W82 thus will be the third neu- ER warhead had been dropped, but it appears that plan- tron weapon in the stockpile, joining the W70-3 and ning and development continued with the intent of at W79 already in production. least having an ER capabi1ity.l Development of a new 155mm nuclear projectile Compared to the W74, which was cancelled by Con- began in 1969 when the Army argued that a modernized gress in 1973, the features of the W82 are not impressive. artillery shell was needed to replace the W48. Develop- W74 was designed for two yields, larger than the 0.1 ment of the W74 began that year and continued until kiloton W48.' The W82 yield also exceeds that of the 1973 when the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy termi- W48. The W74 reportedly had a CEP of 20, 60, and 110 nated the program due to excessive cost and the use of meters at short, medium and long ranges, comparable to obsolete (non "neutron bomb") technology. Army the'W8~.~The W74, when cancelled by Congress, cost requests to reinitiate the 155mm development were $452,000 each,1Âand the W82 cost is now estimated at denied by Congress in 1975 and 1976, but in 1977 a new close to $3 million each. The huge cost can be largely analysis of modernization requirements led to Congres- attributed to the more expensive enhanced radiation sional authorization and appropriation of funds to reini- design, with its tritium requirements. tiate a research program. The new projectile (W82), with an improved fission yield component design, has the Table 9.2 technical capability for conversion to enhanced radia- Comparison of Old and New 155mm tion yield in the field. This projectile continued in devel- Nuclear Artillery Shells opment until 1979 when Secretary of Defense Brown directed a 67 percent cut in the fiscal year 1981 budget W48 W82 - request, and then zeroed out fiscal year 1982 funds2The Users: Army, Marine Army, Marine 155mm nuclear artillery shell presently in research and Corps, NATO Corps, NATO development, however, has again risen in cost.3 That Yield: 0.1 kiloton less than 2 kilotons factor, along with the political implications of the Type: pure fission enhanced radiation Range: 16 km 30 krn enhanced radiation yield, make the weapon Weight: 128 Ib 95 Ib controversial. Materials: plutonium plutonium and tritium Cost: less than circa $2.5-3.0 $200,000 each million each Development Began: Aug 1957 First Deployed: Number Deployed: 3000 1000+ planned Locations: US, Europe, South 'us Korea

1 HASC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 5, p. 693. Walter Pincus, Washington Post, 27 October 1981, p. A10. 2 HASC, FY 1982 DOD. Part 2. D. 30: HASC. N 1982 DOD, Part 1. D. 45. 7 Walter Pincus, Washington Post, 11 December 1981, p. A9. 3 Some estimates put the cost per projectile at $3 million 8 Military Applications of Nuclear Technology, Part 1, ?p. 10, 12. 4 JCS, FY 1981, p. 47 9 Ibid. 5 JCS, FY 1982, p. 78; HASC, FY 1981 DOD, Part 4, Book 2, p. 2305. lo Military Applications of Nucler Technology, Part 3, p. 101. 308 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I FUNCTION: Warhead for the XM-785 Artil- DEVELOPMENT: lery Fired Atomic Projectile Laboratory: LLNL (AFAP) for 155mm artillery, to replace the current W48/M454 History: AFAP. IOC: 1986 May 1976 feasibility study completed WARHEAD Warhead is built in compo- (Phase 2)8 MODIFICATIONS: nents, allowing easy conver- Sep 1977 Lab assignment (Phase 3) sion from fission yield to en- (through FY 1983)9 hanced radiation yield. Dec 1980 production engineering (Phase 4) deferredlo SPECIFICATIONS: initial deployment Yield: less than 2 Kt;l exceeds that of the 0.1 Kt W48;' capable of ac- Production Period: cepting an ER option converti- ble in the field3 DEPLOYMENT: Number Planned: 1000 initially (1983); as many as Weight: circa 95 lb, ballistically similar 2500 overall to M549 rocket assist projectile (RAP) conventional round4 Delivery System: dual capable MI98 and M109/ Al/A2/A3 155mm howitzers; Dimensions: older 155mm howitzers Length: Diameter: Service: Army and Marine Corps"

Materials: if fission yield,5 probably with Allied User: NATO artillery units; the pro- plutonium, utilizing large jectile is "compatible with the amounts of tritium for ER ver- new family of howitzers being sion developed by the NATO allies"12 SAFEGUARDS AND Category D PAL, nonviolent ARMING command disable in M617 stor- Location: United States, Greece, Italy, FEATURES: age ~ontainer,~improved radar West Germany, Turkey, South fuzing for more accurate height Korea of burst7

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 309 COMMENTS: Reagan FY 1982 DOD budget requested $44.4 million for the W82." The FY 1982 supplemental request for DOE also requested $7.5 million to initi- ate construction on W82 production facilities." W82 elimi- nates "current projectile deficiencies in range, vulnera- bility, fuzing, and yield."15 It includes a rocket assist module which extends the range over that of the M-454 AFAP. The range will be up to 30 km (in the new M-198 howitzer) and 24 km in the M-109A1 howitzer, compared to 16 km for the present projectile.16 It is ballistically similar to a conventional round, precluding the need for a special spotting round.17 The new projectile is more accurate than the W48, with same accuracy as the current conventional round.18 Chamber- lain Manufacturing Co. received an Army contract on 21 March 1980 for $6 million for development of XM-785 components. Training rounds include XM820 "Type X" and XM841 "Type W."

1 Walter Pincus, Washington Post. 27 October 1981, p. A10. 10 HASC, FY 1982 DOD, Part 1, p. 45. 2 ACDA, FY 1982 ACIS, p. 280. 11 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p. 136. 3 JCS, FY 1981. p. 47. 12 JCS, FY 1982, p. 78. 4 HASC, FY 1981 DOD, Part 4. Book 2, p. 2305. 13 ACDA, FY 1982 ACIS, p. 278. 5 JCS, FY 1982, p. 78; HASC, FY 1981 DOD, Part 4, Book 2, p. 2305; ACDA, FY 1981 ACIS, p. 14 DOE, FY 1982 Supplemental Request to the Congress, Atomic Energy Defense Activities, 278. March 1982, p. 4. 6 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p. 136; ACDA, FY 1980 ACIS, p. 151. 15 JCS, FY 1982, p. 78. 7 ACDA, FY 1971 ACIS, p, 136; ACDA. FY 1980 ACIS, p. 155. 16 DOD, FY 1981 RDA, p. VII-6. 8 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p, 137. 17 ACDA, FY 1982 ACIS, p. 278. 9 Development engineering requested by DOE; ACDA, FY 1982 ACIS, p. 277; ACDA, FY 1979 18 HASC, FY 1981 DOD, Part 4, Book 2, p. 2305, ACIS, p. 136. The W82 remained in Phase 3 with no production funds in FY 1979 and FY 1980: SAC, FY 1981 EWDA, p. 818. 310 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Atomic Demolition Munitions and Earth Penetration Weapons

Atomic Demolition Munitions and Earth Penetration Weapons The Army (and Marine Corps) currently have two atomic demolitions munitions (ADMs) deployed: the Medium ADM (MADM) and the Special ADM (SADM) (see Chapter Three for technical description). The MADM is a 1-15 Kt nuclear land mine weighing some 400 pounds, first deployed in 1965. The SADM is a sub-1 Kt nuclear land mine weighing some 150 pounds, first deployed in 1964. MADM is emp'laced by engineer teams and carried by jeeps and helicopters. SADM is man portable and emplaced by special forces and comman- dos teams behind enemy lines. Approximately 600 ADMs are estimated to be deployed, mostly in Europe, South Korea, Guam, and the United States. ADM teams are earmarked to provide ADM support in Allied corps sectors in Central Europe and 1taly.l A number of NATO engineer units (British, Dutch, and West German) are Figure 9.16 Medium Atomic Demolition Munition (MADM) also trained to emplace ADMs. mock-up. ADMs are emplaced in chambers in the ground, on bridges, or in tunnels and dams, and are detonated by destroy point targets that require earthshock or crater- timer or remote command. They would be used primar- ing as the primary damage me~hanism.~ ily to disrupt the movement of enemy forces and to During the PERSHING I1 DSARC I1 deliberations make them concentrate in a mass to bypass obstacles (February 1979), the Army conducted a study examining (and thus create other targets for nuclear weapons). EPW needs and effectiveness and, given its potential SADMs would be emplaced behind enemy lines, partic- benefits, recommended to continue its de~elopment.~ ularly at airfields, command posts, transportation, com- The EPW program was then cancelled in January 1981 munications and industrial terminals, and petroleum because the carrying missile had changed from its origi- supplies. nal battlefield mission in 1976 to a long-range missile Work on the next generation of earth penetration with different targets.* Cancellation was also due to weapons (EPW)/demolition munition nuclear weapons budget constraint^.^ Development of the warhead was has been ongoing since the 1970s. High explosive tests then completed and the technology was put on the shelf that simulate the effects of low yield buried nuclear pending a future requirement.1Â munitions on structural targets have been conducted to Another weapon, the Shallow Burst Munition-a determine future ADM/EPW requirements. A Tactical nuclear device used at shallow depths which would pro- Earth Penetrator Warhead compatible with Army mis- vide air blast kills with reductions in thermal and siles was proposed in 1976 and was eventually designed nuclear radiation-was examined during 1976 but was as the W86 EPW for the PERSHING I1 missile. rejected in Phase 1. The W86 earth penetration warhead was a small A replacement for the current MADM system has also diameter,2 single yield3 design. Laboratory (Phase 3) been considered in the form of a modified B61 bomb, work began in 197g4 with the idea of supplementin designated the Nuclear Cratering Explosive (NCE)." ADMs by providing a remote delivery capability to cre-9 The number of ADMs will be gradually reduced as ate barriers and a means of attacking hard, point, and improved conventional capabilities are achieved. Cur- subsurface targets with maximum damage and mini- rently there are no plans to replace them with new mum fallo~t.~The W86 warhead was designed to dive nuclear systems.12 It appears that, at least for the pre- about nine stories underground before exploding, to sent, there are no plans to produce a new ADM or EPW system.

1 SASC, FY 1983 DOD, Part 7, p. 4386. 7 HAC, N 1982 DOD, Part 2, p. 576. 2 HASC, FY 1982 DOE, p. 218. 8 DOD, N 1982 RDA, p. VII-8; HASC, N 1981 DOD, Part 4, Book 2, p. 2309. 3 ACDA, FY 1981 ACIS, p. 235. 9 HASC, N 1981 DOD, Part 4, Book 2, p. 2309. 4 Remained in Phase 3 during FY 1980; SAC, N 1981 EWDA, p. 818. 10 HAC, N 1982 EWDA, Part 5, p. 34; DOD, N 1982 RDA, p. VII-8. 5 HAC, FY 1980 DOD, Part 2, p. 863. 11 USANCA "Materiel and Safety Division Activities, (January 1976 through December 6 ACDA, FY 1979 ACIS, p. 115; USA, "Equipping the Army of the Eighties, A Statement to the 1976)," n.d.: (July 1976 through June 1977), n.d. Congress on the FY 1981 ARMY RDTE and Procurement Appropriations," n.d., p. 33. 12 DOD, N 1983 RDA, p. VII-14. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 311

Glossary Terms

Glossary of Terms

ABM System: A system to counter strategic Anti-Ballistic Missile A defense missile used to inter- ballistic missiles in flight, and (ABM): cept and destroy or otherwise consisting of: 1) ABM intercep- neutralize an attacking ballistic tor missiles; 2) ABM launchers; missile in the upper reaches of 3) ABM radars, which are ra- the atmosphere and beyond dars constructed and deployed (endoatmosphere and exo- for an ABM role, or of a type atmosphere). tested in an ABM mode. Anti-Submarine Operations conducted with the Air-Breathing of A missile with an engine re- Warfare (ASW): intention of denying the enemy Missile: quiring the intake of air for the effective use of submarines. combustion of its fuel, as in a Arming: As applied to weapons and am- ramjet or turbojet. (To be con- munition, the changing from a trasted with the rocket-pow- safe condition to a state of ered missile, which carries its readiness for initiation, own oxidizer and can operate beyond the atmosphere.) Atomic Bomb: An explosive projectile (usually, a gravity bomb) whose war- Airburst: An explosion of a nuclear warhead contains nuclear-fission- head above the surface as disable radioactive materials as tinguished from an explosion the explosive charge, produc- on contact with the surface or ing nuclear fusion or fission ef- after penetration. Also, the ex- fects to destroy a target. More plosion of a nuclear weapon in narrowly, a fission bomb (see), the air, at height greater than as distinguished from fusion, or the maximum radius of the hydrogen bomb. fireball. Atomic Demolition Nuclear device designed to be Air Defense: Defensive measures designed Munition (ADM): detonated on or below the sur- to destroy attacking enemy air- face, or under water, to block, craft or missiles in the earth's deny and/or canalize enemy envelope of atmosphere, or to forces. nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack. Avionics: The application of electronics to aviation and astronautics. Air-Launched Cruise A cruise missile transported Missile (ALCM): aloft by a carrier aircraft and Ballistic Missile: Any missile designed to follow launched from that aircraft in the trajectory that results when flight. it is acted upon predominantly by gravity and aerodynamic Air-to-Air Missile A missile launched from an air- drag after thrust is terminated. (AAM) : craft at a target above the sur- Ballistic missiles typically op- face. erate outside the atmosphere Air-to-Surface A missile launched from an air- for a substantial portion of Missile (ASM): craft to impact on a surface tar- their flight path and are un- get. powered during most of the flight.

