CEU eTD Collection

OF P OST C - RITICAL 1989 In fulfillmentof the partial for the Nationalism Studies DepartmentNationalism Studies Supervisor: Dr Thesis author: Melinda LaszákThesis author: Melinda Central European University

H IN UNGARIAN

Budapest degree of MastersofArtsdegree of D V ISCOURSE Submitted to Submitted May OJVODINA . AndrásKovács

, Hungary

2010

H requ

A ISTORIOGRAPH

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CEU eTD Collection nationalist discourses to failed work historical the as strategies a responsibility, and blame methodological the Applying contribute thepast, toreconciliation with to was investigation were which narratives Vojvodina, in historiography Hungarian T A c his tive BSTRACT

hss is o rsn te eut o a of results the present to aims thesis

rhetoric atcpto in participation provide open platform for for platform open provide

of r egarding H characterized

ungarian minority historiogra minority ungarian s aspects

had great importance in breaking in importance great had

the events of events the

examine in Serbia

of the of shaping of

y eee inter severe by scapegoating,

guidelines narratives . whether

t he World War II and the early yea early the and II War World reconciliation

history post

, of Critical Discourse Analysis, Discourse Critical of or rather served Serbia it has it - of of - phers

ethnic ethnic socialist ee on a te ot important most the as found were i mitigation and and mitigation

research . been

. with the past the with

S serious B eil focus pecial conf y taking into account into taking y

rnfrainl narratives transformational concluded licts

as are out carried taboos

to

n h region the in ols to avoidance , and became part of co of part became and ,

, that , s eiae to dedicated is

of the the of rs of the communist regime communist the of rs

legitimize nationalism on although socialist era, they still still they era, socialist ,

strategies of shifting shifting of strategies

and the and post the . h am f the of aim The - sty 1989

the examined examined the h historical the listic listic aae to managed rejection of rejection discursive minority mpeting mpeting as well as .

,

CEU eTD Collection List of Primary of List Sources References Chapter 5:Conclusions Chapter 4:The Case St C ChapterBackground 2:Theoretical Chapter 1:Introduction Abstract C hapter Approach 3: Methodological 4.3 Critical Discourse Analysis ofpost II4.2 Shifting War Narratives World of ofTransition Serbia inthe Time II Events War ofWorld Inter of Context Historical 4.1 3.1 Research Description Identity National of Construction the in Forgetting Interpretations Contested ofthe Past and Memory of Role The 2.2 2.1 Nation and national as construct identity adiscursive ONTENTS 4.3.4 Summary ofResearchFindings Linguistic4.3.3 The ofthe MainStrategies Realization Discourseand their Meansof 4.3.2 TheDiscourse Topicsof the ofVojvodinian Hungarian4.3.1 The Contexts Historiography

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CEU eTD Collection itr ae teeoe ebde it te icrie osrcin f ifrn national different of construction discursive the into embedded therefore, are, history of interpretations various the and past national of constructions different The 1999). Wodak, reproduced, produced, discursively ( act linguistic a is reality social our of construct the that arguing language, the of character turn‟ to „linguistic hand other the on and nationalism; and nation of theories constructivist the to hand one the on connected strongly be will thesis final my of bases theoretical The the processactual ofconst political agenda ofjustifying and narratives, these in applied strategies discursive important most the indentify in not, here aim Vojvodina of past the of understandings new developing in historiography Hungarian Anal Discourse Critical of tools study inter a of improvement play also could past the approach of Reflexive narratives research. the of towards field relevant highly a seems developments current on impact their and discourses these Analyzing today. until prevail events such of interpretations the of wars Balkan the and II War World periods historical severe most the Although time. long a for prevalent been have Europe inter within conflicts and Difficulties C akr & Barker HAPTER I intend to focus on the multi the on focus to intend I

fact I fact is

aaisi 2001). Galasinski, not to judge whether these narratives correspond to any kin any to correspond narratives these whether judge to not ques

1 n h hmnte ad oil cecs whic sciences, social and humanities the in : tion

I NT -

tnc eain. s pr o tee la these of part a As relations. ethnic the existence of one „true‟ historical narrative. However, I will try to try will I However, narrative. historical „true‟ one of existence the RODUCTION All kinds of cultural identities including national identity are are identity national including identities cultural of kinds All ysis - ethnic region of Vojvodina in northern Serbia and by the by and Serbia northern in Vojvodina of region ethnic tran - tnc eain i te akn ein f ot East South of region Balkan the in relations ethnic wl eaie h rl o post of role the examine will I fre ad etutd D Cli & esg & Reisigl & Cillia (De destructed and sformed

1 19

90 s –

r ps, h di the past, are ia rl i rcniito ad in and reconciliation in role vital ructing (sub)natio rger research aspirations in this this in aspirations research rger epaie te performative the emphasizes h d of historical truth or or truth historical of d frn oiin and opinions ffering - 99 Vojvo 1989 nal identity and their and

h s called so the role in role d . . My My . inian inian

– .

CEU eTD Collection o rvd fed o oe dsuso aot the about discussion open of fields provide to meant were works these although that however, argue, also will I 1990s. the of circumstances very in identity Hungariansnational Vojvodinian strengthen to aimed and Yugoslavia, eraof socialist duringthe taboos aswere treatedthat past the of events those discourse public into bringing in importance great a had works these that argue will I historiograph period ofinter severe II War World of events the how on focus to intend I Therefore, constructed. we as events concrete to research be it however, to sources, of relevant amount large are the of context Because political analyzed. and historical different in interpretations their and collective of function social and political of kind what andidentity, notion public a create this did how history, the of periods certain presented Analysis, Discourse Critical and background theoretical this Applying rhetoricalits aesthetic 1997).(White, aspectsand value also but subjective, text historical the made history from factscertain of selection the onlyhas White Hayden respect this In nation in role major of pr means a as regimes totalitarian to only not material row as serve can events Historical projects,casescan mobilization. andin extreme theyas also instrumentsofmass beused identities. opaganda, but generally modern history is written as the history of certain nations, playing nations, a certain history the ofas written generallyhistoryis modern opaganda,but

T hese narrat hese y.

- building process and maintenance of national identities of certain groups. certain of identities national of maintenance and process building - ethnic conflictsethnic ives can legitimize the existence of the nation, serve as nationalizing nationalizing as serve nation, the of existence the legitimize can ives ‟s wl examine will I

defini ll as to a specific time period when the narratives were were narratives the when period time specific a to as ll – of tion

are presented in are presented mainly the mainly

history as a as history 2

o Vjoiin ugra historiography Hungarian Vojvodinian how past,

did they play. theyplay. did methods of th of methods the post

literar especially in their aesthetical and and aesthetical their in especially

specific historical and political political and historical specific y artifact y - 1989 is

Many periods of the past past the of periods Many advisable to restrict the the restrict to advisable e Viennese approach of approach Viennese e Vojvodinian Hungarian proves relevant. Not Not relevant. proves –

which is the the is which

CEU eTD Collection Vol.4. No. 2. pp. 127 pp. No. 2. Vol.4. 1990s. and 1980s late the in Croatia and Serbia in reconciliation Socialism State under Opposition Late in Massacres Wartime veka 20. Istorija legitimacy. for struggle A transition. of time the in historiographySerbian (2007) N. Milićević, & P.J. Marković, victim Croatian (2003) B. D. Macdonald, Company; & Hurst London: Nationalism. of Revival 1 Yug historiography Serbian of overview an as well as to turn most the with research, f The artifact. and representation, historical of politics the on constructio the in forgetting and memory of role the as well as identity, national and nation of construction discursive the regarding concepts give will study my of chapter first The My gap this aims presenttofill investigation inthescie existing period. same the of Hungarianhistoriography Vojvodinian the regarding approaches scientific 1990s the of historiography Serbian nationalistic highly the on reflections Self. ethnic the of sufferings the all explaining history, shaping in participation construction misery, thatintend toshow, these texts enabl to failed they aspects rhetorical

Among others see: Dragović see: others Among oslavia oslavia

the case of Vojvodina, and give a short insight to the history of inter of history the to insight short a give and Vojvodina, of case the passion regarding the history regardingof the - etrd rpgna n te a i Yugoslavia in war the and propaganda centered . were loig hpe o m work my of chapter ollowing

1/2007; Hayden, M. R. (1994) Recounting the Dead. The Rediscovery and Redefinition of of Redefinition and Rediscovery The Dead. the Recounting (1994) R. M. Hayden, 1/2007; and - 140 etc. 140

victimization, passivization, rejection of responsibility and active active and responsibility of rejection passivization, victimization, avto. h ms iprat icrie strategies discursive important most The salvation. - important research questions and hypotheses and questions research important

- n Post and Soso, J. (2002) „Saviours of the Nation‟. Serbia‟s Intellectual opposition and the the and opposition Intellectual Serbia‟s Nation‟. the of „Saviours (2002) J. Soso,

(Santa Fe, NM.); Djokić, D. (2002) The The (2002) D. Djokić, NM.); Fe, (Santa

constructed a historical narrative ofthe as minority rsnig h gncdl tnc te a te cpga in scapegoat the as Other ethnic genocidal the presenting - Communist Yugoslavia. Watson, R.S. (Hg.) (Hg.) R.S. Watson, Yugoslavia. Communist World War II War World e such an open debate. open an such e a short overview of the most significant theoretical theoretical significant most the of overview short a il nrdc te ple mtoooy f my of methodology applied the introduce will 3

the the n of the national identity with special focus special with identity national the of n . The systematic analysis of the Vojvodinianthe of systematicTheanalysis .

hl tee r svrl aube critic valuable several are there While debate on the historica the on debate uig h yas f h dsouin of dissolution the of years the during Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies Eastern Near and Balkan of Journal . Manchester: Manchester University Press; Press; University Manchester Manchester: . In fact, In Second World War II: discourses of of discourses II: War World Second ntific literature. Balkan holo Balkan . The next chapter next The . through my analysis I analysis my through Memory, History and and History Memory, l text as a literary literary a as text l - involved 1 ethnic relations, relations, ethnic caust; Serbian and Serbian caust; , I lack similar similar lack I ,

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story of story of n this in

will will al al . CEU eTD Collection h ls catr f y ok il umrz te an idns f y nlss and analysis my relevantfurther research. for questions of findings main the summarize will work my of chapter last The realization. of means remarkablelinguistic most the andnarratives historical these in involved the identify to aiming II, War World of events the of representation the following the of topic the be will 1990s the of historiography Hungarian

4

discursive strategies discursive section

focusing on focusing pose

CEU eTD Collection the ideas p1 (1983, ofAnderson Followingthem. imagine who people of minds the in realityobjectiveanbut in realentities as communication author defines thenation and The nation 1983). (Anderson, communities‟ the „imagined the of of concept Anderson‟s was nationalism understandings constructivist the to contribution important Another symbolic selective the construction of modern of components the be could which characteristics ethnic modern pre those out points and phenomena, these of nature constructive the with agrees nationalism Ev 1983). (Gellner, changes structural but entities ex naturally a not are phenomena these that emphasize theories modernist the through existed always that things or humanities, of division ubiquitous universal, natural, as phenomena these treat which nationalism and nation the of understandings perennialist the and primordialist the with contrast In identity. na the of conception constructivist the to refer approaches major these of First concepts. theoretical main two on based construction discursive a as nation understand I 2.1 C HAPTER Nation and national identity as adiscursive construction p. 153) p. 1999, al. et Cillia (De consequences. destructive and serious tremendously sometimes with ideas guiding the and minds influe very the be can and units political in limited and sovereign as subjects nationalized represented the of memories are They communities. political imagined as constructs, Mental

construct 2 –

: as imagined ones, underlining the fact that these communities do not exist not do communities these that fact the underlining ones, imagined as

T s HEORETICAL

nations (Smith, 1999). (Smith, nations in the time of modernization, due to specific historical, cultural, cultural, historical, specific to due modernization, of time the in –

along other communities thatcommunities along ar other 5), deReisigl Cillia, andWodakthenation understand as: en the ethno the en B ACKGROUND 5

- symbolic understanding of the nation and and nation the of understanding symbolic

ua hsoy te ot influential most the history, human e bigger than to enableface thane to bigger

in n national and tion isting essential essential isting - to - face face

ntial ntial - CEU eTD Collection language. Derrida‟s main point was to undermine any reliance on fixed fixed on reliance any undermine to transcendental meanings. was point main of role Derrida‟s the reconsidering language. in influence remarkable a had also Derrida of philosophy The theyalso character have ( a performative truth semantically are that utterances constative even that performed act an i.e. act, perlocutionary and something a has that something speech performative but sentences, or words, morphemes, longer no are communication of elements someth „say‟ to just mean not truth not are sentences most that argues He facts. those of falsity or truth the on based false or true be to thus and previous the sentenc of broke purposes main the Words where language on concept with Things Do to How work: influential most his in Austin Barker w speech his proposed who Austin are field this in authors important most the of Some it. constitutes that tool performative a is but world, objective independent an which understand we by medium and means main the is language argue convincingly (2001) Galasinski and Barker construction a as sciences social and The maintheoretical second foundation t hs hoy f igitc eosrcin n non and deconstruction linguistic of theory his ith - – cs Asi distinguishes Austin acts.

