TRADITIONAL PHYTOTHERAPY OF SOME MEDICINAL USED BY THARU AND MAGAR COMMUNITIES OF WESTERN , AGAINST DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS Anant Gopal Singh* and Jaya Prakash Hamal** *'HSDUWPHQWRI%RWDQ\%XWZDO0XOWLSOH&DPSXV%XWZDO7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\1HSDO ** 'HSDUWPHQWRI%RWDQ\$PULW6FLHQFH&DPSXV7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\.DWKPDQGX1HSDO

Abstract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¿HOGWULSV$WRWDORISODQWVSHFLHVRIIDPLOLHVDUHGRFXPHQWHGLQ WKLVVWXG\7KHPHGLFLQDOSODQWVXVHGLQWKHWUHDWPHQWRIVNLQGLVHDVHVE\WULEDO¶VDUHOLVWHGZLWKERWDQLFDOQDPH LQ ELQRPLDOIRUP IDPLO\ORFDOQDPHVKDELWDYDLODELOLW\SDUWVXVHGDQGPRGHRISUHSDUDWLRQ7KLVVWXG\VKRZHGWKDW PDQ\SHRSOHLQWKHVWXGLHGSDUWVRI5XSDQGHKLGLVWULFWFRQWLQXHWRGHSHQGRQWKHPHGLFLQDOSODQWVDWOHDVWIRUWKH WUHDWPHQWRISULPDU\KHDOWKFDUH

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INTRODUCTION fast disappearing due to modernization and the tendency to discard their traditional life style and gradual  7KH NQRZOHGJH RI PHGLFLQDO SODQWV KDV EHHQ PLJUDWLRQWRWKHPDLQVWUHDP7KHUHLVDQXUJHQWQHHG accumulates in the course of many centuries based on WR VWXG\ DQG GRFXPHQW WKH SUHFLRXV NQRZOHGJH IRU GLIIHUHQW PHGLFLQDO V\VWHPV VXFK DV$\XUYHGD 8QDQL SRVWHULW\$FFRUGLQJWR:RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQPRUH DQG6LGGKD,Q1HSDOLWLVUHSRUWHGWKDWWUDGLWLRQDOKHDOHUV WKDQRIWKHZRUOG¶VSRSXODWLRQUHOLHVRQWUDGLWLRQDO XVHSODQWVSHFLHVRIPHGLFLQH %DUDODQG.XUPL KHUEDO PHGLFLQH IRU WKHLU SULPDU\ KHDOWKFDUH ,Q YLHZ  'XULQJWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHVWKHUHKDVEHHQDQ RI H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI IRON NQRZOHGJH increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and an attempt has been made to study the ethnobotanical WKHLUWUDGLWLRQDOXVHLQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHZRUOG /HY DVSHFWVIURPWKH5XSDQGHKLGLVWULFWLQZHVWHUQ1HSDO  'RFXPHQWLQJWKHLQGLJHQRXVNQRZOHGJHWKURXJK ethnobotanical studies is important for the conservation Aim of the present study is to highlight the traditional DQGXWLOL]DWLRQRIELRORJLFDOUHVRXUFHV XVHVRIVRPHPHGLFLQDOSODQWVLQZHVWHUQ1HSDOIRUWKH WUHDWPHQW RI VNLQ GLVHDVHV 7R GRFXPHQW WKH QDWXUDO In traditional systems, the plants have been used in resources, use pattern of the study area and indigenous successful management of various disease conditions NQRZOHGJH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKHP 7R HQFRXUDJH WKH OLNHUHVSLUDWRU\WUDFWLQIHFWLRQJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOSUREOHPV local communities especially the younger generation to dermatological disorders, and in the treatment of hepatic propagate and protect the medicinal wealth in the DQGFDUGLRYDVFXODUGLVRUGHUV 6HQ  VWXG\DUHD 7KH NQRZOHGJH RI WULEDO KDV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH 6NLQ GLVHDVHV DUH RI FRPPRQ RFFXUUHQFH DPRQJ traditional healing practices, using wild plants, is now the rural masses due to poor hygienic conditions, poor

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81 Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 VDQLWDWLRQIDFLOLW\DQGFRQWDPLQDWHGZDWHU7UDGLWLRQDO herbal medicines used by different communities play an LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ DOOHYLDWLQJ VXFK VNLQ GLVHDVHV 7KH\ are safe, effective, and inexpensive and in many cases, WKHRQO\PHWKRGRIPHGLFDWLRQ

