New Zealand Architecture (19th century to the present)

Workbook Pages New Zealand Architecture (19th century to the present) What this is: Acknowledgements These pages are part of a framework for students studying The workbook was made possible: NCEA Level 2 Art History. It is by no means a definitive • by the suggestions of Art History students at document, but a work in progress that is intended to sit Girls’ High School, alongside internet resources and Peter Shaw’s book A History • in consultation with Diane Dacre, of New Zealand Architecture, as well all the other things we • using the layout, photographic and printing skills of Chris normally do in class. Brodrick of Verve Digital, Christchurch As these pages were originally intended for use by • and the photographic skills of Gwyneth Hulse Christchurch students, a large proportion deals with Christchurch buildings. I particularly wish to thank Peter Shaw, the Estate of The illustrations on the following pages are not high quality Robin Morrison, Paul McCredie and publisher Hachette Livre in order to ensure faster downloading, but will still print NZ Ltd, (formerly Hodder Moa Beckett) and their adequately on most school printers. representative Caroline List, for permission to use material and How to use it: photographs from A History of New Zealand Architecture (3rd edition, 2003) All tasks and information are geared to the three external Achievement Standards. I have found that repeated use of the While every attempt has been made to acknowledge charts reinforces the skills required for the external standards other sources, many of the resources used in the workbook and gives students confidence in using the language. were assembled as teaching notes and their original reference It is up to you how you use what is here. You can print pages has been difficult to find. Should you become aware of any off as they are, or use the format idea and the templates to unacknowledged source, please contact me and I will happily create your own pages with your own images. rectify the situation. Hoping this helps in some way. Sylvia Dixon [email protected] More information: If you find this useful, you might be interested in the full workbook. Have a look at the commercial section through the link: http://arts.unitec.ac.nz/resources/commercial/Art+History/ contents

Neogothic Architecture Selwyn Gothic...... 3 Neogothic Christchurch...... 5

Neoclassical Architecture Neogothic vs Neoclassical Cathedrals...... 12 Neoclassical Christchurch...... 13 Neoclassical banks...... 15 Neogothic vs Neoclassical Parliament...... 19 Neogothic vs Neoclassical wordfind...... 21

State housing 1906 - 1950...... 22 1950 on...... 23

Revision charts...... 25

Glossary...... 28

References...... 29

Templates...... 30 Selwyn Gothic

St John’s College Chapel A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 24-26)

1. Why is it called Selwyn Gothic?

2. Why did building churches become so important?

Frederick Thatcher: St John’s College Chapel, Auckland 1847 photo: Robin Morrison 3. Why was building in a medieval style important?

Function:

Architectural features: 4. What did these churches have to have?

5. Why wasn’t the Neoclassical style used?

Underlying ideas:

6. Why are these churches wooden?

7. Why was exposing the timber frame acceptable? Context:

8. What was the problem with this arched framing? Selwyn Gothic

St John’s College Chapel was intended as a temporary church, but also as one that would set the standard for subsequent churches. Bishop Selwyn’s insisted that roof pitches had to be at least 60 degrees. A workshop was set up at St John’s College and 8 prefabricated chapels were sent out. The only one still standing is in Howick. This chapel has a vertical board and batten exterior with the external diagonal bracing painted black. The transept windows are square not lancet shaped as they are at St John’s. The bell tower is also square and larger than the belfry at St Johns’ College Chapel. In damp climates, the external bracing had to be dressed which added to the cost of building. Many subsequent Selwyn Gothic buildings used the board and batten technique as a result. BW Mountfort: St Bartholomew’s Church, 1854 photo: Chris Brodrick Mountfort, however, continued to use exterior bracing until the end of the 1850s in the drier climate of Canterbury. He had A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 29 - 30) visited Auckland at the end of 1856 and would have seen some of the Selwyn churches already built. His St Bartholomew’s has 1. What are Mountfort’s sources for St Bartholomew’s? exposed timber framing on the west end and the side porch. In the interior the roof bracing is exposed. Canterbury was intended by its founders to be an Anglican settlement, but the Colonial Office dissapproved of that kind of selectivity. However, a census of 1851 showed that, by 2. Why did he extend its roof trusses? then, 72% of the Canterbury population was in fact Anglican which could explain why so much of the architecture was to be Neogothic in style. Neogothic was considered the most appropriate style for Anglican church architecture and, in fact, the precedent of the new Houses of Parliament in London showed that the style could also be used for other buildings where a sense of authority and divine mandate was to be expressed. Neogothic Provincial Chambers