314 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Glossary Terms

Ballistic Missile Measures for defending against Bus: The projectile of a missile, with Defense (BMD): an attack by ballistic missiles; multiple reentry vehicles for example, a system com- (MRVs), including the RVs, gui- posed of antiballistic missiles dance system, propellant, and and radar and control equip- thrust device for altering the ment designed to intercept and ballistic flight path so that RVs destroy attacking ballistic mis- can be ejected sequentially to- siles before they reach, their ward respective targets. Also targets. known as post-boost vehicle (PBV). Ballistic Trajectory: The trajectory traced after the propulsive force is terminated Circular Error A measure of the delivery ac- and the body is acted upon Probable (CEP): curacy of a weapon system. It only by gravity and aerody- is the radius of a circle around namic drag. a target of such size that a weapon aimed at the center Beam Rider/Riding: 1. A missile guided by a ra- has a 50% probability of falling dar, radio, or laser beam. within the circle. 2. A missile guided by an electronic beam. Collateral Damage: Physical harm inflicted by intent or otherwise on persons Blast: The brief and rapid movement and property as a result of at- of air vapor or fluid away from tack (specifically, nuclear at- a center of outward pressure, tack) on a primary military tar- as in an explosion or in the get. combustion of rocket fuel; the pressure accompanying this Combat Radius: The maximum distance which movement. This term is com- an operational aircraft charac- monly used for "explosion," teristically armed for a combat but the two terms may be dis- mission can fly unrefueled tinguished. from its starting point and return safely, allowing for fuel Bomber (Light, 1. Light: A bomber designed expenditure involved in com- Medium, Heavy): for a tactical operating ra- bat action typical of the mis- dius of under 1000 nautical sion profile. miles at design gross weight and design bomb Command Disable A device integrated in a storage load. System (CDS): container to disable a nuclear 2. Medium: A bomber warhead by destroying critical designed for a tactical op- components. Cannot be acti- erating radius of between vated until a code is inserted. 1000 and 2500 nautical Counterforce: The employment of strategic miles at design gross air and missile forces in an ef- weight and design bomb fort to destroy, or render impo- load. tent, military capabilities of an 3. Heavy: A bomber designed enemy force. for a tactical operating radius over 2500 nautical Countervalue: The employment of strategic miles at design gross air or missile forces to attack weight and design bomb selected enemy population load. centers, industries, and re- sources and installations Booster: An auxiliary or initial propul- which constitute the social sion system which travels with fabric of the nation. a missile or aircraft and which may or may not be separated from the parent craft when its impulse has been delivered. A booster system may contain or consist of one or more units.

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 315 Glossary Terms

Cruise Missile: A guided missile which uses Enhanced Radiation The effects of and the technolo- aerodynamic lift to offset gravi- (ER): gy employed in that class of ty and propulsion to counteract controlled-effects nuclear drag. A cruise missile's flight weapons designed to intensify path remains within the nuclear radiation in the target Earth's atmosphere. area by attenuating blast and heat. Cruise Missile An aircraft equipped for Carrier: launching a cruise missile. Equivalent A measure used to compare the Megatonnage (EMT): destructive potential of differ- Decoy: A model, electromagnetic re- ing combinations of nuclear flector, or other device accom- warhead yield against relative- panying a nuclear weapon de- ly soft countervalue targets. livery vehicle in order to EMT is computed from the ex- mislead enemy defensive sys- pression: EMT = NYx, where N tems so as to increase the = number of actual warheads probability of penetration and of yield Y; Y = yield of the ac- weapon delivery. tual warheads in megatons; Delivery System: An aerospace vehicle consid- and x = scaling. ered as a whole, with all asso- Exoatmosphere: Higher than about 40 nautical ciated components, and inte- miles above sea level. gral with launchers and other installations employed in Externally Externally observable design transporting, launching, target- Observable features used to distinguish being, guiding, and delivering on Differences: tween those heavy bombers of target its nuclear weapon(s). current types (and air- launched cruise missiles) Dual-Capable Weapons, weapons systems, or which are capable of perform- Weapons: vehicles capable of selective ing a particular SALT-limited equipage with nuclear or non- function and those which are nuclear munitions. not. These differences need not Electromagnetic The electromagnetic radiation be functionally related but Pulse (EMP): from a nuclear explosion, must be a physical design fea- caused by Compton-recoil ture which is externally ob- electrons and photoelectrons servable. from photons scattered in the Fallout: The precipitation to earth of materials of the nuclear device, radioactive particulate matter in a surrounding medium. The from a nuclear cloud; also ap- resulting electric and magnetic plied to the particulate matter fields may couple with military itself. systems to produce damaging current and voltage source. Fighter-Bomber: Tactical aircraft configured for ground attack and interdiction Electronic Electronic warfare involving as well as for air combat. As Countermeasures actions taken to prevent or re- dual-capable systems, fighter- (ECM): duce the effectiveness of ene- bombers (such as F-111s) con- my equipment and tactics em- stitute a non-central system ploying or affected by with potential for strategic mis- electromagnetic radiations, and sions. to exploit the enemy's use of such radiations. Fission: The process whereby the nucleus of a particular heavy ele- Endoatmosphere: From sea level to about 40 nau- ment splits into (generally) two tical miles altitude. nuclei of lighter elements, with the release of substantial amounts of energy.

316 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Glossary Terms

Fission Weapon: Nuclear warhead whose mate- Fusion Weapon: Nuclear warhead containing rial is uranium or plutonium fusion materials (e.g., deuteri- which is brought to a critical um and tritium) which are mass under pressure from a brought to critical density and chemical explosive detonation temperature conditions by use to create an explosion that pro- of a primary fission reaction duces blast, thermal radiation, (thermonuclear) in order to ini- and nuclear radiation. The tiate and sustain a rapid fusion complete fission of one pound process, which in turn creates of fissionable material would an explosion that produces have a yield equivalent to 8000 blast, thermal radiation, and tons of TNT. Commonly nuclear radiation. The com- known as atomic bomb. plete fusion of one pound of fusion material is equivalent to Forward Based A term introduced by the 36,000 tons of TNT. Commonly Systems: U.S.S.R. to refer to those US. known as hydrogen bomb. nuclear systems based in third countries or on aircraft carriers Ground Alert: That status in which aircraft on and capable of delivering a nu- the ground/deck are fully ser- clear strike against the territory viced and armed, with combat of the U.S.S.R. crews in readiness to take off within a specified short period Fractionation: The division of the payload of of time (usually 15 minutes) af- a missile into several war- ter receipt of a mission order. heads. The use of a MIRV payload is an example of frac- Guidance: The entire process by which tionation. target intelligence information received by the guided missile Functionally Related The means by which SALT I1 is used to effect proper flight Observable provides for distinguishing be- control to cause timely direc- Differences (FROD): tween those aircraft which are tion changes for effective target capable of performing certain interception. SALT-limited functions and those which are not. FRODs Guided Missile: An unmanned vehicle moving are differences in the observa- above the surface of the earth, ble features of airplanes which whose trajectory or flight path specifically determine whether is capable of being altered by or not these airplanes can per- an external or internal mech- form the mission of a heavy anism. bomber, or whether or not they Half-Life: The time required for the activ- can perform the mission of a ity of a given radioactive spe- bomber equipped for cruise cies to decrease to half of its in- missiles of a range in excess of itial value due to radioactive 600 km, or whether or not they decay. The half-life is a charac- can perform the mission of a teristic property of each radio- bomber equipped for Air-to- active species and is independ- Surface Ballistic Missiles ent of its amount or condition. (ASBMs). The half-life of tritium is 12.3 Fusion: The process accompanied by years. the release of tremendous Hard Target: Any weapon site, command amounts of energy, whereby and control facility, production the nuclei of light elements center, blast shelter or other combine to form the nucleus of strategic target which has been a heavier element. hardened for protection against the effects of nuclear attack.

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 317 Glossary Terms

Height of Burst 1. The vertical distance from Inertial Confinement: A concept for attaining the (HOB): the earth's surface or target density and temperature condi- to the point of burst. tion that will produce nuclear 2. For nuclear weapons, the fusion by use of lasers or other optimum height of burst high power sources to com- for a particular target (or press and heat small pellets area) is that at which it is containing fusionable fuel. The estimated a weapon of a energy released is in the form specific energy yield will of fast neutrons, X-rays, produce a certain desired charged particles, and debris, effect over the maximum and can be used in much the possible area. same way as the energy output of any other fusion (or fission) High Explosive (HE): Generally applied to the burst- process. ing charges for bombs, projectiles, grenades, mines, and Inertial Guidance: A guidance system designed to demolition charges. project a missile over a predetermined path, wherein the Homing: The technique of tracking path of the missile is adjusted along a position line toward after launch by devices wholly the point of origin of a radio, within the missile and inde- radar or other navigation aid. pendent of outside informa- Homing Overlay The HOE is designed to tion. The system measures and Experiment (HOE): demonstrate the ability of op- converts accelerations expe- tics to acquire targets in flight; rienced to distance traveled in isolate RVs from accompany- a certain direction. ing chaff, penetration aids, and Initial Operational The date when the first combat booster fragments; and guide Capability (IOC): missile unit is equipped and the missile to intercept with a trained, and logistic support es- goal of a miss distance small tablished to permit perform- enough to permit RV destruc- ance of combat missions in the tion by other than nuclear field. An initial operational ca- means. HOE would demon- pability date is associated with strate the capability and illus- each new missile system as a trate the advantages of ex- target date for delivery of com- oatmosphere, non-nuclear bat equipment, repair parts, intercept at relatively long maintenance equipment, and ranges. publications, plus supply of Howitzer: A cannon which combines cer- trained personnel. tain characteristics of guns and Intercontinental A land-based fixed or mobile mortars. The howitzer delivers Ballistic Missile rocket-propelled vehicle capa- projectiles with medium veloc- (ICBM): ble of delivering a warhead to ities, by either low or high tra- intercontinental ranges. Once jectories. they are outside the atmos- Hydrogen Bomb: A nuclear weapon in which phere, ICBMs fly to a target on part of the explosive energy is an elliptical trajectory. An obtained from nuclear fusion ICBM consists of a booster. one (or thermonuclear) reaction. or more reentry vehicles, pbssi- bly penetration aids, and, in the case of a MIRVed missile, a post-boost vehicle. Intermediate Range A ballistic missile, with a range Ballistic Missile capability from about 1500 to (IRBM): 3000 nautical miles.

