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Basic Adult and Larval Morphology

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Basic adult and larval morphology Taxonomic Workshop for Early Detection of Important Tortricidae and Other Lepidopteran Agricultural and Silvicultural Pests UMass Amherst 15-17 July 2013 Todd M. Gilligan, Ph.D. Colorado State University Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 1177 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA [email protected] / [email protected] Lepidoptera morphology Adult morphology ◦ Head: compound eyes, ocelli, proboscis, palpi, scaling (vestiture) ◦ Thorax: tegulae, wings (venation, coupling method, pattern), tympanal organs, scaling and tufts, male secondary structures ◦ Abdomen: specialized scaling, tympanal organs, genitalia Larval morphology ◦ Head: stemmata, labial palpi, mandibles, antennae, chaetotaxy ◦ Thorax: prothoracic shield, thoracic prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy ◦ Abdomen: prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy Adult morphology Adult morphology Diagnostic structures of the three body parts ◦ Head: compound eyes, ocelli, proboscis, palpi, scaling (vestiture) ◦ Thorax: tegulae, wings (venation, coupling method, pattern), tympanal organs, scaling and tufts, male secondary structures ◦ Abdomen: specialized scaling, tympanal organs, genitalia Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Proboscis ◦ Basal Lepidoptera are mandibulate ◦ Glossata = families with a proboscis (and larval spinneret) ◦ Proboscis developed with maxillary galeae becoming elongate, concave, and held together with processes called ligulae ◦ This occurred in conjunction with the evolution of angiosperms to allow feeding on nectar and pollen Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Thorax Tegulae and scaling (crests) Wings Legs Scoble 1992 Thorax Tegulae and scaling tegula (crests) Wings Legs posterior crest Thorax Tegulae and scaling (crests) Wings ◦ Venation Legs Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Thorax Jugal coupling Wing coupling ◦ Jugal coupling (basal families) Jugum (FW) ◦ Amplexiform coupling (most Bombycoidea and butterflies) Amplexiform coupling Thorax Wing coupling male female ◦ Frenulo-retinacular coupling Frenulum (HW) and retinaculum (FW) retinaculum ◦ Usually male = one bristle, female = two or more bristles (this varies among families) ◦ Heteroneura frenulum Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Thorax Tegulae and scaling (crests) Wings Legs Scoble 1992 Tympanal organs On thorax or abdomen, depending on family Metathoracic ◦ Noctuoidea and other families Abdominal ◦ Pyraloidea and Geometroidea Tympanal organs Evolved 8 separate times? (or only a few times – see placement of Pyraloidea in Regier et al. 2009 phylogeny) Thyrididae, Hedylidae, Nymphalidae, few Tineoidea, Drepanoidea, Uraniidae, Geometroidea, Pyraloidea, Noctuoidea Appears to have evolved around the same times as diversification of bats (approx. 60-70 MYA) Abdomen Female genitalia Male genitalia We will discuss genital terminology during the tortricid lecture and for specific families It is important to note that some terms are not homologous across families Abdomen Female genitalia ◦ Monotrysia Common opening for copulation and oviposition ◦ “Exoporia” Separate copulatory opening; sperm migrates through an external fold to the ovipore ◦ Ditrysia Separate copulation and oviposition openings, connected by ductus seminalis 98% of all Lepidoptera Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Abdomen Female genitalia Male genitalia Abdomen Female genitalia Male genitalia Sex scaling Wings, legs, abdomen, thorax Usually found in males Larval morphology photo by Lukjonis on Flickr Larval morphology Diagnostic structures of the three body parts ◦ Head: stemmata, labial palpi, mandibles, antennae, chaetotaxy ◦ Thorax: prothoracic shield, thoracic prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy ◦ Abdomen: prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy Larval morphology Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Head Epicranial notch Stemmata ◦ Sometimes incorrectly termed “ocelli” ◦ Typically 6 stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 D. W. McCoy, USDA/APHIS Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy D. W. McCoy, USDA/APHIS Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 D. W. McCoy, USDA/APHIS Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle ◦ On the prothorax (T1) Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Names and positions of primary setae: Primary and D = dorsal SD = subdorsal secondary setae L = lateral SV = subventral Chaetotaxy V = ventral Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and Prespiracular pinaculum (L-group) secondary setae on prothorax (T1) Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Abdomen Spiracles ◦ On segments A1-8 Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs ◦ Segments A3-6, A10 ◦ Noctuidae (Plusiinae) A5-6, A10 ◦ Geometridae A6, A10 Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs ◦ Segments A3-6, A10 ◦ Noctuidae (Plusiinae) A5-6, A10 ◦ Geometridae A6, A10 Crochets Plusiinae prolegs A5-6, A10 Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Geometridae prolegs A6, A10 Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets ◦ Arrangement Circle Ellipse Mesoseries ◦ Length Uniordinal Biordinal Triordinal Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Abdomen Primary setae Secondary setae Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Geometridae Arctiinae Tortricidae Lymantriinae Noctuidae Lasiocampidae Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Names and positions of primary setae: Primary and secondary D = dorsal setae SD = subdorsal Anal shield L = lateral SV = subventral Chaetotaxy V = ventral Selected references Common, I. F. B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Publishing. 535 pp. Grimaldi, D. & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. 755 pp. Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 1999. Handbook of Zoology: Vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 35, Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. W. de Gruyter, Berlin. 491 pp. Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 2003. Handbook of Zoology: Vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 36, Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 2. Morphology, physiology, and development. W. de Gruyter, Berlin. 564 pp. Peterson, A. 1948. Larvae of insects. Part 1: Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Columbus, Ohio. 315 pp. Scoble, M. J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: form function and diversity. Oxford University Press. 404 pp. Stehr, F. W. 1987. Immature Insects, Volume 1. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa. 754 pp. Wagner, D. L. 2005. Caterpillars of eastern North America: A guide to identification and natural history. Princeton University Press. 512 pp. .
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    Table S1: Library Preparation Reagents, Supplier and product code. Reagent or Resource Source Product Code QIAamp DNA Micro Kit Qiagen 56304 SYBR safe Fisher Scientific S33102 10X Buffer Tango Fisher Scientific 11541505 dNTP Sigma-Aldrich DNTP100-KT ATP Sigma-Aldrich 11140965001 T4 DNA Polymerase New England Biolab M0203S T4 Polynucleotide Kinase New England Biolab M0201S Min Elute PCR purification Kit Qiagen 28006 T4 DNA Ligase New England Biolab M0202 PEG-4000 Sigma-Aldrich 1546569-1G Bst 2.0 WarmStart DNA Polymerase New England Biolab M0538S Accuprime Pfx DNA Polymerase Fisher Scientific 12344024 Agencourt AMPure XP Beckman Coulter A63880 Tween20 Sigma-Aldrich P9416 EDTA Fisher Scientific 15575020 Tris-Cl pH8 Fisher Scientific 10259194 TE buffer Sigma-Aldrich 93283-100mL NaCl solution Sigma-Aldrich 71386-1L Table S2: Complete list of taxa included in the analysis Code Superfamily Family Genus Species NCBI accession Type of data NW_T143 Bombycoidea Apatelodidae Apatelodes pithala SRR1794084 Transcriptome NW_G003 Bombycoidea Bombycidae Bombyx mori GCF_000151625.1 Genome NW_T076 Bombycoidea Saturniidae Actias luna SRR1002974 Transcriptome NW_T134 Bombycoidea Saturniidae Antheraea yamamai SRR1743839 Transcriptome NW_T195 Bombycoidea Saturniidae Attacus atlas SRR1002994 Transcriptome NW_T077 Bombycoidea Saturniidae Eacles imperialis SRR1299435 Transcriptome NW_T131 Bombycoidea Saturniidae Rhodinia newara SRR1743843 Transcriptome NW_T130 Bombycoidea Saturniidae Samia ricini SRR1743841 Transcriptome NW_T078 Bombycoidea Saturniidae Therinia
  • Caterpillars on the Foliage of Conifers in the Northeastern United States 1 Life Cycles and Food Plants

