DOCSLIB.ORG

Electricity Grid Modernization Project Part 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electricity Grid Modernization Project Part 2 Initial Environmental Examination Document Stage: Final Project Number: 54107-001 October 2020 NEPAL: Electricity Grid Modernization Project Part 2 Prepared by Nepal Electricity Authority, Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank. This Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 - Recommendation letter from line agencies 313 Appendix 2 - National ambient air, water, noise, and emission standards 317 Appendix 3 - Environmental audit report of existing facilities with CAP 322 Appendix 4 - Due diligence of associated facility 369 Appendix 5 - Alternative analysis summary 388 Appendix 6 - Water resources capacity details 394 Appendix 7 - Critical habitat assessment 409 Appendix 8 - Guidelines on COVID-19 preparedness measures 459 Appendix 9 - Public consultation details 462 Appendix 10 - EMP mitigation monitoring plans 521 Appendix 11 - Environmental monitoring report template 605 Appendix 12 – Forest tables 608 313 Appendix 1: Recommendation Letters from Line Agencies Appendix 1a: IEE Approval Letter for Dandakhet-Rahughat 132kV Transmission Line 314 Translation This Letter Dated October 3, 2019 with the subject related to acceptance of IEE by Department of Electricity Development. The proposed Dandakhet Rahughat 132kV Power Transmission Line Projects acceptance through Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation’s through Secretary Level Decision on September 29, 2016 under following conditions: 1. Proponent should mitigate identified as well as identified/anticipated adverse impacts of the IEE for the project during construction and operation on its own cost. 2. Internal Environmental Monitoring Report to be submitted to MoEWRI and DoED during the mid-construction and after completion of the project. This needs to be done in accordance to Approved IEE’s EMP. 3. In the project’s report final mitigation measures to be included in the detail design needs to be included. Also, the construction contractor’s mitigation measures responsibilities needs to be incorporated in the contract agreement and needs to be implemented. 4. If in the approved IEE report’s project related infrastructure, activities, place, design, structure or type needs major changes MoEWRI along with DoED needs to be notified and further study or investigation for this needs to be followed only after permission is granted. 315 Appendix 1b: Recommendation Letter from Chure Conservation and Development Committee 316 Translation: This acceptance letter dated February 19, 2019 is from Chure Board for NEA Ghorahi - Madichaur TL EIA. Based on Project Manager for this TL this letter is considered as the permission letter from the Board. The 9 conditions put forward by the Board are: • The EIA should have a detailed description of Chure Area • The Chure’s geological state, its fragility and environmental sensitivity needs to be considered while doing study. • Study to be done with minimization of adverse impact to biodiversity and forest land. • Minimize impact on Forest, Wetland and Environmentally Important Site also take permission from Government of Nepal to use Forest Land. • Include special provision for rare wildlife and forest vegetation in the EMP. • Structural design should include the possibility of massive sediment load that can occur from Chure Region. • Seismicity Related Study (Seismic Zone, Main Frontal Thrust and Main Boundary Thrust) needs to be done. • In areas where tower foundation land needs to be levelled specific standards needs to be incorporated for cut and fill process. • Chure Board Representative needs to be present in Public Hearing and EIA finalization presentation and above recommended measures needs to be incorporated. 