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Basic Adult and Larval Morphology

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Basic Adult and Larval Morphology Basic adult and larval morphology Taxonomic Workshop for Early Detection of Important Tortricidae and Other Lepidopteran Agricultural and Silvicultural Pests UMass Amherst 15-17 July 2013 Todd M. Gilligan, Ph.D. Colorado State University Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 1177 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA [email protected] / [email protected] Lepidoptera morphology Adult morphology ◦ Head: compound eyes, ocelli, proboscis, palpi, scaling (vestiture) ◦ Thorax: tegulae, wings (venation, coupling method, pattern), tympanal organs, scaling and tufts, male secondary structures ◦ Abdomen: specialized scaling, tympanal organs, genitalia Larval morphology ◦ Head: stemmata, labial palpi, mandibles, antennae, chaetotaxy ◦ Thorax: prothoracic shield, thoracic prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy ◦ Abdomen: prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy Adult morphology Adult morphology Diagnostic structures of the three body parts ◦ Head: compound eyes, ocelli, proboscis, palpi, scaling (vestiture) ◦ Thorax: tegulae, wings (venation, coupling method, pattern), tympanal organs, scaling and tufts, male secondary structures ◦ Abdomen: specialized scaling, tympanal organs, genitalia Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Proboscis ◦ Basal Lepidoptera are mandibulate ◦ Glossata = families with a proboscis (and larval spinneret) ◦ Proboscis developed with maxillary galeae becoming elongate, concave, and held together with processes called ligulae ◦ This occurred in conjunction with the evolution of angiosperms to allow feeding on nectar and pollen Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Head Antennae (antenna) Compound eye Ocelli (ocellus) Proboscis Labial palpi (palpus) Maxillary palpi Scaling (vestiture) Thorax Tegulae and scaling (crests) Wings Legs Scoble 1992 Thorax Tegulae and scaling tegula (crests) Wings Legs posterior crest Thorax Tegulae and scaling (crests) Wings ◦ Venation Legs Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Thorax Jugal coupling Wing coupling ◦ Jugal coupling (basal families) Jugum (FW) ◦ Amplexiform coupling (most Bombycoidea and butterflies) Amplexiform coupling Thorax Wing coupling male female ◦ Frenulo-retinacular coupling Frenulum (HW) and retinaculum (FW) retinaculum ◦ Usually male = one bristle, female = two or more bristles (this varies among families) ◦ Heteroneura frenulum Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Thorax Tegulae and scaling (crests) Wings Legs Scoble 1992 Tympanal organs On thorax or abdomen, depending on family Metathoracic ◦ Noctuoidea and other families Abdominal ◦ Pyraloidea and Geometroidea Tympanal organs Evolved 8 separate times? (or only a few times – see placement of Pyraloidea in Regier et al. 2009 phylogeny) Thyrididae, Hedylidae, Nymphalidae, few Tineoidea, Drepanoidea, Uraniidae, Geometroidea, Pyraloidea, Noctuoidea Appears to have evolved around the same times as diversification of bats (approx. 60-70 MYA) Abdomen Female genitalia Male genitalia We will discuss genital terminology during the tortricid lecture and for specific families It is important to note that some terms are not homologous across families Abdomen Female genitalia ◦ Monotrysia Common opening for copulation and oviposition ◦ “Exoporia” Separate copulatory opening; sperm migrates through an external fold to the ovipore ◦ Ditrysia Separate copulation and oviposition openings, connected by ductus seminalis 98% of all Lepidoptera Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Grimaldi & Engel 2005 Abdomen Female genitalia Male genitalia Abdomen Female genitalia Male genitalia Sex scaling Wings, legs, abdomen, thorax Usually found in males Larval morphology photo by Lukjonis on Flickr Larval morphology Diagnostic structures of the three body parts ◦ Head: stemmata, labial palpi, mandibles, antennae, chaetotaxy ◦ Thorax: prothoracic shield, thoracic prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy ◦ Abdomen: prolegs, spiracles, primary and secondary setae, chaetotaxy Larval morphology Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Head Epicranial notch Stemmata ◦ Sometimes incorrectly termed “ocelli” ◦ Typically 6 stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 D. W. McCoy, USDA/APHIS Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy D. W. McCoy, USDA/APHIS Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 D. W. McCoy, USDA/APHIS Head Epicranial notch Stemmata Antennae Mandibles Spinneret Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle ◦ On the prothorax (T1) Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and secondary setae Chaetotaxy Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Names and positions of primary setae: Primary and D = dorsal SD = subdorsal secondary setae L = lateral SV = subventral Chaetotaxy V = ventral Thorax Prothoracic shield Thoracic legs Spiracle Primary and Prespiracular pinaculum (L-group) secondary setae on prothorax (T1) Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Abdomen Spiracles ◦ On segments A1-8 Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs ◦ Segments A3-6, A10 ◦ Noctuidae (Plusiinae) A5-6, A10 ◦ Geometridae A6, A10 Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs ◦ Segments A3-6, A10 ◦ Noctuidae (Plusiinae) A5-6, A10 ◦ Geometridae A6, A10 Crochets Plusiinae prolegs A5-6, A10 Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Geometridae prolegs A6, A10 Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets ◦ Arrangement Circle Ellipse Mesoseries ◦ Length Uniordinal Biordinal Triordinal Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Stehr 1987 Abdomen Primary setae Secondary setae Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Geometridae Arctiinae Tortricidae Lymantriinae Noctuidae Lasiocampidae Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Primary and secondary setae Anal shield Chaetotaxy Abdomen Spiracles Abdominal prolegs Crochets Names and positions of primary setae: Primary and secondary D = dorsal setae SD = subdorsal Anal shield L = lateral SV = subventral Chaetotaxy V = ventral Selected references Common, I. F. B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Publishing. 535 pp. Grimaldi, D. & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. 755 pp. Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 1999. Handbook of Zoology: Vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 35, Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. W. de Gruyter, Berlin. 491 pp. Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 2003. Handbook of Zoology: Vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 36, Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 2. Morphology, physiology, and development. W. de Gruyter, Berlin. 564 pp. Peterson, A. 1948. Larvae of insects. Part 1: Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Columbus, Ohio. 315 pp. Scoble, M. J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: form function and diversity. Oxford University Press. 404 pp. Stehr, F. W. 1987. Immature Insects, Volume 1. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa. 754 pp. Wagner, D. L. 2005. Caterpillars of eastern North America: A guide to identification and natural history. Princeton University Press. 512 pp. .
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