Function:

Architectural features: 1858 section

1859 section BW Mountfort: Canterbuy Provincial Chambers, Christchurch 1859-65, Armagh St view photo: Chris Brodrick www.Canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz go to community then Canterbuy Provincial Chambers

1. Why was provincial government established in 1852?

1865 section

2. The 1858 buildings face ______Street and Underlying ideas: held ______& ______

3. They were made of ______

4. The 1859 section was on ______Street

5. The tower was made of ______& bands of

______. Context:

6. These materials reflected ______

______

7. The 1865 section was the ______

8. Materials were:

•

• Changes in architectural fashion and the increased prosperity • of the local farming-based economy are shown between the stages. The first stage is very plain in the Early Gothic style, • using undecorated timber, natural stone paving and wooden panelling. Only 7 years later, the Council Chamber is built in the Watch the video on www.ccc.govt.nz/Christchurch/Canterbury High Victorian style, complete with floor tiles, and mosaic. Stone ProvincialCouncilChambers columns and lintels have been blackened and polished with oil. Neogothic Christchurch Cathedral www.library.christchurch.org.nz/heritage/earlychristchurch go to and the Gothic Revival 1. When did Mountfort arrive in New Zealand? ______2. Name some of his Christchurch buildings & give their dates • • •

3. How many churches did he design? ______4. When did Mountfort die? ______5. Summarise the Gothic Revival

go to The Cathedrals of Christchurch 1. Who drew the plans up? ______2. The corner stone was laid in ______3. Mountfort was made supervising architect in ______4. He added the west porch in ______Gilbert Scott & BW Mountfort: Christchurch Cathedral 1860 - 1904 5. Materials used were: photo: Chris Brodrick

• Function: • go to www.historic.org.nz, then Register of Historic Places, Search the Register under Christchurch Cathedral Architectural features: 1. Why was an English architect chosen?

2. What changes did Mountfort make to Scott’s design?

Underlying ideas:

Add more from A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 31 - 32)

Context: 3. Why did Scott change his original timber plan to a stone one? Neogothic Arts Centre (Canterbury College) whose two faces formed the sides of an equilateral triangle was calculated to throw off snow without being so steep as to put a strain on the slates. The steep pitch also protected the slates in windy conditions by forcing wind pressure sideways which helped to keep the slates attached.

Honest Ornamentation Although many people admire Gothic for its ornamentation, Pugin thought that “all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essential construction of the building. “ Pinnacles and spires, as well as leading the eye heavenward, were also added to throw rain off a join in the structure, or to adding weight at an appropriate point. Even the smallest detail could serve a useful purpose. Decorative hood-moulds over archways and windows, for example, divert water.

Honest Materials Neogothic architecture is to be honest by bebautifying rather than concealing the structure. At the same time, it had to be constructed of honest materials such as stone, slate, or timber. Plaster was regarded as being dishonest because covered over BW Mountfort: Clock Tower Block, Arts Centre, the structure. In true Romantic style, irregularity was valued Christchurch 1877-79 photo: Chris Brodrick because nature was seen at this time as an organic world of The Arts Centre was originally built as Canterbury College, for change. Neoclassicism was artificially regular compared to tertiary education, the first stone buildings on the site being the the irregularity of nature. Gothic buildings supposedly grew Clock Tower Block, completed by Mountfort in 1879, containing naturally from their floor plan That is one of the reasons why lecture rooms and offices,Christchurch Girls’ High School built brick was not initially favoured by Neogothic architects. by Thomas Crane in 1878 and Christchurch Boy’s High School in Clock Tower Block 1881. Mountfort’s Clock Tower Block was made of basalt from the Neogothic was considered to be truthful and BRITISH so Port Hills and limestone from Oamaru. It has suitable for any type of building. It is characterised by: • an oriel window to indicate the professors’ offices • pointed arches • a striped voussoir over the segmental entry arch • a vertical emphasis symbolising the upward flight of the • fleur de lise cresting on the roof human spirit. • ornamental headed windows - his own design • steeply pitched roof (origin in North Europe for snow) • foliated (leafy capitals) colonnades • revealed structure (truth to materials) • a decorative stepped string course and • window tracery • quatrefoil ventilation openings. • later polychromy (‘streaky bacon’ as in the north tower of Provincial Building) The clock tower itself is an example of High Victorian Gothic architecture. Pugin’s Influence Christchurch Girls’ High School Mountfort had read the works of A.W.N. Pugin, who had collaborated with Sir Charles Barry on the Houses of Parliament Thomas Crane, who had once worked under Gilbert Scott, in London. He was the most persuasive promoter for the Gothic designed Christchurch Girls’ High School facing Hereford Street Revival and one of the founders of the Ecclesiological Society. using the same materials as Mountfort’s Clock Tower Block. The founded in 1839, which was dedicated to the promotion of windows are arched with a quatrefoil glass pane in the circular the Gothic style in architecture. They believed that the earliest window above, a feature which was common in the earlier Gothic style, common in England around 1300, suited the Gothic style. The hood moulds or dripstones facing Rolleston nature of a raw young country. Ave feature carved heads. The entrance porch is castellated in To Pugin, Christian architecture was ‘pointed’ in order to draw the manner of Tudor Gothic. the eye heavenwards towards the source of the architect’s inspiration and act as reminders of the Resurrection. In The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (1841) he wrote: “There should be no features about a building that are not necessary for convenience, construction or propriety” (propriety meaning suitability for its intended purpose). This, as much as any religious significance, explains the steeply-pitched roofs and pinnacles of the Arts Centre. For example, a roof Neogothic Normal School