    Caterpillars on the Foliage of Conifers in the Northeastern United States 1 Life Cycles and Food Plants

    INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Coniferous forests are important features of the North American landscape. In the Northeast, balsam fir, spruces, or even pines may dominate in the more northern forests. Southward, conifers still may be prevalent, although the pines become increasingly important. In dry, sandy areas, such as Cape Cod of Massachusetts and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, hard pines abound in forests composed of relatively small trees. Conifers are classic symbols of survival in harsh environments. Forests of conifers provide not only beautiful scenery, but also livelihood for people. Coniferous trees are a major source of lumber for the building industry. Their wood can be processed to make paper, packing material, wood chips, fence posts, and other products. Certain conifers are cultivated for landscape plants and, of course, Christmas trees. Trees of coniferous forests also supply shelter or food for many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants. Insects that call these forests home far outnumber other animals and plants. Because coniferous forests tend to be dominated by one to a few species of trees, they are especially susceptible to injury during outbreaks of insects such as the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, the fall hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria, or the pitch pine looper, Lambdina pellucidaria. Trees that are defoliated by insects suffer reduced growth and sometimes even death. Trees stressed by defoliation, drought, or mechanical injury, are generally more susceptible to attack by wood-boring beetles, diseases, and other organisms. These secondary pests also may kill trees. Stress or tree death can have a negative economic impact upon forest industries.