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

5XSDQGHKL LV ERWDQLFDOO\ ULFK GLVWULFW LQ ZHVWHUQ 1HSDO ZKLFK LV VLWXDWHG LQ EHWZHHQ   ¶´ WR 83  ¶´ ( ORQJLWXGHV DQG   ¶´ WR   ¶´ 1 ODWLWXGHV DQG FRYHUV DQ DUHD RI  NP 2 ''& 5XSDQGHKL   7KH GLVWULFW LV ERXQGHG E\ Figure 1: Map of Nepal showing with study KLOO\ GLVWULFWV 3DOSD DQG$UJKDNKDQFKL  LQ 1RUWK E\ areas with labeling 0DKUDMJDQMGLVWULFWRI8WWDU3UDGHVK ,QGLD LQ6RXWKE\ 3KDUVDWLNDU 3 $PXZD DQG 'HYGDKD  RI WKH GLVWULFW 1DZDOSDUDVLGLVWULFWLQ(DVWDQGE\.DSLOYDVWXGLVWULFW GXULQJ0DUFKWR0D\'XULQJWKHFRXUVHRI LQ :HVW )LJXUH  5XSDQGHKL GLVWULFW KDV D KXPLG WKHVWXG\WKUHH¿HOGWULSVZHUHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHVWXG\  WURSLFDOFOLPDWHZLWKPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHEH\RQG DUHD0HWKRGRIVHOHFWLQJLQIRUPDQWVGHSHQGVXSRQWKH  C during &GXULQJVXPPHU 0D\-XQH DQGEHORZ GLVWULEXWLRQ RI ORFDO SHRSOH KDYLQJ IRON NQRZOHGJH ZLQWHU 'HFHPEHU-DQXDU\ DQGDQQXDOUDLQIDOOLVDERXW They were requested to collect specimens of the plants  PP *HRJUDSKLFDOO\ LW LV GLYLGHG LQWR &KXUH WKH\NQRZRUWRVKRZWKHSODQWVSHFLHVRQVLWH7KHVH UHJLRQ  %KDEDUUHJLRQ  DQG7HUDLUHJLRQ informants were traditional healers themselves or had  7KHFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQRIWKHGLVWULFWLVWURSLFDO WUDGLWLRQRIKHDOLQJLQWKHLUIDPLOLHVDQGKDGNQRZOHGJH type and Sal ( Shorea robusta ) forest is dominated RIWKHPHGLFLQDOXVHRISODQWV7KHZHDOWKRIPHGLFLQDO DORQJ ZLWK RWKHU 7KH WRWDO SRSXODWLRQ RI WKH GLVWULFW SODQW NQRZOHGJH DPRQJ WKH 7KDUX DQG 0DJDUV RI ZDV &%6 7KH7KDUXDQG0DJDUDUH WKLVGLVWULFWLVEDVHGRQEHOLHIVDQGREVHUYDWLRQV7KLV WKH HWKQLF VRFLHWLHV RI WKH VWXG\ DUHD 7KH\ OLYH LQ NQRZOHGJHKDVEHHQWUDQVPLWWHGRUDOO\IURPJHQHUDWLRQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK &KKHWUL 7KDNXUL %UDKPLQ *XUXQJ to generation, however it seems that it is vanishing from 'DPDL

Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 82 Generally Tharu tribes use varieties of wild plants in  LVXVHGDIWHUKDYHEHHQ¿OWHUHG traditional ways for their daily requirements as well as SULPDU\KHDOWKFDUH ¾ A decoction is obtained by boiling the plants or  SODQWSDUWVLQZDWHU Interview with traditional healers ¾ A paste is made by crushing small plant parts with $GRSWLQJWKHPHWKRGVRI0DUWLQ  HWKQRPHGLFLQDO  ZDWHUDQGPDNLQJWKLVLQWRDVRIWPDVV data were collected through general conservation ZLWK WKH LQIRUPDQWV 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUHV ZHUH XVHG WR ¾ $QLQIXVLRQLVSUHSDUHGE\VRDNLQJWKHFOHDQHG  have information on medicinal plants with their local plant or plant parts in water for a few hours or names, habit, wild or cultivated, availability, parts used,  GD\VDIWHUZDUGVLWLV¿OWHUHGDQGXVHG PRGHRISUHSDUDWLRQDQGXVH$WRWDORILQIRUPDQWV A list of medicinal plants with binomial, family, ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG EHWZHHQ WKH DJHV RI  WR  7KH\ ¾  ORFDOQDPHXVHIXOSDUWVKDELWZLOGFXOWLYDWHGDQG ZHUH VHOHFWHG EDVHG RQ WKHLU NQRZOHGJH RI PHGLFLQDO  PHGLFLQDOXVHVLVSURYLGHGEHORZLQWDEOH SODQWVHLWKHUIRUVHOIPHGLFDWLRQRUIRUWUHDWLQJRWKHUV ,QIRUPDQWVZHUHDVNHGDQGUHTXHVWHGWRFRPHWR¿HOG DISCUSSION with us and show the plants with local name, the mentioned by the informants were taxonomically The recorded ethnomedicinal plants were used in the LGHQWL¿HG WUHDWPHQW RI YDULRXV VNLQ GLVHDVHV VXFK DV FXWV DQG Preservation of plant specimens wounds, eczema, boils, burns, abscesses, scabies, dog, and insect bites, ringworm, septic ulcers, The collected plant specimens were brought to the DOOHUJ\ SLPSOHV OHXFRGHUPD SULFNO\ KHDW ZDUWV DQG laboratory and processed for herbarium preparation LQÀDPPDWLRQV 0DMRULW\ RI SODQW VSHFLHV GHVFULEHG LQ IROORZLQJ  5DR DQG 6KDUPD  DQG :RRGODQG the present investigation was used in the treatment of  DQGLGHQWL¿HGZLWKWKHKHOSRIDYDLODEOHÀRUDVDQG cuts and wounds, eczema, boils, dog and insect bite, other potential literatures (Polunin and Stainton, 1984; DEVFHVVHVVFDELHVULQJZRUPDQGSLPSOHV0RVWRIWKH 6WDLQWRQ1ROWLH5RVV5DMEKDQGDUL KHUEDO UHPHGLHV ZHUH WDNHQ H[WHUQDOO\ LQ WKH IRUP RI  DQG 0DQDQGKDU  DQG 5DR   DQG WKH SDVWH7KHSODQWSDUWVZHUHFUXVKHGDQGPDGHLQWRSDVWH QDPH RI LGHQWL¿HG SODQWV ZHUH DVVLJQHG DFFRUGLQJ IRU DSSOLFDWLRQ RYHU WKH DUHD RI WKH GLVHDVHV ,Q VRPH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3ODQW1DPHV,QGH[  DQGVXEPLWWHG cases along with plant parts a little amount of salt, oil, LQWKHGHSDUWPHQWRI%RWDQ\%XWZDO0XOWLSOH&DPSXV 7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\1HSDOIRUIXWXUHUHIHUHQFHV RUJKHHZDVXVHG7KLVDGGLWLRQPLJKWEHWRHQKDQFHWKH HI¿FDF\RIKHUEDOUHPHGLHVRUWRPDNHWKHUHPHG\PRUH RESULT SDODWDEOH PDVNLQJ WKH XQGHVLUDEOH WDVWH ZKHQ WDNHQ RUDOO\7KHPHGLFLQDOSODQWVDUHXVXDOO\FROOHFWHGIURP ,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\PHGLFLQDOSODQWVZHUHFROOHFWHG ZLOGKDELWDWDVDQGZKHQWKHUHLVDQHHG0DQ\RIWKH IRU FXUH RI GLIIHUHQW VNLQ GLVHDVHV IURP  YLOODJHV LQIRUPDWLRQUHSRUWHGLQWKLVVWXG\FRQFHUQLQJZLWKVNLQ 6DOMKDQGL 'XGKUDNVK 5XGUDSXU 3DUURKD 6HPODU diseases are Amaranthus tricolor, Anagalis arvensis, 0RWLSXU0DQSDNDGL6RX3KDUVDWLNDU3$PXZDDQG 'HYGDKD LQ5XSDQGHKLGLVWULFW7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\ Calotropis procera, Cheilanthus tenuifolia, Eleusine are presented in Table 1 and the medicinal plants are coracana, Gloriosa superba, Mirabilis jalapa, Nerium DUUDQJHGLQDOSKDEHWLFDORUGHU3ODQWVSHFLHVZKLFKDUH oleander, Premna barbata, Pterocarpus marsupium used in traditional medicines, are enumerated with their Wedlandia puberula, and Zizyphus rugosa etc are found botanical and local names, family, voucher number, WREHQHZLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHRI1HSDOHVH0HGLFLQDOSODQWV habit, habitat, and use of plant parts in the treatment of DQGGHVHUYHVIXUWKHUVWXG\ YDULRXV VNLQ GLVHDVHV 7KH JURZWK IRUPV RI FROOHFWHG SODQWVSHFLPHQVZHUHVKRZLQ¿JXUHDQGSODQWSDUWV The information provided in the paper is limited ZKLFKZHUHXVHGDVPHGLFLQHVKRZHGLQ¿JXUH and there is a scope to initiate further ethnobotanical Ethnobotanical observations study among the communities to gather information DV IDU DV SRVVLEOH7KH PHGLFDWHG FODLPV LQFRUSRUDWHG ¾ 7KDUXDQG0DJDUVDUHJRRGKHUEDOLVWV3ODQWVDUH in the study need to be evaluated to discover their  XVHGLQGLIIHUHQWIRUPVVXFKDVMXLFHH[WUDFWV  SRWHQWLDOLW\DVGUXJV7KHUHLVDQXUJHQWQHHGWRH[SORUH  GHFRFWLRQVSDVWHVLQIXVLRQVHWF and document the ethnomedicinal plants used by the GLIIHUHQWFRPPXQLWLHVRI5XSDQGHKLGLVWULFWEHIRUHVXFK ¾ $MXLFHLVH[WUDFWLVSUHSDUHGE\JULQGLQJWKH  cleaned plants or plant parts with water; the extract NQRZOHGJHYDQLVKHV

83 Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 Table 1 : Medicinal plants used by Tharu and Magar Tribals of Rupandehi district, western Nepal

6FLHQWL¿FQDPHIDPLO\ORFDOQDPH Habit/ parts Previous use reports Method of crude drug administration and voucher number used Abrus precatorius L., Fabaceae, Ratti Wild Climber/ Boils (Joshi and Joshi, 2007), Fresh leaf paste is warmed gently and applied over (Th), Raatogedi (N/M). Leaf and Seed Leucoderma (Joshi and Singh, boils. 2010). AGS-92 *Seed paste applied externally to treat eczema.

Seed paste mixed with root paste of Chitu (Plumbago zeylanica L.,) and is applied externally on affected parts of leucoderma. Achyranthes aspera L., Wild Herb/ Muscular swelling (Manandhar, Leaf crushed and mixed with cow ghee is used in Amaranthaceae, Apamarga (M), Leaf 1998), Eczema (Joshi and Joshi, deep cuts and wounds. Datiwan (N). 2007), Cuts (Uprety et al., 2010). AGS-33 Acmella calva (DC) Jansen. Wild Herb/ Toothache and Piles (Panthi Entire plant parts crushed and made paste with Asteraceae, Marethi (N). Entire plant and Chaudhary, 2003). water and are applied externally on different skin diseases. AGS- 121 Acorus calamus L., Acoraceae, Bojho Wild Herb/ Scabies (Gurung, 2003, Joshi Rhizome paste is applied externally to cure scabies. (N), Bojha (M). Rhizome and Joshi, 2007). *Rhizome powder used to eliminate dandruff. AGS- 71 Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Wild Herb/Leaf Snake bite and Scorpion sting Leaf paste is applied externally to stop bleeding Adiantaceae, Pakhaale Uneu (N/M). (Kunwar et al., 2008). from fresh cuts. AGS-162 Ageratum conyzoides L., Asteraceae, Wild Herb/ Cuts and wounds (Mahato and Leaf juice and leaf paste applied on skin burns, Ganaune ghans (M), Gandhaula (Th). Entire plant Chaudhary, 2003, Uprety et al., cuts, wounds, boils and muscular pain. 2010), Infection between toes AGS- 49 (Singh et al., 2012). The leaves are crushed and used as poultice for boils, sores, and swollen feet.