Function:

Architectural features:

Samuel Farr: Normal School ( Apartments) 1874 photo: Chris Brodrick

Underlying ideas: Until the Education Act was passed in 1877, primary education was considered to be part of the role of the church or private institutions than a government responsibility. The Act not only made primary schooling compulsory, free and secular, but also placed administrative responsibility in local education boards. The result was the building of schools throughout New Zealand. worked mainly in theNeogothic style, using the Early English style recommended by the Ecclesiologists. Pugin’s Context: influence can be seen in the gables, chimneys, lanterns and spires that decorate the roofline of theNormal School and create a picturesque effect. In the spirit of the Ecclesiologists’ concern with truth to materials and function, Farr’s exposes chimneys and buttresses, and creates a rough exterior with irregularly shaped local Halswell bluestone. These were lightened with limestone quoins, window tracery and carved details. The addition of the octagonal corner room added to the irregular outline required by the Ecclesiologists. A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 33) 1. Why was it appropriate to use the Gothic style in Christchurch education buildings?

2. Describe the building’s form. Subjects and Themes Neogothic

BW Mountfort: Canterbury Museum 1876 Samuel Farr: Normal School (Cranmer Court Apartments) 1874 photo: Chris Brodrick photo: Chris Brodrick A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 31) function architectural features architectural influences ideas Neogothic

Name the Neogothic features of TW Cane‘s Christchurch Girls’ High School 1878

photo: Sylvia Dixon

Why Neogothic Christchurch? Discuss Art Works Neogothic vs Neoclassical

Gilbert Scott & BW Mountfort: Christchurch Cathedral FW Petre: Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, 1860 - 1904 Christchurch 1901-04 photo: Chris Brodrick photo: Chris Brodrick materials effects form structure/ effects decoration effects Neoclassical

Go to www.library.christchurch.org.nz/heritage/ earlychristchurch, then The Cathedrals of Christchurch 1. When was the first chapel built on the site?

2. Who designed it?

3. The foundation stone was laid in ______

4. It opened in 19______

5. Materials:

FW Petre: Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament 1901-04 photo: Chris Brodrick The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch, is based on Renaissance Italian basilicas and suggests both religious 6. Style: authority and certainty. On the Barbadoes Street side, the two bell towers proclaim a building of importance and the two storey porch columns set a serious tone. The sides continue this with their orderly colonnades and the rows of round-headed windows in the upper section. The crossing dome calls to mind St Peters, Rome. The interior of the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament uses colonnades, columns with various orders of capitals (Ionic at floor level and Corinthian in the gallery). Petre, who was known as ‘Lord Concrete’ because he was a Function: pioneer in concrete design, also built other basilicas in , Oamaru, Timaru and Waimate. The basilica style was favoured because of its lower cost, higher capacity and the earthquake resistance of reinforced concrete. Basilicas allowed Irish Architectural features: Catholics, who came to New Zealand in large numbers because of the Otago gold rush, to feel at home.

A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 73 -76) 1. Why had basilicas become popular c1850s on?

•

•

• Underlying ideas: 2. What ‘new fangled construction methods’ were used?

