New Zealand Architecture (19th century to the present) Workbook Pages New Zealand Architecture (19th century to the present) What this is: Acknowledgements These pages are part of a framework for students studying The workbook was made possible: NCEA Level 2 Art History. It is by no means a definitive • by the suggestions of Art History students at Christchurch document, but a work in progress that is intended to sit Girls’ High School, alongside internet resources and Peter Shaw’s book A History • in consultation with Diane Dacre, of New Zealand Architecture, as well all the other things we • using the layout, photographic and printing skills of Chris normally do in class. Brodrick of Verve Digital, Christchurch As these pages were originally intended for use by • and the photographic skills of Gwyneth Hulse Christchurch students, a large proportion deals with Christchurch buildings. I particularly wish to thank Peter Shaw, the Estate of The illustrations on the following pages are not high quality Robin Morrison, Paul McCredie and publisher Hachette Livre in order to ensure faster downloading, but will still print NZ Ltd, Auckland (formerly Hodder Moa Beckett) and their adequately on most school printers. representative Caroline List, for permission to use material and How to use it: photographs from A History of New Zealand Architecture (3rd edition, 2003) All tasks and information are geared to the three external Achievement Standards. I have found that repeated use of the While every attempt has been made to acknowledge charts reinforces the skills required for the external standards other sources, many of the resources used in the workbook and gives students confidence in using the language. were assembled as teaching notes and their original reference It is up to you how you use what is here. You can print pages has been difficult to find. Should you become aware of any off as they are, or use the format idea and the templates to unacknowledged source, please contact me and I will happily create your own pages with your own images. rectify the situation. Hoping this helps in some way. Sylvia Dixon [email protected] More information: If you find this useful, you might be interested in the full workbook. Have a look at the commercial section through the link: http://arts.unitec.ac.nz/resources/commercial/Art+History/ contents Neogothic Architecture Selwyn Gothic ......................................................................................................................................................................3 Neogothic Christchurch ................................................................................................................................................5 Neoclassical Architecture Neogothic vs Neoclassical Cathedrals ...............................................................................................................12 Neoclassical Christchurch .........................................................................................................................................13 Neoclassical banks .........................................................................................................................................................15 Neogothic vs Neoclassical Parliament ...............................................................................................................19 Neogothic vs Neoclassical wordfind .................................................................................................................21 State housing 1906 - 1950 .........................................................................................................................................................................22 1950 on .................................................................................................................................................................................23 Revision charts ..............................................................................................................................................................25 Glossary ..............................................................................................................................................................................28 References.........................................................................................................................................................................29 Templates ..........................................................................................................................................................................30 Selwyn Gothic St John’s College Chapel A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 24-26) 1. Why is it called Selwyn Gothic? 2. Why did building churches become so important? Frederick Thatcher: St John’s College Chapel, Auckland 1847 photo: Robin Morrison 3. Why was building in a medieval style important? Function: Architectural features: 4. What did these churches have to have? 5. Why wasn’t the Neoclassical style used? Underlying ideas: 6. Why are these churches wooden? 7. Why was exposing the timber frame acceptable? Context: 8. What was the problem with this arched framing? Selwyn Gothic St John’s College Chapel was intended as a temporary church, but also as one that would set the standard for subsequent churches. Bishop Selwyn’s insisted that roof pitches had to be at least 60 degrees. A workshop was set up at St John’s College and 8 prefabricated chapels were sent out. The only one still standing is in Howick. This chapel has a vertical board and batten exterior with the external diagonal bracing painted black. The transept windows are square not lancet shaped as they are at St John’s. The bell tower is also square and larger than the belfry at St Johns’ College Chapel. In damp climates, the external bracing had to be dressed which added to the cost of building. Many subsequent Selwyn Gothic buildings used the board and batten technique as a result. BW Mountfort: St Bartholomew’s Church, Kaiapoi 1854 photo: Chris Brodrick Mountfort, however, continued to use exterior bracing until the end of the 1850s in the drier climate of Canterbury. He had A History of New Zealand Architecture (p 29 - 30) visited Auckland at the end of 1856 and would have seen some of the Selwyn churches already built. His St Bartholomew’s has 1. What are Mountfort’s sources for St Bartholomew’s? exposed timber framing on the west end and the side porch. In the interior the roof bracing is exposed. Canterbury was intended by its founders to be an Anglican settlement, but the Colonial Office dissapproved of that kind of selectivity. However, a census of 1851 showed that, by 2. Why did he extend its roof trusses? then, 72% of the Canterbury population was in fact Anglican which could explain why so much of the architecture was to be Neogothic in style. Neogothic was considered the most appropriate style for Anglican church architecture and, in fact, the precedent of the new Houses of Parliament in London showed that the style could also be used for other buildings where a sense of authority and divine mandate was to be expressed. Neogothic Provincial Chambers Function: Architectural features: 1858 section 1859 section BW Mountfort: Canterbuy Provincial Chambers, Christchurch 1859-65, Armagh St view photo: Chris Brodrick www.Canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz go to community then Canterbuy Provincial Chambers 1. Why was provincial government established in 1852? 1865 section 2. The 1858 buildings face _________________ Street and Underlying ideas: held _____________________________ & _____________ 3. They were made of _________________________ 4. The 1859 section was on __________________ Street 5. The tower was made of ________________ & bands of ______________________. Context: 6. These materials reflected __________________________ ________________________________________________ 7. The 1865 section was the _______________ __________ 8. Materials were: • • Changes in architectural fashion and the increased prosperity • of the local farming-based economy are shown between the stages. The first stage is very plain in the Early Gothic style, • using undecorated timber, natural stone paving and wooden panelling. Only 7 years later, the Council Chamber is built in the Watch the video on www.ccc.govt.nz/Christchurch/Canterbury High Victorian style, complete with floor tiles, and mosaic. Stone ProvincialCouncilChambers columns and lintels have been blackened and polished with oil. Neogothic Christchurch Cathedral www.library.christchurch.org.nz/heritage/earlychristchurch go to Benjamin Mountfort and the Gothic Revival 1. When did Mountfort arrive in New Zealand? _________ 2. Name some of his Christchurch buildings & give their dates • • • 3. How many churches did he design? ________ 4. When did Mountfort die? ____________ 5. Summarise the Gothic Revival go to The Cathedrals of Christchurch 1. Who drew the plans up? ______________________ 2. The corner stone was laid in _________ 3. Mountfort was made supervising architect in _________ 4. He added the west porch in _________ Gilbert Scott & BW Mountfort: Christchurch Cathedral 1860 - 1904 5. Materials used were: photo: Chris Brodrick • Function: • go to www.historic.org.nz, then Register of Historic Places, Search the Register under Christchurch Cathedral Architectural features: 1. Why was an English architect chosen? 2. What changes did Mountfort make to Scott’s design? Underlying ideas: Add more from A History of