Galasinski, 2001). Galasinski,

s pout f lnusi at novn sgiyn sca patcs As practices. social signifying involving act linguistic a of product a is , showing that showing , n acting power, as contrasted with a locutionary act, i.e. the act the i.e. act, locutionary a with contrasted as power, acting n - evaluable, but performative utterances. To utter these sentences does does sentences these utter To utterances. performative but evaluable, d construct our world and our identity. Language no longer mirrors anLanguage our identity.longer mirrors no and world constructd our

n bt o efr a eti kn o ato. hrfr, the Therefore, action. of kind certain a perform to but ing

beside o beside the illocutionary act, as an act performed performed act an as act, illocutionary the

of my thesis is theso is my thesis of Austin, 1990) Austin, ther social phenomena, nation and nati and nation phenomena, social ther 6

. -

tblt o maig (utn 1990; (Austin, meanings of stability - by es were to describe, and state facts; facts; state and describe, to were es evaluable are illocutions; th illocutions; are evaluable

saying something. He concludes He something. saying - called„ - linguis act theory; and Derrida Derrida and theory; act tic turn‟ onal identity identity onal

in in human in human of priori a

erefore,

saying saying saying

CEU eTD Collection ain s dsusvl cntutd yblc omnt ad sse o cultural of system a and community representation De et in: Cillia al.1999,p.155). (Hall, 1994, symbolic constructed discursively a as nation proces the in culture of importance the out points Hall nation; the of narrative the create to aiming process, discursive a as past national the of reconstruction selective the emphasizes Halbwachs While (2009). al. rep cultural of „system as nations the of description (1992) Halbwachs‟s Maurice theory the in language the of nature constructivist the on approaches philosophical various anti the of conjunction the find can We cultural constructs. „ethnicity‟ sugg studies, cultural concept radicalrather text” the of assumptions the display decon of practice Derrida‟s process of signification is continually deferred and supplemented in the play of more more & (Barker of play the in supplemented and deferred continually is signification of process universal no that objects to refer not have do and meanings words Here, trace. and writing texts, of interplay the through deferral its meaning undecidability, intertextuality, of notions key His the „nation‟, with which we can identify. (Hall 1994, in 1994, (Hall identify. wecan which with the „nation‟, of meanings creating by identities construct cultures National ourselves. of perceptions our and actions way a discourse, a is culture national A

t. r nt seta uiesl r eternal or universal essential not are etc.

Galasinski, 2001, pp 9 pp 2001, Galasinski,

of sig ht h dfeet aeois f identiti of categories different the that esting

s of constructing the nation and national identity. Hall defines the the defines Hall identity. national and nation the constructing of s the instability of instabilityof the struction, therefore, m therefore, struction, ocp o „olcie eoy ad n S in and memory‟ „collective of concept - 10). 10). .

Bre & (Barker - essentialist theories of nation an nation of theories essentialist possess essential qualities. [...] The production of meanings is a a is meanings of production The [...] qualities. essential possess to construct meanings which influence and organize both our our both organize and influence which meanings construct to meanings 7

deconstruction, differance […] […] differance deconstruction,

eans to “ to eans G

: had lsnk, 01 p 10). p. 2001, alasinski, resentation‟, also presented by Wodak et Wodak by presented also resentation‟, Wodak et al. 1999, p. p. 155). 1999, al. et Wodak

great influence on social science social influenceon great groups take apart, to undo, to seek out and out seek to undo, to apart, take

u rte patc malleable plastic, rather but d nationalism and the and nationalism d es like „gender‟ or or „gender‟ like es

t stress the instability of of instability the stress uart Hall‟s (1996) (1996) Hall‟s uart

Derrida‟s –

than though though – s

and and one. one. of of CEU eTD Collection communities are communities of common codified historical memory focusing on the the on focusing Imagined memory that is, questions of:What we sh historical importance. codified common fundamental of have communities are amnesia communities and memory collective identities role. basic a play ones of events certain to meaning giving process this In practices. identity national of Interpretations National Identity of Construction the in Forgetting and Memory of Role The 2.2 chapter. throug constructed a in identity collective sense. of metaphoric notion homogenized a create to aims which discourse public which Consequently 2006). Reisigl, 2000; metaphoric in only individu identity „collective‟ and memory of „collective‟ matter a as only identification and contrary the entities existing reified ide collective of understandings indiv and identity collective t At his point I need to Ineedpoint his distinguish

– ,

Contested Interpretations ofthe Past I follow the concepts of constructivist approaches, which interpret memory work work memory interpret approaches,which constructivist conceptsof the follow I -

building understood as system of cultural representations and signifying signifying and representations cultural of system as understood building es past te itrcl artvs f h ps wl b te o the be will past the of narratives historical the h h wy o sc a oin f ooeie cletv iett i being is identity collective homogenized of notion a such how way The

the level of level the underline my critical awareness when using the terms the using when awareness critical myunderline events, various historical n historical various events,

and anticipate the existence of some kind of a ‟collective subject‟. In subject‟. ‟collective a of kind some of existence the anticipate and hrfr, i Therefore, da vru cletv memory. collective versus idual

ntity and collective memory, which treat th treat which memory, collective and ntity individual remembrance and identification from the level of a of level the from identification and remembrance individual ould forget, and what is, that we must remember? thatwe remember? is, ould forget, must what and ,

I find it analytically more precise to use a terminology a use to precise more analytically it find I te ulc icus o ntoa ps ad common and past national on discourse public the n 8

arratives l etl rcse, hl understand while processes, mental al

are crucial elements of nation and nation of elements crucial are the past, while past, the

dsge wt essentialist with disagree I terms jc o te following the of bject

(see Brubaker et al., al., et Brubaker (see ese phenomena ese individual versus individual

forgetting other other forgetting

as

CEU eTD Collection past experiences, but the present ones as well, with possible implications for the future future the for implications (Halbwachs, possible with well, as ones present the but experiences, past the only not structures process a Such events. depicted certain of reorganization of process a remembering a is reconstructiv things that underlined already Halbwachs meaningless. become others while importance, gain events a compose community. to has also it cohesion its maintain to wants community a if that community. the within interactions and communication, in produced being t As forgetting. and Mauriceonecollective authors ofthe was whostudied Halbwachs firstthe influential memory national (Anderson, entities 1983). no and nation the of parts two between conflict a as presented 1861 the on interpretations historical the mentions author nation the in narratives historical of role the demonstrate further To fou this were to lead which events way the of previous elements inherent and all preconditions as interpreted nation, American the of birth as depicted was 1776 As States. menti also South” the in century thirteenth the in massacres process well his in out points Renan Ernest Already nationalism. and nation on theories various of elements important and of construction the in forgetting and memory of importance The he individual is the one who remembers, memory is always a collective product, which is which product, collective a always is memory remembers, who one the is individual he Eey rnh iie ms hv frotn h ngt f t Brhlmw n the and Bartholomew St. of night the forgotten have must citizen French „Every ons the changes in different time different in changes the ons Memory and forgetting are basically two aspects of the same process, when some some process,when same the ofaspects aretwo basicallyforgetting and Memory 1992 ). an important an

- k nown work titled: titled: work nown

figure

e process; it does reflec not e it process;

of the Durkheimian school he emphasized that even if if even that emphasized he school Durkheimian the of - nation? a is What conceptions by referring to the case of the United United the of case the to referring by conceptions 9

(Renan, 1995 (Renan, - 1865 war, which was consciously consciously was which war, 1865

that during the nation the during that t as conflicts between different different between conflicts as t . p . t „pure facts‟ t „pure the .

175 nation became very soon soon very became nation - ). Benedict Anderson Anderson Benedict ). building process, the the process, building Halbwachs

as is such,butit rem - building ndation. iniscent argued

CEU eTD Collection betvt aie. hl cmuiaie memory communicative While arises. objectivity cases both In 1999). (Assmann, memories these channel to and modify to authority the have who societies, the of members acclaimed are there and rituals, ceremonial in conveyed are past the of events The history. experienceabout historical therefore, time, the certain such thesource narratives of absolute is first with community the of members no are there case latter this In community. the of memory cultural about talks he hand, other the On interactions. personal in maintained experience, own their communicat betweenAssmann makes the memories. adistinction twotypes Onhand, of theone he defines Jan mention. to worth is author another forgetting, and memory of topic the to respect With 1999). u Ricoeur what is This consciousness. connected sin the to collective but the memory, in event the preserves it fact in itself, event the to refer not does forgetting e past traumatic overcoming in solution key be can forgetting active and sense Freudian a in work memory i.e. remembrance active author the of opinion and active recolor and reflect history constructed this does how thirdly, and past, the about have historians do future of collect horizon the and past how firstly observes Ricoeur our history and memory collective of of dialectic the In expectations. events the regarding experiences our of field deal Ricoeur Paul ive

the memories itself. When dealing with the past Ricoeur emphasizes t emphasizes Ricoeur past the with dealing When itself. memories the memory construct the construct memory passive v memory ive

which is connected to different objects and rituals as means of representaof means as rituals and objects differentconnected to is which s with the same aspects of memory work, when distinguishing between the between distinguishing when work, memory of aspects same the with s remembrance, and active and passive forgetting, respectively. In the the In respectively. forgetting, passive and active and remembrance,

as the memory of the living members of the community based on on based community the of members living the of memory the as

meaning of the past, secondly, what kind of critical remarks critical of kind what secondly, past, the of meaning

to this event and its place in the dialectic of historical historical of dialectic the in place its and event this to nderstands as reconciliation with the past (Ricoeur, (Ricoeur, past the with reconciliation as nderstands 10

is a personal interpretation of certain certain of interpretation personal a is fixed ways, through different different through ways, fixed et. n hs epc active respect this In vents. however, ,

he difference of of difference he h qeto of question the - hand tion tion CEU eTD Collection public discourses on collective national identities. identities. national collective on discourses public role crucial a play events historical of reconstructions and interpretations various that concluded, be can it theories elaborated above the on Based (Hobsbawm, 1992) other whereas history, French of symbols biggest the of one became Bastille the of storming the rememberingandforgetting of mechanismsthroughwhich controlled; was Republic Third the example are nation the about followers. and „popes” saint ritual, i creating by world secularized the in religion and faith the categories elemental the become from ties, kinship or titles, ranks, were identification of references nation with people of masses great the for created were however, traditions, new The communities. t that facts the to refers author The modernity. of nations new the of construction the in traditions invented Further norm with events these of remembrance the endowed which nation, the of myth the of creation the could contribute to such a how selectivein factprocess underlines of the national he narrative, necessarily not does Assmann nation. the of narrative coherent a create to past the of momentums different of selection a historical inthe eventssubjective imbedded life ative, character and1999). performative (Assmann, - controversial building purposes as a new form of integration. While While integration. of form new a as purposes building

influential theorist on nation and nationalism Eric Hobsbawm emphasizes the role of of role the emphasizes Hobsbawm Eric nationalism and nation on theorist influential

t he author he here were traditions even before modernization, but these were of smaller, local local smaller, of were these but modernization, before even traditions were here .

also analyzes ho analyzes also d often the highly regulated reinterpretations of the historical past. As an As past. historical the of reinterpretations regulated highly the often tis f h rvltos ee n hs otx rte marginalized rather context this in were revolutions the of etails

question how real these events were which has become the part the become has which were events these real how question

of identification. The national identity is in a way replacing way a in is identity national The identification. of w the collective image about the French Revolution and and Revolution French the about image collective the w The main 11

- sources of this symbolism and myth creation creation myth and symbolism this of sources

course, cultural becan understood memory as

It has also already been argued, that this this that argued, been already also has It in nation in

ts saint places, saint symbols and symbols saint places, saint ts n pre in - building pr building the modern times nations times modern the - oen era modern ocess as well as well as ocess h m the ain CEU eTD Collection ht atce te ocp o pstvs hsoigah ad h psto o tradition of position the and who historians, historiography positivist of concept the attacked White strategi discursive which structure field thehistorical of selection the on concentrates and truth, historical of kind any of a way other the not and history of object the creates difference remarkable marginalized are others factual while history, as the depicted of are elements events some which by procedure selective the on elaborating by questio absolutely and further even goes White relevant. are elements aesthetic and rhetorical the also but facts, of level the on only defined author present is theories critical most the of One questionable. becomes nations. certain of history the as written is history modern generally but propaganda, of means a as regimes of case radical More way fitstotheirpolitical it ideological frameworks. reconstruct recreate, to regimes these of characteristics main the of one is it as non demonstratethe of part the be can events historical which nation, the of story the narrate to privilege the has who question: crucial becomes it point this At well. as nation the of narrative coherent a create to attempt an n personal the to Analogously reality. social our value in imbedded one, linguistic a is process

dictatorships.

critics on critics

itrclnraiea altrr artifact literary a as narrative historical Generally, a positivist scientific approach towards un towards approach scientific positivist a Generally, presupposed an objectively existing (his)story „out there‟ which is waiting to waiting is which there‟ „out (his)story existing objectively an presupposed hs tr i wa kn o itrrtto. ot lutaie xmls to examples illustrative Most interpretation. of kind what in story this - positivist nature of historiography are the cases of different dictatorships, differentof cases arethe historiographynatureof positivist

itrcl vns a sre s o mtra nt only not material row as serve can events Historical between the literary fiction and historiography, historical discourse discourse historical historiography, and fiction literary the between narrative historiography narrative

( White, 19 White, ns the factual characteristics of the historical events; events; historical the of characteristics factual the ns 78, 1987 12 -

laded politicized discourses on understanding on discourses politicized laded

however, do not restrict their interest only on only interest their restrict not do however, arrative of the individual life course there is there course life individual the of arrative

round. Therefore, he ignores the relevance the ignores he Therefore, round. ). , and therefore it cannot be analyzed analyzed be cannot it therefore and , . The author argues that there is no no is there that argues author The .

ed by Hayden White. The The White. Hayden by ed - reflexive historiography reflexive in

the past the past the totalitarian es, es, al

CEU eTD Collection elt i cntnl dsaiie i caatr Akrmt lo ocue, ht modern that concludes, also Ankersmit character. in destabilized constantly is reality an as but knowledge, as understood being know of arrangement not is interpretation an such sense this in itself, past the to not and past, the of interpretation narrative the to refers which construction, actual the and them between relationship past the to apply Ashistoricalexplanations. narratives structureof existing assumingpast, analready instead of interpretations these that claims also Ankersmit arguments White‟s past. the of interpretations as narratives historical defines and historiography, and hi Among Ankersmit. A. Frank is metaphor extended an as narratives historical understanding author influential Another “the criteria. moral and narratives of operation linguistic purely the emphasizes author The not is forms discursive argumentation factual i.e. to connected explanations narrative these between choice the however, author, the to According meaning. with events historical endow to function the plays form t but present to not is narratives historical of role the In sense this 42). nature” 1987,p. (White, are poeticmeans in that chroniclecomprises by interpretations, of fictionality the with historian. the told; be s fundamental theses, Ankersmit makes a clear distinction between the historical research historical the between distinction clear a makes Ankersmit theses, fundamental s topoi an objective narrative that organizes itself independently from the possible biases of biases possible the from independently itself organizes that narrative objective an

of rather literarycausal laws of thanthe1987,p.44).(White, plots, science” The author opposed the concept of concept the opposed author The wih impose “which bt r nt qa wt i, nor it, with equal not are but , osqety tee artv epaain cn ahr e nesod as understood be rather can explanations narrative these Consequently, ledge. In such narratives the relationship between language and social social and language between relationship the narratives such In ledge. hermeneutics

associated with the concept of metaphoric narrativism, narrativism, metaphoric of concept the with associated

a discursive form on the events that [the narrative‟s] own own narrative‟s] [the that events the on form discursive a s, and therefore, it cannot be a be cannot it therefore, and s, Hsoia nraie ae n hs opp this in are narratives Historical . events of the past. the of events 1 3

knowledge o constitute. This imposition of a discursive discursive a of imposition This constitute. o

o hy ee t i, hr i nt fixed not is there it, to refer they do

with He understands narrativism as a as narrativism understands He interpretation