•

•

3. Why was it made so big? Context: •

•

• Neoclassical The Heritage / Government Buildings

JC Maddison: Government Buildings, Christchurch 1909 JC Maddison: Government Buildings 1909 (west side) photo: Chris Brodrick photo: Chris Brodrick Considerable growth of the population at the end of the 19th century and the resulting development of trade and towns Function: led to a large public works programme for post and telegraph offices, railway stations, justice and education facilities as well as investment in building projects by banks, churches and other commercial enterprises. Architects were able to develop their Architectural features: own style which was often eclectic. The 1909 Government Building was designed by Maddison in the style of an Italian Renaissance Palazzo - Classical style with rusticated stone on the ground floor. The Medici bankers had lived in such buildings in Florence. The retrained Classicism projects an impression of authority and signifies the power of the state.

Materials: • limestone facing on ground floor • red brick upper storeys

A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 70 ) Underlying ideas: 1. The most interesting feature is what?

2. Copy the definition from the glossary.

Context:

3. What treatment is given to the base?

4. What does that mean? Neoclassical Banks Why were banks in NZ built in the Neoclassical style right up until 1940s?

• Greek temples were often used as treasuries • Renaissance bankers lived in Palazzi – rectangular buildings with classical features • banking was not to be associated with Christianity so Neo- Gothic architectural style was out • Classical buildings were associated with longevity, authority, the symmetrical / rational, restraint. They were dignified and RA Lawson: Bank of Otago 1871 and Bank of New South inspired confidence in their customers as to their soundness Wales 1883 Oamaru and security photo: Chris Brodrick • Neogothic was associated with monarchy and the church while Neoclassical buildings were used by democracies. The United States built in the Neoclassical style Function: eg the Capitol & Jefferson’s own home -Monticello • colonial pioneers wanted to reproduce the best bits of Great Britain eg Christopher Wren’s work after the Great Fire of London 1666 Architectural features: • in 1732 the Bank of England began in a Neoclassical building – other commercial and public institutions were using this style at the time • the first leaders of BNZ came from Ireland where Belfast was undergoing a Neoclassical building boom • the plainness of the Neoclassical style appealed to Scottish tastes – banking in NZ used the Scottish system • many NZ bank architects came from Great Britain

Lawson: Bank of Otago 1871 Oamaru A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 60-61) 1. Why did Oamaru grow so rapidly 1870-95? Underlying ideas:

2. Stylistic features:

Context:

Lawson: Bank of New South Wales 1883 Oamaru 1. How was this building different from the Bank of Otago?

Between 1871 and 1881, the population of Oamaru quadrupled to more than 6,000, making it the 7th largest town in New Zealand - larger and more prosperous than Timaru or Napier and the same size as San Francisco. An artificial harbour was created in 1880 and the solid limestone Neoclassical buildings suggested permanence and optimism. 2. What was the effect of buildings like these? By this time North Otago was one of the best wheat growing areas in New Zealand, stimulated by the population increase of the gold rush after 1861 and then the publlic works and immigration policies of Julius Vogel. Frozen meat exporting began here in 1882 Neoclassical Banks The Bank of New Zealand, Auckland had been founded in 1861, but by 1862 it had 12 branches in New Zealand and one in London. The Queen Street branch was to be the head office and thus needed a facade which created a feeling of dignity and permanence to encourage client confidence. Leonard Terry originally designed a facade of 5 bays which was enlarged to 7 in the 1880s. • 3 storey building • symmetrical facade • set back from the footpath • cast iron railings at ground level provide decorative contrast to the stonework • attached fluted Doric columns on the ground floor • first floor windows with segmental pedimented hoods, Leonard Terry: Bank of New Zealand, Queen Street, ornamented facings and individual balconies Auckland 1865 photo: Robin Morrison Function: A History of New Zealand Architecture ( p 35) 1. What style is it?

Architectural features: 2. List its architectural features

Underlying ideas:

Context:

Akaroa BNZ 1875 - 1904 photo: Chris Brodrick Neoclassical

By the 1880s Oamaru was being visited by about 400 ships a year. Historical records report footpaths being blocked by drunks, resulting in annual convictions for drunkenness at 3 times the national average. Oamaru was branded “that drunken metropolis” by a Dunedin newspaper. In 1800 there were 823 charges out of a population of 6000 for mostly larceny, vagrancy and arson. A courthouse was obviously essential. The design of the Oamaru Courthouse comes from early 18th century designs for Whitehall Palace in London along with a feeling of dignity and seriousness created by the massive double columns rising though two storeys into the tall central courtroom.