318 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Glossary Terms

Kiloton (Kt): A unit of measure of a nuclear Multiple Multiple reentry vehicles car- weapon's yield, equivalent to Independently- ried by a ballistic missile, each the explosive energy of one Targetable Reentry of which can be directed to a thousand tons of TNT. Thir- Vehicle (MIRV): separate and arbitrarily located teen kilotons was the approxi- target. A MIRVed missile em- mate yield of the atomic bomb ploys a post-boost vehicle detonated at Hiroshima. (PBV) or other warhead dis- pensing mechanism. The dis- Kiloton Weapon: A nuclear weapon, the yield of pensing and targeting mechan- which is measured in terms of ism maneuvers to achieve thousands of tons of trinitrotol- successive desired positions uene (TNT) explosive and velocities to dispense each equivalents, producing yields RV on a trajectory to attack the from 1 to 999 kilotons. desired target. Alternately, the Launch Weight: The weight of the fully loaded RVs might themselves maneu- missile itself at the time of ver toward their targets after launch. This would include the they reenter the atmosphere. aggregate post-boost vehicle Multiple Reentry The reentry vehicle of a ballis- (PBV) and the payload. Vehicle (MRV): tic missile equipped with mul- Laydown: Weapons employment from an tiple warheads where the mis- aircraft where a delayed fuzing sile does not have the and arming of the warhead per- capability of independently mits low level delivery and targeting the reentry vehicles- safe escape. as distinct from a missile equipped for MIRVs. Mach Number: The ratio of the velocity of a body to that of sound in the Nuclear Radiation: Particulate and electromagnet- surrounding medium. ic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei in various nuclear Maneuverable A reentry vehicle capable of processes. The important nu- Reentry Vehicle performing preplanned flight clear radiations, from the (MaRV): maneuvers during the reentry weapons effects standpoint, are phase. alpha and beta particles, gam- Maximum Range: The greatest distance a weapon ma rays, and neutrons. can fire without consideration Nuclear Weapon: A device in which the explo- of dispersion, or the greatest sion results from the energy re- distance a weapon system can leased by nuclear reactions in- fly. volving atomic nuclei; either Medium-Range A ballistic missile with a range fission, fusion, or both. Ballistic Missile capability from about 600 to Nuclear Yield: The energy released in the det- (MRBM): 1500 nautical miles. onation of a nuclear weapon, Megaton (Mt): A unit of measurement for nu- measured in terms of kilotons clear yield equivalent to the or megatons of trinitrotoluene energy released from one mil- explosive (TNT) required to lion tons of TNT. produce the same energy release. Yields are categorized as: Midcourse Guidance: The guidance applied to a mis- Very Low-less than 1 kiloton; sile between termination of the Low-1 kiloton to 10 kilotons; launching phase and the start Medium-over 10 kilotons to 50 of the terminal phase of flight. kilotons; High-over 50 kilotons "Mod" Designator Modifications made to the ma- to 500 kilotons; Very High- 1 Number: jor assembly design of a weap- over 500 kilotons. I on system. Mod-0 is the first Optimum Height: The height of an explosive version of a weapon design, which will produce the maxi- with subsequent modifications mum effect against a given tar- of the weapon design num- get. bered consecutively. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 319 Glossary Terms

Over Pressure: The pressure resulting from the Post-Boost Vehicle That part of a missile which blast wave of an explosion. It is (PBV): carries the reentry and thrust referred to as "positive" when devices for altering the ballistic it exceeds atmospheric pres- flight path so that the reentry sure and "negative" during the vehicles can be dispensed se- passage of the wave, when re- quentially toward different sulting pressures are less than targets (MIRVs). Ballistic mis- atmospheric pressure. siles with single RVs also might use a PBV to increase the Payload: Weapons and penetration aids accuracy of the RV by placing carried by a delivery vehicle. it more precisely into the de- In the case of a ballistic mis- sired trajectory. sile, the RV(s) and antiballistic missile penetration aids placed Projectile: An object projected by an ap- on ballistic trajectories by the plied exterior force and contin- main propulsion stages or the uing in motion, as an artillery PBV; in the case of a bomber, shell. those bombs, missiles, or Propellant: That which provides the ener- penaids carried internally or gy required for propelling a attached to the wing or fuse- projectile. Specifically, an ex- lage. plosive charge for propelling a Penetration Aids Devices employed by offensive bullet, shell or the like; also a (Active and Passive): weapon systems, such as bal- fuel, either solid or liquid, for listic missiles and bombers, to propelling- - - a rocket or missile. increase the probability of pen- Radar: Radio Detection And Ranging etrating enemy defenses. They equipment that determines the are frequently designed to sim- distance and usually the direc- ulate or to mask an aircraft or tion of objects by transmission ballistic missile warhead in or- and return of electromagnetic der to mislead enemy radar energy. and/or divert defensive antiair- craft or antimissile fire. Radar Cross-Section The image produced by radar (RCS): signals reflected from a given Permissive Action A coded switch which serves target surface. Because the size Link (PAL): as a mechanical supplement to of the image is a function not the administrative controls ex- only of the target's size, but of ercised over nuclear weapons structural shape and the refrac- employment. When installed, tory characteristics of its mate- they make weapon-enabling, or rials as well, radar cross-sec- access to the warhead itself, tion is an important design dependent upon possession of characteristic for air and space the code. vehicles. Personnel Reliability Program in which individuals Radius of Action: The maximum distance a ship, Program (PRP): who have responsibilities in aircraft, or vehicle can travel the nuclear release process are away from its base along a giv- kept under scrutiny to deter- en course with normal combat mine if behavior affects the load and return without refuel- conduct of the work. ing, allowing for all safety and operating factors. Ramjet: A jet propulsion engine containing neither compression nor turbine, which depends for its operation on the air compression accomplished by the forward motion of the engine.

320 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Glossary Terms

Range: The distance between any Short-Range Attack An air-to-surface missile with a given point and an object Missile (SRAM): range under 600 miles (and or target. generally under 100 miles) car- Extent or distance limiting ried by U.S. B-52 and FB-111 the operation or action of bomber aircraft as penetration something, such as the aids for suppression of enemy range of an aircraft, ship, air defenses. or gun. Short-Range Ballistic Land-based, rocket-propelled The distance which can be Missile (SRBM): vehicle capable of delivering a covered over a hard sur- warhead through space to a face by a ground vehicle, target at ranges up to about 600 with its rated payload, us- nautical miles. The U.S. PER- ing the fuel in its tank and SHING and LANCE, and Sovi- in cans normally carried as et SCUD, are tactical missile part of the ground vehicle systems classified as SRBMs. equipment. Area equipped for practice Silo: Hardened, underground facili- in shooting at targets. ty for a fixed-site ballistic missile and its crew, designed to Reduced Blast/ A nuclear weapon designed to provide pre-launch protection Enhanced Radiation produce significantly more and to serve as a launching Weapon (RB/ER): and/or higher energy output(s) platform. High-yield, precision of neutron, X-ray, gamma rays, nuclear weapons are required or a combination thereof than a to destroy a silo construction. normal weapon of the same total yield. Stockpile: Nuclear storage. Also, the total number of nuclear weapons Reentry Vehicle (RV): That portion of a ballistic mis- which a nation maintains in sile which carries the nuclear storage at all locations and po- warhead. It is called a reentry tentially available for deploy- vehicle because it reenters the ment. earth's atmosphere in the terminal portion of the missile Strategic Forces: Nuclear weapons and delivery trajectory. systems designed for nuclear attack against strategic targets Residual Radiation: Nuclear radiation caused by or for active defense against fallout, radioactive material such an attack: bomber; mis- dispersed artificially, or irradi- sile systems, and strategic in- ation which results from a nu- terceptors. Commonly refers to clear explosion and persists offensive weapons in the U.S. longer than one minute after and the U.S.S.R. that can deliv- burst. er a nuclear strike on each SAFEGUARD: A ballistic missile defense pri- other or a third party. marily designed to protect U.S. Strategic Offense: Forces and measures existing land-based retaliatory forces to mount a nuclear attack against direct attack, and pro- against enemy strategic targets, tect the US. against a possible designed to destroy the ene- accidental launch or small at- my's war-making capacity. tack. The principal subsystems were the SPRINT and SPAR- Sub-Kiloton Weapon: A nuclear weapon producing a TAN missiles, Missile Site Ra- yield below one kiloton. dar, Perimeter Acquisition Ra- dar, and the Data Processing System.

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 321 Glossary Terms

Submarine-Launched A ballistic missile carried in Thermonuclear A weapon in which very high Ballistic Missile and launched from a subma- Weapon: temperatures are used to bring (SLBM): rine, which affords mobility about the fusion of light nuclei, and concealment for a missile such as those of hydrogen iso- force. The SALT I1 Treaty in- topes (e.g., deuterium and triti- cludes the following definition: um), with the accompanying 'submarine-launched ballistic release of energy. The high missile (SLBM) launchers are temperatures required are ob- launchers of ballistic missiles tained by means of an atomic installed on any nuclear-pow- (fusion) explosion. ered submarine or launchers of Throw-Weight: Ballistic missile throw-weight modern ballistic missiles in- is the useful weight which is stalled on any submarine, replaced on a trajectory toward gardless of its type." [Article I1 the target by the boost or main (211 propulsion stages of the mis- Surface-to-Air A surface-launched missile sile. For the purposes of SALT Missile (SAM): designed to operate against a 11, throw-weight is defined as target above the surface. the sum of the weight of: the RV or RVs; Surface-to-Surface A surface-launched missile any PBV or similar device Missile (SSM): designed to operate against a for releasing or targeting target on the surface. one or more RVs; and Tactical Nuclear The use of nuclear weapons by any antiballistic missile (Forces, Weapons): land, sea, or air forces against penetration aids, including opposing forces. Also support- their release devices. ing installations or facilities, in Transporter-Erector- The vehicle designed to move a support of operations, which Launcher (TEL): land-based mobile missile contribute to the accomplish- within its shelter and to break ment of a military mission of through the overhead cover, limited scope, or in support of raise the missile into firing po- the military commander's sition, ?nd serve as a platform scheme of maneuver, usually for the launch of the missile. limited to the area of military operations. Triad: The tripartite U.S. strategic de- terrent force, which consists of Terminal Guidance: The guidance applied to a mis- land-based ICBMs, submarine- sile between mid-course gui- launched ballistic missiles, and dance and its arrival in the vi- strategic bombers. The capabil- cinity of the target. ities and characteristics of each Terrain Contour Guidance system, presently system complement the others. Matching (TERCOM): employed in cruise missiles, Disproportionate reliance on which correlates preprogram- any one system is avoided, so med contour map data with the that the ends of deterrence and terrain being overflown, in or- stability are served, and the der to take periodic fixes and risks of technological surprise adjust the flight path accord- are reduced. ingly. TERCOM improves the Turbojet Engine: A jet engine whose air is sup- accuracy provided by inertial plied by a turbine driven com- guidance alone. pressor, the turbine being acti- Theater: The geographical area outside vated by exhaust gases. the continental United States for which a commander of a unified or specified command has been assigned military responsibility.

322 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Glossary Terms

Warhead: The part of a missile, projectile, Yield: The energy released in an ex- torpedo, rocket, or other muni- plosion. The energy released in tion which contains either the the detonation of a nuclear nuclear or the thermonuclear weapon is generally measured system, high explosive system, in terms of the kilotons (Kt) or chemical or biological agents, megatons (Mt) of TNT required or inert materials, intended to to produce the same energy re- inflict damage. lease.

