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Nutzung Aktueller Erkenntnisse Aus Der Polarforschung Für Die Antarktis-Umweltschutzaufgaben

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Nutzung Aktueller Erkenntnisse Aus Der Polarforschung Für Die Antarktis-Umweltschutzaufgaben Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit Forschungskennzahl 3713 85 100 UBA-FB-00 Nutzung aktueller Erkenntnisse aus der Polarfor- schung für die Antarktis-Umweltschutzaufgaben von Michaela Mayer INASEA - Institut für nachhaltige Aktivitäten auf See‚ Bremen Klaus Lucke Perth Max Schuster DW Shipconsult, Kiel Karen von Juterzenka Bremen Hans-Peter Reinthaler Linz Beate Lange INASEA Institut für nachhaltige Aktivitäten‚ Bremen INASEA – Institut für nachhaltige Aktivitäten auf See Dr. Michaela Mayer Kirchlintelner Str. 3 D-28325 Bremen Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes Abschlussdatum 2016 UBA Texte Nutzung aktueller Erkenntnisse aus der Polarforschung für die Antarktis-Umweltschutzaufgaben Kurzbeschreibung Eine 1999 veröffentlichte Studie (Carstens et al., 1999; FKZ 29625507) beinahe gleichen Wortlauts stellt bereits wesentliche Erkenntnisse aus der marinen Ökosystemforschung hinsichtlich ihrer Rele- vanz für die Durchführung von Genehmigungsverfahren von Forschungsvorhaben und touristischen Aktivitäten nach dem AUG dar. Aufgrund fortgeschrittener technischer Entwicklungen der bei der Polarforschung zum Einsatz kom- menden Methoden und Geräte sowie ausgeweiteter logistischer und touristischer Aktivitäten in der Antarktis, war eine erneute Evaluation auf Grundlage des aktuellen Forschungsstandes erforderlich. Die vorliegende Studie wurde um die terrestrische Komponente der Ökosystemforschung mit deren potentiellen Umweltauswirkungen ergänzt. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, den aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstand über die AUG relevanten Schutzgüter der antarktischen Umwelt, die bei der modernen Polarforschung zum Einsatz kommen- den Methoden und deren begleitende Logistik sowie der touristischen Aktivitäten mit der eingesetz- ten Logistik in der Antarktis darzustellen. Auf dieser Basis soll eine vorläufige Bewertung nach AUG für die bei diesen Aktivitäten entstehenden Umweltauswirkungen vorgenommen werden können, so- fern dies ohne Kenntnis der spezifischen Einsatzbedingungen möglich ist. Abstract A study of almost equal wording published in 1999 (Carstens et al., 1999; FKZ 29625507) already provides important insights from marine ecosystem research regarding its relevance for the imple- mentation of procedures for the approval of research projects and tourism activities according to the AUG. Due to advanced technical developments in the methods and devices used in polar research, as well as extended logistical and tourist activities in the Antarctic, a re-evaluation was necessary on the ba- sis of the current state of research. The present study was supplemented by the terrestrial compo- nent of ecosystem research and its potential environmental impacts. The aim of this study is to describe current scientific knowledge about Antarctic components related to the environmental protocol, to present the methods used in modern polar research and their ac- companying logistics as well as the tourism activities with the implemented logistics in the Antarctic. On this basis a preliminary assessment according to AUG for environmental impacts resulting from these activities is to be carried out, if this is possible without knowledge of the specific conditions of use. 6 UBA Texte Nutzung aktueller Erkenntnisse aus der Polarforschung für die Antarktis-Umweltschutzaufgaben 7 UBA Texte Nutzung aktueller Erkenntnisse aus der Polarforschung für die Antarktis-Umweltschutzaufgaben Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 17 Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................................. 18 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 19 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................. 22 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 27 1 Einleitung.......................................................................................................................... 31 2 Material und Methoden ...................................................................................................... 34 2.1 Grundlagen des Bewertungsverfahrens ....................................................................... 34 2.1.1 Schutzgüter und Art der Einwirkung ...................................................................... 34 2.1.2 Kategorisierung der Auswirkungen nach § 4 Abs. 3 AUG ......................................... 