Forrester & Lemon: Courthouse, Oamaru 1883 photo: Robin Morison

Architectural features:

JC Maddison: Carlton Hotel c1903 photo: Sylvia Dixon The Neoclassical style was also considered more appropriate Underlying ideas: than the Neogothic for hotels. Maddison, who had built the Government Buildings in Christchurch, also designed at least 17 hotels in the Christchurch area alone. Most of these were built to accomodate visitors to the 1906- 7 New Zealand International Exhibition. Those that still exist include:

• Maddisons (Moorhouse Ave) Context: • Warners • the Oxford • the Carlton • the Clarendon facade • the Coachman (Gloucester St) Neoclassical

Name the Neoclassical features of EW Armstrong’s Robert McDougall Art Gallery 1927

photo: Chris Brodrick

Why Neoclassical Banks? Neogothic vs Neoclassical Parliament

Thomas Turnbull: General Assembly Library 1898 John Campbell: Parliament 1911 photo: Gwyneth Hulse photo: Gwyneth Hulse was proclaimed the capital of New Zealand after the land wars broke out in the 1860s. In 1909, fire destroyed A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 66 - 67) the wooden Parliament House right next to Turnbull’s brick and 1. Why were the plans for the Library changed to a 2 storey plaster building for the General Assembly Library. building? These buildings were in the Gothic style, as used in the Parliament Buildings in London, which was considered suitable for the ruling bodies of Victoria’s Empire. Wood was the main building material in Wellington because it was more flexible than brick or stone in earthquakes. As 2. Which parts did John Campbell design? the end of the century approached, and fears of earthquakes reduced, the establishment of the capital with its government and commercial area was reflected in the urge to build in concrete, brick and stone. In fact, timber was banned in the city centre in the 1880s, 30 years after it had been banned in inner 3. Why was the English Baroque style chosen? Auckland. In 1911 there were 33 entries in a design competition for new parliament buildings. John Campbell, the New Zealand Government Architect, and his assistant Claude Paton, put forward plans for a long, low (3 storeyed) Neoclassical building in stone that included a tower and dome over the main foyer, 4. Summarise the Edwardian Baroque definition from the smaller domes over the corner pavilions, and wings on the glossary north and south sides of the main structure. But only a part of the winning design was built. The domes were never set over the porch or the pavilion at the northern corner. The foundation stone was laid in March 1912 and work began in late 1913 on the eastern facade. It slowed in 1915 after 12 months of world war, progressed sporadically along the northern and western walls, and dwindled to a stop in 1922 with the southern wall unfinished. It stayed in that state until the 1950s. Subjects & Themes Parliament

Thomas Turnbull: General Assembly Library, Wellington John Campbell & Claude Paton: Parliament Buildings, 1898 Wellington 1911 photo: Gwyneth Hulse photo: Gwyneth Hulse function architectural features architectural influences ideas Neogothic vs Neoclassical Wordfind

S E Z N S S N M U L O C N U R E E R B B A L U S T R A D E U S D R U P L E I R O I O D T S S T A I T V W I U H M R L R T E E A N P A O P T E I E A E I

R C L J N S L N E P K S C F C T N Q B S O I B S D Z O I O A T A E U A R L T A C I R R I T U L O K O G O O E T C M T L E B V E C I N R O C I N I E A D S E T T E N N O L O C E M N B Q F K S R E T S A L I P M T T F O L I A T E D X E N M Y E C O G I D E T N I O P O I S R P T R A C E R Y F I N I A L N E

You will need to find the words and write them in next to the clue:

1. 3 Neogothic window forms ______& ______&______2. 1 Neogothic ventilation form ______3. A projection on a Neogothic building for strength ______4. 2 kinds of Neoclassical capitals______& ______5. 3 Neogothic roof top structures ______& ______& ______6. 1 Neoclassical roof top structure ______7. The Govt Dept Buildings have a ______along the roof line. 8. The horizontal structure held up by columns in a Neoclassical building is the ______. 9. The very top edge of this is the ______. 10. The roof style typical of Neogothic is the ______. 11. A row of columns is called a ______. An engaged column is called a ______. 12. The ground level stone in palazzo style buildings is often ______. 13. ______or leafy ______decorate many Neogothic windows along with various kinds of ______eg plate. 14. ______can be fluted or plain in Neoclassical buildings. 15. Neoclassical windows often have a ______whereas Neogothic windows have a head mould or ______and sometimes a striped ______within it, 16. Neogothic is often called the ______style because of the shape of its arches. Neoclassical buildings are always ______. State Houses 1906 - 1950

Go to www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/statehousing State House Style The First State House 1. What were the stylistic aims of the earliest state houses? 1. Where was this first state house and when was it opened? •

• 2. Who was the Labour Prime Minister at the time? 2. What were the stylistic aims of the1930s state houses?