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 323 Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms

Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms

AAM Air-to-Air Missile ANGB Air National Guard Base AB Airbase AOE Ammunition Ship ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile AP Airport ABRES Advanced Ballistic Reentry AMaRV Advanced Maneuvering Systems Reentry Vehicle ABRV Advanced Ballistic Reentry AS Submarine Tender (Ship) Vehicle ASALM Advanced Strategic Air- ACDA Arms Control and Launched Missile Disarmament Agency ASAT Anti-Satellite ^CIS Arms Control Impact ASBM Air-to-Surface Ballistic Missile Statement ASM Air-to-Surface Missile ACMT Advanced Cruise Missile Technology ASMS Advanced Strategic Missile System AD Destroyer Tender (Ship) ASROC Anti-Submarine Rocket ADCOM Aerospace Defense Command ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare ADM Atomic Demolition Munition ASWSOW Anti-Submarine Warfare AE Ammunition Ship Stand-Off Weapon AEC Atomic Energy Commission ATB Advanced Technology Bomber Artillery-Fired Atomic AFAP ATBM Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile Projectile ATP Advanced Technology Air Force Base AFB Program AFM Air Force Manual AW&ST Aviation Week & Space AFR Air Force Regulation Technology AGM Air-to-Surface Missile AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System AIR Air-to-Air Missile Battleship AIRS Advanced Inertial Reference BB Sphere BDM Bomber Defense Missile ALBM Air-Launched Ballistic Missile BMD Ballistic Missile Defense ALC Air Logistics Center CANTRAC Catalog of Navy Training Activities ALCM Air-Launched Cruise Missile CDS Command Disable System AMAC Airborne Monitoring and Control System CEP Circular Error Probable AMSA Advanced Manned Strategic CG Guided Missile Cruiser Aircraft CGN Nuclear Powered Guided ANG Air National Guard Missile Cruiser

324 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms cm Centimeter FY Fiscal Year CMCA Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft GAO General Accounting Office CMI Cruise Missile Integration GLCM Ground-Launched Cruise Missile CMP Counter Military Potential HAC House Appropriations CONUS Continental United States Committee CSB Closely Spaced Basing HASC House Armed Services csws Corps Support Weapon Committee System HE High Explosive cv Aircraft Carrier HEU Highly Enriched Uranium DARPA Defense Advanced Research HOB Height Of Burst Projects Agency HOE Homing Overlay Experiment DD Destroyer IAP Improved Accuracy Program DDG Guided Missile Destroyer IAP International Airport DOD Department of Defense ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic DOE Department of Energy Missile DSARC Defense Systems Acquisition IHE Insensitive High Explosives Review Council in Inch DU Depleted Uranium IOC Initial Operational Capability ECM Electronic Counter Measure IR Infrared EMP Electro-Magnetic Pulse IRBM Intermediate-Range Ballistic EMT Equivalent Megatonnage Missile EPW Earth Penetrator Weapon/ JCMPO Joint Cruise Missile Program Warhead Office ER Enhanced Radiation ("Neutron Joint Chiefs of Staff Bomb") JCS JTACMS Joint Tactical Missile System ERB Extended-Range Bomb Kilogram ERDA Energy Research and kg Development Administration km Kilometer EWDA Energy and Water Kt Kiloton Development Appropriations LANL Los Alamos National FBM Fleet Ballistic Missile Laboratory FBS Forward Based Systems LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory FEBA Forward Edge of the Battle Area LOADS Low Altitude Defense System FF Frigate LRCA Long-Range Combat Aircraft FFG Guided Missile Frigate LRTNF Long-Range Theater Nuclear Forces FM Field Manual m Meter, million FRG Federal Republic of Germany MADM Medium Atomic Demolition FROD Functionally Related Munition Observable Difference MAPS Multiple Aim Point System ft Feet MaRV Maneuvering Re-entry Vehicle FUFO Full Fuzing Option Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 325 Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms

MCAS Marine Corps Air Station RB/ER Reduced Blast/Enhanced Radiation mi Statute Mile RCS Radar Cross Section MIRV Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle RDA Research, Development, and MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket Acquisition System RDT&E Research, Development, Test, MPM Multipurpose Missile and Evaluation MPS Multiple Protective Shelter RR Reduced-Range MRASM Medium-Range Air-to-Surface RV Re-entry Vehicle Missile SAC Senate Appropriations MRBM Medium-Range Ballistic Committee Missile SAC Strategic Air Command MRV Multiple Re-entry Vehicle SACEUR Supreme Allied Command Europe Mt Megaton SADM Special Atomic Demolition MT Metric Ton Munition MX Missile Experimental SALT Strategic Arms Limitation NAS Naval Air Station Treaty NATO North Atlantic Treaty SAM Surface-to-Air Missile Organization SASC Senate Armed Services nm Nautical Mile Committe NORAD North American Aerospace SICBM Small Intercontinental Defense Command Ballistic Missile OAS Offensive Avionics System SLBM Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense SLCM Sea-Launched Cruise Missile Pla PERSHING la Missile SLEP Service Life Extension PI1 PERSHING I1 Missile Program PAA Primary Airvehicle SNDV Strategic Nuclear Delivery Authorized Vehicle PAL Permissive Action Link SNM Special Nuclear Materials PBV Post-Boost Vehicle SRAM Short-Range Attack Missile SRBM PGRV Precision Guided Re-entry Short-Range Ballistic Missile Vehicle SSBN Nuclear Powered Ballistic POC Program of Cooperation Missile Submarine Surface-to-Surface Missile POL Petroleum, Oil, and SSM Lubricants SSN Nuclear-powered Attack PRP Personnel Reliability Program Submarine STP Systems Technology Program QRA Quick Reaction Alert SUAWACS Soviet Union AWACS RADAG Radar Area Correlation Guidance SUBROC Submarine Rocket RAF Royal Air Force SUM Shallow Underwater Mobile RAP Rocked Assisted Projectile TAG Tactical Air Command

326 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms

TASM TOMAHAWK Anti-Ship UE Unit Equipment Missile UGM Underwater-to-Surface Missile TEL Transporter-Erector-Launcher USA United States Army TERCOM Terrain Contour Matching USAF United States Air Force TLAM/ C TOMAHAWK Land-Attack USN United States Navy Missile/Conventional VHSIC Very High Speed Integrated TOMAHAWK Land-Attack Circuits Missile/Nuclear VLA Vertical Launch ASROC TNF Theater Nuclear Forces VLS Vertical Launching System TNW Theater Nuclear War w Warhead TY Then Year

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 327

Index

A-1 (SKYRAIDER),210 Air-Launched Cruise Missiles (ALCM),3, 9,12,16,17,18,38, 39, 58, A-4 (SKYHAWK), 5, 42, 49, 66, 90, 94.199, 200, 202, 205-206, 210, 79, 80, 83, 86.101.102, 105,106,149,150,156.159.160.172, 212. 253 173-178,191-193,194, 314 A-6 (INTRUDER), 5.42,49. 66,90,92,199-200,202, 203,207- subcontractors, 176 208, 244, 251, 252, 253 Air Logistics Centers (ALC),85 A-7 (CORSAIR II), 5, 42, 49, 66, 92, 94,199, 200, 202, 203, 209-210, Air National Guard, 86. 88.199. 209, 210, 214, 216, 222, 230, 231 225,244, 251-253 Air-to-air missiles, 41,168,194,231, 314. See also GENIE, PHOENIX Adak Naval Station, AK, 82 Air-to-surface missiles. See B-52, FB-111 Bombers, Short Range Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems (ABRES),108,109,324 Attack Missiles Advanced Ballistic Reentry Vehicle (ABRV), 76,103,105,108,109, Alameda Naval Air Station, CA, 82, 94 121,125,126-127, 133,145, 324. See also Missile Reentry Vehicle Alamogordo, NM, Trinity site, 7, 9, 31 Advanced Cruise Missile, 16.17.80.172.191-192 Allied countries. 4, 38. 41, 43, 46, 47. 49, 53. 54. 56, 60. 63. 66.73. Advanced Cruise Missile Technology (ACMT) program, 16,18,173, 78, 94-97, 180, 202, 210, 216, 222. 226. 228. 229, 234, 241. 280, 175,191,192 281, 282, 283, 287, 288, 289-292, 296, 300, 301, 302, 303, 306, Advanced Fighter Technology Integration, 204 307, 309, 311 See also Europe, NATO Advanced Maneuvering Reentry Vehicle (AMaRV),108,109-110, Aluminum Co. of America, 176 See also Missile Reentry Vehicle Ammunition ship (AE),92 Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (AMSA),156 Amphibious Assault Ships (LPH),89, 244, 245 Advanced Mobile ICBM, 18 Amphibious Transport Docks (LPD), 89 Advanced Strategic Air-Launched Missile (ASALM), 17, 18, 39, Anadyte-Kropp, 176 71.80,155,193-195,245,264, 272. See also Counter SUAWACS Andersen AFB, Guam, 86 Lethal Neutralization System, 193,195 Anti-air missiles, 4, 5, 52, 89, 273, 275, 277, 287. See also NIKE- to replace SRAM, 18,193,194 HERCULES Advanced Strategic Missile System (ASMS), 108,109 Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM),15,18, 38,110,129, 163-167, 276, 314. Advanced Tactical Air Delivered Weapon, 16,18,202 See also Low Altitude Defense System, SAFEGUARD, SENTRY Advanced Tactical Fighter, 203-204, 219, 222 Anti-satellite missile (ASAT), 218 Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB) "Stealth," 17,106,153,159, Anti-ship cruise missile. See HARPOON, TOMAHAWK 162,172-173,191,194, 203 Anti-submarine aircraft, 3. 5,199. 234-240. See also P-3, ORION, Advanced Technology Cruise Missile. See Advanced Cruise S-3 VIKING Missile Technology. Anti-submarine helicopters, 5, 63, 92, 94, 238-240. See also SH- AEGIS anti-air defense system, 246, 257, 258, 272, 275, 277. See 3D/H, SH-60F also Ticonderoga class cruisers Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASROC), 3, 5, 8, 39, 51, 92,94,189, 244, Aerojet General, 111, 113,116, 124,136,168,188,275 246,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265-268,271 Aeronca. Inc., 161 Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW),3. 8.18.19. 63. 79. 265. 271 Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM), 214 air-delivered weapons, 16-18,39, 64, 266 Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS), 119 standoff weapons (ASWSOW),244,246,265,266,271 Air burst'ground burst, 42, 43, 58, 63,126, 297 SUBROC 3, 5, 8. 39, 61, 94. 244, 246, 247. 249. 269-270 Aircraft, retired, 10. 43, 50. 58 surface-delivered weapons, 16,18, 39, 51, 245 Aircraft carriers (CV),92, 94, 205. 206, 207. 209, 223, 236, 238, 239, Apra Harbor, Guam, 94 244, 245, 246, 251-255, 257 ARMADILLO carrier and launcher. 132.133 Aircraft Monitoring and Control system (AMAC), 198 Armed Services and Appropriations Committee, Conference &Research Manufacturing Co., 161, 176, 269 Report, 16 Air Force. 5, 7-9,19, 27. 41, 43. 49, 58, 59, 62, 66, 68, 71, 75, 79, 80, Armored Box Launcher. 185,187,256.264 83, 88, 95,103,105,107, 109,111,112,113,116,119,120,121,122, Army, 4, 5, 7-9, 34, 35, 38, 46,47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60,72,73,78, 125.127, 128, 130,131,132,150,151,154,155,162,163,168,172, 280 - 311 173,175,176,181,183,191,192,193,195,199, 200, 202, 203, 210, artillery used by, 88, 281 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 227, 229, 230, 232. 233, 280, 292. elimination of non-nuclear weapons in, 88 298,299 National Guard, 46, 282 strategic role of, 84-86 nuclear weapons: deployed by, 280-311 training locations, 85 locations of, 87 warheads used by, 39 training centers. 88 weapons location, 85, 87 units. 90, 91