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rational choice. choice. rational sto clearly osition ;

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CEU eTD Collection ruined by internal or external enemies of the nation. The image of a utopian future prompts prompts future utopian a of image The nation. the of enemies external or internal by ruined usually was which past, national the in period flourishing harmonious pure, once a to refers glorious The future. utopian the and present degraded the past, glorious the are pattern this of elements basic three The nations. all almost of narratives historical the characterize which patterns general some found have of theories the with phenomena these linked which model, a offering by literature of body existing the to contribution significant further made Lytle identit national view, of point instrumentalist and/or constructivist a form nation, nation the of narrative the of creation the describe authors the of most While the past whoare considered tobeearlier co in communities those and nation modern the between continuity create to possible it time makes linear a constructing and time homogenizing by achieved are goals These time. present the and nation the of explanation historical the between chasm the bridge wi continuity has seemingly which community a create to also is investigations historical these of aim The identity an has also but acts, our to points orientation as only not serves and aesthetical contains th is This unavoidably well. as aspects it rhetorical such as and process, discursive is a history Writing unavoidably objectivity. scientific of opposite total the necessarily not is narrative consciousness regarding factuality of question this histor in radical less be to appears however, Rüsen, Jörn (Anke attitudes political on based always is and dimensions ethnical by pervaded is historiography ical narratives, by understanding them as fundamental operational way of historic historic of way operational fundamental as them understanding by narratives, ical rsmit, 2000,pp. rsmit, h h ps. itras ga i t cntut lnusi mdu ta tis to tries that medium linguistic a construct to is goal Historians‟ past. the th I hs sa aot h reoi o th of rhetoric the about essay his In . 111 - 120).

e only way to give meaning to the passing time, which which time, passing the to meaning give to way only e at s nvra caatrsi o al ainl rhetoric national all of characteristic universal as past - members of1999).members thenation (Rüsen, 14

hsoy h ato age, ht the that argues, author the history e social mobilization. The authors The mobilization. social - creating function. creating - conception

Levringer & Levringer y and the the and y that CEU eTD Collection eahrc artvs fie t connect to failed that narrativism emphasize metaphoric approach former the targeting critiques the of Most historians. positivist nar metaphoric elaborated above the between debate live a still is There well Hungarians Vojvodinian of narratives historical the analyzing when importance special play will renewal and rebirth of myths the and treatment, unjust of suffering, and redemption election, militaryvalour, territory, of myths the Beside myths. historical of taxonomy his in understanding, historical 48 pp 1997, (Smith, destiny national a of image the community, the and of continuity roots reestablish to function important plays age golden a of image the construction, this in Smith to According rebirth. and salvation passion, of story the as nation the of history character transcendental almost with narratives these endow future unsatisfactorypresent goldenage,the the triadic structureofthe on based past na when well as Smith identifying Anthony by examined are narratives historical of patterns Similar (Levringer &Lytle, 2001). t transforms it such as and diagnosis, given previously the inverting by future utopian the to pointing prescriptions gives it Furthermore, present. the and past the of perception the between tension a creates therefore, and decline, polit internal purity, racial or linguistic territory, of loss identifying by present degraded the to lead has which facts, the of diagnosis a gives rhetoric nationalist collectiv for tionalism, tionalism, .

the importance of importance the e action to restore the glory of the nation. In the process of political mobilization, political of process the In nation. the of glory the restore to action e as well as national historiography. The narrative reconstruction of the national the of reconstruction narrative The historiography. national as well as ethnogenesis and antiquity, kinship and shared descend, the myths of ethnogenesis antiquity,shared descend, themyths of and and kinship

the golden age and the national renewal renewal national the and age golden the - 52).

itrcl res historical

15 tetct ad int, s el s mdl of model a as well as dignity, and uthenticity Schöpflin e rae tnin no oiia mobilization political into tension created he

(1997) ac wt histori with earch

ees o iia shm o schema similar to refers istics, by presenting the the presenting by istics, as essential elements of of elements essential as cl iiin r moral or division ical r tvs and ativism ography

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as as - f CEU eTD Collection itrorpy wl as eaie o ht ere o hs nraie flil h ab the fulfill narratives these elaboratedcritical do degree what to examine also will I historiography 1998). Stromquist, & (Cox narratives author the fairness term the under Finally, choices. these of evaluation the and stories, alternative self under demand, this to connected real historians that expected is it Besides, explicit. them make to and strategies, narrative their on reflect to historians expect are principles r historical of practice the to guidelines as serve would principles, scholarly shared commonly basic some down versus lay to objectivism aim historical they however, of dilemma the escape to want not do authors tiled book their of what to closest the is debate this in position My (Lorenz, 2000 ex an presupposes events certain on structure imposed an as narratives historical of understanding a as narrativism metaphoric the Narra True? be Histories Other including history, of narratives master „synthetic‟ and ‟objective‟ both however past, the of events narrative

sig nweg wtot nepeain wih s ohn es bt ue e pure but else nothing is which interpretation, without knowledge isting fascinating critiques of White and Ankersmit like th like Ankersmit and White of critiques fascinating s understand willingness to consider the views of other scholars other of views the consider to willingness understand s

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reject selectively , ize their own constitutive role in shaping of history. Closely Closely history. of shaping in role constitutive own their ize self

the significance of the Holocaust, or similar weighty events. events. weighty similar or Holocaust, the of significance the double inversion of positivism, and underline that White‟s White‟s that underline and positivism, of inversion double ed -

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Cox & Stromquist suggest in the introduction the in suggest Stromquist & Cox might

fairness narratives still still narratives

even e one written by Chri by written one e esearch and historiography. These These historiography. and esearch B self By . . Radical version of questioning of version Radical .

lead to complete relativi complete to lead Sca History. Social n concern -

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certain existing existing certain s Lorenz: s relativism;

mpiricism mpiricism Here the the Here which which zation Can Can ove ove

CEU eTD Collection 2 Hungarian elite inthe1990s. Vojvodiniam the among II War World on narratives historical new constructed which works publicists with topics these approached Sad) Novi of University the at History of Department the at professor O questionable. scientifically is methodology publicists, authors the of Some degrees. sources, my of categorization the to respect With I turntothe in will shifting of elaboration detailed the from both purposes, politicized conflict ethnic p the Inter of titled: 4.1 chapter As Yugoslavia. in regime Tito the of years early the and Hungariansafter the p published primary The 3.1 C

For HAPTER

Research Description detailed references see the List of Primary Sources on page: X page: on Sources ListPrimary the referencessee of detailed eet thesis resent oe established more - ethnic Relations in Vojvodina in Relations ethnic

or writers. Consequently, there Consequently, writers. or h cnutd eerh n hs iprat public important these on research conducted who sources of my of sources s. Consequently, I argue that these events are still used and abused for for abused and used still are events these that argue I Consequently, s. 3 : will will -

depth analysis the Hungarian of M ETHODOLOGICAL demonstrate ehdlgcl criteria methodological

work, i.e. the objects of my analysis are works of Vojvodinian of works are analysis my of objects the i.e. work,

(like for example Márton Matuska) Márton example for (like

Serbian Serbian – olitical changes of 1989 regarding the events of World War II War 1989ofWorld events regardingchanges the of olitical

Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis side of the the of side ,

hs eid a characterized was period this – historical narratives in the years of political transition political of years the in narratives historical

With Special Focus on the Events of World War II War World of Events the on Focus Special With is usua is 17 majority as well as from the mino the from as well as majority

bt tl otn eid n h fnig of findings the on relied often still but , hr (ie Sánd (like thers lly no clear cut line between the genres of of genres the between line cut clear no lly A perspective

they PPROACH

ufl academi fulfill 2 .

r Més or can only be categorized as categorized be only can by

issues; the most seve most the criteria c áo, h ws a was who záros, Historical Context Historical

oee their however rity. After the the rity.After

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CEU eTD Collection will bewill understood th the Following circumstances Serbia. in ofthe 1990s characteris demographic and social the period; historical examined the regarding authors Serbian of works actual of crucialbe also will of analysis the During 2009). Wodak, & (Reisigl extra as well inter that means, This is DHA language visual or written Discourse the Analysis, fol Discourse Critical of methods the apply to intend I analysis my In lowing the methodological guidelines of the Viennese approach of CDA, also referred as as referred also CDA, of approach Viennese the of guidelines methodological the lowing Wodak, 19 Wodak, & (Fairclough people position ethnic/cultural and things represent and which in ways men,the through minorities and and majorities women classes, social instance) (for between relations power unequal effects ideological major have may practices Discursive power. of issues important of rise gives it consequential, socially so is discourse Since it. transforming that sense, the in both constitutive is It people. of groups and people between relationships and of identities constituted socially as well as constitutive it: frame which structure(s), social and institution(s), situation(s), the and event discursive particular a between Describi practice‟. „social of form a t hel it - - linguistic social variables, and the broader sociopolitical and historical context context historical and sociopolitical broader the and variables, social linguistic The discursive event is shaped by them, but it also shapes them. That them. shapes also it but them, by shaped is event discursive The Historical Approach Historical ps to sustain and and sustain to ps 97, 258). p. 97, eoretical concepts of concepts eoretical

as to consider the inter considerthe to :

- textual and inter and textual

tics of Vojvodinian Hungarians Vojvodinian of tics erdc te oil tts quo status social the reproduce

(DHA). especially sensitive on the context of the of context the on sensitive especially ng discourse as a social practice implies a dialectical relationship relationship dialectical a implies practice social a as discourse ng

Fairclough and Wodak, during my analysis, my during Wodak, and Fairclough - - textual aspects of these texts likepreviousapproaches texts these ofaspects textual discursive utterances are also taken into account as as account into taken also are utterances discursive –

it constitutes situations, objects of knowledge, and the social social the and knowledge, of objects situations, constitutes it

B 18 esides the systematic analysis systematic the esides

Vo – j

vodinian Hungarian historiography, it it historiography, Hungarian vodinian that is, they can help produce and reproduce reproduce and produce help can they is, that ;

and above all the unique historical historical unique the all above and , and in the sense that it contributes to to contributes it that sense the in and ,

is, discourse is socially socially is discourse is,

of the given oral, given the of

given discourse. discourse. given specifically discourse

CEU eTD Collection construction of the Austrian nation and national identity national and nation Austrian the of construction important most the finally discou Approach Historical D (Reisigl othe of access the controlling by or narratives identity hegemonic granted establishing in for detected be taken can power certain of expressions of Such hegemony discourses. the demystify to is analysis the of aim another m and establish discourse the of components ideological 2009). Maier, & (Jäger reality social of shaping overall the in play it does role what and subjects, social how people, of group specific which for time and place specific a in knowledge valid becomes what identify Conseq understanding consciousness, human up make that be but debate, linguistic of kind only not is discourse Thereby, rn m analysis my uring interpreted s wl b ietfe, second identified, be will rse truth‟ (i.e. what counts as truth) what counts truth‟ (i.e. of „regime specific a delimiting and concepts of the set particular a explores requiring knowledge of field He distinct unintelligible. as reasoning of r ways and other circumstances excluding time same the at while way intelligible an in knowledge of objects produces and defines constructs, discourse Foucault For ety bsd n ocuts icus ter, rtcl icus aayi am to aims analysis discourse critical theory, discourse Foucault‟s on based uently, & Wodak, 2009). & 2009). Wodak,

: Besides, as power is legitimized and de and legitimized is power as Besides, in a much broader sense, sense, broader much a in

is this knowledge produced, and passed on, what is its function in function its is what on, passed and produced,knowledge this is

which which wl apply will I ls ne wih ttmns r cmie ad euae t fr ad eie a define and form to regulated and combined are statements which under ules

means of linguistic realization. realization. linguistic of means s re iesoa. is te pcfc otn ad ois f the of topics and content specific the First dimensional. tree is

(Barker & (Barker h sseai mtoooia gieie of guidelines methodological systematic the ,

h ms iprat icrie strategies discursive important most the ecig lot h o the almost reaching as a knowledge, which refer which knowledge, a as

Galasinski, 2001 Galasinski, 19

r social actors to specific public discourses discourses public specific to actors social r - legitimized in discourses, in which in discourses, in legitimized , p 12 p ,

Wodak et al. et Wodak aintain unequal power relations, relations, power unequal aintain n their In – ).

ntological frameworks of our our of frameworks ntological following Foucault following

s td o te discursive the on study

to all kind of contents of kind all to identi fied at least f least at fied involved constructing – Discourse

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role of language in construction and regulation of truths about history by by history about truths of regulation and construction in language of role nic differences have primary importance. Therefore, there Therefore, importance. primary have differences nic (b) strategie (b) s el eid hs dsusv cntutos wih i t strengthen to aim which constructions, discursive these behind well as

- strategies.

answer the questions how are the hi the are how questions the answer s of justification and relativiz and justification of s These were (a) constructive strategies which strategies constructive (a) were These - es of the 1990s. the of es 99 ioiy itrorpy wa ae h main the are what historiography, minority 1989 of that identity by, for example, shifting of blame blame of shifting example, for by, identity that of 20

the nlss wil analysis My hyp My ation, which aim to aim which ation, storical events between 1941 1941 between events storical et al.2009,pp.36 . l

othesis is othesis oc te most the touch able characteristics of characteristics able - eiiiain (c) legitimization; might be might

that conserve or or conserve

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typical deeper deeper

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T HE rbs, Croats and Slovenes, ruled by the KaraĊorĊević KaraĊorĊević the by ruled Slovenes, and Croats rbs, „Saviours of the Nation‟. Serbia‟s Intellectual opposition and the Revival of of Revival the and opposition Intellectual Serbia‟s Nation‟. the of „Saviours politi

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necessary necessary

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cial focus on Serbian Serbian on focus cial

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task to give a short historical overview of of overview historical short a give to task V .