317 Appendix 2 – National Ambient Air, Water, Noise, and Emission Standards TABLE 2.1: NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER) Averagin Ambient Concentration Parameters Test Methods g Time (maximum) g/m3 Annual - Total Suspended High Volume Sampling and Gravimetric Particulates 24-hoursa 230 Analysis High Volume Sampling Gravimetric Analysis, 24-hoursa 120 TOEM, Beta Attenuation PM10 Ultraviolet Fluorescence, west and Gaeke Annualb 50 Sulphur Dioxide Method 24-hoursa 70 Same as Annual Annual 40 Chemiluminisence Nitrogen Dioxide 24-hoursa 80 Same as Annual Non Dispersive Infrared Spectrophotometer Carbon Monoxide 8 hoursa 10,000 (NDIR) High Volume Sampling, followed by Atomic Lead Annualb 0.5 absorption spectrometry Benzene Annualb 5e Gas Chromatographic Technique PM2.5 24-hoursa 40 PM2.5 sampling gravimetric analysis Ozone 8 hoursa 157 UV spectrophotometer Notes: a 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on two consecutive days b In any specified place twice in one week continuously for 24 hours and in a week data taken for a minimum of 104 times yearly average is considered s above. TABLE 2.2: GENERIC STANDARD: TOLERANCE LIMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL (WASTEWATER) EFFLUENTS DISCHARGED INTO INLAND SURFACE WATERS AND PUBLIC SEWERS Wastewater into inland S Industrial waste into Industrial Effluents Parameters Surface Waters from N Inland Surface Waters into Public Sewers* CWTP* 1 TSS, mg/l 30-200 50 600 Shall pass 850-micron Shall pass 850-micron Sieve 2 Particle size of TSS Sieve 3 pH Value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 o 1 4 Temperature C <40 <40 45 5 TDS, mg/L, max 2100 6 Color and Odor BOD for 5 days at 20 30-100 50 400 7 degree C, mg/L Max Oils and grease, 10 10 50 8 mg/L, Max, Max Phenolic compounds, m1 1 10 9 mg/ 1 Cyanides (as CN), 0.2 0.2 2 0 mg/L, Max 1 Sulfides (as S), mg/L, 2 2 2 1 Max 318 Wastewater into inland S Industrial waste into Industrial Effluents Parameters Surface Waters from N Inland Surface Waters into Public Sewers* CWTP* Sulphates (SO4), 500 mg/L, Max Radioactive materials: 1 a. Alpha emitters, 10−7 10−7 2 c/ml, Max b. Beta emitters, c/ml, 10−8 10−8 Max 1 Absent Absent Absent Insecticides 3 1 Total residual 1 1 1000 as chlorides 4 chlorine, mg/L 1 Fluorides (as F), 2 2 10 5 mg/L, Max 1 Arsenic (as AS), 0.2 0.2 1 6 mg/L, Max 1 Cadmium (as, Cd), 2 2 2 7 mg/L, Max 1 Hexavalent chromium 0.1 0.1 2 8 (as Cr), mg/L, Max 1 Copper (as Cu), mg/L, 3 3 3 9 Max 2 Lead (as Pb), mg/L, 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 Max 2 Mercury (as Hg), 0.01 0.01 0.01 1 mg/L, Max 2 Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, 3 3 3 2 Max 2 Selenium (as Se), 0.05 0.05 0.05 3 mg/L, Max 2 Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, 5 5 5 4 Max 2 Sodium, %, max 5 2 Ammoniacal nitrogen, 50 50 50 6 mg/L, Max 2 250 250 1000 COD, mg/L, Max 7 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Silver, mg/L, Max 8 2 Mineral Oils, mg/L, 10 9 Max Inhibition of <50% 3 nitrification test at 0 200ml/l Source: MOEN, 2010 Notes: CWTP= Combined Waste Water Treatment Plant; Under enforcement since BS 2058/1/17 (30 April 2001); *Under enforcement since BS 2060/3/9 (23 June 2003); 1 Shall not exceed 40oC in any section within 15 m downstream from the effluent outlet 319 Table 2.3: Nepal Noise Standards Leq (dB) Area Day Night Remarks a Industrial 75 70 Passenger car at 65 miles per hour at 25 feet registers 77 dB Commercial 65 55 50 dB(A) is typical of conversation in a restaurant or office Urban Residential 55 50 50 dB(A) is typical of conversation at home, large electrical transformers at 100 feet Rural Residential Area 45 40 Mixed Residential Area 63 55 Peaceful Area 50 40 Water Pump Max: 65 dB Diesel Generator Max: 90 dB Entertainment Means Max: 70 dB Note a: http://www.industrialnoisecontrol.com/comparative-noise-examples.htm Table 2.4 Currently Operational Diesel Generator Emission Standards Category (kW) CO HC NOx PM kW<8 8 1.3 9.2 1.0 8<19 6.6 1.3 9.2 0.85 19<37 6.5 1.3 9.2 0.85 37<75 6.5 1.3 9.2 0.85 75<130 5 1.3 9.2 0.7 130<560 5 1.3 9.2 0.54 Table 2.5 Imported Diesel Generator Emission Standards Category (kW) CO HC+NOx PM kW<8 8 7.5 0.8 8<19 6.6 7.5 0.8 19<37 5.5 7.5 0.6 37<75 5 4.7 0.4 75<130 5 4 0.3 130<560 3.5 4 0.2 Table 2.6 Light and Over 2.5 Ton Commercial Vehicle Emission Standards Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer Type of Vehicle Mass of CO Mass of HC Mass of NOx L CV (RM=<1305 Kg) 2.3 0.2 0.15 L CV (1305>RM< or =1760 Kg) 4.17 0.25 0.18 L CV (RM > 1760 Kg) 5.22 0.29 0.21 