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 331 Index

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 331 warheads, 39 Boeing, 113,116,118,124,132,133,148,150,151,154,155,161,165, strategic role of, 86-89 171,172-175,178,271 Technical Proficiency Inspection, 83 Boeing/Hughes/LTV, 193 Artillery Fired Atomic Projectile (AFAP),47, 54,77, 309, 310. See BoeingJNorthrop, 162 also Nuclear artillery Bolkow, 241 Asia, SAC bases in, 11, 97 Bomber Defense Missile (BDM), 18,193 ASROC, See Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASROC). Bond, V.R, 25 Assault breaker program, 298-299 Boosted fission weapons, 27, 56, 65, 68, 69, 72, 74. See also D-T, ASTOR torpedo, 8,10,12, 264, 265 deuterium, fission, tritium Atlantic City AP, NJ, 82, 88 Bowen, Lee, 27 Atlantic Command, 83 Bowen-McLaughlin-York, 302, 306 Atlantic Fleet Nuclear Weapons Training Group, Norfolk, VA, 93 Brown, Harold. 246, 308 Atlantic Research Corp., 173, 275 Brunswick Air Station, ME, 82 Atlas D, 11,12,102 Brunswick Corp., 161 Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM),2, 3, 5,7, 8,11, 89, 90, 91,96, Buchel, West Germany, 229 280, 281, 311 BULLPUP B missile, 8,10, 53 deployed in West Germany, 89 Burke class destroyers, 186, 244, 246, 255, 256, 261-262 warheads, 8,12 Burke, I.F., 41, 43 See also Medium Atomic Demolition Munitions, Special Atomic Demolition Munitions C-5 transport, 289 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 6,14 C-130 transport, 289 Attack submarines (SSN), 5,92, 244~250,269.See also C-141 transport, 289 HARPOON, SUBmarine Rockets, TOMAHAWK California class cruisers, 185,186, 260 AV-8A/B (HARRIER), 90, 91,199, 202, 203,206, 208, 211-212 Calmendro, 109,125,127 AVCO Corp., 113,124,161 Canada, 41, 94, 95,163,199,213-214, 224 Avionica, 241 Canberra, 11 Cannon AFB, NM, 233 B-1 bomber (A/B),42, 66, 80, 106,156-161,172,174,175, 194,198 Cannon, Lou, 133 199, 200 Capability Inspection, Air Force, 83 B-52 bomber (GIH), xiv, 3,4,17,42, 49, 58, 66, 67, 80,101,102,148- Carl Vinson class aircraft carriers, 251, 252 151,154-157,162,174-175,177,178,189,194,199,200 Carswell AFB, TX, 82, 86,176 B-58 HUSTLER, 10,156 Carter, Jimmy, 13,130,156,159,177,248,308 B-70,156 Castle AFB, CA, 82, 86, 88,176 B.F. Goodrich Co., 161 Cecil Field NAS, FL, 82, 210, 235 Bagotville, Canada, deployment of CF-lmB, 214 Central Command, 83 Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD),128,129,131,163-167, 315. See Certification Inspection, nuclear personnel, 83 also Anti-Ballistic Missiles CF-18, 202, 223 Ballistic Missile Reentry Vehicles, 106-109, 292, 295. See also CF-10-1,94,163,168,199,202,213-214, 224 Missile reentry vehicles Chain reaction, fission, 22-23, 25 Ballistic missile submarines, 69, 74, See also Nuclear Powered Chamberlain Manufacturing Co., 78, 310 Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN), POLARIS, POSEIDON, Chanute AFB, IL, 85 TRIDENT Charles Stark Draper Lab., 124 Barber Point Air Station, HI, 82 Charleston AFB, SC, 82 Bangor, WA, TRIDENT base, 82,94,104,139 Charleston Naval Base and Weapons Station, SC, 82,93,94,135, Barksdale AFB, LA, 82, 85, 86,176 269 Baseline Terminal Defense Systems (BTDS),18,164 Cherokee Shot, thermonuclear test, 34 Bath Iron Works, 263 China Lake, Navy Laboratory, CA, 271 Battleships, 185-186, 244, 246, 255 Clark AB, Philippines, 216 Belgium, 46,47, 54, 66, 73,78, 94, 95, 222, 228, 229, 280, 281, 285, Cleveland Pneumatic Co., 161 287,300, 301,303,307 Closely Spaced BasingiDense Pack (CSB),'120,125,129,131 Bell Aerospace Textron, 116 Cochran, Thomas B., 70 Bell Telephone Labs, 136 Coded switch system, 160 Bendix Corp., 161, 289,293 Cohen, S.T., 28 Bethe, Hans, 25, 29 Collins, John, 100,112,115,119 Bitburg AB, West Germany, 218 Comiso, Italy, GLCM base, 180 Blohm, 241 Command data buffer, 114,118 BlytheviUe, AFB, AR, 82,86,176 Command disable, 30,49, 54, 65,72,77,160,182,200

332 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Commission on Strategic Forces (Scowcroft Commission), 120,129, Depth charges, xiv, 2, 8, 61, 63-64, 246 132,133 Derivative Fighter Aircraft, 19, 219, 222 Comox, Canada, deployment of CF-1mB, 214 Desired Ground Zeros (DGZ),112 Computer Development Corp., 165 Destroyer Tender (AD), 92 Concord Weapons Station, CA, 82,93 Destroyers (DD: DDG), 51, 92. 244, 245, 267 Condec Corp., 304 Detroit Diesel. 209, 234, 302. 306 Congress, funding for warheads, 16 Deuterium. 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 35 Consolidated Control Corp., 176 DeWitt, Hugh E., 29 Consolidated Guidance, stockpile recommendations, 83 DING DONG, 169 Continuous Patrol Aircraft (CPA),129,130-131 Division Support Weapon System, 301 Contractors. See individual contractor names under warhead and Dock Landing Ships (LSD), 89 delivery system fact sheets Dolan, Philip I., xiv. 22. 25 Conventional standoff weapon, 298 Drell, Sidney D., 147 CORPORAL, 7,11 D-T boosted fission, 27. 56, 65, 68, 69, 72. See also deuterium, Corps Support Command, 88 tritium Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS),16,18,280,298-299 D-T reaction, 22, 23, 27. See also deuterium, tritium Costs of weapons, 2,15,70,74,109,122,135,140,151,159,177,180, Duff, Robert T., 32 187, 190,195, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 218, 221, 225, 235, 237, Dyess AFB, TX, 82,86,159 240, 250, 254, 259, 261, 268, 276, 286, 291, 296, 299, 303, 305, 307 Dynamics Research Corp., 124 Counter SUAWACS, 193,195 Critical mass, 24-25. See also Fission Eagle Picher Industries, 176 Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft (CMCA),156,157 Earle Weapons Station, NJ, 82 Cruise missiles, xiv, 2, 9,16,172-195, 256, 276. See also Advanced Earth Penetration Warhead (EPW), 292, 311 Cruise Missile, Air-Launched Cruise Missile, Ground-Launched Economics Technology Association, 124 Cruise Missile, Sea-Launched Cruise Missile, TOMAHAWK Eglin AFB, FL, 218 Cruisers (CGICCN), 51, 92, 93, 94, 244, 245, 246, 255, 256, 257- Eielson AFB, AK, 82 260,267,275,276 Eilers, D., 32 Crane Co., 161 Eisenhower. Dwight, D., and ballistic missile development, 12 "Custodial units" in allied countries, 38, 94 El Toro MCAS, CA, 206. 208. 212, 224 Cutler Hammer, 161 Electric Boat, 104 Cyclotol, 41,42,45, 59 Electrical safety on warheads, 30-31 Electromagnetic pulse (EMP),29 Damascus. AK, silo accident, 112 Electronics Space Systems Corp., 165 Davis-Monthan AFB, M,82. 87.112 Ellington AFB, TX, 82, 88 DAVY CROCKETT, 8,10,12,33,36,60 Ellsworth AFB, SD, 86, 87. 114,176 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). See Elmendorf AFB, AK, 82, 88, 216, 218 Department of Defense (DOD) Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS).115 Defensive forces. See Anti-Ballistic Missiles, Ballistic Missile Emerson Electric, 282 Defense, Strategic Defense System Enewetak Atoll, 26. 27. 34 Deep Basing (DB), alternative for MX, 129, 130 Enhanced radiation weapons (ER),14-15.28-29.308 DEA, Inc., 176 warheads for, 19, 55,72,73,278, 300 Delco Electronics, 111,154,194,220 yield of, 28-29 Denmark, 46, 222 Environmental Sensing Device (ESD), 30 Department of Defense (DOD),6,14,15,17, 89,110,193, 231, 244, Ertech Western, 124 245,296 Europe, 43,45, 50,64,84 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 29, deployment of US missiles in, xiv, 19, 83,172,173,180.183, 203, 191-192 221. 280. 288, 293, 300, 307, 311 Directed Energy Program, 29 and SAC bases, 11 Joint Cruise Missile Project Office, 172 See also Allied countries, NATO and nuclear weapons stockpile, 38 Explosive Technology, 176 statements on nuclear weapons, 13, 272 Extended Range Bomb (ERB), 202 stockpile memorandum, 83 Department of Energy (DOE), 14,15,17, 245 F-4 (PHANTOM 11), 4, 5. 18, 41, 42, 49, 66, 86, 90, 92, 94, 163,168. 1 PANTEX plant, Amarillo, TX, 85, 87, 93 199, 200, 202, 203. 215-216, 219, 221, 222, 225, 231, 251. 252, 253 relationship to DOD, 14 F-14, 202, 203, 216, 251, 252 report on POSEIDON warheads, 70 F-15 (EAGLE),4,5,18,19,41,86,157,163,168,199,202, 203, 217-219, responsibility for nuclear weapons, 14 I 222, 231 I

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 333 Index

F-15E. 203, 204, 219 Garrett Corp., 161,191 F-16 (FIGHTING FALCON), 5,18,19,49,66, 85,86,94,157,199, 200, Garwin, Richard, 28,147 202, 203, 204, 220-222,229, 231 Geilenkirchen/Tevren, West Germany, 290 F-16A, 204, 220 Gelb, Leslie, 133 F-16E. 203, 204, 220, 222 General Dynamics. 104,133,134,138,152,172,173,175,186,191, F-181A-18 (HORNET),5,19, 90, 92, 94,163,199, 202, 203, 204, 210, 220, 222, 230. 232, 274, 275 214, 223-225, 252 General Electric. 110, I'll, 116,124,136.142,161,162,165,203, 215, F-89J,168 223,228. 236, 239 F-100 (SUPERSABRE),5,42,94, 199, 202, 226-227 General Motors, 302 F-101, 41, 86, 213-214 General Precision, 154 F-102, 231 GENIE, 3,7,18,19.39,41,86,88,168-169,199,213,216, 218, 230, 231 F-104 (STARFIGHTER), 5,42,94,199, 202,228-229, 242 George AFB, CA, 82 F-106 (DELTADART),4,18,41,86,163,168,199, 202, 216, 219, 222, Getler, Michael, 68, 80,141 230-231 Ghedi-Torre, Italy, 229 F-111, 5,19, 49, 66, 86,156,199, 200, 202, 203, 219, 222, 232-233 Glasstone, Samuel, xiv, 22, 25 FB-111, 4,17, 49, 66, 67, 71, 80, 85,101,102,105,106,152-153,154, Goodyear Aerospace Corp., 161, 265, 269, 270, 293 155,156,194,199,200 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 161 F.E. Warren AFB, WY, 82, 87, 118,129 Gould, Inc., 271 Fairay Corp., 222 Grand Falls Intl. Airport, MT, 82 Fairchild AFB, WA, 82, 86,176 Grand Forks AFB, ND, 76,82,86,118,164,167,176 FALCON missile, 8,12, 33, 60 Gray, Colin S.,112,119,137 Farm Machinery Corp., 284 Great Falls IAF! MT, 88 FAT MAN. 6. 7. 25. 26. 32. 33. 34, 36 Greece. 39, 46. 47, 54, 66,78, 94, 95, 96,199, 210, 216, 228, 280, 281, Federal Republic of Germany. See West Germany 282, 283, 287, 288, 300, 301, 309 Ferrulmatics Inc., 78 Greenham Common, UK, 180 FH-701 SP-70 artillery gun, 301 Greenwood. Ted, 22 Fiat, 241 Griffiss AFB, NY, 86, 88,176 First strike capabilities, xiv Griffiths, David R., 153 Fissile materials. 14, 23, 25. 30. 49. 62, 65, 68. 69, 71. 72. 74. 75. 77, Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM),9,15,16,18.80,172,173, 103,126,182. 200. 277, 297 179-181. '183,191, 292, 295 availability of, 6, 13 Groton, CT, submarine base, 94. 134,138. 269 core, 24-27 Groves, Major General Leslie, 31 for MX missile, 125,127 Grumman Aerospace, 207, 208 Fission, nuclear, 22 - 26 GTE Sylvania, 113,116,124,166,173 Fissionable material, 23 - 24 Guam, 86, 94, 311 Fission warheads, 41,45, 47, 51, 52, 54. 56, 60. 61, 72. 74. 77 Gulton Industries, 176, 289 Fleet attack SSN, 248 Gun assembly technique, 9, 26, 32,47 Florennes. Belgium, 180 Gun device. See Gun assembly technique FMC, Northrop Ordnance, 173 Guns. See Nuclear artillery Fokker Corp., 222 Force loadings, 4 H.I. Thompson. 289 Ford, Gerald, 77 Halloran, Richard, 146,191 Ford Motor Co., 289 Hanford reactor, 11 Fort Bliss, TX, 288 HARPOON cruise missile, 19,173.188-190, 208. 235, 237, 244, 247, Fort Sill, OK. 285, 290, 294 249, 250, 255-258, 260-267 Fractional crit, 25 Harris Corp., 161 Free flight rocket, 4 Harry Diamond Lab, 78 Fresno Air Terminal, CA, 82, 88 HAWK missile, 19, 95 Frigates (FF),51, 244, 245, 246, 255, 256, 263, 266, 267 Hector Field Air National Guard Base, ND, 82, 88 Fuels, thermonuclear, 22 - 29 Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron (HS),92 Fugro National, 124 Helicopter Combat Support Squadron (HC),92 Fusion weapons, 6, 22, 24, 26-35, 42, 49, 58, 59, 62. See also Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron (HM),92 Thermonuclear weapons Henningson, Durham and Richardson, 124 Hercules, Inc., 113,124,136,142,161,282, 287 G & H Technology, 176 Hi Shear Corp., 176 Gadget nuclear explosive device, 31, 32 Hickman AFB, HI, 82 GaetaiNaples, Italy, 94 HIGH CARD. 169