OJVODINA - fascist dictatorship fascist Djokić (2002). Djokić –

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CEU eTD Collection id. A Sji E (03 Hnain it e ovdn 1918 Vojvodina Press University he int Hungarians Columbia York: New by Distributed NJ. Lakes, (2003) Highland Inc.; Publications, and Research Atlantic Monographs. E. Sajti, A. Kiadó.; 5 pr the became by followed was 1941 March, Hungarians the and Serbs with conflicts severe most The ( press; and education languageminority of replacement the cu the system; wereschool Hungarian the of alteration radical the functionaries; Hungarian repression minority of events emblematic further perspective legislativ the volunteers wartime Serb among lands these distributing by but lands, their of proportion are mi of setting international the regarding minority Hunga Al the dictatorship of King as well as king, the to power political considerable guaranteed and monarchy constitutional that argues, and aspiration; nationalistic non and Serb state‟s the between of historiographies national is

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serious consequences serious

period and generally on the failure of the post the of failure the on generally and period - . F .

Serb political powers political Serb rfre ngtain wt te lid Powers. Allied the with negotiations preferred rom the perspective of the Cro the of perspective the rom and ia and tical same the difficulties of minority political representation representation politicalminority of difficulties the

The most important most The n soty after shortly and 22

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the - 97 Budr Clrd: oil Science Social Colorado: Boulder, 1947. characterized by constant tension tension constant by characterized manifestation of the great S great the of manifestation

ol Wr II. War World June June - elements of these narratives these of elements ethnic relations between the the between relations ethnic h a r Region ern ts, Hungarians ts,

General Dušan Si Dušan General 91 which 1921 of the the of

From Hungarian Hungarian From ]. Budapest: Zrínyi Zrínyi Budapest: ].

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of CEU eTD Collection living in Vojvodina in living turned minority Hungarian and German In Hungariangendarmerieand police (Bácska) Baĉka occupation, German Hungary‟s Vojvodina, of part Eastern the (Bánát) Banat Vojvodina in 1941 in already started Jews the of extermination deportation The itself. Holocaust the is Vojvodina of history the in event tragic Further of and Serbs, Jews political enemies authorities of settlements the in killings mass „ called so the most the of one period, this winter. during conflicts following the in especially and occupation, of months the during report authors Hungarian also today, However, re the meant primarily it Hungarof the under Hungarian supremacy. háromszög), (Baranyai into its declared state Ustaša Croatian afterwards

autumn 1944 when Vojvodina got under the control of Tito‟s partisans, the situation of the of situation the partisans, Tito‟s of control the under got Vojvodina when 1944 autumn

the country. Soon Soon country. the , of lie with the leadership Hitler commanded the Weh the commanded Hitler hc ws ne Gra amnsrto ad n rm (Szerémség) Srem in and administration German under was which hc blne t the to belonged which ian ian cold days in Novi Sad (Újvidék) Sad Novi in days cold units ee eotd any o ucwt b te cie contribution active the by Auschwitz to mainly deported were in 1941, by the end of the 1940s almost no almost 1940s the of end the by 1941, in

was and and - rkuj (uaié) MĊmre Mrkz, aaj Triangle Baranja (Muraköz), MeĊimurje (Muravidék), Prekmurje occupation of some territories, which were lost after World War I. War World after lost were which territories, some of occupation

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(A. Sajti, 2009) Sajti, (A.

the extension of political, cul political, of extension the - and Germans Germans and interest (J interest osy siae i different in estimated iously em, the period between the 1960s and 1980 and 1960s the between period the em, . Although from the perspective of the Hungarians, these were the most most the were these Hungarians, the of perspective the from Although t), Mladenovo (Dunabökény), Knić (Dunabökény), Mladenovo t), h dcnrlzto of decentralization The ushász, 1999).ushász,

. eee oiia ad cnmc crises economic and political severe Between autumn 1944 and spring 1945 thousands of Hungarians of thousands 1945 spring and 1944 autumn Between

ee ae to taken were power takeover power - ethnic re ethnic

sings tural, and institutional rights, and peaceful minority peaceful and rights, institutional and tural, ulctos fe te oiia tasto i 1989 in transition political the after publications labor labor , not only in those territories, which belonged to belonged which territories, those in only not , and the and lations in Vojvodina, all through the Tito regime Tito throughthe all Vojvodina, in lations 24 . These decades are decades These . Yugoslavia

ap of camps

Within t Within difficulti The actual number of the victims victims the of number actual The anin (Rezsőháza) etc. (A.Sajti, 2003, p. p. 2003, (A.Sajti, etc. (Rezsőháza) anin offered eie h ata executi actual the Beside

s is often epitomized as the „golden the as epitomized often is s n te 94 osiuin which constitution 1974 the and he circumstances of the war and war the of circumstances he Ba es in applying the new new the applying in es

further further k Jrk (Tiszaistvánfalva) Jarak ĉki rom Vojvodina, others Vojvodina, rom characterized by characterized n h hgl federalized highly the in oetas n realizing in potentials bring these issues to bring these n, many ons,

xpelled economic socialist

of all of were

to to - , CEU eTD Collection (Zakon o nacionalnim savetima nacionalinih manjina. “ manjina. nacionalinih savetima nacionalnim o (Zakon 6 re to consolidated rather these Within as th granting in resulted rights, minority of extension remarkable the and Union, European the towards overture process this of Part years few past the Nevertheless, Serbia. in democratization and live political the to changes radical t It whether questionable is Yugoslavia of parts other from settlers and refugees Serbian of number big by altered also was Vojvodina 2007). (Nagy, 1990s the during Vojvodina service military for tense country, the of internationalisolation the ofperiod, difficult situation this economic deteriorated. significantly was minority the of situation the view of point in (VMDK) Hungarians Vojvodinian the of establishment inter Serbian formation group and differentiation T discourses. nationalist highly articulatedin of categories primary became differences ethnic of process dissolution the characterized which violence, ethnic scaled large the

See the new law on the National Minority Councils in Serbia, ratified by the Serbian Parliamentin 2009. 2009. Parliamentin Serbian the by ratified Serbia, in Councils Minority National the on law new the See e representative ofnational inSerbia. bodies minorities -

xmn the examine inter - . ethnic relations characterized by national intolerance, national by characterized relations ethnic

- ethnic relations as well. well. as relations ethnic ,

ot iln pros f inter of periods violent most

minority in the war, the in cultural autonomy with the establishment of Minority National Councils Councils National Minority of establishment the with autonomy cultural political party of the Hungarian minority the minority Hungarian the of party political was the restoration of the autonomy of Vojvodina in 2002, Serbia‟s Serbia‟s 2002, in Vojvodina of autonomy the of restoration the was

he fall ofthehe fall Milo - majority relations in Vojvodina show significant improvement. significant show Vojvodina in relations majority

according to some estimation almost 50,000 Hungarians left left Hungarians 50,000 almost estimation some to according circumstances

1990. However, in all other aspects from a Hungarian Hungarian a from aspects other all in However, 1990. h fl o te oils rgm eald the enabled regime socialist the of fall The his setting opened opened setting his šević regimešević inOctober2000 25 Sluţbeni glasnik RS”, broj 72/2009) broj RS”, glasnik Sluţbeni t h same the At

new political and scientific initiatives aimed initiatives scientific and political new - ethnic coexistence in Vojvodina. In 2003 2003 In Vojvodina. in coexistence ethnic 6

ie h ehi com ethnic the time new chapter in the Hungarian the in chapter new Democratic Community of of Community Democratic and the refusal of liability liability of refusal the and Due to the generally the to Due brought

especially in in especially oiin of position

immediate immediate the highly highly the h state the whi ch - , ,

CEU eTD Collection after Tito‟s death some of the previously untouchable bases of the Yugoslav ideology have have ideology Yugoslav the of bases untouchable previously the of some death Tito‟s after Dragović As historiography. Yugoslav the of breakdown existi the of legitimacy the questioning to even and crises political severe to lead factors two These country. the of crisis economical the with coincided federation the of force cohesive strongest the as referred often country, of history the Yugoslavia in chapter new a opened and importance, crucial had 1980 in death Tito‟s 4 these of narrativesfocu be will inthe strategies political main the Identifying 1990s. the and of Serbian historiography both Hungarian the of light the in understood better be could history of reconstruction underestimated co their of victims the of number the held elite Hungarian the of members 1 Vol. the and 17 Germans, that show, data present the end, an to come yet not has research the 106 83 of names the contains also volumes nine in published belonging. ethnic their of regardless 1848, and 1941 between Vojvodina in victims civilian the of number exact the and truth the investigate to and Arts the on based .2 Shifting Narratives Worldof War II intheTime ofTransition in Serbia

000. Though the authors of the monograph emphasize that these are not fin not are these that emphasize monograph the of authors the Though 000. - 8). The reception of the monograph monograph the of reception The 8). different political regimes between 1941 and 1948 and 1941 between regimes political different (VANU) therefore ,

000 Jews, 4 Jews, 000 decision ( . at, 2009). Sajti, A. under the coordination of under ,

of the P the of of

600 Hungarians, and 2 000 Croatian civilians fall victims of the of victims fall civilians Croatian 000 2 and Hungarians, 600

eba s well as Serbia s ofthe following chapters. arliament of Vojvodina, the Vojvodina Academy of Sciences Sciences of Academy Vojvodina the Vojvodina, of arliament The

caus g state. ng Te ak f io s a as Tito of lack The .

Dr a floe ypltcl eaei Vojvodina, in debate political by followed was es behind behind es 26

.

Dragoljub ŢivkovićDragoljub infcn p Significant The results of this research which was was which research this of results The

h dfiute o psil mutual possible of difficulties the - oo argues, Soso

(Cerović, 2009; Ţivković, 2009, 2009, Ţivković, 2009; (Cerović,

8 vcis om h ttl of total the form victims 881 art of this process was the the was process this of art

hrsai lae o the of leader charismatic established 52 that that

- 0 Srs 25 Serbs, 000 nationals already shortly shortly already

al results, and results, al a commission commission severely

war war 000

CEU eTD Collection republics of Slovenia and Macedonia managed to un to managed Macedonia and the Slovenia of While republics way. unjust an in drawn were republics the of borders the perspective Serbian Serbian the of elements important Fromstate. the bordersof inner the of question the erawere Yugoslav Furtherthe interpretationof 1943. in Germans the with talks secret had Austro the of member as Serbia troo Hungarian against fighting was he as Serbs, the against always was somebody,portrayedwho wasas Tito past the narrativesof Serbian new In the contested. debat public the to openly more entered Otok Goli of island prison the with II, War World after persecutions communist the and questioned, become also has figure Tito‟s of evaluation positive exclusivelythe Soon, the A the of becauseof history the as well as Yugoslavia, debate, of republics the of history the hot of narrative nationalizing a evoked immediately which Yugoslavia, of Encyclopedia 108 p. 1992, (Banac, itself” regime the of unity the on dependent highly was historiography Yugoslav Yugoslavia” In nations. own their of history the write to started primarily historians and decentralized, also was historiography Yugoslav state, the of decentralization administrative the with line in however, Meanwhile, revolutionthe communist andthe „warof natio heg Serbian „Great a to ‟monarcho a as characterized Yugoslavia, interwar the to attributed value highlynegative the with contrast in people, Yugoslavthe of unification the of the of fundamentals basic These contested. become lbanians in Kosovo (Dragovićlbanians Kosovo in

aa as cnlds ta b te 90 i ws biu, ht te nt of unity “the that obvious, was it 1980s the by that concludes, also Banac ) Go ilsrto o ti kn o famnain a te ae f the of case the was fragmentation of kind this of illustration Good 6). ps during World War I. It has also come to surface, that the partisan leaders leaders partisan the that surface, to come also has It I. War World during ps his study titled titled study his emony‟. Further, untouchable issues were the official interpretation of of interpretation official the were issues untouchable Further, emony‟. e. Similarly, interpretation of further events in the war became became war the in events further of interpretation Similarly, e. - Soso, 2002). Soso, Hsoigah o te onre f atr Europe: Eastern of Countries the of “Historiography 27 nal liberation‟ (Dragović

system were absolute positive evaluation positive absolute were system ite all their fellow their all ite - fascist dictatorship‟ and aspirations aspirations and dictatorship‟ fascist - Soso, 2002,p.71). Soso, - nation al s within the within the

- CEU eTD Collection these crimes were not more outstanding, outstanding, more not were crimes these the by committed persecutions the of volume the relativize to aimed historians Croatian victims, Serbian the of number the overestimating histories national reconstructed newly the of elements Yugoslavia of war the titled: book his in Macdonal As martyrdom. the Serbian of symbol the become has Jasenovac of regime Ustaša the of victims the to attention elite. Croatianand Serbian between the past. the about debate public Serbian new the in issues central the of one became II War World in war civil the of issue the rediscovered time transition the of historians the when relevance, its lost also has traitors domestic by and forces foreign by country the of occupation fascist the legitimiza important most The Serb collation lead(Banac, Slovenia and2003). by Croatia, Vojvodina 1992;Suppan, anti an of sense economical and political in both victim the as and republic, sovereign own Serb the portrayed and spirit anticommunist Artsand SciencesAcademy of the was ideas these propagating publication remarkable most Ustaša the of victims were they that fact, the despite Austria and Turkey against war liberation the during gains Serbia‟s consideration of out left borders sub same Yugoslavia between 1941 and 1945. The persecutions and the number of victims during victims of number the and persecutions The 1945. and 1941 between Yugoslavia h ms vvd iar rgrig hs cnetd nepeain o te past the of interpretations contested these regarding rivalry vivid most The - Hungary, nor did the Serbs got autonomy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, Croatia, and Herzegovina and Bosnia in autonomy got Serbs the did nor Hungary, - state, this was not true in the case of the Serbs who felt that felt who Serbs the of case the in true not was this state, Balkan holocaust? Serbian and Croatian victim Croatian and Serbian holocaust? Balkan (2003), the rhetoric of victimization and persecutions were central central were persecutions and victimization of rhetoric the (2003), tion myth of Yugoslavia, namely the common struggle against struggle common the namely Yugoslavia, of myth tion (SANU) Members of the Serbian intelligentiadedicatedSerbian special the ofMembers in 1986, which was written in a highly nationalist andhighly a in nationalist written was 1986, which in than any other persecutions during wartime. In 1990 1990 In wartime. during persecutions other any than s in Yugoslavia as the only nation without their without nation only the as Yugoslavia in s 28