Table 2.7: Emission Standards for Over 3.5 Tons Passenger Heavy Vehicle Limit Values, Grams per Kilowatt hour per meter Mass of CO Mass of HC Mass of NOx Mass of PM Smoke 2.1 0.66 5 0.1 0.8 320 Table 2.8: Parameters of National Drinking Water Quality Standards applicable for Rural Surface Water Supply Systems Maximum Category Parameter Unit Concentration Limits Remarks Physical Turbidity NTU 5(10) pH 6.5-8.5* Color TCU 5(15) Taste & Odor Non objectionable Electrical Conductivity µS/cm 1500 Chemical Iron mg/l 0.3(3) Manganese mg/l 0.2 Chromium mg/l 0.05 Fluoride mg/l 0.5-1.5* Ammonia mg/l 1.5 Nitrate mg/l 50 Total Hardness mg/l 500 Calcium mg/l 200 In systems using Residual Chlorine mg/l 0.1-0.2* chlorination MPN /100 Microbiological E-Coli ml 0 MPN /100 Total Coliform ml 0 in 95% samples * These values represent minimum and maximum concentration limits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nepal Human Rights Year Book 2021 (ENGLISH EDITION) (This Report Covers the Period - January to December 2020)
    Nepal Human Rights Year Book 2021 (ENGLISH EDITION) (This Report Covers the Period - January to December 2020) Editor-In-Chief Shree Ram Bajagain Editor Aarya Adhikari Editorial Team Govinda Prasad Tripathee Ramesh Prasad Timalsina Data Analyst Anuj KC Cover/Graphic Designer Gita Mali For Human Rights and Social Justice Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) Nagarjun Municipality-10, Syuchatar, Kathmandu POBox : 2726, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977-1-5218770 Fax:+977-1-5218251 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.insec.org.np; www.inseconline.org All materials published in this book may be used with due acknowledgement. First Edition 1000 Copies February 19, 2021 © Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) ISBN: 978-9937-9239-5-8 Printed at Dream Graphic Press Kathmandu Contents Acknowledgement Acronyms and Abbreviations Foreword CHAPTERS Chapter 1 Situation of Human Rights in 2020: Overall Assessment Accountability Towards Commitment 1 Review of the Social and Political Issues Raised in the Last 29 Years of Nepal Human Rights Year Book 25 Chapter 2 State and Human Rights Chapter 2.1 Judiciary 37 Chapter 2.2 Executive 47 Chapter 2.3 Legislature 57 Chapter 3 Study Report 3.1 Status of Implementation of the Labor Act at Tea Gardens of Province 1 69 3.2 Witchcraft, an Evil Practice: Continuation of Violence against Women 73 3.3 Natural Disasters in Sindhupalchok and Their Effects on Economic and Social Rights 78 3.4 Problems and Challenges of Sugarcane Farmers 82 3.5 Child Marriage and Violations of Child Rights in Karnali Province 88 36 Socio-economic
    [Show full text]
  • 44214-024: Building Climate Resilience of Watersheds In
    Building Climate Resilience of Watersheds in Mountain Eco-Regions (RRP NEP 44214) Environmental Assessment and Review Framework ADB TA 7883-NEP July 2013 Nepal: Building Climate Resilience of Watersheds in Mountain Eco-Regions Prepared by Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management for the Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 December 2012) Currency unit – Nepalese Rupee (NR) NR1.00 = $0.0115 $1.00 = NR 86.9 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CDG – Community Development Group CFUG – Community Forest User Group CPC – Consultation, Participation and Communications (Plan) DAGs – disadvantaged groups DDR – Due Diligence Reports DFO – District Forestry Office DSCO – District Soil Conservation Office DSCWM – Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management DSO – DSCO Safeguard Officer DSS – District Safeguard Specialist EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment GESI – Gender Empowerment and Social Inclusion (Plan) GON – Government of Nepal GPP – Grievance Point Person IEE – Initial Environmental Examination MoFSC – Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation NAPA – National Adaptation Program of Action NES – National Environmental Specialist PIC – Project Implementation Consultant PMU – Project Management Unit REA – Rapid Environmental Assessment R/LAP – Resettlement and Land Acquisition Plan SPCR – Strategic Program for Climate Resilience SEU – Social and Environmental Unit SWMC – Sub-watershed Management Committee VDC – Village Development Committee VDT – Village Development Team WEIGHTS AND MEASURES cm – centimeter cu m – cubic meters Ha hectare km – kilometer L – liter m – meter masl – meters above sea level sq m square meter NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This environmental assessment and review framework is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • CECI Nepal's Newsletter