334 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Index

Hill AFB, UT, 82, 85, 221 Kelly AFB. TX, 82, 85 Hiroshima, xiv, 6, 7, 9, 26, 32. 36 Kelsey Hayes Co., 161 Holloman AFB, NM, 218 Kerr, George D., 25 Holy Loch, United Kingdom, 69,94135 Kevlar-29 parachute. 67 missile accident in, 70 Killian Report, 104 Homestead AFB, FL, 216 King Salmon Airport, AK, 82 HONEST JOHN missile, 3. 4, 5,7, 11-12,19, 45-46, 90, 94, 95, 280, Kings Bay Submarine Base. GA, 82,94,135 282-283, 300 Kinney, Charles E., 29 Honeywell, 124,136,148,173,176,188 Kirtland AFB, NM, 29, 85 Hoover, William W., 70 Kistiakowsky, George, 73, 78 HOUND DOG missile, 7, 11, 43, 44,101 Kleine Brogel, Belgium, 229 Howitzer. See Nuclear artillery Kollsman Instrument Co., 173.176 Hughes Aircraft, 136,165,168,194,205, 223, 230 Krivinyi, Nicholas, 225 Hughes-Treitler Manufacturing Co., 161 Kunetka, James W., 31, 32 Hydrogen weapons. See Fusion weapons Kunsan AB, South Korea, 221

IBM, 111, 148, 161, 165,188 LaMaddalena Naval Base, Italy, 94 Implosion. 6,11, 26, 32, 33 Landsberg Lech, West Germany, 290 Improved Nuclear Torpedo, 245 Langley AFB, VA, 82, 88, 218 Indian Head, MD, 85 LANCE, 3, 4, 5, 9,19, 39. 72, 73, 83, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 284-286. Indian Ocean, 251 See Corps Support Weapons Systems (CSWS) Indian Springs, NV, testing site for GENIE. 168 Land-Based Missile System, 100-103, 280-281. See also Insensitive High Explosive (IHE), 31, 49, 65,75.109,126,182, 200 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), MINUTEMAN, MX 277. 297 missile, TITAN, HONEST JOHN. NIKE-HERCULES, LANCE, Insertable nuclear component, 190 PERSHING Instruments Systems Corp.. 161 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL),8, 9, 29, 52, 54, Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), 2,11,12, 85,100- 102,111 61, 62, 68, 69.72,77, 125,126,182, 200, 309 113,116,121,131,132-133,164,176. See also MINUTEMAN, Laydown fusing and delivery, 42, 43. 49, 58, 63, 66, 198 MX, Small ICBMs TITAN Lear Siegler, 176,188 advanced mobile, 18, 66 Leitenberg, Milton, 2 basing of, 82. 85-87, 102.132. See also MX Basing Lethal Neutralization System, 18,193,195 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs),12 Lincoln Laboratory. See MIT Interstate Electronics Corp.. 136 Lithium, 27 Irvin Industries, 176 Lithium-6 deuteride. 27, 28, 42.49. 58, 59, 62,75 Italy, 46, 47, 53, 54, 60, 66, 73, 94, 95, 96,180, 228, 229, 241, 280, LITTLE BOY. 6, 26, 32, 33 281, 285, 287, 300, 301, 303, 307, 309. 311 LITTLE JOHN, 8,10, 53 ITT Labs. 136.148 Little Rock AFB, AR.82. 87, 112 Iwakuni, MCAS, Japan,206,208 Litton Industries, 154,173,176,194 Lockheed, 104,110,135,142,145,154,162,165,173,191, 228. 234, 236 Jackson, David G., 70 Logicon, Inc., 124 Jacksonville Air Station, FL, 82 Long Beach Naval Base. CA, 94 Jacksonville IAP, FL, 88 Long Range Cannon Artillery, 301 Jacobs, Major Roger A., 90 Long Range Combat Aircraft (LRCA),156-157 Japan, 9, 32, 45, 46, 303, 305, 307 Loring AFB, ME, 82, 86 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 28, 83 Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), 7-9, 27, 41, 42. 45, 47, 49, Joint Planning Assessment Memorandum, 83 51. 56, 58, 60, 63, 66,71,74,75,80,125 Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, 83 Los Angeles class submarines, 186, 247, 249-250, 271 Joint Strategic Planning Document, 83 Low Altitude Defense System (LOAD),15,18,131,164,166,167 Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS),280. 298 Low or medium angle loft, 42, 49, 63 JUPITER missile, 8,10,12 Lowry AFB, CO, 85 LTV Corp., 284 Kaiser, 220 LX-09, 69,70 K.I. Sawyer AFB, MI, 82, 86,88 LX-10, 69. 70 KC-135 tanker aircraft, 153 LX-14. 70 Kamen Aerospace Corp., 161 Kadena AB, Japan,218 MACE missile. 7, 10. 43. 44 Kaplan, Fred, 28, 46, 48, 73,78 Maynosson, Torsten, 22

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 335 Index

Malik, John, 32 Vehicle (ABRV) Malmstrom AFB, MT, 82, 87, 114,118 Development and chronology, 108 M.A.N. Corp., 173 Maneuvering Reentry Vehicle (MaRV),16,18,108-110,145 Maneuvering Reentry Vehicle (MaRV),16,18,108-110,145. See Mk-1,107 also Missile reentry vehicle Mk-lA, 115 March AFB, CA, 82,86 Mk-2,107 Marconi-Elliot Corp., 220 Mk-3 (MIRV),69,103-105,107,134,137 Mare Island Naval Shipyard, CA, 134 Mk-4 (MIRV), 3,74,103,107,134,139 Marine Corps, 7-9, 38, 39,47,49,53, 54, 60, 63, 66,78,89-92,163, Mk-5,18,105,107,108 205, 207, 211, 215, 223, 244, 280, 281, 300. 301, 302, 304, 306, Mk-6, 3, 59,102,107,111 308, 309. 311 Mk-11, 62,107, 114,115 Air stations: Mk-llC, 3, 62, 102,107,113,115,156 MCAS Cherry Point, NC, 206, 208, 212 Mk-12, 3, 39, 68,102,107, 116-119 MCAS El Toro, CA, 206, 208, 212, 224 Mk-12A, 3, 39, 68,75,76,102,107,108,117,118,119,124,127,145 MCAS Iwakuni, Japan. 206,208 Mk-17, 107 CH-46 and CH-53 helicopters, 90 Mk-18,107 nuclear capable aircraft, 90, 205, 207, 211, 215, 223 Mk-19,107 Nuclear Weapons Acceptance Inspection (NWAI), 83 Mk-20,107 role of, 89 - 91 Mk-21, (ABRV),18,76,102.103,105,108,109,121,125,126,127, units on Navy ships, 89, 90 133,145 MARK 111 Implosion bomb, 7, 24, 32. 33 Mk-80,108 MARK IV Implosion bomb, 32,33 Mk-81,108 Mark. Carson. 22, 24, 27 Mk-500 EVADER, 108,109,110,142,143 Martin Marietta Corp., 111,124,133,161,165,166,173,193,194,195, Mk-600,105,108,110 264, 272, 289,292,293,294,299 Multiple Reentry Vehicle (MRV),on submarines, 103-105 Materials, nuclear fuel. See Cyclotol, Deuterium, Insensitive High Precision Guided Reentry Vehicle (PGRV), 108-110 Explosive, Lithium. LX-09, LX-10, LX-14, Oralloy, PBX-9502, MIT Labs, 136,142,165 PBX-9505, Plutonium. Thorium. Tritium, Uranium Lincoln Laboratory, 165 Mather AFB, CA, 82, 86 Moody, AFB, GA, 216 Mayport Naval Base, FL, 82,94 Motorola Corp., 78, 275 McChord AFB, WA, 82,88, 218 Mountain Home AFB, ID, 233 McConnell AFB, KS, 82.87. 112 Munster warhead, 109,125 McDonneU Douglas Corp., 161,165,166,168,173,176,188,193,194, Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicle (MIRV), 68, 69, 203, 205, 213, 215, 217, 223, 282, 287 70, 74,100,107,116,121,136,137,139,142 McPhee, John, 32,60 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), 298 Mechtersheimer, Alfred, 241 Multiple Protective Shelter (MPS),128,130,147 Mediterranean. US aircraft in, 208, 210, 251 Multiple Reentry Vehicle (MRV),107. See also Missile reentry Medium Atomic Demolition Munition (MADM), 5, 8, 39, 52-53, 91, vehicles 95, 96, 281, 311 Multipurpose Missile (MPM),193 Medium Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM),292 MX/PEACEKEEPER missile, 9,15-19, 38,102,103,107,108,109, Megatonnage in current nuclear stockpile, 5 120-127,166,177 Menasco, Inc., 161 with ABRV, 121,125,126,127 Mercury, NV, 123 basing, 128-132 Messerschmnitt, 241 costs of, 122 Microcorn Corp., 176 contractors, 126 Mike device, 26. 34 chronology of development, 125 Miller, Judith, 29 and Soviet missile silos, xv Minot AFB, ND, 76,82,86,87.88,118 stress testing of, 19 MINUTEMAN I missile, 8,11. 102,115,118,130 validation test of, 123 MINUTEMAN 11 missile. 3. 4, 8. 39. 62. 83. 85. 86. 87, 101,102,103, warhead and RV system, 109,125-127 110,113-115,116,118, 132 MINUTEMAN 111 missile, 3, 4, 8, 9,15,17,34, 38, 39, 62, 75, 83, 85, 86, 87. 101,102,103,112,114,116-119,120. 132,167, 292 Nagasaki, 6,7, 9, 26, 32, 36 MIDGETMAN. See Small ICBM National Atomic Museum, Albuquerque, NM, 41, 43, 48, 50, 51, 64, Missile launchers, shipboard, 265 67. 169 Missile reentry vehicles (RV), 100,106-110. See also Advanced National Guard, 46, 86. 230. See also Air National Guard, Army Ballistic Reentry System (ABRES), Advanced Ballistic Reentry National Guard

336 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 5, 39,43,46,49, 53, 54, Northrop, 124,223 60, 63, 67, 73, 83, 87, 94. 95, 96,172,180,199,202, 220, 221, 280, Norway, 45,46,222 281, 283, 285, 286, 290. 295, 300, 302, 306, 308, 309, 311. See Novaya Zemlya, 34

