Basic Adult and Larval Morphology

Basic adult and larval morphology

Taxonomic Workshop for Early Detection of Important Tortricidae and Other Lepidopteran Agricultural and Silvicultural Pests

UMass Amherst 15-17 July 2013

Todd M. Gilligan, Ph.D. Colorado State University Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 1177 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA [email protected] / [email protected]

Lepidoptera morphology

 Adult morphology ◦ Head: compound eyes, ocelli, proboscis, palpi, scaling (vestiture) ◦ Thorax: tegulae, wings (venation, coupling method, pattern), tympanal organs, scaling and tufts, male secondary structures ◦ Abdomen: specialized scaling, tympanal organs, genitalia  Larval morphology ◦ Head: stemmata, labial palpi, mandibles, antennae, chaetotaxy ◦ Thorax: prothoracic shield, thoracic prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy ◦ Abdomen: prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy Adult morphology Adult morphology

 Diagnostic structures of the three body parts ◦ Head: compound eyes, ocelli, proboscis, palpi, scaling (vestiture) ◦ Thorax: tegulae, wings (venation, coupling method, pattern), tympanal organs, scaling and tufts, male secondary structures ◦ Abdomen: specialized scaling, tympanal organs, genitalia Head

 Antennae (antenna)  Compound eye  Ocelli (ocellus)  Proboscis  Labial palpi (palpus)  Maxillary palpi  Scaling (vestiture)

Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Head

 Antennae (antenna)  Compound eye  Ocelli (ocellus)  Proboscis  Labial palpi (palpus)  Maxillary palpi  Scaling (vestiture) Head

 Proboscis ◦ Basal Lepidoptera are mandibulate ◦ Glossata = families with a proboscis (and larval spinneret) ◦ Proboscis developed with maxillary galeae becoming elongate, concave, and held together with processes called ligulae ◦ This occurred in conjunction with the evolution of angiosperms to allow feeding on nectar and pollen

Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Head

 Antennae (antenna)  Compound eye  Ocelli (ocellus)  Proboscis  Labial palpi (palpus)  Maxillary palpi  Scaling (vestiture) Head

 Antennae (antenna)  Compound eye  Ocelli (ocellus)  Proboscis  Labial palpi (palpus)  Maxillary palpi  Scaling (vestiture) Thorax

 Tegulae and scaling (crests)  Wings  Legs

Scoble 1992 Thorax

 Tegulae and scaling tegula (crests)  Wings  Legs

posterior crest Thorax

 Tegulae and scaling (crests)  Wings ◦ Venation  Legs

Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Thorax Jugal coupling

 Wing coupling ◦ Jugal coupling (basal families)  Jugum (FW) ◦ Amplexiform coupling (most Bombycoidea and butterflies)

Amplexiform coupling Thorax

 Wing coupling male female ◦ Frenulo-retinacular coupling  Frenulum (HW) and retinaculum (FW) retinaculum ◦ Usually male = one bristle, female = two or more bristles (this varies among families)

◦ Heteroneura frenulum Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Thorax

 Tegulae and scaling (crests)  Wings  Legs

Scoble 1992 Tympanal organs

 On thorax or abdomen, depending on family  Metathoracic ◦ Noctuoidea and other families  Abdominal ◦ Pyraloidea and Geometroidea

Tympanal organs

 Evolved 8 separate times? (or only a few times – see placement of Pyraloidea in Regier et al. 2009 phylogeny)  Thyrididae, Hedylidae, Nymphalidae, few Tineoidea, Drepanoidea, Uraniidae, Geometroidea, Pyraloidea, Noctuoidea  Appears to have evolved around the same times as diversification of bats (approx. 60-70 MYA) Abdomen

 Female genitalia  Male genitalia

 We will discuss genital terminology during the tortricid lecture and for specific families  It is important to note that some terms are not homologous across families Abdomen

 Female genitalia ◦ Monotrysia  Common opening for copulation and oviposition ◦ “Exoporia”  Separate copulatory opening; sperm migrates through an external fold to the ovipore ◦ Ditrysia  Separate copulation and oviposition openings, connected by ductus seminalis  98% of all Lepidoptera

Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Abdomen

 Female genitalia  Male genitalia Abdomen

 Female genitalia  Male genitalia Sex scaling

 Wings, legs, abdomen, thorax  Usually found in males Larval morphology

photo by Lukjonis on Flickr Larval morphology

 Diagnostic structures of the three body parts ◦ Head: stemmata, labial palpi, mandibles, antennae, chaetotaxy ◦ Thorax: prothoracic shield, thoracic prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy ◦ Abdomen: prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy Larval morphology Head