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Observations of Classical Writers on the Habits of the Celtic Nations, As Illustrated from Irish Records Author(S): Eleanor Hull Source: the Celtic Review, Vol

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Observations of Classical Writers on the Habits of the Celtic Nations, As Illustrated from Irish Records Author(S): Eleanor Hull Source: the Celtic Review, Vol Observations of Classical Writers on the Habits of the Celtic Nations, as Illustrated from Irish Records Author(s): Eleanor Hull Source: The Celtic Review, Vol. 3, No. 9 (Jul., 1906), pp. 62-76 Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30069898 Accessed: 27-06-2016 10:29 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Celtic Review This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:29:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 62 THE CELTIC REVIEW OBSERVATIONS OF CLASSICAL WRITERS ON THE HABITS OF THE CELTIC NATIONS, AS ILLUS- TRATED FROM IRISH RECORDS ELEANOR HULL WHEN Agricola, standing on that portion of the British coast which was opposite Ireland, contemplated 'the beneficial con- nection that the conquest of that Island would have formed between the most powerful parts of the Roman Empire,' the fate of Irish literature hung for a moment in the balance. Elsewhere, wherever the Roman arms made themselves felt, wherever by colonisation or conquest Roman law, religion, and ideas extended themselves, there followed as an inevitable result the gradual extinction of the native habits, mythology, and records. In Gaul, in Britain, such native records as existed, and we cannot doubt, from a comparison of the state of things at a parallel epoch in Ireland, that they did, in some form or other, exist, were swept away; we retain at this day only the most fragmentary knowledge, and that generally derived from outside from the pages of the Roman historians, of their laws, their customs, their romance, their beliefs and ideas. Their dialects were gradually submerged beneath the onrush of new tongues, which became the means of mental exchange between the educated classes; and with the dying out of the language was involved the slow but sure destruc- tion of the native thought and imaginative or historical records which were clothed in the national or tribal tongue. It is only to-day, when the study of ethnology, folklore, and mythology have taken their place among the scientific studies of mankind, and when their results are found to profoundly modify our conceptions in the realms of history, of anthro- pology and religion, that we can justly estimate the immen- sity of the loss we have sustained by the destruction of the records of nations so closely mixed up with, indeed a very part of, our own. The link that binds us to our own past has been irreparably broken. This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:29:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE HABITS OF THE CELTIC NATIONS 63 Whether these literary records existed in a written form at the time of the Roman occupation,' we need not here dis- cuss. The extraordinary and, to us, abnormal retentiveness of memory by a literary class specially trained for this pur- pose makes the committal of records to writing almost a super- fluity in some stages of a people's civilisation; even to-day, or up to recent years, a story-teller or poet of the Western Highlands or of Connaught, to go no farther than our own countries, can recite tales or poems in his native Gaelic hour after hour, without the omission of a single word; though the loss of his own language, and the education of the schools, which give another line to his thoughts, and another method to their expression, speedily stamp out this remarkable faculty wherever they are brought into play. In Gaul and Britain, as we know from Roman writers, the office of bard and genealogist or historian was a very highly-esteemed one; they ranked in honour next to the king or chief, and they performed several important functions in the state. This record of the classical writers is fully borne out by Irish documents, from which we are made conversant with the whole system of the bards, with their lengthy education, extending over a period of twelve years, with the subjects that they were required to know, the various grades through which they must pass to arrive at the highest position, and the honours and exact emoluments and rank to which the attainment of each stage entitled them. The enormous mass of literary material that has come down to us from Ireland, bearing the unmistakable mark of having been composed in pre-Christian times, and at a stage of social advance on a level with the Homeric age in Greece, shows that, however it was transmitted, we have lost little by the methods of its trans- mission. What we have lost has been by the partial destruc- tion of manuscripts in later ages, and particularly in times quite near our own, when the knowledge of the language in SCaesar says that in Gaul the Druids purposely abstained from committing their records to writing in order to strengthen the memory and to ensure secrecy (Gallic War, vi. 14). This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:29:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 64 THE CELTIC REVIEW which they were written was at a low ebb, and when their immense interest, as repositories of the most ancient native records in Western Europe, had not begun to be recognised. It can hardly yet, owing to the difficulty of the tongue in which they are written and the paucity of scholars possessed at once of the linguistic and ethnological training needed for the task of their elucidation, be said to have been recognised. Yet Ireland contains materials for the history of primitive races which can certainly not be equalled in Europe, and about which, as being so closely connected with the origins of our own race, a special curiosity should be felt. The fact that we have in Ireland alone among European nations a record of manners coeval with the Homeric age should give to the Irish records a peculiar value. As was well said by a recent writer in the Saturday Review, 'The extent of our information about life in pre-Christian Ireland is quite remark- able; had any such copious sources existed for the study of early Teutonic life, we should never have heard the last of them from the school of Freeman.' But though, incidentally, the truth of this remark will be borne out by the following pages, it is not from this point of view that we specially desire to examine them here. The point to which we wish here to give emphasis is that these records are contemporary records, and that they are the only existing contemporary records of importance, for the period from which most of the Roman criticisms of the Celt come down to us. The Roman arms never extended themselves to Ireland, in spite of the longings of Agricola, and his assurances to his son-in-law, Tacitus, that 'a single legion and a few auxiliaries would be sufficient entirely to conquer the country and bring it into subjection'; a boast often reiterated since Agricola's day, and destined from age to age to only a partial fulfilment. That Ireland was well-known at this time, and by no means removed from the general current of European affairs, is to be gathered from the Roman general's own statement, that ' the concourse of merchants gathered in its ports for the purposes This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:29:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE HABITS OF THE CELTIC NATIONS 65 of commerce made its harbours widely known' (Tacitus, Life of Agricola, chap. xxiv.). Thus, we possess no criticisms made from the personal observations of Roman writers upon the Irish Celt in his own home. But it is to this exemption from Roman conquest that we owe the preservation of the Irish records, and are able to turn to them to-day to prove or disprove the truth of the data recorded by the Roman historians. The classical writings contain, as is well known, a very large number of independent or partially independent recorded observations made by Greek and Roman historians and travel- lers upon the Celts of Britain, Gaul, and other places. Strabo, Livy, Poseidonius, and, following him, Diodorus Siculus, Tacitus, Cmsar, and others have left on record the details they have gathered, either by personal observation or by hearsay and reading, of the Celtic peoples with which they came in contact. A good deal of attention has been attracted to some part of these records, those parts especially which can be illustrated to some slight extent by the fragmentary early remains of Britain and Gaul, and which touch on the practices of the druids and their sacrifices, or on the bards and their beliefs. But the numerous and interesting notes that we find on national customs and habits have, from the want of matter to illustrate and confirm them, been almost entirely over- looked; and it is to a few of these notes of personal or tribal custom that we wish briefly to draw attention here, proving their accuracy by corresponding passages drawn from Irish romance literature.
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