Decoction of leaves is applied externally on the affected part of the skin diseases. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Fabaceae, Wild Tree/ Skin diseases, bronchitis, Juice of the stem bark is applied externally on the Siris (N/M/Th). Leaf, and Stem Toothache (Adhikari, 2003). ringworm, scabies, and septic ulcers. bark AGS-350 *Leaf poultice is applied over muscular swelling and boils. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Wild Tree/ Boils (Dhami, 2008), Skin Bark paste mixed with mustard oil, applied Apocynaceae. Chhatiwan (N/ Th), Stem bark and diseases (Singh et al., 2011 c) externally on infected area in skin diseases. Leaf AGS- 132 Bark and leaf paste is applied on infectious wounds.

The latex is applied to wounds and boils. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex Wild Herb/ Wounds and sores (Sapkota, Juice of entire plant part applied externally on DC. Amaranthaceae. Bhringi Jhar Entire plant 2008) affected parts to cure scabies. (N), Garri (Th). parts

AGS- 106 Amaranthus tricolor L., Wild Herb/Leaf Leaf paste is applied externally on abscesses and Amaranthaceae, Raato Latte (N) septic ulcer for quick healing. Chaulai (Th). The paste of leaf with a pinch of turmeric powder is AGS- 57 applied on the face for curing pimples. Ampelocissus divaricata (Wall. ex Wild Trailing Scorpion bite (Manandhar, Root paste applied externally on infected area in Lawson) Planch, . Airi herb/ Root, 1993) skin diseases. Lahara (N), Pureni (M). Fruit Fruit juice is used in skin diseases. AGS- 124. Anagalis arvensis L. Primulaceae. Wild herb/ Juice of entire plant applied topically in skin Armale (N). AGS- 355 Entire plant diseases and decoction is used in snake bite. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Cultivated %ORRGSXUL¿HUDQGLQGLJHVWLRQ Fresh fruit juice applied topically in skin diseases. Bromeliaceae. Bhuin Kathar (N/M). Herb/ Fruit (Singh et al., 2011 a). AGS- 336 Annona squamosa L., Annonaceae. Wild, small Cuts, wound, and skin diseases Poultice of leaves is applied over boils and sores. Sitaphal (N). AGS- 129 sized tree/ Leaf (Dhami, 2008). and Seed Seed powder is poured over the skin diseases of domestic cattle.

Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 84 Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott, Wild herb/ Headache and Toothache Rhizome paste is applied on body part stung by Araceae. Baanko (N). AGS- 403 Rhizome (Rokaya et al., 2010). scorpion.

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Cultivated tree/ Skin diseases (Rai, 2003); Leaf paste is applied over boils, cuts and wounds, Moraceae. Rukhkatar (N). AGS- 172. Leaf Boils, pimples, cuts and wound and skin diseases. (Dhami, 2008). Basella alba L., Basellaceae. Poi sag Wild climbing Insomnia (Acharya and Pokhrel, Leaf paste is applied externally on skin allergy for (N/M). AGS- 124 herb/ Leaf 2006). quick relief. Bassia longifolia Koenig, Sapotaceae. Wild tree/ Bark Cough, cold, and bronchitis Bark paste is applied externally on cuts and wounds Mahuwaa (N). and seed. (Rai, 2003). to stop bleeding.