The State Steps in (and out) • 1. What did the National Government do to state house tenants in 1991? •

•

3. How was the interior space of these houses to be planned?

2. What kind of government was in power in 1905 and what did they do for low income people?

4. What happened in the 1950s?

3. Why?

4. How many houses were built? A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 48-49 ) 1. Where did Prime Minister Richard Seddon get the idea for 5. How many were built after 1935? workers’ houses from?

6. Why were they built? 2. What did the Workers’ Dwelling Act allow him to do?

3. How were the designs for the houses chosen? 7. Why were they built in the suburbs rather than as flats in the inner city? 4. How many were chosen?

5. What were the specifications of these houses?

While many of the state houses were designed by government architects, some designs came from private architects who were paid a small amount for each design. 6. Why were only 657 houses built by 1919? By 1940, nearly 10,000 state houses had been built. The layout of the settlements adhered to the Garden City ideas - Savage Crescent in Palmerston North being a good example. It had a large village green, cul-de-sacs, pedestrian paths and grouped garages. But the rapidity with which many of these areas were Have a look at www.dayout.co.nz/attraction to see the Patrick built in the 1950s meant that this ideal was not always met. Street houses - go to the historic places link State Houses 1950s on

Go to www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/statehousing State House Style The State steps in (and out) 1. What were some of the results of cost cutting in the 1. Why did the National government introduce legislation 1950s? allowing state house tenants to buy their homes in 1950?

2. What attempts were made to rectify this in the 1970s? Have a look at the Cluster complex in Mt Albert image

2. How did they help the tenants to do this?

3. What has happened in 2002? Have a look at the Design for whanau whare concept 3. Why were market rents introduced in 1991?

4. What did the Labour Government do in 1999?

Building Families - Changing Families 1. What was the major change to housing policy in the 1970s and how did it influence the type of house that was built?

The 1971 Royal Comission into Housing recommended that large-scale state housing developments should stop. New designs were tried and state houses were put in with private developments, closer to workplaces, transport and other community facilities. An example of this new attitude was the 20 - unit cluster complex in Mt Albert, which won approval from both tenants and architects and encouraged further integrated state house 2. What changed in 2000? - private developments through the 1980s. Under the 1990s National Government, however, construction virtually stopped. The next Labour Government focussed again on building state houses that were not easily distinguished from private ones. They also aimed to rebuild areas where state housing is the main housing type. One irony of the early 21st century is that the English Cottage state houses of the 1950s are now sought after by home buyers wanting a solid home. ideas influences architectural features function Ernst Plischke: photo: Morrison Robin Dixon Street Flats

designed 1940 Subjects & Subjects Themes State Housing First State House, photo: Morrison Robin Mirimar 1937 Mirimar Revision examples ideas context effects characteristics style Art Deco Modernist Neogothic Neoclassical Postmodern International Revision Subjects & Themes building identify 2 features explain the ideas conveyed by these features

1. 1.

2. 2.

1. 1.

2. 2.

1. 1.

2. 2.

1. 1.

2. 2. Revision Subjects & Themes

idea 2 buildings which express the idea how the idea is expressed

1. 1.

propriety 2. 2.

1. 1.

2. 2. popular culture

1. 1.

2. 2. less is a bore

1. 1.

