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American Road to Capitalism Historical Materialism Book Series The American Road to Capitalism Historical Materialism Book Series Editorial Board Paul Blackledge, Leeds – Sébastien Budgen, Paris Stathis Kouvelakis, London – Michael Krätke, Lancaster Marcel van der Linden, Amsterdam China Miéville, London – Paul Reynolds, Lancashire Peter Thomas, Amsterdam VOLUME 28 The American Road to Capitalism Studies in Class-Structure, Economic Development and Political Conflict, 1620–1877 By Charles Post With a Foreword by Ellen Meiksins Wood LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Post, Charles. The American road to capitalism : studies in class-structure, economic development, and political conflict, 1620–1877 / by Charles Post ; with a foreword by Ellen Meiksins Wood. p. cm. — (Historical materialism book series ; 28) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-20104-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. United States—Economic conditions—To 1865. 2. United States—Economic policy. 3. United States—Social conditions—To 1865. 4. United States—Politics and government. 5. United States—History. I. Title. HC104.P67 2011 330.973—dc22 2010051434 ISSN 1570-1522 ISBN 978 90 04 20104 0 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. to T, Z and RIMP Contents Foreword by Ellen Meiksins Wood .................................................................. xi Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... xv Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One The American Road to Capitalism ...................................... 7 i. Plantation-slavery .................................................................................. 7 Genovese and the ‘irrationality’ of slavery ............................................... 10 Plantations and markets ........................................................................... 13 ii. Agrarian petty-commodity production ............................................. 17 Demythologising the family-farm ............................................................ 22 iii. Capitalist manufacture and industry ................................................. 25 The ‘really revolutionary’ path ................................................................. 28 iv. Conclusion: the Civil War .................................................................... 32 Chapter Two The Agrarian Origins of US-Capitalism: The Transformation of the Northern Countryside Before the Civil War ................................................................................................. 37 i. Rural class-structure in the North before the Civil War .................. 42 ii. Debating the transformation of Northern agriculture ..................... 61 iii. The transformation of the Northern countryside, c. !""#–!$#! ...... 73 Chapter Three Plantation-Slavery and Economic Development in the Antebellum-Southern United States .............................................. 103 i. The ‘planter-capitalism’ model ............................................................ 107 The plantation as capitalist enterprise ..................................................... 107 Episodic labour-saving technical change in plantation-slavery ............... 110 Were slaves ‘cheap labour’? ...................................................................... 116 Other non-capitalist ‘anomalies’ .............................................................. 118 viii • Contents ii. The ‘non-bourgeois civilisation’ model .............................................. 121 Slaves as ‘recalcitrant’ workers ................................................................ 124 Skilled slave-labour ................................................................................... 126 Free wage-labourers as ‘recalcitrant’ workers .......................................... 128 iii. Class-structure and economic development in the antebellum-South ............................................................................... 131 The master-slave social-property relation ................................................ 131 The labour-process and geographic expansion in tobacco- and cotton-cultivation ................................................................................. 136 Plantation self-sufficiency ........................................................................ 141 Plantation-slavery and the world-market ................................................ 144 Slavery and economic development in the US ......................................... 147 Chapter Four Agrarian Class-Structure and Economic Development in Colonial-British North America: The Place of the American Revolution in the Origins of US-Capitalism ............................................ 155 i. The commercialisation-staples model ................................................ 160 ii. The demographic-frontier model ........................................................ 167 iii. Agrarian social-property relations in colonial British North America ....................................................................... 171 Plantation-slavery in the southern colonies ............................................. 173 Independent household-production in the northern colonies ................... 180 iv. Colonial economic development, the American Revolution, and the development of capitalism in the US, !""#–!$#! .................... 184 Chapter Five Social-Property Relations, Class-Conflict and the Origins of the US Civil War: Toward a New Social Interpretation ...... 195 i. Ashworth’s Social Interpretation of the US Civil War ..................... 199 Slave-resistance ........................................................................................ 200 The Missouri Crisis, compromise and the second party-system .............. 201 Wage-labour, abolitionism and pro-slavery radicalism ............................ 205 Political polarisation: protecting Southern rights v. battling the ‘slave-power’ ......................................................................................... 208 Economic transformation and political polarisation ................................ 211 The US Civil War as bourgeois revolution .............................................. 214 Contents • ix ii. A critique of Slavery, Capitalism and Politics in the Antebellum Republic ............................................................................ 215 The roots of slavery’s ‘weaknesses’ ........................................................... 216 Abolitionism, republicanism and wage-labour ......................................... 223 Economic transformation and political crisis ........................................... 226 iii. Toward a new social interpretation of the US Civil War ................. 229 The transformation of Northern agriculture ............................................ 229 From merchant to industrial capital ........................................................ 233 The social origins of the sectional crisis ................................................... 235 Mercantile hegemony and the second party-system, c. !"#"–$$ .............. 237 First schisms in second party-system: !"$! Pre-Emption debate ............ 239 Class-conict over the social character of the geographical expansion of commodity-production, c. !"$$–%! ...................................................... 242 The US Civil War: a bourgeois revolution? ............................................. 245 Conclusion Democracy Against Capitalism in the Post-Civil-War United States ................................................................................................. 253 i. Democracy against capitalism in the North: radicalism, class-struggle and the rise of liberal democracy, !$#%–"" ........... 256 ii. Democracy against capitalism in the South: the rise and fall of peasant-citizenship, !$#&–"" ............................................................ 264 iii. The defeat of populism, ‘Jim Crow’ and the establishment of capitalist plantation-agriculture in the South, !$""–!'(( ............ 275 References ......................................................................................................... 279 Index .................................................................................................................. 295 Foreword This book is a major contribution to historical scholarship. I say this with particular emphasis, because so much that has been written about the history of capitalism has been anything but historical. There are essentially two ways of thinking about history unhistorically. One is to posit a single, universal transhistorical law of change and develop- ment. The other is to reduce history to a welter of particularities, all detail
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