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Alert 2008! Report on Conflicts, Human Rights and Peace-Building 2008 alerta anglès web 29/5/08 10:11 Página 3 Alert 2008! Report on conflicts, human rights and peace-building Prepared by Maria Cañadas Francesch Albert Caramés Boada Vicenç Fisas Armengol Patricia García Amado Marta Mendiola Gonzalo Maria Prandi Chevalier Gema Redondo de la Morena Josep Maria Royo Aspa Eneko Sanz Pascual Núria Tomàs Collantes Jordi Urgell Garcia Ana Villellas Ariño María Villellas Ariño 2008 alerta anglès web 29/5/08 10:11 Página 4 Report completed January 2008. Edited by: Icaria editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau, UAB Printed: Indústria Gràfica Frape Covert design: Lucas Wainer Mattosso ISBN: 978-84-7426-978-9 Legal registry no.: This report has been prepared by: Maria Cañadas Francesch (human rights), Albert Caramés Boada (disarmament), Vicenç Fisas Armengol (peace process), Patricia García Amado (humanitarian crises), Marta Mendiola Gonzalo (human rights), Maria Prandi Chevalier (human rights), Gema Redondo de la Morena (post-war rehabilitation), Josep Maria Royo Aspa (armed conflicts), Eneko Sanz Pascual (disarmament), Núria Tomàs Collantes (tensions), Jordi Urgell García (armed conflicts and tensions), Ana Villellas Ariño (armed conflicts and tensions) and María Villellas Ariño (gender and tensions). The contents of this report may be freely reproduced and circulated provided that the source is properly quoted, with reference to the title of the report and the publisher. The authors assume full responsibility for the contents of this report. The authors are particularly grateful for the help received during their preparation of this report from Vicens Vives publishers, along with the whole team at the UAB’s School for a Culture of Peace. 2008 alerta anglès web 29/5/08 10:11 Página 5 List of contents Chapters List of tables, boxes, graphs and figures _________ 7 5. Humanitarian crises and humanitarian action_ 98 Sumario/Sumari/Summary/Sommaire_____________ 9 5.1 Humanitarian crisis: definition and indicators ___________________________ 99 List of indicators ________________________________ 11 5.2 Evolution of humanitarian crises _________ 102 Glossary _________________________________________ 12 5.3 Overview of humanitarian action in 2007 _________________________________ 109 Introduction _____________________________________ 15 6. Disarmament_________________________________ 112 1. Armed conflicts ______________________________ 18 6.1. Arms cycle ______________________________ 113 1.1. Armed conflicts: definition _____________ 19 6.2. Arms control initiatives__________________ 116 1.2. Armed conflicts: global trends during 6.3. Disarmament, Demobilisation and 2007 ___________________________________ 22 Reintegration (DDR) programmes________ 119 1.3. Armed conflicts: evolution during the year by region ___________________________ 23 7. Human rights and transitional justice_________ 124 7.1. Human rights: analysis of the 2. Tensions ____________________________________ 42 international situation ___________________ 125 2.1. Tensions: definition _____________________ 43 7.2. Transitional justice ______________________ 130 2.2. Tensions: global trends during 2007 ____ 47 2.3. Tensions: evolution during the year 8. The gender dimension in peacebuilding ______ 136 by region________________________________ 48 8.1. Gender inequalities _____________________ 137 8.2. Peacebuilding from a gender 3. Peace processes _____________________________ 70 perspective______________________________ 138 3.1. Peace processes: definition 8.3. The gender dimension in the impact and classification _______________________ 71 of armed conflicts_______________________ 142 3.2. Evolution of peace processes ____________ 71 3.3. General evolution of the most recent Conclusions _____________________________________ 147 peace agreements _______________________ 81 Opportunities for peace__________________________ 151 3.4. Main reasons for crisis in negotiations during 2007 ____________________________ 81 3.5. Dialogue and rapprochement with armed groups __________________________ 82 3.6. The peace temperature in 2007_________ 84 Maps Armed conflicts _________________________________ 18 4. Post-war rehabilitation and International involvement _________________________________ 86 Tensions_________________________________________ 42 4.1. Analysis of countries in a phase Peace processes _________________________________ 70 of post-war rehabilitation ________________ 88 Post-war rehabilitation and international 4.2. Summary of the countries in a more involvement __________________________________ 86 advanced stage of post-war rehabilitation _ 94 List of contents 5 2008 alerta anglès web 29/5/08 10:11 Página 6 Humanitarian crises and humanitarian action ____ 98 Appendix V. Countries launching