    INSIDE THIS ISSUE: CECI Nepal AGM 1 Celebration of Open Data Day 4 National Advocacy Campaign 6 Creating Jobs 7 Uniterra Towards Fostering 12 CECI Nepal’s Partnership Partner Organization Workshop 13 Newsletter Volunteer’s Blog: Status of 14 Women in Nepal SUSASAN in Media 15 January-April 2019 1 VOLUME , ISSUE 2 VOLUME , ISSUE Dear Friends, MESSAGE Welcome to the CECI Nepal’s Newsletter “REFLECT”! I am delighted to present you the latest edition of CECI Nepal’s newslet- ter “REFLECT”. In this edition, you will get a glimpse of our major activi- FROM THE ties carried out between January to April, 2019. In this quarter, we are almost at the end of Livelihood Promotion for Earthquake aected Population in Nepal (PUNARNIRMAN) project and COUNTRY wrapping up its activities. The most exciting part of PUNARNIRMAN project is the local government has shown their willingness to support further and beneciaries are linked to the local institutions. At the same DIRECTOR time, we are looking forward to the year ahead as we build on our com- mitment to capacity building of CSOs for good governance, gender equal- ity and social inclusion. I would like to thank all our partners, including government agencies, Australian Government Department of Foreign Aairs and Trade (DFAT), Global Aairs Canada (GAC), INGOs and civil society organizations for their continued cooperation and invaluable work with us. Everyday, I see the team moving forward with their full commitment in achieving CECI’s mission and I would like to oer my sincere thanks to the CECI Nepal team and volunteers for their support and dedication.
    [Show full text]
  • Kanchanpur District
    District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) For Kanchanpur District ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Government of Nepal District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kanchanpur District Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR) District Development Committee, Kanchanpur Volume I Final Report January. 2016 Prepared by: Project Research and Engineering Associates for the District Development Committee (DDC) and District Technical Office (DTO), with Technical Assistance from the Department of Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR), Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development and grant supported by DFID through Rural Access Programme (RAP3). District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) For Kanchanpur District ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Project Research and Engineering Associates 1 District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) For Kanchanpur District ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Project Research and Engineering Associates Lagankhel, Lalitpur Phone: 5539607 Email: [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study of Kailash Sacred Landscape
    Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative Feasability Assessment Report - Nepal Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal June 2010 Contributors, Advisors, Consultants Core group contributors • Chaudhary, Ram P., Professor, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University; National Coordinator, KSLCI-Nepal • Shrestha, Krishna K., Head, Central Department of Botany • Jha, Pramod K., Professor, Central Department of Botany • Bhatta, Kuber P., Consultant, Kailash Sacred Landscape Project, Nepal Contributors • Acharya, M., Department of Forest, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC) • Bajracharya, B., International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) • Basnet, G., Independent Consultant, Environmental Anthropologist • Basnet, T., Tribhuvan University • Belbase, N., Legal expert • Bhatta, S., Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation • Bhusal, Y. R. Secretary, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Das, A. N., Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Ghimire, S. K., Tribhuvan University • Joshi, S. P., Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Khanal, S., Independent Contributor • Maharjan, R., Department of Forest • Paudel, K. C., Department of Plant Resources • Rajbhandari, K.R., Expert, Plant Biodiversity • Rimal, S., Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Sah, R.N., Department of Forest • Sharma, K., Department of Hydrology • Shrestha, S. M., Department of Forest • Siwakoti, M., Tribhuvan University • Upadhyaya, M.P., National Agricultural Research Council
    [Show full text]
  • Even the Himalayas Have Stopped Smiling
    Even the Himalayas Have Stopped Smiling CLIMATE CHANGE, POVERTY AND ADAPTATION IN NEPAL 'Even the Himalayas Have Stopped Smiling' Climate Change, Poverty and Adaptation in Nepal Disclaimer All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the copyright holder, and a fee may be payable. This is an Oxfam International report. The affiliates who have contributed to it are Oxfam GB and Oxfam Hong Kong. First Published by Oxfam International in August 2009 © Oxfam International 2009 Oxfam International is a confederation of thirteen organizations working together in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice: Oxfam America, Oxfam Australia, Oxfam-in-Belgium, Oxfam Canada, Oxfam France - Agir ici, Oxfam Germany, Oxfam GB, Oxfam Hong Kong, Intermon Oxfam, Oxfam Ireland, Oxfam New Zealand, Oxfam Novib and Oxfam Quebec. Copies of this report and more information are available at www.oxfam.org and at Country Programme Office, Nepal Jawalakhel-20, Lalitpur GPO Box 2500, Kathmandu Tel: +977-1-5530574/ 5542881 Fax: +977-1-5523197 E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements This report was a collaborative effort which draws on multiple sources,
    [Show full text]
  • The Right to Adequate Food in Nepal
    Parallel Information: The Right to Adequate Food in Nepal Article 11, ICESCR FIAN Nepal August 2014, Kathmandu Imprint Published by: FIAN Nepal Kupondole, Lalitpur, P. O. Box: 11363 Nepal email: [email protected] Website: http://www.fiannepal.org FIAN International Willy-Brandt-Platz 5 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Email: [email protected] http://www.fian.org Edited by: Yubraj Koirala, Dip Magar, Basanta Adhikari, Sarba Raj Khadka, Tilak Adhikari, Ana Maria Suarez Franco, Sabine Pabst, Alison Graham Layout: Suman Piya Cover photo: A woman with a baby in her back, assisted by another girl are busy plucking up tender leaves/buds from a stinging nettle plant. People in some parts of Nepal, mainly in the rural areas of hills, depend on these types of neglected plant resources that are grown naturally in and around the agricultural lands, wasted lands, close to water sources and forest areas. Photo by: Rajendra Kumar Basnet Kindly supported by Misereor and Bread for the World Parallel Information The Right to Adequate Food in Nepal (Article 11, ICESCR) FIAN Nepal August 2014, Kathmandu Parallel Information: The right to adequate food in Nepal, (Article 11, ICESCR) ii Abbreviations ADS : Agriculture Development Strategy AVR : Antiretroviral CBS : Central Bureau of Statistics CESCR : Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CEDAW : Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women CSO : Civil Society Organisations DAO : District Administration Office DFID : Department of International Development DANIDA : Danish International Development
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Development Organizations in Agriculture Sector of Dadeldhura District: an Economic Analysis