Independent State of Croatia of State Independent

eie (Dragović regime needn Sae f Croatia of State Independent Wie h Srs ee en on keen were Serbs the While . Memorandum - centered propaganda and propaganda centered the AVNOJ the d convincingly argues argues convincingly d - oo 2002). Soso, , and argued, that that argued, and ,

f h Serbian the of - designated designated happened

and ,

The - CEU eTD Collection ideological differences within it” (Djokić, 2002, (Djokić, it” within differences ideological reconciling by nation the of “homogenization as understood be also can it that shows Djokić re term the While community‟s threatened identity o essay nationalist strong Serbs. the stimulate mobilize can they strategy, rhetorical this by that well, very it recognized elite Serbian The 2003). (Macdonald, evil the of manifestations ultimate M Others the representing time same the at while war, the of victims ultimate the as themselves present to aimed historiography and intelligentia con still „Golgotha‟ Serbian suffering,the whereas Jewish endedIsraelhad of state the of creation“the that added, also He suffering. in Jews the and Serbs the of brotherhood and unity the express to writers w events these of One war. duringthe Jews and the Serbs the fateofmutual express the to gestures symbolicwereseveral There 2003). (Macdonald, suffering national of symbol general a as term the using and itself, Holocaust‟ „Serbian as Serbs Jews. the of extermination the and war, the during sufferings their between parallel, a drew Serbs the how discusses also Macdonald against theabsolutegenocide criminality ofthe itself ( c Croatian in died have who people of number the that claiming by Croats, the by committed prosecutions of volume presiden first the uslims who committed persecutions against the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia in Serbs the against persecutions committed who uslims n

h Msr o Esen uoen Small European Eastern of Misery The o h needn Cota Fr Croatia, independent the of t conciliation is usually referres usually is conciliation iud (Dragović tinued” motn eeet f hs htrc a wa Bibó what was rhetoric this of element Important amps during the war was not more, than 60 than more, not was war the during amps as, when in the 1985 the in when as,

can be understood as understood be can

and

the destruction ofthe nation the destruction - oo 20, . 107 p. 2002, Soso, Referring to Referring 29

p.130). This process could be detected both detected be could process This p.130). Vuk Drašković sent an open letter to Israeli to letter open an sent Drašković Vuk to reconciliation between different nations, different between reconciliation to anjo Tudjman not only underestimated the the underestimated only not Tudjman anjo –

rvaiaino h eih Holocaust Jewish the of trivialization a

the persecutio the States Dragović in this case mainly the Croats, but also but Croats, the mainly case this in

- 9) B ti reoi Serbian rhetoric this By 198). h eitnil nit fr the for anxiety existential the - Soso, 2002). Soso,

( Bibó, 1994, p.39) Bibó, 1994, ns committed against the the against committed ns

000, but he also argued also he but 000, (1994) (1994)

called in his his in called and feelings .

–

as the as CEU eTD Collection war, and byequalingBleiburg. dedicating and weigh toJasenovac i like well, atmosphere political the characterizing was process reconciliation national pro a of leader the Ljotić the with collaborated of president unquestionably the Nedić, Milan who like Germans, II, War World of politicians those of some even targeted process reconciliation the of elements Further exile. the from monarchy the of and Mihajlović, on novel a wrote Drašković Additionally, 1941. May in Germans Dragoljub the against movementupraise Ĉetnik the commemorating Ĉetnik 1990, in the Mihajlović of leader the to monument a erected Drašković nationa of process the in events memorable most the of One later Radical leader of Party (ibid.). theSerbian Šešelj Voljislav politician nationalist highly the with together 1990 in Movement Renewal th figuresemblematic of most the of pan u Yugoslavia was lead the in Tito with Yugoslavia, of Party de Communist the which time in narrative, historical same Yugoslav the at while II, War World in Ĉetniks the of role mutual betw find discussion of platforms to trying of instead past the of events certain about views their harmonizing right when Croatia, and Serbia in - Serb reconciliation program has begun to unite the ideologically fragmented nation. fragmented ideologically the unite to begun has program reconciliation Serb h ol rssat oeet uig h wr wih eocld l ntos of nations all reconciled which war, the during movement resistant only the n Croatia by Croatia n nder the slogan of „brotherhood and unity‟ and „brotherhood of slogan the nder reinterpreting the role of the of role the reinterpreting - fascist movement (Djokić, 2002, p.135). Undoubtedly, similar similar Undoubtedly, p.135). 2002, (Djokić, movement fascist een the two nations. In Serbia this meant reinterpretation of the the of reinterpretation meant this Serbia In nations. two the een - wing and left and wing is initiative was Vuk Drašković, who founded the Serbian Serbian the founded Drašković,waswho Vuk initiative is

30 the war the

-

wing thinkers of both Serbs and Croats were Croats and Serbs both of thinkers wing Independent State of Croatia of State Independent - time Serbian puppet state or Dimitrije or state puppet Serbian time . In the years of transition, however, transition, of years the In . his party was supporting the return return the supporting was party his l reconciliation was when Vuk Vuk when was reconciliation l

- legitimizing the official official the legitimizing other republics as republics other

during the the during - Draţa Draţa

One One CEU eTD Collection Belgrade: Stubovi Kulture. Stubovi Kulture. Belgrade: 12 Politika. Belgrade: 11 (1941 Yugoslavia in Counterrevolution 10 9 Politika. Belgrade: (1992) M Ekmeĉić, 8 the NDH]. in Serbs the on genocide ofthe idea] 7 during Serbs the of victims the and suffering the on emphasis the put dissolution of years demon is it As (Dimić, 1998). 10 than more 1941 in only author the Baĉka Dimić regime, II, War World of events 1990s. the in Yugoslavian of dissolution violent the during as well as II, history, the and publication, book‟s the of date politics titled further who Serbian Arts; and Sciences of Academy Serbian the of Memorandum mentioned already Krestić wereVasilije past the of narratives nationalistic highly propagated who historians Serbian important most The

Lubarda, V. (1990) (1990) V. Lubarda, (1983) V. Krestić, Ekmeĉić, Ekmeĉić, Dimić, J. (1998) (1998) Dimić,J. Djuretić, V. (1985) (1985) V. Djuretić, ernvć B (93 Rvlcj i otaeouia Jgsaii (1941 Jugoslaviji u kontrarevolucija i Revolucija (1983) B. Petranović, .Belgrade: Narodna Knjiga.; Krestić, V. (1986) O genezi genocida nad Srbima u NDH. [About the genesis genesis the [About NDH. u Srbima nad genocida genezi O (1986) V. Krestić, Knjiga.; Narodna .Belgrade: contributed ri Jugoslavija i Srbi – ) remarkable 12 Milorad Ekmeĉić Milorad North

M (1989) (1989) M published in 1998 in published already during the time of the Balkan Wars, through Wars, Balkan the of time the during already - strated above, in the case of Vojvodina as well, Serbian historiography of the of historiography Serbian well, as Vojvodina of case the in above, strated

Eastern V Eastern

also Srbi i Jugoslavija : Prostor, društvo, politika [Serbs and Yugoslavia: Space, society, politics]. society, Space, Yugoslavia: and [Serbs politika društvo, Prostor, : Jugoslavija i Srbi

Srpsko lt to lot a ria zeu rdj Erp i voe [ eba ewe Mdl Erp ad Europe] and Europe Middle between Serbia [ Evrope. i Evrope Srednje između Srbija Anatema. [Anathema]. Anatema. Serbian historians, Ljubograd Dimić is also to be mentioned. In his book his In mentioned. be to also is Dimić Ljubograd historians, Serbian aenc i uolvnk rta rm. Te lis n t and Allies [The drama. ratna jugoslovenska i Saveznici taaj Jgsaie (1791 Jugoslavije Stvaranje elaborates the elaborates

- hrvatsi odnosi i jugoslovensk i odnosi hrvatsi Potr duto politika društvo, Prostor, :

ojvodina 8 7 besides the big number of Serbian victims of the Croatian Ustaša Ustaša Croatian the of victims Serbian of number big the besides the

and Vojislav Lubarda Vojislav and and Radovan Smardţić Smardţić Radovanand

, Dimić ,

evlain f the of reevaluation - 1945)]. Belgrade. Belgrade. 1945)]. – loss of Ser of loss Književne novine (15 September, 1986) 5. 1986) September, (15 novine Književne portrayed the Serbs as the biggest victims and sufferers of of sufferers and victims biggest the as Serbs the portrayed

between 1941 and 1944 and 1941 between

Belgrade: Deĉje Novine. Belgrade: followed the history of the Serbian nation up until the until up nation Serbian the of history the followed 000 Serbs were massacred by the Hungarian the by massacred were Serbs 000 - 98. Frain f Yugoslavia]. of [Formation 1918). 31 bian lives during the Hungarian occupation in in occupation Hungarian the during lives bian

a ideja. [Serbian ideja. a

9

; oe f enk i Wrd a II. War World in Ĉetniks of role BrankoPetranović the two historians historians two the

Srs n Yugoslavia and (Serbs

. According to the estimations of estimations the to According . - Croatian relations and the Yugoslav the and relations Croatian the massacres of World War War World of massacres the amongauthors the 10

e uolv a Drama]. War Yugoslav he

and Veselin DjuretićVeselinand - 1945) [Revolution and and [Revolution 1945) When discussing the the discussing When

Belgrade: Prosveta.; Prosveta.; Belgrade: Sae societ Space, : the Bosnian the authorities authorities

Among Among of theof y, 11 .

CEU eTD Collection uolv artv o Wrd a II War World of narrative Yugoslav o publications few for Except and publicists historians Hungarian of number estimated the as account. to call righteous as Hungarians t as Serbs appr self and victimization, of discourse the within the interpret to refused Kasaš 1945. after minorities regim communist the of years first the in partisans the by minority Hungarian the against committed atrocities the about was Baĉka when and direction Sad. Novi of University the of Department History 1941 Vojvodini u these of reoccupation territories in1944 the after Vojvodina of minority historiograp Hungarian the Serbian against mainstream committed the in room no was there raid. Sad Novi the of anniversary Bačka Southern in (Raid 1942 Bačkoj, vidék) (Újvidék) so the of events the especially underlining II, War World

oach. He criticized the mainstream Serbian historiography which presented the innocent innocent the presented which historiography Serbian mainstream the criticized He oach. o rsrce ol t te vns f ol Wr I tef but itself, II War World of events the to only restricted not . n o te xmls f hs wrs a Zoii Golubovi Zvonimir was works these of examples the of One , and further raids of the Hungarian authorities authorities Hungarian the of raids further and , he victim of fascist Hungarians fascist of victim he

(Bácska) the limits the - - 1945. 96 Hnain i Vjoia 1941 Vojvodina in (Hungarians 1946

fell under Hungarian su Hungarian under fell

of the Hungarian politics of Magyarization between 1941 and 1944, and 1941 between Magyarization of politics Hungarian the of a politically bi Almost the only exception is Aleksandar Kasaš‟s Kasaš‟s isAleksandar the onlyexception Almost e, as well as about the reasons of a more tolerant policy towards towards policy tolerant more a of reasons the about as well as e, ne can conclude, conclude, can ne By portraying the Serbs as the main victims of these years, these of victims main the as Serbs the portraying By ased n te olwn years following the and

On the other hand, however, the au the however, hand, other the On

(Bácska) while itm poaae b Vjoiin Hungarian Vojvodinian by propagated victims over 32

premacy. However, Kasaš‟s scope of interest interest of scope Kasaš‟s However, premacy. that that

referr - exaggeration (Kasaš, 1996). - 1942) , justification, but took rather an analytic analytic an rather took but justification,

during the years of transit of years the during In his work, Kasaš was dealing with the with dealing was Kasaš work, his In historical ing

to the crimes committed against the the against committed crimes the to mainly in the Šajkaš region Šajkaš the in mainly

hc ws ulse fr h 50 the for published was which - 1946) - ald od as n oi Sad Novi in Days Cold called

events hy for for hy

was entirely displaced by by displaced entirely was ulse i 19 a the at 1996 in published he of the examined period period examined the of lo xesvl wr extensively also ć‟s mentioning crimes crimes mentioning book titled: book titled:

thor held 40 held thor Racija u Južnoj Južnoj u Racija ion the official the ion

Mađari (Sajkás (Sajkás

000 ote th

CEU eTD Collection of transition, and therefore, they were crucially characterizing the political atmosphere in in atmosphere political the characterizing crucially were they therefore, and transition, of took which politics, memory powerful very the of part were publications and initiatives events, elaborated above the All Selenić‟sSlobodan Pop Danko were and Yugos outside within both nations, enemy by surrounded always were they as Serbs the of history as communists the depicted titled: trilogy his In martyrdom. wartime its and nation Serbian the of greatness the underlines which enemy, powerful more overwhelmingly an 1972) Death, of and reinterpretations Serbian His ofthe Dobrica Ćosić. pastepicnovel was nationalism fostered who character important most the Probably expression. artistic of types past of sources important Further national narratives. the and relevance, its lost completely 100) p. 2002, wereportrayed nations Yugoslavthe of none so traitors, own their had and wartime, during cruelties committed nations all that emphasizing re held were nations Yugoslav de this of idea essential The war. the of successfullyde could fascists, as labeled forces the of rest the revolutiona the of dichotomy the on based era, communist the mainstream national narratives of these events. The official interpretation of the war during war the of interpretation official The events. these of narratives national . ai (Dragović lavia