flash appeals through the United Nations Disarmament ____________________________________ 112 system to tackle natural disasters in 2007 ___ 185 Human rights and transitional justice ____________ 124 Appendix VI. Disarmament, Demobilisation The gender dimension in peacebuilding__________ 136 and Reintegration (DDR) programmes of former combatants ___________________________ 186 Appendix VII. EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports ______________________________________ 187 Appendices Appendix VIII. Resolutions issued by the United Nations Human Rights Council _______________ 190 Appendix I. Country and indicator table and explanation of indicators_________________ 161 Appendix II. Multilateral peace missions _________ 174 Bibliography_____________________________________ 195 Appendix III. Donor response and CAP balance sheet 2007 __________________________________ 182 Thematic and country index _____________________ 199 Appendix IV. Distribution of CERF Funds School for a Culture of Peace____________________ 203 during 2007 _________________________________ 183 6 Alert 2008 2008 alerta anglès web 29/5/08 10:11 Página 7 List of tables, boxes, graphs and figures Figure 1.1. Phases of conflict__________________ 19 Box 3.2. Main reasons for crisis in negotiations________________________ 82 Table 1.1. Summary of armed conflicts during 2007 ______________________________ 20 Figure 3.1. The peace temperature in 2007 and 2006__________________________ 84 Graph 1.1. Number of armed conflicts by region _____________________________ 22 Table 4.1. Countries and territories in a post-war rehabilitation phase Graph 1.2. Intensity of armed conflicts ________ 23 after the year 2000 ________________ 87 Box 1.1. Threats to a mixed EU/UN mission Box 4.1. Results of the UN Peace-Building in the triangle formed by the Commission’s work after its first Central African Republic, Chad year in operation ___________________ 89 and Sudan?________________________ 27 Box 4.2. Social structures in peacebuilding Box 1.2. Dissident guerrillas: fifth columnists processes __________________________ 92 of the state? _______________________ 33 Box 4.3. The influence of donor contributions Box 1.3. The fragmentation of the violence in on rehabilitation processes _________ 94 Southeast Asia_____________________ 35 Box 4.4. Civil security following the end Box 1.4. Journalists in today’s conflicts: of an armed conflict and the cannon fodder _____________________ 37 reform of the police________________ 96 Box 1.5. Oil: the apple of discord in Iraq ____ 39 Figure 5.1. Appearance of humanitarian crisis __ 99 Box 1.6. The outbreak of conflict in Naher Map 5.1. Number of internally displaced al-Bared and the complexity of persons in 2007 ___________________ 100 an incident that lasted 105 days___ 41 Table 5.1. Refugees population according Table 2.1. Summary of situations of tension to UNHCR _________________________ 101 during 2007 _______________________ 43 Graph 5.1. United Nations Humanitarian Graph 2.1. Number of situations of tension Appeal 2008 ______________________ 101 by region __________________________ 48 Box 5.1. Regional overview of the most Box 2.1. Climate change, armed conflict prominent humanitarian crises _____ 102 and world security: some reflections ___________________ 53 Box 5.2. Displaced persons in Colombia, between legality and reality ________ 106 Box 2.2. A new start for the countries of the Andes? ______________________ 58 Box 5.3. Four millions of internally displaced persons and refugees, or the Box 2.3. MNLF: A decade of peace magnitude of the conflict in Iraq ___ 108 and conflict________________________ 63 Table 5.2. Main obstacles to the humanitarian Box 2.4. The former Soviet Union: “frozen action in 2007 ____________________ 109 conflicts” or “frozen questions”? ___ 65 Graph 5.2. Evolution of global humanitarian Box 2.5. Kosovo: the challenge of a shared financing (in millions of dollars)____ 110 identity ____________________________ 66 Box 5.4. Climate change and humanitarian Box 2.6. The International Tribunal in crises ______________________________ 111 Lebanon: search for truth and a destabilising factor? _____________ 69 Graph 6.1. Estimate of worldwide military spending by regions (1997-2006) _ 113 Table 3.1. State of negotiations at the end of 2007 ___________________________ 72 Table 6.1. Countries with an elevated level of military spending________________ 114 Graph 3.1. The peace process in Burundi______ 74 Table 6.2. Main arms exporters and importers Table 3.2. The demands of the NDF in the in 2006 ___________________________ 115 Philippines ________________________ 77 Box 6.1. Private security: consequences of Box 3.1. The Helsinki Agreement, 31st the Blackwater case________________ 115 of August 2007____________________ 80 List of tables, boxes,
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