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Beginner S Guide to Moths of the Midwest Micromoths

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Beginner S Guide to Moths of the Midwest Micromoths 0LGZHVW5HJLRQ86$ %HJLQQHU V*XLGHWR0RWKVRIWKH0LGZHVW0LFURPRWKV $QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH ,OOLQRLV1DWXUH3UHVHUYH&RPPLVVLRQ Photos: Angella Moorehouse ([email protected]). Produced by: Angella Moorehouse with the assistance of Alicia Diaz, Field Museum. Identification assistance provided by: multiple sources (inaturalist.org; bugguide.net) )LHOG0XVHXP &&%<1&/LFHQVHGZRUNVDUHIUHHWRXVHVKDUHUHPL[ZLWKDWWULEXWLRQEXWFRPPHUFLDOXVHRIWKHRULJLQDOZRUN LVQRWSHUPLWWHG >ILHOGJXLGHVILHOGPXVHXPRUJ@>@YHUVLRQ $ERXWWKH%(*,11(5¶6027+62)7+(0,':(67*8,'(6 Most photos were taken in west-central and central Illinois; a few are from eastern Iowa and north-central Wisconsin. Nearly all were posted to identification websites: BugGuide.netDQG iNaturalist.org. Identification help was provided by Aaron Hunt, Steve Nanz, John and Jane Balaban, Chris Grinter, Frank Hitchell, Jason Dombroskie, William H. Taft, Jim Wiker,DQGTerry Harrison as well as others contributing to the websites. Attempts were made to obtain expert verifications for all photos to the field identification level, however, there will be errors. Please contact the author with all corrections Additional assistance was provided by longtime Lepidoptera survey partner, Susan Hargrove. The intention of these guides is to provide the means to compare photographs of living specimens of related moths from the Midwest to aid the citizen scientists with identification in the field for Bio Blitz, Moth-ers Day, and other night lighting events. A taxonomic list to all the species featured is provided at the end along with some field identification tips. :(%6,7(63529,',1*,'(17,),&$7,21,1)250$7,21 BugGuide.net iNaturalist.org Mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu Insectsofiowa.org centralillinoisinsects.org/weblog/resources/ :+,&+027+*8,'(7286( The moths were split into 6 groups for the purposes of creating smaller guides focusing on similar features of 1 or more superfamilies. The guides are split up thusly: 0DFURPRWKV±ODUJHVKRZ\PRWKVJHQHUDOO\UDQJLQJLQVL]HRIFP6XSHUIDPLOLHV%RPE\FRLGHD UR\DOVLONPRWKVDQG VSKLQ[PRWKV &RVVRLGHV FDUSHQWHUZRUP /DVLRFDPSRLGHD ODSSHWPRWKV $QWKHUDHDSRO\SKHPXV 3ULRQR[\VWXVURELQLDH 'DUDSVDP\URQ 3RO\SKHPXVPRWK &DUSHQWHUZRUPPRWK 9LUJLQLD&UHHSHU6SKLQ[ 2) Micromoths – tiny moths with wingspans generally <2cm the exception being the clearwing borers 6HVLRLGDH which average between 1-3cm; Other Superfamilies: Adeloidea (fairy moths), Choreutidae(metalmarks), Epermenioides (fringe-tufted moths), Gelechioidea (curve-horned moths – has greatestnumber of species), Gracillarioidea (tube moths), Micropterigoidea (mandibulate archaic moths),Schreckensteiniodea (bristle-legged