During the the During

depicts the heroic fight heroic the depicts vćs oua book: popular ović‟s

Očevi i oci i Očevi years of dissolution, however, such a class based explanation has has explanation based class a such however, dissolution, of years

fanatical believers of their new religion, and characterized the the characterized and religion, new their of believers fanatical place in all federal states of the Ex the of states federal all in place -

oo 20, pp. 2002, Soso, (Fathers 1985) andForefathers, pnil fr h cie cmitd uig h wr while war, the during committed crimes the for sponsible - reinterpretations were from the f the from were reinterpretations

and suffering of the Serbs during World War I against War World during Serbs the of suffering and nia Mltn (h Bo Aot iui, 1985) Milutin, About Book (The Milutinu o Knjiga - vns f ol Wr I were II War World of events ethnicized narrative was, that the bourgeoisies of all of bourgeoisies the that was, narrative ethnicized 33

as more guilty than the other other guiltythe morethan as 89 - 4. te iprat ics f literature of pieces important Other 94). rm za A ie f Evil) of Time (A zla Vreme - ethnicize the hi the ethnicize . ry, liberating Partisans versus versus Partisans liberating ry,

- Yugoslavia during the years the during Yugoslavia ield of literature and other other and literature of ield

re Vreme smrti - otxulzd in contextualized ( storical memory storical Dragović

- (Time Ćosić Ćosić Soso, Soso, , CEU eTD Collection narratives of this period were both influence of both were period this of narratives criteria main the as groups, ethnic of presence section 1990s am II War World infl which factor important most the Arguably period. examined the in historiography minority on impact an had which variables, contextual main post 1990s the of circumstances inter and textual As Hungarian Contexts4.3.1 The Vojvodinian Historiography of Vojvodina 4 hist Vergangenhe German the of case the in like narrative self a by followed not was Serbia in transition political nation own their create political the of aspiration nationalistic highly the state, Yugoslav the of breakup the justify to goal the served past the of reconstruction selective The era. Tito communist Yugos official previous the disregarded completely past the of narrative new The well. as Serbia .3 I orical ofthe tools el narratives were

- rtcl icus Aayi f post of Analysis Discourse Critical 1989 Vojvodinian Hungarian historiography Hungarian Vojvodinian 1989 mentioned in the presentation of the methodological principles of my analysis my of principles methodological the of presentation the in mentioned a hsoigah, n utry de utterly and historiography, lav i.e. the i.e.

of my

violent dissolution violent thesis, - ong the Hungarian elite was the radically new political circumstances of the the of circumstances political new radically the was elite Hungarian the ong icrie context discursive

this unique historical period was characterized with highly crystallized highly with characterized was period historical unique this

states and to mobilize the masses for these goals. these for masses the mobilize to and states

are

ihy motn eeet f understandin of element important highly process , like the general political, historical historical political, general the like , ites to legitimize nationalism. ites tolegitimize of the Yugoslav state. As I argued in the previous the in argued I As state. Yugoslav the of - eiiie te dooia fnaet o the of fundaments ideological the legitimized d 34

uenced the historical discourse on the events of of events the on discourse historical the uenced by this social reality, but at the same time t time same the at but reality, social this by

- . 99 ugra Historiography Hungarian 1989

In this chapter I will shortly summarize the summarize shortly will I chapter this In - critical reconstruction of the historical historical the of reconstruction critical social itsbewältigung aeoiain Te historical The categorization.

, in the contrary, new new contrary, the in ,

te hrce of character the g n demographic, and Consequently, the the Consequently, ,

the inter the el ites to to ites hey in -

CEU eTD Collection Hungarian minority was registeredHungarian by the was minority II War World After population. overall province‟s the of % 14.3 290 only 2002, of census last 418 over was minority Hungarian the of number the 1948 in While decline. continuous shows minority Hungarian of data the on Based shou minority Hungarian Vojvodiniam the of demographic characteristics general period, examined the of context political the to connected Strongly on of discourses historical Serbian nationalist highly the works historical also might academia the within first the I War World I as Additionally, Hungary. of amount significant that neighboring the in living re to floor the opened 1989 after historiography of frameworks national towards socialist the from shift revisi Europe in regimes socialist the and Union Soviet the of fall the namely also were the narrative of frameworks on of socialist historiography in the neighboring countrie neighboring the in historiography socialist of on

pioneering publications on these events were often written by publicists and not and publicists by written often were events these on publications pioneering

powerfully

- hmtz Hnays epltcl oiin n te itr o ehi Hungarians ethnic of history the and position geopolitical Hungary‟s thematize have intensified the intensified have I, resulting tobooization of tobooization resulting in

rsne i before, it presented the 1990s. 1990s. the . T constitutive constitutive

he decades he 000, constituting 25.6% of the of 25.6% constituting 000, the Yugoslav censuses after World War II, the proportion of the the of proportion the II, War World after censuses Yugoslav the states (Trencs states Vojvodinian Hungarian historical works works historical Hungarian Vojvodinian

200 200 Besides, Vojvodinian Hungarian historiography highly dramatized presentation of certain events in the first the in events certain of presentation dramatized highly elements of it of elements - people identified themselves as Hungarians, which means which Hungarians, as themselves identified people long exclusion of these topics from the public the from topics these of exclusion long

h Tt rgm hd hgl pltczd artv of narrative politicized highly a had regime Tito the ényi & Apor, & ényi many dar many other other census in 1961(442 census in 35 inter

. ker episode of the common history. Many of of Many history. common the of episode ker A wider historical context of these events, these of context historical wider A - textual and inter and textual

the same period same the 2007). These changes made it possible, it made changes These 2007).

total population of Vojvodina, by the the by Vojvodina, of population total

560); however, their proportion 560); however, d lo e ae it account. into taken be also ld s as well. well. as s - discursive variables discursive

. were also published in in published also were highest number of the the of number highest also

Also in Hungary, the the Hungary, in Also resulted in a radical radical a in resulted had crucial had discourse discourse

impact , like , even

CEU eTD Collection 13 Infrommy theseMatuska primaryonly narratives. (2001) few souses dedicates pages tothese displace completely almost are Holocaust Jewish the like II War World of events historic ofthevictims notthe and persecutors wereHungarian the forces dedicat and period, sources primary my of all Almost Yugoslavia. in regime communist the of years early the during minority Hungarian the of members of execution works historical The is space much how theexamineddedicated works. in tocertain events quantitatively also and narratives, these of part the became past the these from a post the w I chapter present the In 4.3.2 historiography o identity threatened demog 2001). Gábrity, 2007; (Nagy, emigration Hungarian of waves large by as well as Vojvodina, towards population Hungarian proc assimilation today until the through decreasing kept population overall the in nd the early years of communism, and the topics of the discourse which can be extrapolated be can which discourse the of topics the and communism, of years early the nd

For detailed references see: Li referencessee: detailed For

The Topics of Topics theThe Discourse ahc aa lo ed icuss n h eitnil ns o te ioiy ad on and minority, the of angst existential the on discourses feed also data raphic - 99VjoiinHnainhsoigah eadn h eido ol a II War World of period the regarding historiography Hungarian Vojvodinian 1989

(Nagy, 2007). (Nagy, themes.

as well ess e either no or only few chapters to previous events of the war, in which in war, the of events previous to chapters few only or no either e

At this level of the analysis I am I analysis the of level this At f h Hnain, y h etnie mirto mvmns f non of movements immigration extensive the by Hungarians, the of Hungarians te omnt, hc wl b dtce in detected be will which community, the f .

ill give an overview of the most important most the of overview an give ill These tend These st of Primary Sourses on page 5 page Sourses on st Primary of

From our point of view it is important to consider, that consider, to important is it view of point our From in Vojvodina in the 1990s the in Vojvodina in

encies

can be explained by explained be can 36

8 .

second half of the of half second primarily 13

attempt to attempt

are dominantly focusing on the on focusing dominantly are

actual actual generally low birth rates, birth low generally interested in which evens of evens which in interested unfold the events of this of events the unfold themes regime. regime. h cs of case the 20 th

which appear in in appear which

century and up and century Other relevantOther minority minority

these these the the the d - CEU eTD Collection functi they contrary, the in or past; the of interpretations reflective self such to contribute themselves narratives these whether test to is aim main my inter peaceful de of the During society. precondition democratic a as past, the with reconciliation democracy. society, the of justice transitional (f) 1990s; the of inter (e) era; Tito the of taboos the break to elite Hungarian the of obligation 1944 in communities Hungarian the on focus special with past, the with reconciliation Serbian identified: be could discourse E actual the political circumstances o to as well as I, War World before Hungary historical the of borders the within communism of years the during as well as period, interwar the in minority Hungarian the of situation the are inter the with connection In region. l the on picture general a give to aim not do Serbian of frameworks the in set Consequently, works. historical examined the from absent also is (1991) byMatuska collectedreminiscences events xtrapolated on , and some references to the history of the Jews also appear in the stories of individual individual of stories the in appear also Jews the of history the to references some and ,

of

nationalist aspirations political in from the above mentioned themes, the following most important topics of the the of topics important most following the themes, mentioned above the from . The historical scope is also extended to the character of inter of character the to extended also is scope historical The . f the post Most of these elements of the discourse refer to the importance of of importance the to refer discourse the of elements these of Most - ethnic conflicts of World War II further themes of the discourse discourse the of themes further II War World of conflicts ethnic

(a) (a) - – - 19 1989 in Vojvodina with possible future expectat future1989 inVojvodina withpossible

ald nlss f ovdna Hungari Vojvodinian of analysis tailed h cla the

Hungarian rivalry and rivalry Hungarian – 45;

benevolent con benevolent (b) years of communism in Yugoslavia; (c) moral moral (c) Yugoslavia; in communism of years (b) i s f h Vjoiin ugra eie regarding elite Hungarian Vojvodinian the of ms . The history of the Ger the historyof The . the 1990s. 37 s o cvl ie drn Wrd a I i the in II War World during lives civil of oss

sequences of reconciliation of sequences

competing national discourses, and and discourses, national competing also these narratives seem to be to seem narratives these man minority in Vojvodina Vojvodina in minority man crimes rather played legitimizing legitimizing played rather - tnc eain, and relations, ethnic

omte against committed n historiography, an - - ethnic relations relations ethnic ethnic conflicts ethnic ; (g) freedom freedom (g) ; - ions. critical and critical

CEU eTD Collection socialist takeover. power partisan the of months the with comparison the in occupation, Hungarian the of events the to space less much dedicated was it As differentiated any more. be hardly can profane the and saint the of spheres the representations these In community. the of martyrs the as regime Tito the of victims Hungarian portraying strategyis victimization t in Hungarians reference of kind any and narratives, these from Holocaust Jewish the of ignorance complete almost the is victimization 1944 and 1942 reporting of 1944 th of protagonists main the were and Hungary from came only that ones the and Hungarians local the between distinguish often they ends this To their group presentedown ethnic is Vojvod Consequently, minority Hungarian the post of kind any presented which years, following the and Yugoslav official the with break to was works victimization and relativization of case the in macro the From Strategies Main 4.3.3 The the MeansRealization Discourse of their of Linguistic and . Furthermore, the cruelties of the Hungarian occupation are often mitigated, and instead and mitigated, often are occupation Hungarian the of cruelties the Furthermore, . historiography as well as the actual Serbian one in the 1990s was dealing with this this with dealing was 1990s the in one Serbian actual the as well as historiography already underlined underlined already i n details about the committed crimes, the emphasis is put on the on put is emphasis the crimes, committed the about details n Vojvodi - which , strategies of constructing national identity presented by Wodak Wodak by presented identity national constructing of strategies he examined historical period. period. historical examined he inian Hungarian historiography aims to construct a narra a construct to aims historiography Hungarian inian in Hungarian nian

is s js ad iheu pnsmn o te Nazi the of punishment righteous and just a as to

portrayed

possible nationalistic, and anti and nationalistic, possible eoe te post the before, seem to play to seem not as a but persecutor, not as

as

itrcl artvs te taeis f j of strategies the narratives, historical rather a

the most important role. important most the 38 h arg The

-

interpretation 1989 Vojvodinian Hungarian historiography historiography Hungarian Vojvodinian 1989 Finally, an important element of this this of element important an Finally, osldtd period consolidated e crimes committed between 1941 and and 1941 between committed crimes e mn bhn ti dcso i ta the that is decision this behind ument

- the vi war retribution retribution war - Semitic

of the events of World War I War World of events the of ctim ofthis historical period.

attitudes of Vojvod of attitudes The crucial aim of these of aim crucialThe Aohr set of aspect Another . committed against committed - years collaborators. tive in which which in tive et al et ustification, between between .