2. 2. cultural diversity cultural Glossary

Apse: A recess, generally semicircular or polygonal, often with a Keystone: A triangular shaped weight on the top of the Roman half-domed ceiling, off a larger space eg at the end of the nave arch which helps to spread forces. of a basilica with an altar in it. Lancet arch: A slender pointed arch. Architrave: The lower part, or beam, of the entablature. Lantern: A small circular or polygonal turret with windows all Baluster: A short post or railing, often with one or more round, crowning a roof or dome. swellings and other details. Load-bearing: Building elements that distribute the weight Balustrading: Rows of balusters or low protective wall. - usually walls or pillars. Basilica: A hall with a large rectangular space – the nave – and Moderne: A style where Art Deco ornament is used to gain a usually with parallel side aisles separated from the nave by rows modern look - not to be confused with Modernist which is anti- of columns or piers. ornament. Bauhaus: German design school with Arts & Crafts roots Mullions:s founded in 1906. Known for austere style, industrial materials, Oriel Window: A bay or bow shaped window on an upper floor. concrete, glass & stainless steel, flat roofs. Palazzo: Renaissance style of house/palace built by the wealthy. Brutalism: Functionalist style of 1950s on. Name comes from Pedestal: A decorated block below a column. ‘brut’ meaning concrete but confused with the strength of the Pediment: Originally the shallow triangular gable of a temple. style. Has a sloping cornice. Buttress: A mass of masonry or brickwork projecting from or Pier: An isolated rectangular section of supporting wall. built against a wall to give additional strength. Pilaster: A column attached to and projecting from a wall. It Cantilevered: A beam or girder that projects beyond its is an engaged column when more than half of its width is not supporting wall. engaged. Capital: A carved or decorated block at the top of a column. Pilotis: Load bearing ground level poles left exposed. Made Castellation: Where a building is given a battlement roofline popular by le Corbusier who used them to provide parking like those of a castle. space under the building. Clerestory: The upper part of the wall of the nave of a basilica Pinnacle: An ornamental feature on top of spires, buttresses or which stands above the lower roof of the aisle and contains parapets. windows. Polychromy: Horizontal banding with different colours of stone Colonnade: A row of columns. eg North tower of Provincial Chambers. Corbel: A small projection in a wall, or supporting bracket. Portico: A roofed space, open or partly enclosed, forming the Cornice: The upper part of an entablature which corresponds entrance and centrepiece of a facade of a temple, house or to the eaves of a temple roof. church. Constructivist: Postmodernism: In architecture it is opposite to Functionalism Crossing: The area formed by the crossing of 2 rectangular so it is historicist and uses coloured decorative elements with spaces eg a church and often roofed with a dome or a tower. wit. Curtain wall: Thin, light, outer membrane on a rigid structure Quoin: A stone or brick which helps to form the corner of a wall replacing walls with windows. of masonry. De Stijl: Dutch art movement espousing geometrical forms and Reinforced concrete: Concrete poured into a mould abstraction eg Mondrian. (formwork) containing rolled steel bars. Can be done on site or Dripstone: Usually decorative moulding, often of a head, precast. projecting around a window to divert water. Ribbon windows: A continuous glazed horizontal strip of Drum: A cylindrical wall below a dome. windows made possible by using steel or reinforced concrete Entablature: The uppermost part of a classical order consisting frames. of all the horizontal elements supported by the column. Rose Window: A circular window with tracery divisions and Facade: Face of a building towards street or open space. stained glass resembling a rose. Fair-faced: Describes concrete that is smooth surfaced. Rusticated: Stonework that is deliberately left rough. Fanlight: The window over the top of a door. Shuttering: The impressions left by the wooden moulds on Finial: A tall, narrow ornament placed at the apex of a gable. concrete. Fluting: Vertical grooves or flutes in a column . Spandrel: Frieze: The middle part of the entablature. Spire: A tall pyramidal, polygonal or conical structure rising Functionalism: Modernist architects stated that nothing should from a tower, turret, or roof and terminating in a point. It can be be introduced into a design that does not perform a function. of stone, or of timber covered with shingles or lead. “Less is more.” Tracery: The ornamental intersecting work in the upper part of Gable: The triangular upper portion of a wall at the end of a a window, screen, or panel, or used decoratively in blank arches pitched roof. It normally has straight sides, but there are variants. and vaults. Girder: A horizontal supporting beam. Trachyte: Pale coloured stone. Historicism: Reusing previous styles. This is particularly Tympanum: The triangular space/wall inside a pediment. espoused by Postmodernism, but the Neo movements are also Vault: An arched ceiling or roof of stone or brick, sometimes Historicist. Particularly popular in the Victorian period. imitated in wood or plaster. International Style: Often used synonymously with Modernist Voussoir: A wedge shaped brick or stone that, with others, but should be used to describe the period of the Modernist radiates from the centre of an arch and forms its structure. movement once it had left Europe. Particularly describes USA Modernism. References

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