AGS- 90 Seed oil is applied externally on skin diseases. Bauhinia purpurea L., Fabaceae. Wild tree/ Leaf Rabies (Devkota and Leaf paste is applied externally over skin diseases. Tanki (N/M). AGS- 110. Karmacharya, 2003); Boils (Joshi and Joshi, 2007). Begonia picta Smith, Begoniaceae. Wild herb/ Pained nipples (Coburn, 1984); Plant paste is applied to stop bleeding from cuts Makarkanchi (N)/ Magar Kaanche Entire plant Peptic ulcers (Manandhar, and wounds. (M). AGS- 183. 1993). Plant paste applied externally on ringworm and scabies. Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC, Wild shrub/ :RXQGVDQGLQÀDPPDWLRQ Yellow stem bark is crushed mixed in water and Berberidaceae. Chautari (N)/ Chautra Stem bark and (Mahato and Chaudhary, 2003); make a paste that applied externally on pimples, (M). AGS- 135 root. Old ulcers (Joshi and Joshi, itches, and scabies. 2007). Root paste applied externally on wounds and LQÀDPPDWLRQ Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. Wild herb/ Leaf Cutaneous infection (Rai, Leaf juice along with Chini jhar (Scoparia dulcis Asteraceae. Kukur ghans (N/M). 2004); Cuts (Acharya and L.) is applied on the bruise, cuts, and wounds. Pokhrel, 2006) AGS- 119 Leaf juice is applied on bruises of toe, cuts and wounds. Boerhavia diffusa L., Nyctaginaceae. Wild herb/ Root Pimples (Joshi and Joshi, Root paste is taken orally to cure pimples. Punarnaava (N). 2007); Bronchitis and redness of eye (Singh et al., 2011 b) AGS-91 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, Wild succulent Wounds and Boils (Singh et al., Leaf paste applied on abscesses to remove pus. Crassulaceae. Ajammari Jhar (N), herb/ Leaf 2011 b). Patthar chatta (M). Burnt leaves are externally applied in wounds, boils, and skin burns. AGS- 128 A fresh leaf is warmed gently and wrapped on pussy wound to remove pus. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryander, Wild shrub/ *Milky latex mixed with salt is applied on scabies, Asclepiadaceae. Seto Aank (N/M). Latex ringworm, boils, blisters, and abscesses to removes pus. AGS-184 Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae. Wild herb/ Cuts and wounds, skin diseases Decoction of young shoot is applied on cuts and Bhang, Ganja (N/M). Young shoot (Devkota and Karmacharya, wounds to stop the bleeding and work as antiseptic. 2003); Healing wounds and AGS- 192 (Watanabe et al., 2005); Scabies (Joshi and Joshi, 2007); Control bleeding (Kunwar et al., 2010). Cassia occidentalis L., Fabaceae. Wild herb/ Leaf Scabies (Panthi and Chaudhary, Leaf paste is applied externally on skin infection Chakmake (N). and Seed 2003); Skin infection and DQGLQÀDPPDWLRQ LQÀDPPDWLRQ 5DL  AGS- 134 Ringworm and itch (Acharya Seed paste with mustard oil is applied externally on and Pokhrel, 2006). eczema and skin diseases. Cassia tora L., Fabaceae. Tapre (N), Wild herb/ Ringworm and itch (Acharya Paste of leaves and seeds with Besar (Curcuma Chhinchhine Jhar (M). AGS- 138 Root, leaf and and Pokhrel, 2006); longa L.,) applied externally on skin to cure skin seed Leucoderma, leprosy, and itches diseases and eczema. (Joshi, 2008); Skin diseases and arthritis (Singh et al., 2011 a). Paste of root is applied on affected area to treat ringworm. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Wild creeping Skin diseases (Mahato, 1998); Plant juice is applied to treat cuts and wounds. Apiaceae. Ghodtapre (N), Tapre jhar herb/Entire Antidote to poison, cuts and (M). plant wounds (Balami, 2005); Leaf paste is applied on wounds for quick healing. Leprotic wounds (Joshi and AGS- 36 Joshi, 2007). Paste of entire plant is applied on affected area to cure ringworm.

85 Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 Cheilanthus tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw., Wild herb/ Fronds cut into pieces, made to a paste, applied on Pteridaceae. Raani sinka (N). AGS- Fronds abscesses in the form of poultice to remove pus. 151 Cissampelos pareira L., Wild climbing Itch (Rai, 2003). Paste of entire plant parts applied externally on Menispermaceae. Batule Lahara (N); herb/ Entire affected areas of skin irritations, ringworm, burns, Badal pate (M). plant and wounds.

AGS- 182 Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Wild shrub/ Skin diseases (Dhami, 2008) Root and leaf paste applied on affected area to treat Verbenaceae. Bhait (N), Dhusi (Th). Root and leaf eczema and ringworm.

AGS- 148 Leaf latex applied in fresh cuts and wounds to check bleeding. Datura metal L., Solanaceae. Kalo Wild herb/ Seed Boils (Devkota and Seed powder boiled in mustard oil and applied over Dathuro (N/M). Karmacharya, 2003); Scabies affected parts to treat scabies and boils. (Joshi and Joshi, 2007) AGS-03 Eclipta prostrata (L.,) L., Asteraceae. Wild herb/ Wounds (Manandhar, 1993); Plant paste is applied over cuts, wound, skin Bhringraaj (N/ M), Bhangaraila (Th). Entire plant Cuts and wounds (Panthi and diseases, and pimples as antiseptic. Chaudhary, 2003); Cuts and AGS-22 scabies (Acharya and Pokhrel, Crushed leaves are applied between toes and heal 2006); Cuts, wounds, and skin against fungal disease diseases (Dhami, 2008). Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Cultivated Paste of seed is applied on skin diseases. Poaceae. Kodo (N/Th), Rangkwa (M). herb/ Seed

AGS- 156 Euphorbia hirta L., Euphorbiaceae. Wild herb/ Cuts and wounds (Manandhar, Fresh milky latex of plant is applied to treat skin Dudhejhar (N). Entire plant 1993) Snake bite (Devkota and burns, cuts, wounds, boils, and ringworm. Karmacharys, 2003); Burn, AGS- 222 wounds, and boils (Joshi and Joshi, 2007) Ficus benghalensis L., Moraceae. Bar Wild tree/ Boils and wounds (Parajuli, Latex of plant is applied externally on affected part (N), Paramsing (M), Bargadh (Th). Latex, stem 2001); Healing of foot crack of mumps and heals foot crack. bark (Panthi and Chaudhary, 2003); AGS-30 Scabies (Joshi and Joshi, 2007). Ficus religiosa L., Moraceae. Peepal Wild tree/ Stem Skin diseases (Manandhar, Stem bark, leaf, and young shoot pastes used to (N)/Peepar (M)/Pipra (Th). bark, and leaf 2002, Rai, 2003); Scabies (Joshi control bleeding from cuts and wounds. and Joshi, 2007); Cuts and AGS- 331 wounds (Bhattarai et al., 2009). Stem bark paste along with powdered rhizome of Besar (Curcuma longa L.,), applied externally on cuts, wounds, and skin diseases. Gloriosa superba L., Liliaceae Wild climbing *Rhizome paste applied on ringworm and other Karihar (Th), Agnisikha (N). herb/ Rhizome skin diseases.

AGS- 31 Heliotropium indicum L., Wild herb/ Cuts and infection on tongue Plant juice used to wash the wounds. Root extract Boraginaceae. Haati sude (N). Entire plant (Acharya and Pokhrel, 2006) applied over the affected areas on skin allergy.