(2009) inian inian

I,

CEU eTD Collection i hde aed ses o e o iiae h wih o te rms omte b hs co nationals his by committed crimes the of weight the mitigate to be to seems agenda hidden his na this an such By governance. military the as eve the of interpretation well as civilian the of control of out fell soon po civil Serbian the of support wide with units partisan of sabotages military and political many still were by consolidated has situation the although that namely Sad, Novi of Days hi a is there Furthermore, narrative. his in neglected entirely are turnover power the of victims civil the However, places. their to arriving were colonies Hungarian Székely and property, and homes their from despoiled s who Serbs, those closed, oppressed, entirely was were press Serbian schools Serbia supremacy, Hungarian under got Vojvodina of parts certain trivialization. and downplaying of strategy the use Those need these totake or responsibilityfor crimes, to 1941 of crimes the for paid and suffered already have 1944 of killings mass Hungarian the of and (Újvidkék) w Sad Novi of raid the to reduced often is Hungarians it the by committed crimes the comparison, compare to order in occupation, Hungarian the of ignored was Hungarians the against committed crimes the while enough, extensively topic rrative, the author use author the rrative, authors,

by them by .

who still give rather detailed description of the Hungarian the of description detailed rather give still who the Šajkas region (Sajkás vidék) while those people who people those while vidék) (Sajkás region Šajkas the pulation. The author also ads, that the crimes committed by the Hungarians the by committed crimes the that ads, also author The pulation. . Nevertheless forces - 19

nts, beside the highly selected highlythe beside nts, and the Holocaust itself Holocaust the and 5 s rtiuin o a rvne i i sgetd ta H that suggested, is it „revenge‟ a or ‟retribution‟ as 45 s

, in , the strategies to shift blame and resp and blame shift to strategies the most of the casesth the of most ghly one ghly - sided reasoning sided 39

are often neglected. neglected. often are call anyonecall toaccount Botlik (1994) for example mentions that as that mentions example for (1994) Botlik ere is a reference given to the massacresthe to referencegiven a ereis

- historical events, which became part became which events, historical 19 42, and therefore, there is no further further no is there therefore, and 42, ettled in the region after 1918 were 1918 after region the in ettled t te io toiis I these In atrocities. Tito the ith regarding the causes of the Cold Cold the of causes the regarding onsibility, and therefore, and onsibility, Besides, interpreting the interpreting Besides, .

died during died

occupation ht time that ungarians

the entry entry the

entirely , ,

often often there

of of - CEU eTD Collection expectations totake responsibility here detected be also avoidance of strategies similar Therefore, (Újvidék). Sad Novi of Days Cold tragic the that arguing, occupation, the sufferedalready duringHungarians have (Bácska) Baĉka in happened exactly what of analysis detailed a give to refuses rather also He era. Tito the of historians the by exaggerated oc Vojvodinian historiography, of Hungarian part the became which events, historical of selection the to respect With previously injusticescommitted against theHungarian minori co the by perpetrated killings mass the on elaborating of instead strategy the uses also author supremacy Hungarian long centuries the regarding Hungarians the with associated tolerance ethnic singularization, of strategy narrative constructive important an as serves milieu political tolerant a by rule Hungarian of centuries time same the at t with unitythe on put is emphasis The nation. Hungarian a construct to aiming historiography, Hungarian Vojvodinian Such I. Stephen which the tolerance, characterized ethnic the of name the in consolidation, of times peaceful peri the when obvious, more even become strategies These cupation, however, he the main stress main the he however, cupation, crimes committed during the war. Besides, comparing the positively evaluated evaluated positively the comparing Besides, war. the during committed crimes references to the kings o kings the to references rule of the of rule the as well as well as er o Ygsa supremacy Yugoslav of years ézrs ( Mészáros Hungarians, dated back even to the f the to even back dated Hungarians, f scapegoating of . The argument is is argument The . a lot a for these events. for events. these underlining

as a consequenceof a as 1995) mentions smaller affrays during the period of of period the during affrays smaller mentions 1995) ih h de the with

f Hungary become Hungary f is put on how the number of the vi the of number the how on put is 40 positive political continuity of the nation, while nation, the of continuity political positive .

B

y positive national uniqueness. uniqueness. national positive that the Hungarians should face no further no face should Hungarians the that

also - h ivrin f itm eptao roles, perpetrator victim of inversion the eiiie itlrn Yugosl intolerant legitimized

s de is serves as the strategy of avoidance avoidance of strategy the as serves these events these

od of 1942 of od parts of constitutive strategies in strategies constitutive of parts - ty. legitimized

irst Hungarian king, Saint king, Hungarian irst - nationals, nationals, , -

1944 is portrayed as as portrayed is 1944 as well as because of becauseasof well as . Characterizing the the Characterizing ctims was over was ctims he The notion of notion The e historical he

traditionally emphasizes e av ra , the the , can can the -

CEU eTD Collection kin diff of example Good portrayedas any passivesufferers without the historical of active events, participation. as referred is minority narrative nationalistic, possible the to reference of kind any while history, the of sufferers passive only were Hungarians local victim of agenda und are proper Hungary from ones the and Hungarians local between differences the crimes committed the of perpetrators the about discussions in the Vojvodina, in forces Hungarian the of Hungarians. Vojvodinian local the with only explicitly or unit, national cohesive a as such as Hungarians with identification detected. be can historiography Hungarian Vojvodinian of feature common another narrative, this In s crimes citizens, Hungarian local of achievements individual those one dedicating of instead nationalism, competing of 1990s. the of events, these interpretationof Sad Novi of raid goalwork toargueagainst is ofGolubovi(Újvédék), the mainlyhis the to book his in chapter whole a dedicates (1995) Mészáros Though tories mentioned regarding ofatrocities the period Serbian against theHungarians. - - state during the war war the during state sidedly negative image of the Hungarians in Serbian historical works, he tends to stress stress to tends he works, historical Serbian in Hungarians the of image negative sidedly

against the S the against . Another stylistic me stylistic Another .

Namely,

equal ization and passivization, passivization, and ization attention y h lnusi cntuto o sca atr, hr i otn sit in shift a often is there actors, social of construction linguistic the by erbs erbs

erentiation anti can also be spotted in Teleki‟s (1999) book wh book (1999) Teleki‟s in spotted be also can „ due to due fate‟ -

Semitic attitudes and action of these people are people these of action and attitudes Semitic to crimes com crimes to an to express this kind of passiveness of kind this express to an

In the case of positive traits, or when legiti when or traits, positive of case Inthe and their between local Hungarians and the ones who came from the from came who ones the and Hungarians local between „destiny‟ firm aig oe itne rm t from distance more taking mitted by both sides. both by mitted former framework of framework former and the shift of responsibility. It is suggested, that suggested, is It responsibility. of shift the and In this sense he also gets involved to the discourse the to getsinvolved also hesense In this and brave and I tee ae a wl lcl Hungarians local well as cases these In . 41

actions erlined. who managed to preclude to managed who . However, there are no similar similar no are there However, In his attempt to balance the balance to attempt his In This strategy also serves the serves also strategy This identification is used; while used; is identification ć (1992) and other Serbian andSerbian (1992) other ć e bet f i suy by study his of object he

is when the history of the the of history the when is en she argues, that by that argues, she en mizing displaced from the the from displaced the presence the

further further

are are CEU eTD Collection thousand Hungarian Martyrs. Reports on the Yugoslavian Hungarian Holocaust]. ( Holocaust]. Hungarian theon Yugoslavian Reports Martyrs. Hungarian thousand 14 representation. discursive their that relevant, less is victims the of number actual the perspective this From involv strategies discursive of function the understand to and identify to but events, these abut „truth‟ historical the out find to not is thing important 50 usually historiography Hungarian Vojvodinian 20 the mentioned cleansings partisan the to respect co the of number overestimating of strategy the using victims, the of number actual the about estimations Serbian of case the to Similarly 1945 in population Hungarian the against partisans the by committed crimes the to respect With that we who those argue cleansings. partisan and crimes, previous in involved is there Hungarians, local of image innocent b responsibility, w population, Hungarian local the only but crimes, earlier of perpetrators the were who anymore, left were units Hungarian i.e. invaders‟ „foreign no vidék), (Sajkás region Šajkaš the to arrived partisans Tito‟s time the

See for example: for See

0 vcis a as b found be also can victims 000

t - he majority certainly their ofthe lives lost innocently. victims

95 th 1945, that the number of Hungarian victims during in 1944 in during victims Hungarian of number the that

re listed as Nazi collaborators by the partisan administration, administration, partisan the by collaborators Nazi as listed re 000 to 40 to 000 s events ese

tee kind these y Ötvenezer magyar vértanú. Tudósítás a jugoszláviai magyar holocaustról. 1944 holocaustról. magyar jugoszláviai a Tudósítás vértanú. magyar Ötvenezer - national victims, while downplaying the one of the other ethnic group. With With group. ethnic other the of one downplayingthe while victims, national Other authors, like Matuska (2001) present a less generalized picture, and and picture, generalized less a present (2001) Matuska like authors, Other

000 Hungarian victims, however, in some publications some in however, victims, Hungarian 000

are

s

obviously ih a, con was, hich f osrcie taeis whic strategies, constructive of – who were the ones who really innocently fell victims to the to victims fell innocently really who ones the were who

14 Croatian narratives on World War II, there are contested are there II, War World on narratives Croatian . rm h pit f iw f y nlss hwvr the however, analysis, my of view of point the From

ersne i hgl victim highly in represented 42

eunl, innocent. sequently, o osblt t fn ot h wr actually were who out find to possibility no

ed in the examined historical narratives. narratives. historical examined the in ed - 1945 was much bigger, than of of than bigger, much was 1945 peet homogenously a present h

1992). Kiadó: Nyárádi István. István. Nyárádi Kiadó: 1992). Beside the rejection of of rejection the Beside - centered narratives. narratives. centered so he concludes he so

reference to to reference - 1992. [Fifty 1992. the the

CEU eTD Collection illustrations to these historical events contributed a lot to elevate them into myth into them elevate to lot a contributed events historical these to illustrations treatment even persecution partisan the of victims the characteri typical most the of One responsibility isrejected. ofelimination for theJew the k any but dramatized, further is Hungarians of victimhood the only not twist, rhetorical this by However, Vojvodina. in executed or from deported were who those of also II, War „Hungarian displacement Jews Hungarian complete the means also it Holocaust, Hungarian c present the in However, narratives. historical nationalist in sufferings national of kind any to generalized suffering Serbian and Jewish between prev in demonstrated already ( Teleki as Holocaust Hungarian Yugoslavian the on Reports Martyrs. Hungarian thousand Fifty th in applied also were Holocaust out destruction of strategies time, same superiority. moral of bases the on Self ethnic the to attributes positive highly attached distincti victim The - group. In the case of the Vojvodinian the of case the In group. s eae h pr o ntoa mt ceto of creation myth national of part the became ts n ewe te tnc in ethnic the between on Te iul set f hs wrs hc otn otie rlgos ybl as symbols religious contained often which works these of aspect visual The . 1999) also refers to the mass killings of1944 killings mass the to refers also 1999) -

when when centered narratives were part of the constitutive strategies which promoted clear clear promoted which strategies constitutive the of part were narratives centered Holocaust‟ ase, when the partisan execution of the Vojvodinian Hungarians is defined as as defined is Hungarians Vojvodinian the of execution partisan the when ase, rm h narrative, the from presenting presenting , namely, , were the other ethni other the

applied to de to applied os hpes f hs thesis this of chapters ious

refers to the to refers - stics of Vojvodinian Hungarian h Hungarian Vojvodinian of stics e discourse of discourse e ru ad out and group h lvd n ovdn bfr te ha. Shoah. the before Vojvodina in lived who s during World War II, Jewish Holocaust was often often was Holocaust Jewish II, War World during s s as the martyrs of the nation. Consequently, these these Consequently, nation. the of martyrs the as s

Hungarian victims as well, parallels with the Jewish Jewish the with parallels well, as victims Hungarian - c group as the persecutor, as the ge the as persecutor, the as group c legitimize the claims, and political interest of the of interest political and claims, the legitimize 43 extermination of Hungarian Jews during World World during Jews Hungarian of extermination

- victimization. victimization. group,

- eepin n suffering, and redemption 45 as Hungarian Holocaust.Hungarian as 45 s lmna sca cleavages, social elemental as ,

eadn smlr parallelism similar regarding Nyárádi‟s publication on the on publication Nyárádi‟s istoriography is to present to is istoriography of the persecution of of persecution the nocidal Other nocidal ical level of of level ical and T As it was it As he term term he

as well as At the At unjust unjust ind of of ind and and , CEU eTD Collection usin h culis omte drn te uolv a, uh aall cud also could parallels such war, Yugoslav retrospe the during committed cruelties the question be public the in present external give to aim authorsThe narrative. their of legitimization the periods, historical two these between similarities the between historical of use parallelism. the is historiography Hungarian Vojvodinian of characteristics Further community tosacred heights. the combination of religious wholegroup with ethnic history. the of sufferer innocent ultimately o strategies powerful Jesus discursive the to doubt such of objectivity scientific immediate sheds truth, historical reveal to ambition the have which works, nations other of case not are profane and saint of spheres the of combination Disappear) (Zsablya) titled: Martyrs) our especially covers, book the are expressions visual such of examples the of Some discourses. national soitd ih h eet o Wrd a II. War World of events the with associated –

tvl cnim h nraie on narratives the confirm ctively

oá űtk sbyrl mgao? Wee i te ugras rm Žabalj from Hungarians the did (Where magyarok? a Zsablyáról tűntek Hová the Yugoslav war of the 1990s, the of war Yugoslav the died

the ones written by Márton Matuska. His book titled titled book His Matuska. Márton by written ones the tools to establish continuity with the with continuity establish to tools Both in the publication ofandBoth Nyárádi(1999) thepublication there Teleki in (1992) isa

Jesus‟ crown of thorn appears on the cover, while cover, the on appears thorn of crown Jesus‟ o te rsn mmes f h community. the of members present the for

f shifting blame and responsibility, by portraying the ethnic in ethnic the portraying by responsibility, and blame shifting f discourses. eit te cn, when scene, the depicts neither narrativ Hwvr te obnto o tee lmns ih historical with elements these of combination the However, .