    International Journal of Agricultural Science Research Vol. 2(5), pp. 163-176, May 2013 Available online at http://academeresearchjournals.org/journal/ijasr ISSN 2327-3321 ©2013 Academe Research Journals Full Length Research Paper Performance of development organizations in agriculture sector of Dadeldhura District: An economic analysis G. P. Bohara*, J. P. Dutta, D. Dhakal and J. L. Yadav Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal Accepted 17 May, 2013 Transformation of traditional and subsistence agriculture into commercial and market oriented production system needs efficient transfer of technology to the farmers. Efforts to bridge the gap between research and farmer’s field have been lacking in Nepal and performance of the organizations providing extension services to the farmers is below par, the reason behind this state of affairs is still to be studied. In order to assess the performance of development organizations, this study selected 105 farmers from Dadeldhura district using stratified random sampling technique and both primary and secondary data regarding the activities of those organizations were collected. The development organizations were found to be concentrated in urban areas with technician to population ratio and extension coverage of 1:2353 and 22.7%, respectively. Agriculture sector occupied only 4.01% of the district budget. Most of the organizations had similar type of activities mainly related to technology, extension and support. Regression analysis showed that organizations had significant contribution in annual income of farmers, hence it played a significant role in development of agriculture in the district and respondents were satisfied by their works in general with few disappointments at some instants.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Phytotherapy of Some Medicinal Plants Used by Tharu and Magar Communities of Western Nepal, Against Dermatological D
    TRADITIONAL PHYTOTHERAPY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THARU AND MAGAR COMMUNITIES OF WESTERN NEPAL, AGAINST DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS Anant Gopal Singh* and Jaya Prakash Hamal** *'HSDUWPHQWRI%RWDQ\%XWZDO0XOWLSOH&DPSXV%XWZDO7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\1HSDO ** 'HSDUWPHQWRI%RWDQ\$PULW6FLHQFH&DPSXV7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\.DWKPDQGX1HSDO Abstract: (WKQRERWDQ\VXUYH\ZDVXQGHUWDNHQWRFROOHFWLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWUDGLWLRQDOKHDOHUVRQWKHXVHRIPHGLFLQDO SODQWVLQWKHWUHDWPHQWRIGLIIHUHQWVNLQGLVHDVHVVXFKDVFXWVDQGZRXQGVHF]HPDERLOVDEVFHVVHVVFDELHVGRJ DQGLQVHFWELWHULQJZRUPOHSURV\EXUQVEOLVWHUVDOOHUJ\LWFKLQJSLPSOHVOHXFRGHUPDSULFNO\KHDWZDUWVVHSWLF XOFHUVDQGRWKHUVNLQGLVHDVHVLQZHVWHUQ1HSDOGXULQJGLIIHUHQWVHDVRQRI0DUFKWR0D\7KHLQGLJHQRXV NQRZOHGJH RI ORFDO WUDGLWLRQDO KHDOHUV KDYLQJ SUDFWLFDO NQRZOHGJH RI SODQWV LQ PHGLFLQH ZHUH LQWHUYLHZHG LQ YLOODJHVRI5XSDQGHKLGLVWULFWRIZHVWHUQ1HSDODQGQDWLYHSODQWVXVHGIRUPHGLFLQDOSXUSRVHVZHUHFROOHFWHGWKURXJK TXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGSHUVRQDOLQWHUYLHZVGXULQJ¿HOGWULSV$WRWDORISODQWVSHFLHVRIIDPLOLHVDUHGRFXPHQWHGLQ WKLVVWXG\7KHPHGLFLQDOSODQWVXVHGLQWKHWUHDWPHQWRIVNLQGLVHDVHVE\WULEDO¶VDUHOLVWHGZLWKERWDQLFDOQDPH LQ ELQRPLDOIRUP IDPLO\ORFDOQDPHVKDELWDYDLODELOLW\SDUWVXVHGDQGPRGHRISUHSDUDWLRQ7KLVVWXG\VKRZHGWKDW PDQ\SHRSOHLQWKHVWXGLHGSDUWVRI5XSDQGHKLGLVWULFWFRQWLQXHWRGHSHQGRQWKHPHGLFLQDOSODQWVDWOHDVWIRUWKH WUHDWPHQWRISULPDU\KHDOWKFDUH Keywords 7KDUX DQG 0DJDU WULEHV7UDGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH 'HUPDWRORJLFDO GLVRUGHUV 0HGLFLQDO SODQWV:HVWHUQ 1HSDO INTRODUCTION fast disappearing due to modernization and the tendency to discard their traditional life style and gradual 7KH NQRZOHGJH
    [Show full text]
  • Green Roads: Building Environmentally Friendly, Low Maintenance Rural
    Green roads: Building environmentally friendly, low maintenance rural roads through local participation Frances Klatzel GTZ Food for Work, Nepal 2000 [email protected] Keywords: mountain communities, community based approach, infrastructure, roads, Nepal. Until 1990, Dadeldhura was totally inaccessible by vehicle and though a paved road now passes through the eastern side of the district, transportation and accessibility continue to be the critical issues especially in the western part of Dadeldhura. Over 65% of all RCIW resources in Dadeldhura district have gone into FfW rural road construction activities. Rural roads are often selected as FfW projects because they are very labour intensive and are high on the priority list of the local