AGS- 186 *Plant paste applied over fresh minor cuts and wounds as antiseptic for quick healing. Ipomea aquatica Forssk. Wild aquatic Ringworm and skin diseases *Stem paste applied on skin burn. Convolvulaceae. Karmaiya sag (Th), herb/ Stem and (Dhami, 2008) Kerunga sag (N). AGS- 16 leaf Leaf juice applied on prickly heat to get quick relief.

Kaempferia rotunda L., Wild herb/ Boils (Panthi and Chaudhary, Tuber paste applied externally on bois and over . Bhuin Champa (N). Tuber 2003) tumors (nuts formed by remain parts of spine) to burst out and remove pus and remains of spine. AGS- 204 Lawsonia inermis L., Lythraceae. Wild shrub/ Heal cracks, and mud infection Paste of entire plant rubbed over affected parts to Mehandi (N/Th). AGS- 170 Entire plant (Acharya and Pokhrel, 2006); FXUHVNLQLQÀDPPDWLRQV cuts, wounds, and boils (Dhami, 2008) The pastes of leaves are used to relieve burning of palm and soles. Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng. Wild herb/ Burns (Panthi and Chaudhary, Juice of leaves and tender shoots applied externally Lamiaceae. Dron pushpi (N), Gumma Leaf, and 2003). in skin burns. (Th). tender shoot Leaf paste is used for boils, blisters, and insect bite. AGS- 120

Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 86 Lycopodium clavatum L., Wild, trailing Wounds (Oli, 2003); Cuts and Root juice applied externally on cuts and wounds Lycopodiaceae. Naagbeli (N/M). shrub/ Root wounds (Joshi et al., 2011) for its fast healing power.

AGS- 197 Melia azedarach L., Meilaceae. Wild small Leucoderma and wound (Joshi Crushed leaves with water used against pimples, Bakain (Th), Rhabenasing (M). sized tree/ Leaf and Joshi, 2007) itching, allergy and other skin diseases. DQGÀRZHU AGS- 41 *Paste of fresh leaves is used for healing as antiseptic.

3RXOWLFHRIÀRZHUDSSOLHGH[WHUQDOO\RQVNLQ eruption. Mimosa pudica L., Fabaceae. Wild under Cuts and wounds (Panthi and Root poultice applied over cuts and wounds. Boohari Jhar (N), Lajjalu jhar (Th). shrub/ Root Chaudhary, 2003); Scabies AGS- 60 and leaf (Acharya and Pokhrel, 2006) Fresh leaves eaten raw to cure different skin diseases. Mirabilis jalapa L., Nyctaginaceae. Wild herb/ Leaf *Leaf juice is demulcent and applied over boils. Malati (N). AGS- 381 Nerium oleander L., Apocynaceae. Wild shrub/ Leaf paste is used in ringworm. Karbir (N). AGS- 209 Leaf and latex Latex of plant is used to expel spines from the body. stellata Buch. - Ham., ex D. Wild Shrub/ Cuts and wounds (Balami, Plant juice applied externally on affected parts by Don, Raato Chulsi Plant juice 2005); Cuts, wounds, and ringworm. (N), Aangrik (M). AGS- 225 scabies (Joshi et al., 2011) Oxalis corniculata L., Oxalidaceae. Wild herb/ Leaf Cuts and wounds, antiseptic Leaf juice applied over cuts and wounds. Chariamilo (N), Tinpatiya (Th). (Panthi and Chaudhary, 2003); Pimples, cuts and wounds Juice of fresh plant material is applied topically as AGS-152 (Dhami, 2008); Boils and skin antiseptic on wound to stop bleeding from cuts. problems (Rokaya et al., 2010) Fresh leaf crushed and its juice applied on insect bites, in skin eruptions, and infected portion of eczema. Plumbago zeylanica L., Wild under Leprosy and skin diseases (Rai, Milky latex is applied on affected parts of scabies. Plumbaginaceae. Chitu (N), Teete shrub/ Latex 2003); Ringworm (Joshi and (M). and tender Joshi, 2007); Blister, wart, and Paste of tender shoot is used to treat leprotic wound shoot. ringworm (Bhattarai et al., and skin diseases. AGS-173 2009) Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer. Wild small * paste is applied to stop bleeding from cuts Verbenaceae. Gineri (N/M). AGS-233 sized tree/ and wounds. Wood Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Wild tree/ Leaf *Decoction of bruised leaves is applied on boils, Fabaceae. Bijaysaal (N/M), Bijjiya sores, and other skin diseases. (Th). AGS- 377 Rumex nepalensis Spreng, Wild herb/ Root Skin diseases (Coburn, 1984); Root paste applied externally on cuts and wounds Polygonaceae. Halhale (N/TH), and leaf Cuts, wounds, and swelling due to quick healing property. Palungo (M). (Mahato, 1998); Ringworm and skin burns (Devkota and Fresh leaf juice is applied on cuts, wounds, and AGS-61 Karmacharya, 2003); Eczema muscular swellings (Joshi and Joshi, 2007); Scabies (Joshi et al., 2011). Solanum nigrum L., Solanaceae, Bihi Wild herb/ Leaf Ringworm (Dhami, 2008); Fresh leaf crushed and made paste, which is used (N), Kamai (Th) AGS- 02 and fruit Wounds (Joshi et al., 2011). topically in skin diseases, usually when skin has small warts.