By

the use of this historical parallel historical this of use the es horrifying images of the of images horrifying . On the other hand, h hand, other the On and the events of World War II. War World of events the and post

44 Ex -

ol Wr II War World

Virgin Mary holds holds Mary Virgin tension victims of the past the of victims As by the end of the 1990s nobody could could nobody 1990s the of end the by As motives

alien elements of myth creation in the in creation myth of elements alien f h idvda vciho o the on victimhood individual the of owever, they might be successful successful be might they owever,

symbolically Hungarian executions executions Hungarian Such representations are also also are representations Such war of the 1990s w 1990s the of war the cover picture of picture cover the Három mártírunk (Three of of (Three mártírunk Három her her , these images could also could images these , who ed o, Jesus son, dead First of all, showing showing all, of First – elevate

analogously comparison s ere

the who

- the book the group as group s well. as

widely .

with The le le

CEU eTD Collection om rte y eei esl: herself: Teleki by written poem with explicitly findings their illustrate also texts aut the by done research the of amount significant As is. literature and historiography between border the sometimes fuzzy how detect can one narratives historical of elements fine these to attention paying By co with the opposing when detected be can relativization and downplaying of strategy Similar 17). p. 1992, (Cseres, cruelty” in graver times many and size, in greater times Sad Novi whi of […] vendetta Serbian “ as: worded are atrocities partisan the events while (Újvidék)” “the as Hungarians the by committed crimes the to refers implicitly p becomes term the is genocide, horror, shameful description. the also but dramatized, th makes victims the of number the them. of estimation against committed crimes the to contrast in the Hungarians by committed crimes the presenting in differences stylistic significant also are There present close experiences. past distant more the bring to and periods historical two the of difference to served history‟, the of „return of topos the use to strategy authors‟ The - nationals the one of one the naturally ,

art of the description. description. the of art painful . vendetta Though all the authors refer to the Cold Days of Novi Sad (Újvidék) as (Újvidék) Sad Novi of Days Cold the to refer authors the all Though

include more poetic and artistic and poetic more include „freezing weeks‟ „freezing

torture, torture, events ad te srtge o smtzto, hn eeec to reference when somatization, of strategies other and ,

hors of these works was was works these of hors nominalization of these events these of nominalization , and murder and th preuin f h Hnain itm i often is victims Hungarian the of persecution e Cseres goes so far in this nominating strategies, that he only only he that strategies, nominating this in far so goes Cseres

when referring to the cri the to referring when Keresem . Illustrative example of such differentiated nomination differentiated such of example Illustrative .

az apám sírját (I am Searching for my Father‟s Father‟s my for Searching am (I sírját apám az pieces of fine literature. fine of pieces 45

expressions as well. as expressions also e portraying of the letter events more more events letter the of portraying e based on oral history, these parts of the of parts these history, oral on based , the , mes committed against Hungarian against committed mes

selection

Not only the contested contested the only Not Some authors, however, however, authors, Some of adjectives of Examples of this i this of Examples do o cl days‟ „cold of idiom bridge the time time the bridge signified as a a as signified human ch was ten ten was ch used in the in used

o actual to tragic blood s the ,

CEU eTD Collection the kin with dealing investigations historical historiograph national of resurgence the in and block, socialist former the of countries the of all in narratives historical socialist Union Soviet the of fall The mentioned. be to Yugoslavi of process dissolution violent the as well as circumstances histor minority Hungarian of characteristics important most the Among legitimizin self in resulted discourses realization of selection the 1990s, the in II War World of events the on discourse historical the of variables in involved strategies discursive important to was aim post the of analysis discourse the During 4.3.4 vict biasespossible of groups two the portraying to respect with tools, rhetoric non a and scientific the of case of the mobilization emotional in of role representation of kind any Undoubtedly, important play and events, these Grave) vns wih eae at of part became which events,

Summary -

state, where several of these works were published. state, were whereofthese several published. works 19) Ovosy tee lmns ute cnrbt t te rmtc xrsin of expression dramatic the to contribute further elements these Obviously, (1999). ; g functions.

y g my xmn te hrceitc o mnrt history minority of characteristics the examine and hidden agendaand hidden authors. ofthe

of Research Findings of a ws o xmn, hte tee e post new these whether examine, to was oal

- rtcl eoclain ih h ps, r hy ahr evd other served rather they or past, the with reconciliation critical - otxul aibe which variables contextual

scientific works. However, disproportionate use of these these of use disproportionate However, works. scientific hs nraie, s el s the as well as narratives, these

Hungarian minority communities communities minority Hungarian

- 1989 Hungarian historiography in Vojvodina my my Vojvodina in historiography Hungarian 1989 e i te ein Ti m This region. the in ies wartime wartime 46 orpy rdcly e itrainl political international new radically iography,

hs narratives. these

a accompanied was ev ents fit into pattern of drama of pattern into fit ents

rtn ad o nod h most the unfold to and writing infcnl ifune the influenced significantly - omns transformational communist osdrn te contextual the Considering rhetoric w m, ih as express also might ims, a are the the are a ith d i psil ta the that possible it ade

also fund support in support fund also h dslcmn of displacement the ol o linguistic of tools mo st important st , both in both , udience. resulted resulted CEU eTD Collection nte tpcl hrceitc o mnrt hsoigah, aey o s passivization use to namelystrategies, historiography, minority of characteristics typical another out ethnic the against committed atrocities asformergroup innoc portrayed is Hungary from came who ones the and population Hungarian local the between distinguishing in spotted also mit responsibility, and blame shifting of strategies The stylistic occupation. Hungarian of years the them historiograph Serbian and Yugoslav that fact the with decision their justified authors the when argumentation, in t during Hungarians by committed crimes the like II, War World re to attempts regime. communist the of year early the in persecutions partisan of story examined the of part it narratives, became which facts, historical the of selection the to respect With existent the of perceived generally the and decline characteristics of tendency continuous show which minority, Hungarian demographic circumstances, historical and political unique these of majorityhistoriography to reaction a as and of, light the in understood be only can writings historical Hungarian the well. as discourses historical Serbian nationalist highly by influenced further Yug the to Due . Discursive strategies of avoidancemitigatandofstrategiesDiscursive . , poetic ial angstwartime during

n to and seems - - proper during the time of occupation. of time the during proper contextualize in new transformational discourses other historical events of of events historical other discourses transformational new in contextualize aspects oflanguagemy supported argument. use oslav war, however, the the however, war, oslav rsn te tnc ef s noet ufrr f h hsoy wtot active without history, the of sufferer innocent as Self ethnic the present

obvious, that the main goal of Hungarian historiography was t was historiography Hungarian goalof main the that obvious,

the 1990s as well as previous narratives of the Tito era. Along with era.Along Tito the narrativesof previous as well as 1990s the

also strengthened nationalist interpretationsalso ofthe strengthened past. ent, while often only the latter on is held responsible for the for responsible the onisheld only latter ent, the while often Not only the the only Not case of H of case - group. 47

ungarian historiography in Vojvodina was was Vojvodina in historiography ungarian selection hs kns f nepeain la u to us lead interpretations of kinds These ion could also be spottedbe also could ion

In such construction of social actors, the actors, social of construction such In y was already extensively already was y igation of the committed crimes was was crimes committed the of igation

not to elaborate on thes on elaborate to not of the historical events, but the the but events, historical the of

he war. I identified a fallacy fallacy a identified I war. he There were less less were There when The agenda of of agenda The dealing with dealing o unfold the the unfold o

portraying portraying e

events CEU eTD Collection identity and th interests, function the played also themsel they but German of case the in was it as past the with reconciliation real subjecti history. of representation unavoidably some just than more detect can we Vojvodina, in historiography minorityHungarian of case the in analysis, my on Based self adequately construct failed they works, rheto and stylistic the the to respect of with especially taboos however, historical era, socialist the break to steps important made Vojvodina in historiography results, these of light the In majoritygroup. ethnic de to mobilized were tools rhetorical several nation, Hungarian the analysis, the during identified strategies group ethnic attributes positive with endowed is ulti The of the Hungarian minorityas symbolism and as events. historic the above control no and participation fate

or or mate goal of these strategies was strategies these of goal mate based on the arguments of existential existential of arguments the on based destiny

e of the destruction s otae a te eoia O genocidal the as portrayed is overlapping of saint and profane spheres contributed a lot tointerpret storycontributed lot profane sainta the and spheres of overlapping e hv bcm pa become have ves

ee lutaie xmls f hs idn agenda. hidden this of examples illustrative were

by emphasizing positive positive emphasizing by to Consequently, these transformational discourses failed to promote to failed discourses transformational these Consequently, strengthen collective identity, identity, collective strengthen the story of misery, passion and ofmisery, salvation. the story I got to the conclusion, that although the post the although that conclusion, the to got I nation

– rt of competing nationalist discourses. Therefore, they they Therefore, discourses. nationalist competing of rt

n hs ae ih oa superiority moral with case this in .

to constitute a social reali social a constitute to also pri also

- legitimize the political and social interests of the of interests social and political the legitimize - 48 rtcl n self and critical

marily aimed marily ther. traits of characteristics. At the same time time same the At characteristics. of traits anxiety for the community‟s threatened threatened community‟s the for anxiety ve use of narrative patterns in the the in patterns narrative of use ve Interpreting the history of the minority the of history the Interpreting C ntttv and onstitutive and to legitimiz to and -

reflexive historical narratives. narratives. historical reflexive to construct unified notion of notion unified construct to Vergangenheitsbewältigung ty in which which in ty

Furthe ric aspects of these these of aspects ric etutv macro destructive e minority political political minority e

– - 1989 Hungarian 1989 mr, religious rmore,

hl te rival the while the ethnic Self ethnic the - , CEU eTD Collection research was to was research I function to open historicaltransformation provide of d didnot field narratives elites political the state, dissol violent duringthe when well, asYugoslavia caseof the in detected be could mobilization. political for used be also may narratives existence the legitimizing forgetting, and existing and nation of construction introduction theoretical detailed provided I thesis my of chapters early the In peaceful inter to contribute however, may, writings historical on historiography. minority Hungarian regarding analysis similar lacked elites Bosniak vs. Serbian the Croati vs. Serbianbetween the past the interpretationsof competingnationalist the regime. Tito the of years early the and II War World of narratives historical contested historiography inter of field The C ln with line n HAPTER aim of aim

selective reconstruc selective entities legitimize the present study was to examine a highly relevant, though still poorly researched researched poorly still though relevant, highly a examine to was study present the

- - the methodological principals of Critical Discourse Analysis, the aim of my my of aim the Analysis, Discourse Critical of principals methodological the tnc eain in relations ethnic ethnic theregion. in relations selective reinterpr selective fe te oiia transitions political the after , but the products the but , 5: examine

C n order in

nationalism. ONCLUSIONS how tion of the past served past the of tion and interes and national identity, arguing identity, national o rae hi on ain states nation own their create to the historical events betwee events historical the are

etation of the national past national the of etation

eba nml te hrceitc o Hnain minority Hungarian of characteristics the namely Serbia, social discourses. social

led wdl cvrd eitn sinii ltrtr still literature scientific existing covered, widely already ts of these

49 f 1989. of

communities. Furthermore, communities.

to justify

that these phen these that

reconciliation with the past, and foster foster and past, the with reconciliation The notions of collective remembrance collective of notions The I was I rsrce m ivsiain o the to investigation my restricted I

n 1941 and 1945 in Vojvodina in 1945 and 1941 n the highly nationalistic aspiration of aspiration nationalistic highlythe play crucial role in creating and creating in role crucial play arguing .

osqety post Consequently, ebates, but rather played the rather but the ebates, played omena are not essentially not are omena Such critical reflections reflections critical Such

that s that national historical national imilar tendencies imilar to

the discursive discursive the an elites, or elites, an ution of theof ution - socialist While While were

CEU eTD Collection e explanatory differentiation. of constitutive I the of althoughthat is, of of interests political and social legitimization of scapegoating, the historiographyare important most reconstruc the that showed, analysis My possible focu only by min the of changes political Vojvo influenced which variables, circumstanc historical unique the in fulfill to aimed they function what and narratives, historical these in involved post in presented nstead of of nstead thnic own the the ority community, ority

community. to failed still they era, socialist systematic fine ana fine systematic ac background ig n h cnet f the of content the on sing tive tion distancing distancing

forces of forces factors behind these narrati these behind factors

participation participation f h eet o Wrd a I i te post the in II War World of events the of the - 99 ioiy itrorpy what historiography, minority 1989

examined historical work had great importance in breaking greatimportancein hadwork examined historical intention; eie te cul oiia itrss f h mnrt eie, deeper elites, minority the of interests political actual the Besides a social reality in which in reality social a or s f h 1990s. the of es the strateg the impact o impact the examined period, the social and demographic characteristics of the the of characteristics demographic and social the period, examined mselves from from mselves lysis of my primary my of lysis in ies of shifting blame and blameshifting of ies shaping of history. history. of shaping

the a hidden possible agenda the

ethnic Other ethnic dinian Hungarian historiography Hungarian dinian moral superiority of the of superiority moral f nationalist provide open platform for platform open provide historical

ves wer ves natio T e dniiain of identification he nalistic nalistic 50 ethnic

,

e the perception of perception the e

sources strateg

discourse Serbian historical narratives historical Serbian Based on these results, my final conclusion final my results, these on Based

cleavages discourses, they have become powerful powerful become have they discourses, discursive responsibility ies . behind w During my investigations I was not not was I investigations my During

of avoidance of ere ,

in u m ga ws o nod the unfold to was goal my but

- -

the most important contextual contextual important most the the main discursive strategies strategies discursive main the group become the primary ca primary the become 99 Vojvodinian 1989

these narratives. strate reconciliation

threatened threatened ,

passivization, passivization, – and de and

gies

like and and

the radically new new radically the defense - novd n the in involved legiti

existence –

serious

with the past the with

was mization strategy of Hungarian ,

followed followed rejection rejection tegories tegories

taboos of the the of

of .

CEU eTD Collection knowledge Serbian of understanding deeper a provide only not would questions these Answering differences? successful is there political of kind what areany rese further of frameworks the Within

successful synthesis efforts synthesis successful a –

critical length of time time of length critical Hu o reconciliation n

ngarian post - conflict , eainhp in relationships historical ?

How resolution.

between circumstances r these are in

ar minority

ovdn, u cud also could but Vojvodina,

c

h the per the on this field this on hfs of shifts 51 -

could these initiatives initiatives these could majorit

iod of ethnic of iod yhistori , paradigms

it would be would it - conflicts and the and conflicts ography, and to identifyto and ography,

once t generational to connected contribute i nteresting be p rosperous

to our general general our to

to see, if there if see, to time of future future of time .

W within hether

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ítvány. S ás napjai. [ ás napjai. otá yláív. évdk Mga ftm 1944 fátum. Magyar Délvidéki nyilvánítva. Holttá OURCES - Megemlékezés. [Commemoration]. 93 [aa o h His the to [Data 1993. ?] . Temerin: VMDPTörténelmi Bizottsága.

ele, a holnap mit őröl… Források a Délvidék történetéhez Délvidék a Források őröl… mit holnap a ele, The Days Retribution]. of

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