moths), Tineoidea (clothes, carpenter, and bagworm moths),Yponomatoidea (ermine moths) 'LFKRPHULVLQYHUVHOOD &DORSWLOLDEODQGHOOD 6\QDQWKHGRQDFHUQL $WWHYDDXUHD ,QYHUVH'LFKRPHULV :DOQXW&DORSWLOLD 0DSOH&DOOXV%RUHU $OLDQWKXVZHEZRUP 0LGZHVW5HJLRQ86$ %HJLQQHU V*XLGHWR0RWKVRIWKH0LGZHVW0LFURPRWKV $QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH ,OOLQRLV1DWXUH3UHVHUYH&RPPLVVLRQ Photos: Angella Moorehouse ([email protected]). Produced by: Angella Moorehouse with the assistance of Alicia Diaz, Field Museum. Identification assistance provided by: multiple sources (inaturalist.org; bugguide.net) )LHOG0XVHXP &&%<1&/LFHQVHGZRUNVDUHIUHHWRXVHVKDUHUHPL[ZLWKDWWULEXWLRQEXWFRPPHUFLDOXVHRIWKHRULJLQDOZRUN LVQRWSHUPLWWHG >ILHOGJXLGHVILHOGPXVHXPRUJ@>@YHUVLRQ :+,&+027+*8,'(7286( &RQW *HRPHWHU0RWKV *HRPHWURLGHD ±PHGLXPVL]HGZLWKZLQJVSDQFPPRVWKDYHDQJXODUVKDUSSRLQWHGZLQJVKHOGRSHQOLNH EXWWHUIOLHVPRVWODUYDHDUH³LQFKZRUPV´ 0DFDULDPXOWLOLQHDWD 3OHXURSUXFKDLQVXOVDULD +DHPDWRSLVJUDWDULD 0DQ\OLQHG$QJOH 7DQ:DYH &KLFNZHHG*HRPHWHU 1RFWXRLGV2ZOHWV 1RFWXLRGHD ±PRVWVSHFLHVRIDQ\PRWKVXSHUIDPLO\PHGLXPVL]HGZLWKZLQJVSDQJHQHUDOO\FP WULDQJXODUVKDSHZLWKVWRXWERGLHVPRVWDUHQRFWXUQDOEXWLQFOXGHVVRPHGD\WLPHSROOLQDWRUVOLFKHQWLJHUIXQJXVXQGHUZLQJ IRUDJHORRSHUOLWWHUELUGGURSSLQJGDJJHUZRRGQ\PSKJURXQGOLQJGDUNRZOHWHDUZRUPIORZHUERUHUFXWZRUPGDUW TXDNHUZDLQVFRWVDOORZORRSHUDQGSURPLQHQWPRWKV &DWRFDODQXSWLDOLV $FURQLFWDYLQQXOD +\SHQDDEDOLHQDOLV 0DUULHG8QGHUZLQJ 'HOLJKWIXO'DJJHU :KLWHOLQHG+\SHQD 3\UDOLGVDQG&UDPELG0RWKV 3\UDORLGHD VQRXWPRWKV±ODUJHJURXSRIVPDOOPRWKVZLWKZLQJVSDQRIFP KHDGEHDUVORQJXSWXUQHGODELDOSDOSLRUVQRXW*XLGHDOVRLQFOXGHVWKH6XSHUIDPLOLHV'UHSDQRLGHD KRRNWLSPRWKV 3WHURSKRURLGHD SOXPHPRWKV 7KU\LGRLGHD WK\ULVPRWKV +HUSWRJUDPPDDHJODHOLV Chrysoteuchia topiaria *HLQDVS '\VRGLDRFXODWDQD 6HUSHQWLQH:HEZRUP Cranberry Girdler 3OXPH0RWK (\HG'\VRGLD 7RUWULFLG0RWKV 7RUWULFRLGDH ±WRUWUL[DQGOHDIUROOHUPRWKV±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hotos: Angella Moorehouse ([email protected]). Produced by: Angella Moorehouse with the assistance of Alicia Diaz, Field Museum. Identification assistance provided by: multiple sources (inaturalist.org; bugguide.net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alleria JUHDWHUZD[PRWK±QRSKRWRDYDLODEOH DUHNQRZQWRPLPLF WKHVRXQGVRIWKHGHOLFDWHF\FQLD 1RFWXLRGHD2ZOHW ZKLFKLVGLVWDVWHIXODQGDYRLGHGE\LQVHFWLYRURXVEDWV Cycnia tenera 'HOLFDWH&\FQLD Predatory Mimicry: Moths such as members of the Metalmark Subfamily, Choreutinae (Micromoths), are known to mimic the movements of jumping spiders. In this is case the resemblance is vague and its primarily the movement that is similar. Several species of the clearwing borer family Sessidae (Micromoths) such as this Riley’s clearing resemble predatory wasps. Some of the large showy silkmoths like the Io moth (Saturniidae/Macromoths), have huge eye spots on their hindwings giving the appearance of an owl or other large predator. Brenthia