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ZIANE-Yamina.Pdf REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE ABOU BAKR BELKAID - TLEMCEN Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Département d’Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire de Recherche Ecologie et gestion des écosystèmes naturels MEMOIRE Présenté par Mme ZIANE Yamina En vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Master En Ecologie Végétale et Environnement Thème Soutenu le 30/09/2014 devant un jury composé de : Président : M. HASSANI Faiçal Maitre de conférence B Université de Tlemcen Encadreur : Mme STAMBOULI Hassiba Maitre de conférence A Université de Tlemcen Examinateur : M. ABOURA Reda Maitre de conférence B Université de Tlemcen Année universitaire : 2013 - 2014 A mon très cher pére que j’aime tant et qui m’a toujours encouragée avec une inébranlable patience pendant mes longues études. Qu’il trouve ici le témoignage de ma gratitude envers son affection, son amour et ses sacrifices qu’il n’a pas cessé de me procurer durant mes études. A mon mari, BENGHANEM ABDELAZIZ qui m’a toujours soutenue et donné l’aide durant les années du master. A mes frères, mes sœurs, ma mère FATNA ainsi qu’à mes neveux MAROUANE, KHALIL, SOUFIANE et RIAD. Aux familles ZIANE et BENGHANEM. A mes beaux frères et mes belles sœurs. A mon beau père TAYEB. A ma très chère amie BARKA FATIHA qui m’a toujours encouragée moralement et donné son aide. Je dédie ce modeste travail. Qu’il me soit permis d’exprimer toute ma gratitude et mes remerciements à tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à l’achèvement de ce travail et en particulier : Madame Stambouli née Meziane Hassiba, Maitre de conférence à l’Université de Tlemcen, Département d’Ecologie et Environnement qui a accepté de diriger ce travail. Son aide, ses conseils précieux, sa discrétion, sa rigueur et son soutien moral ont été pour beaucoup dans l’aboutissement de ce travail. Je la remercie également pour sa grande disponibilité et sa confiance. Monsieur Hassani Faiçal, Maitre de conférence à l’Université de Tlemcen, Département d’Ecologie et Environnement qui nous a fait l’honneur de présider ce jury, qu’il trouve ici toute ma gratitude. Monsieur Aboura Reda, maitre de conférence à l’Université de Tlemcen qui a bien voulu juger ce travail, qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude pour son précieux concours. Je ne saurai clore ces remerciements sans avoir une pensée pour ma petite famille, mon mari, mes frères et mes sœurs ainsi que mers chers parents et beaux-parents qui ont fait preuve d’une grand patience à mon égard et qui n’ont jamais cessé de croire en l’aboutissement de ce Master. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE : .............................................................................................................................. 1 I. GÉNÉRALITÉS : ................................................................................................................................................. 3 II. SYSTÉMATIQUE DU GENRE : .......................................................................................................................... 6 III. SYNONYMES : ................................................................................................................................................ 7 IV. DESCRIPTION DU GENRE : ............................................................................................................................. 7 V. DESCRIPTION DE LA FAMILLE DES LAMIACÉES : ............................................................................................ 8 VI. CARACTÉRISTIQUES GÉNÉRALES : ................................................................................................................. 9 VII. INTÉRÊT ÉCONOMIQUE : ............................................................................................................................ 11 VIII. INTÉRÊT MÉDICINAL : ................................................................................................................................ 11 IX. AIRE DE RÉPARTITION DU GENRE TEUCRIUM : ........................................................................................... 13 I. LOCALISATION GÉNÉRALE DES ZONES D’ÉTUDE : ......................................................................................... 19 X. CHOIX DES STATIONS : ................................................................................................................................. 19 XI. DESCRIPTION DES STATIONS : ..................................................................................................................... 20 XI.1. Station de Beni Saf : ................................................................................................................................. 20 XI.1.1. Situation locale : .................................................................................................................................... 20 XI.1.2. Station de Beni Saf : .............................................................................................................................. 20 XI.2. Station d’Ouled Benziane (Commune de Beni Mester) : ......................................................................... 22 XI.2.1. Situation locale : .................................................................................................................................... 22 XI.2.2. Station d’Ouled Benziane : .................................................................................................................... 22 XII. INTRODUCTION : ........................................................................................................................................ 25 XIII. ZONAGE ÉCOLOGIQUE : ............................................................................................................................ 26 XIV. L’ÉCHANTILLONNAGE ET CHOIX DES STATIONS : ..................................................................................... 26 XIV.1.1. Echantillonnage systématique ............................................................................................................ 27 XIV.1.2. Echantillonnage au hasard .................................................................................................................. 27 XIV.1.3. Echantillonnage stratifié : ................................................................................................................... 27 XIV.1.4. Méthode de l’aire minimale : ............................................................................................................. 27 XIV.1.5. Station de Beni Saf : ............................................................................................................................ 28 XIV.1.6. Station d’Ouled Benziane (commune de Beni Mester) : .................................................................... 29 I. INTRODUCTION : ........................................................................................................................................... 32 XV. STATION D’OULED BENZIANE : .................................................................................................................. 33 XV.1.1. Analyse socio-économique : ................................................................................................................ 33 XV.2. Station de Beni Saf : ................................................................................................................................ 36 XV.2.1. Analyse socio-économique : ................................................................................................................ 36 XVI. CONCLUSION : ........................................................................................................................................... 40 I. INTRODUCTION : ........................................................................................................................................... 42 II. MÉTHODOLOGIE : ........................................................................................................................................ 43 III. LES FACTEURS CLIMATIQUES : .................................................................................................................... 43 IV. CHOIX DES DONNÉES ET DES STATIONS MÉTÉOROLOGIQUES : ................................................................. 44 IV.1. Choix de la période et de la durée : ......................................................................................................... 44 V. PARAMÈTRES CLIMATIQUES : ...................................................................................................................... 47 V.1. Précipitations : .......................................................................................................................................... 47 V.1.1. Interprétation des résultats stationnels obtenus : ................................................................................ 47 V.2. Températures : .......................................................................................................................................... 49 V.2.1. Températures moyennes mensuelles (M + m)/2 : ................................................................................ 49 V.2.2. Températures moyenne des maxima du mois le plus chaud « M » : .................................................... 50 V.2.3. Températures moyennes des minima du mois le plus
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