35 2.1.3 Vorläufige Bewertung ohne Einsatzparameter ........................................................ 36 2.1.4 Einsatzspezifische Bewertungsfaktoren ................................................................. 36 2.1.5 Kategorisierung der Auswirkungen nach § 17 AUG ................................................. 39 2.1.6 Bewertung der Auswirkungen nach § 21 ff. AUG ..................................................... 43 2.2 Kriterien und Anwendung des Bewertungsverfahrens ................................................... 43 2.2.1 Stufe 1: Übersicht und Bündelung ......................................................................... 43 2.2.2 Stufe 2: Geräte-, methoden- oder aktivitätsspezifisch ............................................. 45 2.2.3 Stufe 3: Einsatzabhängig ...................................................................................... 47 2.2.4 Stufe 4: abschließende Bewertung ........................................................................ 49 3 Ergebnis und Anwendung der Bewertungsmethode .............................................................. 51 3.1 Methoden und Geräte der Meeresforschung ................................................................ 51 3.1.1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 51 3.1.2 Bündelung, Beschreibung und Bewertung von Forschungsmethoden ....................... 52 3.1.2.1 Forschungstauchen 53 3.1.2.2 Geräte zur Probenahme 54 3.1.2.2.1 Greifer und Kernbohrer (Corer) .................................................................... 54 3.1.2.2.2 Geschleppte Netze, am Boden fangend ........................................................55 3.1.2.2.3 Geschleppte Netze, im Wasser und unter dem Eis fangend ............................ 56 3.1.2.2.4 Stationäre Netze und Fanggeräte, am Boden aufsetzend ............................... 57 3.1.2.2.5 Geräte zur Probenahme: Wasserprobennehmer ............................................57 3.1.2.3 Optische Beobachtungssysteme 58 3.1.2.4 Sensoren/Messeinheiten der nicht aktiven akustischen Nutzlast (payload) 59 3.1.2.5 Akustisch aktive Nutzlast 59 3.1.2.6 Unterwasserplattformen mit Nutzlast 60 8 UBA Texte Nutzung aktueller Erkenntnisse aus der Polarforschung für die Antarktis-Umweltschutzaufgaben 3.1.2.6.1 Trennung von Unterwasserplattformen und Nutzlast .....................................60 3.1.2.6.2 Unterwasserplattformen mit Nutzlast ...........................................................61 3.1.2.6.2.1 Plattformen am Boden aufsetzend ..........................................................61 3.1.2.6.2.2 Mobile Plattformen ............................................................................... 62 3.1.2.6.2.2.1 Autonom profilierende Plattformen ................................................. 64 3.1.2.6.2.2.2 Passive Plattformen ....................................................................... 65 3.1.2.6.2.2.3 Automatische Messstationen ..........................................................66 3.1.2.7 Bohrgeräte (Meereis) 67 3.1.3 Fallbeispiel: Einsatz eines Grundschleppnetzes (GSN) ............................................ 68 3.1.3.1 Stufe 1 68 3.1.3.2 Stufe 2 68 3.1.3.3 Stufe 3 69 3.1.3.4 Stufe 4 71 3.2 Forschungsmethoden an antarktischen endothermen Tieren ........................................ 73 3.2.1 Ornithologische Feldmethoden ............................................................................. 73 3.2.1.1 Einleitung 73 3.2.1.2 Methodenbeschreibung und vorläufige Bewertung 78 3.2.1.2.1 Untersuchungsmethode mit notwendigem Fang ............................................78 3.2.1.2.2 Morphologische Untersuchungen ................................................................80 3.2.1.2.3 Gewebeproben ...........................................................................................81 3.2.1.2.3.1 Blutentnahme .......................................................................................81 3.2.1.2.3.2 Muskelbiopsie ......................................................................................82 3.2.1.2.3.3 Entnahme von Federn, Abschneiden von Federn ...................................... 83 3.2.1.2.3.4 Abstriche ..............................................................................................84 3.2.1.2.3.5 Töten ................................................................................................... 85 3.2.1.2.4 Magenspülung ...........................................................................................85 3.2.1.2.5 Eier und Jungvogeltausch ............................................................................86 3.2.1.2.6 Kennzeichnung .........................................................................................
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