pavonacella Paraphidippusaurantius Synanthedonrileyana VespulaVTXDPRVD Automeris io 3HDFRFN%UHQWKLD -XPSLQJ6SLGHU 5LOH\¶V&OHDUZLQJ 6RXWKHUQ<HOORZMDFNHW Io Moth Visual (Batesian) Mimicry: Moths are known to mimic the appearance or movement of other less attractive prey species as another means of avoiding predation. Examples of visual mimicry in moths include the sphinx moths (Bombycoidea/Macomoths), snowberry clearwing with resembles the feeding behavior and movement of the easternFDUSHQWHUEHHDQGWKHZKLWHOLQHGVSKLQ[ZKLFK PLPLFVWKHYLEUDWLRQDQGIHHGLQJEHKDYLRURIDUXE\WKURDWHGKXPPLQJELUG Hemaris diffinis Xylocopa virginica Hyles lineata Archilochus colubris 6QRZEHUU\&OHDUZLQJ (DVWHUQ&DUSHQWHU%HH :KLWHOLQHG6SKLQ[ 5XE\WKURDWHG +XPPLQJELUG +XPPLQJELUG 0LGZHVW5HJLRQ86$ %HJLQQHU V*XLGHWR0RWKVRIWKH0LGZHVW0LFURPRWKV $QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH ,OOLQRLV1DWXUH3UHVHUYH&RPPLVVLRQ Photos: Angella Moorehouse ([email protected]). Produced by: Angella Moorehouse with the assistance of Alicia Diaz, Field Museum. Identification assistance provided by: multiple sources (inaturalist.org; bugguide.net) )LHOG0XVHXP &&%<1&/LFHQVHGZRUNVDUHIUHHWRXVHVKDUHUHPL[ZLWKDWWULEXWLRQEXWFRPPHUFLDOXVHRIWKHRULJLQDOZRUN LVQRWSHUPLWWHG >ILHOGJXLGHVILHOGPXVHXPRUJ@>@YHUVLRQ 027+0,0,&5<$1'7+($92,'$1&(2)35('$7256 &RQW Two other moths; the black and yellow lichen moth (Noctuiodea/Owlets) and orange-patched smoky moth (Zygaenoidea/ Flannel, Slug, and Leaf Skeletonizer), mimic the net-winged beetle which is toxic. Black & Yellow Net-winged Beetle Orange-patched Lichen Moth Calopteron terminale Smoky 0RWK Lycomorpha pholus Pyromorpha dimidiata Convergent Resemblance: When one species coevolved independently to resemble another without a known ecological advantage it is called convergent resemblance. The purple carrot moth (Gelechioidea/Micromoths) – native to Europe – is a close match for a pale headed leafhopper. Plume moths (Pterophoroidea/Pyralid Moth Guide) resemble crane flies with their behavior of dangling by their long thin legs off the undersides of flowers or plant leaves. Purple Carrot Seed Moth 3DOHKHDGHG/HDIKRSSHU 3OXPH0RWK &UDQH)O\ (non-native) 3DUDSKOHSVLXVFROOLWXV *HLQDVS 7LSXODVS 'HSUHVVDULDGHSUHVVDQD Camouflage: While many moths are camouflaged to blend in with the environment a wide variety of moths from different Superfamilies and Families resemble bird dropping to evade predators. Here are a few examples: 7 ara che aprica H[SRVHGELUG GURSSLQJPRWK 1RFWXLRGHD2ZOHWV (SLEOHPDVFXGGHULDQDJROGHQURGJDOOPRWK 7RUWULFRLGHD7RUWULFLGV DQG(XGU\DVJUDWD EHDXWLIXOZRRGQ\PSK *HRPHWURLGHD*HRPHWHUV Exposed Bird-dropping Moth Goldenrod Gall Moth Beautiful Wood Nymph Tarache aprica Epiblema scudderiana Eudryas grata 0LGZHVW5HJLRQ86$ %HJLQQHU V*XLGHWR0RWKVRIWKH0LGZHVW0LFURPRWKV $QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH
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