communities. Eka Raj Bhatta, the Chairperson of Nawadurga VDC, describes the importance of these activities: "Rural roads are important to provide transport in our remote area. They help because it will be easier to take our agricultural products to market and to improve the economic condition of the local people. It is also important that they are built to protect the environment and to minimise landslides. In the short-term, the roads also bring opportunities for the villagers to work and to find employment." The DDC Chairperson, Gajendra Bhdr. Shahi, discusses the importance of developing Rural Roads in Dadeldhura district, "The DDC is working with RCIW to build the linkages for access to markets, services, and government offices. Our first plan is to link all twenty VDCs in Dadeldhura. There are places like Bagarkot with lots of citrus fruit and vegetable production. The cost of carrying is higher than the cost of production.
    [Show full text]
  • Disputed Land Rights and Conservation-Led Displacement: a Double Whammy on the Poor
    [Downloaded free from http://www.conservationandsociety.org on Tuesday, July 29, 2014, IP: 129.79.203.179] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal Conservation and Society 12(1): 65-76, 2014 Article Disputed Land Rights and Conservation-led Displacement: A Double Whammy on the Poor Lai Ming Lama,# and Saumik Paulb aOsaka University, School of Human Sciences, Suita City, Osaka, Japan bUniversity of Nottingham (Malaysia Campus), School of Economics, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia #Corresponding author. E‑mail: [email protected] Abstract The practice of conservation through displacement has become commonplace in developing countries. However, resettlement programs remain at very low standards as government policies only focus on economic-based compensation which often excludes socially and economically marginalised groups. In this paper, based on a case study of the displaced indigenous people, the Rana Tharus, from the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in Nepal, we argue that compensation as a panacea is a myth as it does not effectively replace the loss of livelihoods. This is particularly the case when the indigenous community’s customary rights to land are not legally protected. Our ethnographic data support the contention that the history of social exclusion is rooted in the land reform and settlement policies, which deprived the Rana Tharus of proper land rights. The present land compensation scheme resulted in a ‘double whammy’ on indigenous forest dwellers. The legal land title holders on average received less than 60% of their land. Moreover, due to the poor quality of soil in the resettlement areas the average crop yield was less than half the quantity produced before displacement.
    [Show full text]
  • ZSL National Red List of Nepal's Birds Volume 5
    The Status of Nepal's Birds: The National Red List Series Volume 5 Published by: The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK Copyright: ©Zoological Society of London and Contributors 2016. All Rights reserved. The use and reproduction of any part of this publication is welcomed for non-commercial purposes only, provided that the source is acknowledged. ISBN: 978-0-900881-75-6 Citation: Inskipp C., Baral H. S., Phuyal S., Bhatt T. R., Khatiwada M., Inskipp, T, Khatiwada A., Gurung S., Singh P. B., Murray L., Poudyal L. and Amin R. (2016) The status of Nepal's Birds: The national red list series. Zoological Society of London, UK. Keywords: Nepal, biodiversity, threatened species, conservation, birds, Red List. Front Cover Back Cover Otus bakkamoena Aceros nipalensis A pair of Collared Scops Owls; owls are A pair of Rufous-necked Hornbills; species highly threatened especially by persecution Hodgson first described for science Raj Man Singh / Brian Hodgson and sadly now extinct in Nepal. Raj Man Singh / Brian Hodgson The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of any participating organizations. Notes on front and back cover design: The watercolours reproduced on the covers and within this book are taken from the notebooks of Brian Houghton Hodgson (1800-1894).
    [Show full text]