Unripe fruit paste is applied on ringworm. Tridax procumbens L., Asteraceae. Wild herb/ Cuts and wounds (Mahato and Fresh plant juice is applied externally to treat cuts Kurkure Jhar (N/M). Entire plant Chaudhary, 2003; Acharya and and wounds. Pokhrel, 2006) AGS- 103 *Plant paste is applied to treat boils and pimples. Viscum album L., Loranthaceae. Wild semi- Breaks, sprains, and bruises Dried powder of stem and root mixed in mustard oil Hadchur (N), Hadjor (Th). AGS- 402 parasitic (Coburn, 1984); Boils and applied locally on boils and wounds. climber/ Stem and wounds (Panthi and and root Chaudhary, 2003) Wedlandia puberula DC., Rubiaceae. Wild small *Stem bark juice is applied externally to treat cuts Seto tilko (N), Kaaiyon (M). AGS- 371 sized tree/Stem and wounds. bark *Stem bark paste is applied on skin diseases. Zizyphus rugosa Lam., Rhamnaceae. Wild small *Leaf paste is applied locally in skin diseases. Jangali Bayar (N/M), Jhar baiyra sized tree/Leaf (Th). AGS-361

(N= Nepali, Th= Tharu, and M= Magar, *= for new report)

87 Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 is use in a large number of species followed by stem, VWHP EDUN WHQGHU VKRRW DQG UKL]RPH XVH /HDI DQG stem collection if not done carefully then could threaten H[LVWHQFHRIWKHVSHFLHV'HEDUNLQJRUFROOHFWLRQRIMXLFH ODWH[FRXOGWKUHDWWKHWUHHLISUDFWLFHGLQDSSURSULDWHO\ (YHQPRUHVHQVLWLYHLVWKHFROOHFWLRQRIURRWUKL]RPH DQGWXEHU,WLVOHDUQHGIURPWKHORFDOUHVLGHQWVWKDWD large number of medicinal species are collected from these areas for commercial purpose and whole plant KDUYHVW PDNHV WKH ODUJHVW YROXPH IROORZHG E\ VHHG Fig. 2. Growth forms of plants used as medicine in the study area. IUXLWVWHPDQGWXEHU ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

7KH ¿UVW DXWKRU $*6  LV WKDQNIXO WR WKH WULEDO FRPPXQLWLHV RI ZHVWHUQ 1HSDO IRU GLVFORVLQJ VHFUHWH RI PHGLFLQDO SODQW IRU FXUH RI GLIIHUHQW VNLQ GLVHDVHV $*6 LV DOVR WKDQNIXO WR 'U$NKLOHVK .XPDU 1%5, /XFNKQRZ,QGLD 'U-37HZDUL 5HWG3URIHVVRURI %RWDQ\0/.3*&ROOHJH%DOUDPSXU,QGLD 'U 033DQWKL0U%51HSDOLDQG0U/3*DXWDPRI %XWZDO0XOWLSOH&DPSXV7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\1HSDO IRULGHQWL¿FDWLRQRISODQWVSHFLPHQVDQGLQSUHSDUDWLRQ Fig. 3. Plant parts used as medicine in the study area RIPDQXVFULSW7KHDXWKRUVDOVRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHKHOS provided by the local people and senior citizens for FDUU\LQJRXWWKHH[SORUDWLRQDFWLYLWLHV CONCLUSION REFERENCES This study indicated that the study area has plenty of $FKDU\D 5 DQG $FKDU\D . 3  Ethnobotanical study of PHGLFLQDO SODQWV WR WUHDW VNLQ GLVHDVHV (DUOLHU VWXGLHV medicinal plants used by Tharu community of Parroha VDC, VXFKDV$FKDU\DDQG$FKDU\D6LQJKHWDO Rupandehi District, Nepal  6FLHQWL¿F:RUOG 9 DEDQGHWFRQWUDGLWLRQDOPHGLFLQDOSODQWVDOVR $FKDU\D ( DQG 3RNKUHO %  Ethnomedicinal plants used by UHYHDOHGWKDWHFRQRPLFDOO\EDFNZDUGDQGORFDOSHRSOH Bantar of Bhaudaha, Morang, Nepal  Our Nature. 4 RIZHVWHUQ1HSDOSUHIHUKHUEDOPHGLFLQHGXHWRORZFRVW $GKLNDUL% An Introduction to Nepalese Siris (Albizia species)  DQGVRPHWLPHVLWLVSDUWRIWKHLUVRFLDOOLIHDQGFXOWXUH Botanica Orientalis. SS It is evident from the interviews conducted in different %DUDO 6 5 DQG .XUPL 3 3  A compendium of medicinal plants in Nepal 3XEOLVKHU0UV5DFKDQD6KDUPD0DXMXEDKDO YLOODJHV NQRZOHGJH RI PHGLFLQDO SODQWV LV OLPLWHG WR &KDEDKLO.DWKPDQGX1HSDO traditional healers, herbalists, and elderly person who %DODPL13 Ethnomedicinal uses of plants among the Newar DUHOLYLQJLQUXUDODUHDV community of Pharping Village of , Nepal  Journal of  This study concluded that even though the %KDWWDUDL 6 &KDXGKDU\ 5 3 DQG 5RELQ 6 / 7D\ORU  accessibility of western medicine for simple and Ethnomedicinal plants used the people of Central complicated diseases is available, many people in study Nepal  Our Nature. 7 DUHDVRI 5XSDQGHKLGLVWULFWLV VWLOOFRQWLQXHWR GHSHQG &REXUQ%Some Natural Medicinal Plants of Western Gurung  on medicinal plant for the treatment of some simple Kailash. 11   VNLQGLVHDVHVVXFKDVFXWVDQGZRXQGVERLOVHF]HPD 'KDPL1 Ethnomedicinal uses of plants is Western Terai of Nepal: A case study of VDC of ,Q VFDELHV DQG DEVFHVVHV :HOONQRZOHGJH KHDOHUV KDYH 0HGLFLQDOSODQWVLQ1HSDO An Anthology of Contemporary Research good interactions with patients and this would improve (GV -KD3..DUPDFKDU\D6%&KKHWU\0.7KDSD&% WKH TXDOLW\ RI KHDOWKFDUH GHOLYHU\ $V LQGLJHQRXV DQG6KUHVWKD%% Ecological Society of Nepal (&26 32%R[ .DWKPDQGX1HSDOSS NQRZOHGJHRQXVDJHVRIPHGLFLQDOSODQWVLVWUDQVPLWWHG 'HYNRWD 5 DQG .DUPDFKDU\D 6 %  Documentation of without any systematic process and younger generations Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal plant in Gwallek VDC of Baitadi of the communities are not interested in traditional district Far-Western Nepal  Botanica Orientalis. SS KHDOLQJ V\VWHP EHFDXVH LW KDV QRYHU\ OLWWOH VFRSH IRU 'LVWULFW'HYHORSPHQW&RPPLWWHH 'LVWULFW3UR¿OHRI5XSDQGHKL , PRQH\VRWKH\HQJDJHWKHPVHOYHVLQRWKHURFFXSDWLRQV *RYHUQPHQWRI1HSDO It thus becomes, necessary to acquire and preserve this *XQHUDQWQQH$ Many tongues one people; the making of Tharu traditional system of medicine by documentation and identity in Nepal ,WKDFD1HZ