also Allied countries, Europe. Nuclear artillery, 300 - 308 Naval Air Development Center, Warminster, PA., 271 Ml, 301 Naval Air Stations (NAS): M2,301 Alameda, CA, 82,94 M44,10, 301 Atsugi, Japan, 210 M53,lO Barbers Point, HI, 82, 235 M55,10, 47, 301 Brunswick, ME. 235 M59,301 Cecil Field, FL, 82, 210, 235, 237 MI09 155 mm, 54,88,90,95,281,300-303,309 Jacksonville, FL, 82, 235, 238, 240 MllO, 8" (203 mm), 54,88,90,95,300, 301, 306, 307 Lemoore, CA, 82,210,224 M114, 300. 305 Miramar CA, 216 M115,47, 77, 301 Moffett Field, CA. 82, 235 MI98 155 mm, 54,90.91, 301. 304-305. 309. 310 North Island, CA, 82, 235, 237, 238, 240 Nuclear artillery projectiles: Oceana NAS, VA, 82, 208, 216 M174,78 Whidbey Island, WA, 82, 208 M422,47, 78, 281 Naval bases for ships and submarines, 94 M423,48 Naval Coastal Systems Center, Panama City, FL, 271 M454, 54. 55, 281 Naval Detachment, Army Ammunition Plant, McAlister, OK, 93 M455,55 Naval Ocean Surveillance Center, San Diego, CA, 271 M753.78. 281 Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, MD,269 M785, 281, 301 Naval Ordnance Station, Indianhead, MD, 93 XM820, 310 Naval Surface Weapons Center, Silver Spring, MD, 173, 271 XM821, 310 Naval Underwater Systems Center, Newport, RI, 271 Nuclear capable tactical aircraft, 10,199-242 Naval Weapons Stations: Nuclear certified unit, 82 Charleston, SC, 82.93.94.135 Nuclear consent switch. 198 China Lake, CA, 271 Nuclear Cratering Explosives (NCE), 311 Concord, CA, 82,93 Nuclear land mines. See Atomic Demolition Munitions Pearl Harbor, HI, 93.94, 269 Nuclear Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN), 103-105, Seal Beach, CA, 82,93 134-135,138-141,147. See also POLARIS, POSEIDON, Yorktown, VA, 82,93 TRIDENT Navy, 5,7-9,12,19, 33, 49, 51, 53, 61, 63, 66, 69,74, 80, 82, 83, 91- Nuclear warheads, 7-11,18, 38-80,83,95,107,126-127,182- 94,107, 163,172, 206, 207, 209, 210, 215, 216, 223, 224, 234, 235, 183, 200-201, 297, 309-310 236,238,239, 244-278 allocation by service branch, 39, 83 Navy Laboratories. See footnote 10, p. 271 average age of warheads in stockpile, 12,40 Nellis AFB, NV, 82, 85 development of, 5 - 20 Neptune anti-submarine aircraft, 10, 94 estimated production through 1995,16 Netherlands, 45, 47, 54, 63,73,78,94, 95,180,199, 218, 222, 229, inactive, 10-11 234, 235, 280, 281, 287, 300, 301, 303, 307 safety and control features of, 30-31 Neutron bomb. See Enhanced Radiation weapons seven phases of, 14,17 Nevada Test Site, 29, 300 variable yield, 31, 38. See also selectable yield New bombers, 156-162 Soe also Warheads Newport Naval Base, RI, 94 Nuclear weapons: Newport News, VA, 134 aircraft and bombs, 198- 242 Newport News Shipbuilding Co., 253 Army, 7-9, 86-91, 280-311 New Strategic Air-Launched Missile Warhead, 16,18,193.See also accidents. 12-13 Lethal Neutralization System cruise missiles, 172 -195 Neyman, M.B., 22 defined, 22 Niagara Falls IA? NY, 88 delivery systems, inactive, 10-11 NIKE-HERCULES surface-to-air missile. 4.19. 89. 90.95 design, 27- 28 Nitze, Paul, 70,112,115,119,137,143 Navy, 92, 244-278 Norfolk Naval Base. VA, 82.94 research and miniaturization trends, 14 North Africa, SAC bases in. 11 safety considerations in design, 12, 30-31 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), 94 by service branch, 82 - 97 North American Corp., 226 stockpile, 3, 7-15, 38-80

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 337 Index

strategic, 2,14,100-169 PERSHING II,9,16,18,38, 57, 132,133, 290, 291, 292-296 tactical. 3, 5.19-20 PERSHING 111,132,133 technicians, cost of training, 84 Person, Brinkerhoff, Quade and Douglas, 124 theater, 2 - 3 Personnel Reliability Program (PRP),83 - 84,88 Nuclear Weapons Acceptance Inspection (NWAI),83 Philippines, 50, 97, 216 Nuclear Weapons Deployment Plan, 83 PHOENIX, air-to-air missile, 19, 41, 202, 245, 252 Nuclear Weapons Development Guidance, 83 Physics International, 124 Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Memorandum, 83 Pincus. Walter, 48,73,78,112,133,288, 296, 308, 310 Nuclear Weapons Support Command, 86 Pits. 26, 38 Numax Electronics, 304 Pittsburgh Plate & Glass Inc., 161 Plattsburgh AFB, NY, 82, 86,153 Oceana NAS, VA, 82 Plutonium (Pu),14, 22-27, 31, 32,42, 52, 54, 60, 62, 68, 69, 71,72, Ogden ALC, Hill AFB, UT, 85 74,75, 77, 79, 200, 308, 309 Ohio class submarines (SSBN), 93,103,140,142.See alsoTRIDENT POLARIS, 11,12,69,104,134,136,137 submarine; USS Ohio Polmar, Norman, 2, 227,229, 231, 268, 270 Oklahoma Aerotronics, 176 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, NH, 134 Oklahoma ALC, Tinker AFB, OK. 85 Portland I& OR, 82,88 Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates, 255, 263, 267 Portugal, 210 One point safe, 65, 67, 77, 200, 201 POSEIDON C3 missile system, 3, 4, 8,17,69-70, 93,102-105,107, Operation Ivy, 26 134,136-137,143,144 Oppenheimer, Robert, 32 POSEIDON submarines. 17, 69-70.74,93.103-105,134-135,137 Oregon Metallurgical, 289 Post boost vehicle, 120 Oralloy, 34, 41, 45. 47. 49, 58, 59, 65. 77, 79,126,182, 200, 277, 297 Pratt and Whitney. 148,152, 203, 205, 207, 217, 220, 226, 230, 232 Orndoff, John D,, 25 Precision Guided Reentry Vehicle (PGRV),108. See also Missile Osan AB, South Korea. 216 reentry vehicle Otis AFB. MA 88 Programs of Cooperation (POC), 94, 326 Outer Air Battle missile. 193 Pyronetics Devices, 176

Quick Reaction Alert (QRA),180,181, 233, 290, 292, 326 P-3 ORION. 5,63,92,94,188,199,234-235 Pacific Fleet Nuclear WeaponsTraining Group, North Island, CA, 93 Radar Area Correlation Guidance (RADAG),292, 294, 295, 326 Pacific Car and Foundry, 306 Radiation, used in thermonuclear weapon design, 27 Pacific region. 83, 84 Ralph M. Parsons Co., 124 Air Force weapons in, 83, 86 Ramstein AB, West Germany, 216 new weapons deployed in, 6 Rapid Deployment Force, 83 Palomares, Spain, accident, 12,13 Rathjens, George W., 22 Panavia, 241 Raytheon Co., 136.142 PANTEX Plant, Amarillo,TX, 41,43, 46, 59, 70, 85, 87, 93 RCA, Princeton Lab, 136 Parker Hannifin, 161 Reagan Administration, 2, 59, 62,103,112,120,125,147,156, 159, PATRIOT missile. 298, 299 164,175,177,186, 246, 251, 256, 308, 310 replacing NIKE-HERCULES, 19,46,95,280-281, 288 President's Commission on Strategic Forces, 120,129,132,133 Patrol combatants, 255 REDSTONE missile, 8,12, 290 PBX-9502,65,79 Reentry vehicles. See Missile reentry vehicles. PBX-9505,42,65 REGULUS cruise missile, 7,10,12,172 PEACEKEEPER. See MX 'PEACEKEEPER missile Replenishment Oiler, 92 Pearl Harbor Naval Base, HI, 82,93, 94, 269 Rimini AB, Italy, 229 Pease AFB, NH, 82,86,153 Robins AFB, GA, 82,86 Pegasus, 255 Rock Island Arsenal, IL, 304 Penetrator naval depth bombs, 11 Rocketdyne Division. See Rockwell International. Per Udsen Co.. Denmark. 222 Rockstroh, Dennis, 201 Permissive Action Link (PAL), 98 Rockwell International, 113,158,162,165,198 categories, 30 Autonetics Division, 116,136,154 Combination lock, 45, 47, 52, 54, 60 Rocketdyne Division, 124, 284 CAT-B PAL, 65 Rolls Royce, 210, 211, 241 CAT-D PAL, 49, 65,72,77. 80, 200, 309 Rosemont Corp., 176 CAT-F PAL, 65,182,277, 297 Rosenberg, David A., 15,32 PERSHINGla, 4. 5,8,12,39, 56-57,88,89,90, 94. 280, 289-291, Rosenkranz, Robert B., 48 294, 296 Ruina, Jack, 22

338 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I Index

S-3 VIKING. 5, 63. 92,94,199,236-237. 244, 251. 253 Soviet Union. 2.11, 34,193, 222 SABCA Corp., Belgium, 222 Spangdahlem AB, West Germany, 216 Sadilenko, K.M., 22 SPARTAN missile. 9, 11,163-164 SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 109,143 Special Atomic Demolition Munitions (SADM), 3, 5, 8, 33, 34, 60, SAFEGUARD ABM system, 38,163-165 91, 281, 311, 326. See also W54 San Antonio ALC, Kelly AFB, TX, 85 Sperry Corp., 161 San Diego Naval Base, CA, 82,94,269 Sperry Rand, 289 Sandia National Laboratories, 78, 202 Sperry Systems, 136 Sandia Corporation, 31,124, 201 Sperry Vickers Co., 161 Savannah River reactor, 5,11 Spruance class destroyers, 185,186, 256, 257, 268 SCAD program, 175 SRAM. See Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM) Schlesinger, James,125 SSBN-X program, 147 Science Applications, 124 Stainless Steel Products Co.. 161 Scoville, Herbert, Jr., 28, 29 STANDARD 1, 272 Sea-based missile systems, 103-105. See also Submarine Launched STANDARD 2,9, 189,244,246,255,256,257,258,261,262,272-278 Ballistic Missile (SLBM) POSEIDON, TRIDENT STANDARD 2ER, 244, 255, 260, 262, 265, 272,276 SEAHAWK. See SH-60 (SEAHAWK) STANDARD, MR, 244, 258, 260, 261. 263, 272, 276 Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCM),9,16,18-20,100,172-173, "Stealth." See Advanced Tactical Bomber (ATB) 184-187,244- 264. See also HARPOON, TOMAHAWK Sterrer Engineering and Manufacturing Co., 161 Seal Beach Weapons Station, CA, 82,93 Stewart-Warner Electronics Division, 154 Selden, Robert W., 22 Strat-X, 104 Selectable yield, 31,77,79, 297 Strategic ALCM Launcher (SAL),156 Selfridge ANGB, MI, 82, 88 Strategic Air Command (SAC),11, 83, 85,105,125,150,152,153, Senate Appropriations Committee, 13,15,16,326 160,172, 214 Seneca Army Depot, NY, 78,82,87 Strategic bomber forces, 105-106. See also B-52, FB-111, B-1 bomber SENTRY, 15-18,164-167 basing locations, 86 Serber R., 22 Strategic Defense System, 163-169. See also Anti-Ballistic SERGEANT missile, 8,11,12,19,280 Missiles, Ballistic Missile Defense Service Life Extension Program (SLEP), 251 Strategic interception forces, basing of, 88 Seymour Johnson AFB, NC, 82,86,216 "Strategic Missile Systems 2000," 109 SH-3, SEA KING, 94,199, 238 Strategic nuclear forces, 100-165 SH-60 (SEAHAWK),199, 238,239-240, 252 Strategic Reserve Force, 100,173 Shallow Burst Munition, 311 Strategic weapons development, 16-19 Shallow Underwater Missile system (SUM),128,147,174 STRIKE EAGLE. 203. 204,219 Shaw AFB, SC, 221 Sturgeon class submarines, 186, 247, 271 Shepherd AFB, TX, 85 Subic Bay Naval Base, Philippines, 94 Sherwin, Martin, 31 Subcritical mass. 24-26 Short Range Attack Missiles, (SRAM), 3, 9,17, 71, 80, 83, 85-86, Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), 2,100,101,103-105, 100-101,105,106,149.153,154-155,159-160,191,193,321,326 144,266. See also POSEIDON. TRIDENT Shot George, 27 Submarine rocket (SUBROC), 3, 5, 8, 61, 92, 94, 244, 246, 247, 249, SICBM. See Small ICBM 269-270, 326 Sierra Army Depot, CA, 82, 87 ANALOG fire control system, 270 Sierracin Corp., 161 Submarine tender (AS),92 Sikorsky, 238, 239 Subsonic Cruise Armed Decoy (SCAD), 172, 175 Silo test model for MX, 129. See also MX missile Sunstrand Aviation Corp., 161,176 Simmons Precision Inc.. 161 Sunstrand Data Control. 161 Singer. 269, 289 Subsurface Delivered ASW Standoff Weapons, 18 Kearfott Division, 154,161, 220, 269, 293 Super oralloy bomb, 34 Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), 82 Supercritical mass. 24, 2G SIPRI Yearbook, 2,137 Surface-to-air missiles (SAM), 5, 52, 89, 273, 275, 277, 287, 326. Small ICBMs (SICBM),109,125,129,132,133, 326 See also NIKE-HERCULES, PATRIOT, STANDARD,TERRIER SNARK cruise missile, 8,11,172 Surface-to-surface missiles (SSM), 4, 5. 45. 46, 72, 75,179, 273, 275, Soesterberg AB, Netherlands, 218 282,284,289. See also HONEST JOHN, LANCE, PERSHING, Soffech Inc., 124 Ground-Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) Solomon, Norman. 70 System Development Corp., 165 South Korea, 6, 47, 50, 53, 60, 66, 78, 94-95, 97, 280, 282, 283, 302, System Operational Range, 178 305. 307, 308. 309, 311 Systems Science and Software, 124

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 339 Sylvania Electric Products Co., 136 "Triad." 100,101,125 Systron-Doner Corp., 284 TRIDENT: TRIDENT I C4 missile, 3, 4, 9,16,17,18,74,92,102,103,104,105, T-16, 299 107,110,133,134,137,138-139,141,142-143,144-146,147,169 T-19, 299 TRIDENT I1 D5 missile, 16,17, 18. 69-70.74, 76,100,103,104, T-22, 299 105,108,109,126,128,138,139,144-146 Tactical Air Command (TAG),86, 214 TRIDENT submarine, 17, 74,93,103,104,105,138-141,145,146, Tactical Air to Surface Munition (TASM),18, 202 147. See also Ohio class submarine Tactical Fighter Derivative program, 203 TRIDENT Submarine Base, 82 Tactical nuclear weapons: Trinity test, 7, 24, 26, 31 definition, 3 Tritium (T),14, 27, 28, 31,42,48,49,56,65,68,72,74,77, 79, 308, 309 weapons development, 19- 20 TRW, Inc., 116,124,161,165,166 Taegu AB, South Korea, 216 Tsipis, Kosta, 80,178 Taiwan, 46 Turbo-Union, 241 TALOS surface-to-air missiles, 10, 20, 272 Turkey, 39, 45,46, 47, 54, 66,78,94,95,216, 226, 280, 281, 282, Tamper, 25, 26, 28 283,300,301, 309 Tank Landing Ship (LST), 89 Tyndall AFB, FL, 82 TARTAR surface-to-air missile, 272, 275-277 TASC, 124 Ultra Systems Inc., 124 Taylor, JohnW.R., 169 Underground testing of nuclear weapons, 14 Taylor, Michael J.H., 169 Undersea Long Range Missile System (ULMS),103,104 Taylor, Theodore, 34 Unidynamic, 173,176 Teal Dawn, 191,192 United Aircraft Products, Inc.,161 Technical Proficiency Inspection, 83 United Kingdom, 47, 54, 63, 66, 69,73,78,94, 95,104,145,180,241, Teledyne, 173,176,188,191 280, 281, 285, 300, 301, 307 Teledyne Brown Engineering, 165,166 US weapon locations in: Teledyne Ryan, 148 RAF Greenham Common, 180 Teller, Edward, 22, 27, 29 RAF Lakenheath, 233 Terminal Guided and Extended Range missile (TIGER) I & 11,202 RAF Molesworth, 180 Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM),179,184,186 RAF Upper Heyford, 233 TERRIER missile. 3. 4, 5. 8,12, 52-53, 92. 94,189. 244. 246. 251, 252 United Nations, report on nuclear weapons, 51 255,264,265,267,272-275, 277 United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE),86 Texas Instruments. 188 United States: Theater warheads: naval bases, 94,135,139 definition, 2 missile locations in, 74, 76, 82,112,114,118 weapons developments, 19-20 SAC bomber bases, 71,81.82,86.153 Thermonuclear weapons, 6,9,11,26-28. See also Nuclear Strategic Interceptor Force bases, 38 weapons, fusion weapons warheads located in, 47, 50, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, Thiokol Chemical, 113,116,124,142,154,168,269, 282, 287 68, 69,73,74,76 Third generation weapons, 29 United Technologies, 176,194,239 THOR, 8,12 Universal Match Corp., 154 Thule, Greenland, nuclear accident in, 12 University of Houston, 124 Ticonderoga class cruisers, 186,244, 246, 255, 256, 257-260 Uranium (U), 22-28, 32, 38. See also Oralloy Tinker AFB, OK, 82,85 USS Adarns, 255, 262,268 TITAN missile, 84, 86,112 USS Agerholrn, 264 TITAN I, 8,11,12,102,107 USS Alabama, 140 TITAN 11, 3,4, 8,12, 34, 58, 59, 83, 86, 87, 100,101,102,103,107, USS America, 252 111-112,120 USS Ashtabula, 92 locations, 112 USS Bainbridge, 255, 260 MK-6 reentry vehicle, 100 USS Belknap, 255,260 replacement of, 103 USS Ben Franklin, 103,134,137 TOMAHAWK (SLCM),79,80,172,179,181,183-187,189,191, USS Bronstein, 255, 262, 263, 268 244-247,249,250,255,256,258,260,261,262, 264, 265-266, USS Brooke, 255, 262, 263,267,268 270. See also Sea-Launched Cruise Missile USS Burke, 186,246, 255,256, 261-262 TORNADO, 5,19,94,199,202,229, 241-242 USS California, 185, 255, 260 Torrejon AB, Spain, 216 USS Carl Vinson, 251, 252 TRESTLE EMP simulator, 29 USS Constellation, 252

340 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I USS Coral Sea, 25'1, 252 Vertical Launch ASROC (VLA),246,255,256,261,262,265,266, USS Daniel Webster, 104 267, 268 USS Decatur, 255,262, 268 Vertical Launching Systems (VLS),80,186,193, 246, 250, 256, 258, USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, 252 259, 261, 264, 265, 266, 272, 277 USS Enterprise, 251, 252 Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC),203 USS Ethan Allen, 104 Vickers Aerospace Co., 161 USS Farragut, 255, 262, 268 Virginia class cruisers, 185,186, 206, 276 USS Florida. 140 Vitro Labs, 136,173 USS Forrestal, 251, 252 Volkel AB, Netherlands, 229 USS Forrest Sherman, 255, 262 Vought Corp., 161,192. 209, 298, 299 USS Garcia, 255, 262, 263, 268 USS George Washington, 104 Wagner, Richard, 29, 41,43 USS Georgia, 140 Waikele Weapons Storage, HI, 82 USS Glover, 255, 262, 263, 268 WALLEYE missile, 202 USS Guitarro, 185 Warheads: See also Nuclear warheads USS Independence, 252 Warheads, active: USS Iowa, 256 W25, 3,4,7,12,18, 36, 39, 41, 83, 86,95,100,168,202, 218, 231 USS James Madison, 103,104,134,137 B28, 3, 4. 5. 7, 10-11, 31, 36-39, 42-44, 83, 85, 86, 95,105, 149, USS John F. Kennedy, 252 153,159,198,199, 200, 206, 208, 210, 216, 227, 229, 242, 253 USS Josephus Daniels, 255, 260 W31, 3, 4, 5.7, 12-13,16, 39,45-46, 83, 94, 95, 280, 282, 287 USS Kidd, 255, 256. 262, 268 w33, 3, 5,7,10,12,13,19,26,38, 39,47-48, 55,78, 83,90,95, 281, USS Kitty Hawk. 251, 252 300, 306 USS Knox, 255,262,263.268 B43, 3,4, 5, 8, 39,43, 49-50,83, 85, 86,90, 92,93,94, 95,149,153 USS Lafayette, 103,104,134,135,137 198,199,200, 206, 208, 210, 216, 221, 227, 229, 233, 242, 244, USS Leahy, 255,260 251, 267, 271 USS Lipscom b, 247 w44, 3, 4, 5, 8,19, 36, 39, 51, 83, 94, 244, 267, 271 USS Long Beach, 186,255,260 w45, 3, 5, 8,10,12,19,20, 36, 39, 52-53, 83, 94, 95, 244, 272, 273 USS Los Angeles, 186,247, 249-250, 271 W48, 3, 5, 8, 12.19, 36, 39, 54-55, 83. 90, 95, 281, 300, 303, 305, USS Merrill, 185 308, 309, 310 USS Michigan, 104,140 w50, 3, 4, 5, 8,12, 39, 56-57, 83, 94, 95, 289 USS Midway, 251,252 B53. 3, 4, 8, 36. 39. 43. 58, 83, 85, 90.199. 200 USS Missouri, 256 w53, 3, 4, 5. 8, 38, 39, 59, 83,105,107, 111,149 USS Narwal, 247 w54, 3, 5, 8,10,12, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 60, 83, 96 USS New Jersey, 246, 256 w55, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 39, 61, 244, 269, 271 USS Nimitz, 251, 252,253 W56. 3,4, 8, 39, 62, 83,102,107,113 USS Ohio. 93,104,138. See also Ohio class submarine B57, 3,4, 5,8,19,36, 39, 63-64,83, 85, 86, 92, 93,94,95,105,149, USS Oliver Hazzard Perry, 255, 263 198,199,205, 206, 208, 210, 216, 221. 224, 227, 229. 233, 235, USS Pegasus, 255 237, 238, 240, 242, 244, 251, 253, 265, 266, 271 USS Permit, 186, 247 B61, 3, 4, 5, 8,16, 31, 38, 39, 65-67, 83, 85-86, 90, 91, 94, 95, USS Ranger, 252 105,149,153,159,183,198,199,202, 205, 206, 208, 210, 212, USS Rhode Island, 140 221, 224, 229, 233, 242, 244, 251, 253, 278, 297, 311 USS Roosevelt, 202 W62, 3, 4, 8. 39, 68, 71, 83,100,102,107,116,118 USS Sam Rayburn, 134 W68, 3,4, 8, 39, 69-70,71, 83,103,107. 134,137, 154 USS Saratoga, 251, 252 W69, 3,4, 9, 39, 71, 83, 86,149,154,159 USS Sherman, 268 W70, 3, 4, 5, 9,15,19,36. 39, 72-73, 83, 94, 95, 280, 284, 297 Uss spruance, 185,186,255,262,268 W76, 3,4,9,15,16,17,38,39,74,83,103,107,134,142 USS Sturgeon, 186, 247 W78, 3, 4, 9,15, 36, 38, 39, 68, 75-76, 83,102,107,111,116,118, USS Ticonderoga, 93,186, 255,257, 258,260 122,124,125,126-127, 133,145 USS Truxton, 255, 260 W79, 3, 5, 9,15,16,19, 38, 39, 48,77-78, 83, 90, 281, 300, 306 USS Virginia, 93,185,186,255, 260 W80, 3,4,9,16,17,18,19-20, 36, 38, 39,79-80,83,105,149,150, USS Wainwright, 275 159,172,175,185,191,194,244, 297 USS Will Rogers, 104 Warheads, retired: 7-11,32-35: W38, W47,107;W58,lO: W59,107; USS Wisconsin. 256 W66,38: W71,38; W72,202; W74,308; B77,198: W86,9,292,311 UTC, Hamilton Standard Division, 161 Warheads under development: W81, 9,16,18, 20, 275, 277-278 Vandenburg AFB, CA, 85,117 W82,9,15,16,18,19- 39, 90, 208-210, 281, 308 Variable yield, 31, 38. See also selectable yield B83,9,15,16,18,38,39,43,49,58,149,153,159,198-202, 216, 233

Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I 341 Index

W84. 9.16,18,19, 36. 38, 80,172,179,182-183 Schwaebisch Gmuend AB, 290 W85, 9, 16,18, 36. 38. 39, 133, 294, 297 Spangdahlem AB, 216 W87. 9.15,16,18, 36. 38, 90,103,105,109,120,121,122, Wueschein, 180 126-127,133 Western Electric Corp., 136. 287 Watervliet Arsenal, NY, 304 Westinghouse Electric Corp., 124,136,149,161,173,220 Weak link strong link, 30, 80, 200 West Lock Weapons Storage, HI, 82 Weinberg, A.M., 22 Whiteman, AFB, MO, 82,114,115 Wellman Dynamics Corp., 176 Wigner, E.R, 22 West German Air Force, 280, 289, 290, 292 Williams International. 173,176,191 West Germany, 47,53-54,56-57,60.63,66,78,88, 89,94,95, Wilson, George, 178, 276 199,229,241,280,281,285,287-292, 294-297,300-302 Woensdrecht, Netherlands, 180 American bases in: Woescheim, FRG, 180 Bitburg AB, 218 Wurtsmith AFB, MI, 82,176 Buchel AB, 229 Hahn AB, 221 X-ray laser, 29 Memmingen AB, 229 Neckars Ulm, 290 Neu Ulm, 290 Yield-to-weight ratio, 22, 23, 32, 34, 35, 36 Norvenich AB, 229 York, Herbert, 29, 34 Ramstein AB, 216 Yorktown Naval Weapons Station, VA, 82, 93

342 Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I