-RVKL15DQG6LQJK9 Non-timber Forest Product used by 5DMEKDQGDUL . 5  Ethnobotany of Nepal  (WKQRERWDQLFDO Tharu tribe of Kanchanpur district of Far-Western Nepal  New York 6RFLHW\RI1HSDO Science Journal. 3   5DR55 Traditional Knowledge and sustainable development -RVKL.-RVKL5DQG-RVKL$5 Indigenous knowledge and key role of ethno-biologist , Journal of Ethnobotany. 8 uses of medicinal plants in Macchegaun, Nepal  Indian Journal of Traditional knowledge. 10 :281 5DR 5 5 DQG 6KDUPD % '  A manual for Herbarium Collections. %RWDQLFDO6XUYH\RI,QGLD .XQZDU 50 &KDXGKDU\ & / DQG %XVVPDQQ 5DLQHU  Diversity, Utilization, and Management of Medicinal Plants in Baitadi 5DR&. Flora; A Gardener’s Encyclopedia ,QGLD2P%RRNV and Darchula districts, Far- West Nepal 7KHLQLWLDWLRQ SUFFREC : 6HUYLFH  5RND\D 0% 0XQ]EHUJRYDD = DQG 7LPLOLVLQD %  .XQZDU506KUHVWKD.3DQG%XVVPDQQ5 Traditional Ethnobotanical study of medicinalplants from the of herbal medicine in Far- West Nepal: A Pharmacological appraisal. western Nepal  Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 130 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 6 5RVV,$ Medicinal Plants of the World, 86$+XPDQ3UHVV /HY( Ethno-diversity within current ethnopharmacology as 6DSNRWD33 Ethnoecological observation of Magar of Bakuni, part of Israeli traditional medicine  $UHYLHZ Journal of Ethnobiology Baglung, Western Nepal  Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and and Ethnomedicine. 2 Anthropology .Vol. 2 0DKDWR 5 %  Notes on some plants of ethnomedicinal 6HQ3 Therapeutic potentials of Tulsi: from experience to facts, importance from  Tribhuvan University Journal. 21 (1): Drugs News and Views. 1    6LQJK$*3DQWKL03DQG7HZDUL''D Ethnomedicinal Ethnomedicinal study and 0DKDWR5%DQG&KDXGKDU\53 Plants Used by the Tharu and Magar Communities of Rupandehi antibacterial activities of selected plants of Palpa district, Nepal  District, Western Nepal  Current Botany. 2   6FLHQWL¿FZRUOG 2 6LQJK$*3RXG\DO.1DQG7HZDUL''E Diversity of Herbal remedies of , Nepal. 0DQDQGKDU13 cultivated and wild medicinal plants used by people of Devdaha VDC Fitoterapia. 64   of Rupandehi District, Western Nepal  Current Botany. 2   0DQDQGKDU13 Native phytotherapy among the Raute tribes 6LQJK$**DXWDP/3DQG7HZDUL''F Folk uses of of district, Nepal  Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 60 : some medicinal of Dobhan VDC of Palpa distric, Western Nepal   Journal of Phytology. 3   0DQDQGKDU 1 3 Plants and People of Nepal 7LPEHU 3UHVV 6LQJK$*.XPDU$DQG7HZDUL'' An Ethnobotanical 2UHJRQ86$ Survey of medicinal plants used in Terai forest of western Nepal, 0DUWLQ*- Ethnobotany: A method mannual. In A People and Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Plant Conservation Mannual &KDSPDQDQG+DOO/RQGRQ 6WDLQWRQ$ Flowers of the Himalayas $6XSSOHPHQW2[IRUG 1ROWLH + -  Flora of Vol. III Part I  5R\DO %RWDQLF 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ'HOKL,QGLD *DUGHQ(GLQEXUJKDQG5R\DO*RYHUQPHQWRI%KXWDQ 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO3ODQW1DPHV,QGH[ http:/www.ipni.org 2OL % 5  Ethnomedicinal uses of plants among the Limbus 8SUHW\

89 Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013