De Survivre S’Il Ne Pouvait Se Livrer Qu’À Des Mouvements Stéréotypés, Même Plus Ou Moins Corrigés Par Des Stimuli Orientateurs

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De Survivre S’Il Ne Pouvait Se Livrer Qu’À Des Mouvements Stéréotypés, Même Plus Ou Moins Corrigés Par Des Stimuli Orientateurs « On conçoit qu’un animal, dans un milieu complexe et accidenté, aurait peu de chance de survivre s’il ne pouvait se livrer qu’à des mouvements stéréotypés, même plus ou moins corrigés par des stimuli orientateurs. Bien plus importantes sont les réponses improvisées directement sur le stimulus (…) agissant comme une sorte d’irritant, non comme un signal. » nza R. Ruyer de R. Alma R. de Illustration Illustration UNIVERSITÉ de MONTRÉAL MUSÉUM NATIONAL d’HISTOIRE NATURELLE, PARIS Communication et animalité Cartographie d’un commerce par David Jaclin Faculté des arts et des sciences - Département de communication UMR 7206 - Département « Hommes, Natures, Sociétés » Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Phd en communication et à l’École doctorale en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en anthropologie Mai 2013 © David Jaclin, 2013 UNIVERSITÉ de MONTRÉAL Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales MUSÉUM NATIONAL d’HISTOIRE NATURELLE, Paris École doctorale Cette thèse intitulée : Communication et animalité, cartographie d’un commerce. Présentée par : David Jaclin A été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Brian Massumi, président-rapporteur Thierry Bardini, directeur de recherche Dominique Lestel, co-directeur Thomas Lamarre, membre du jury Jeffrey Bussolini, examinateur externe Stephanie Posthumus, examinateur externe Dominic Arsenault, représentant du doyen de la FES Résumé Cette thèse opère principalement à deux niveaux, un niveau ethnographique et un niveau communicationnel. Je m’intéresse ici à l’étrange cas des jungles de garage nord- américaines et aux dizaines de milliers d’animaux dits « exotiques » qui les composent. Au cours de l’année 2011, j’ai parcouru plus de 25 000 kms à travers le continent, à la rencontre précisément de ces espaces postnaturalisés qui constituent désormais une part non négligeable (et pourtant souvent négligée) de nos paysages écologiques contemporains. Plus tout à fait sauvages, ni pour autant complètement domestiques, ces modes d’existence pionniers hantent désormais une zone grise de nos savoirs zoologiques, de nos avoirs culturels. En effet, ces humanimalités en devenir ne vont pas sans brouiller certaines de nos conceptions dichotomiques traditionnelles (telles nature/culture, humain/non-humain, proie/prédateur, dominant/dominé, émetteur/récepteur). À une époque où l’animal est régulièrement objet de débats théoriques, légaux, sociaux, politiques ou encore épistémologiques, la prise en compte renouvelée de ces singularités animales fournit ici d’importants précédents en matière d’adaptation, d’évolution et d’émergence. En livrant de la sorte les résultats d’ethnographies transpécifiques originales, j’offre ainsi à la discussion un matériel éthologique inédit touchant à la vie d’animaux a priori connus, mais dont les modalités existentielles actuelles restent encore largement méconnues. Ainsi, plutôt que de considérer l’animal d’un simple point de vue substantialiste ou bien encore depuis une stricte perspective hylémorphique, c’est-à-dire s’attachant essentiellement à des questions de forme et de matière (un tigre né et élevé en captivité, nourri de viande de supermarché et sous pilule contraceptive est-il toujours un tigre ?), je me concentre plutôt sur ces mouvements complexes d’information et de communication qui donnent forme à la matière et matière à la formation (et font du tigre d’aujourd’hui non plus l’alter ego du roi de la jungle, mais l’égal du chat de gouttière). Dans une perspective simondonienne, je conceptualise alors une certaine logique de l’individuation animale, que je rapporte à la part d’indétermination que comprend tout processus de communication. J’émets ainsi l’hypothèse que l'animalité, bien plus qu'une simple collection d’attributs, constitue en réalité un enchevêtrement toujours mouvementé de relationalités transductives. Ici, teckné et anima opèrent de manière disparate mais conjointe, pour alimenter partie de nos processus anthropogéniques. En puisant constamment dans un tel réservoir de differentialités, notre espèce ne cesse ainsi de se réinventer. Dès lors, les biomedia ne seront plus considérés comme la dernière itération de notre modernité technologique, se déplaçant lentement de matérialités inorganiques en potentialités organiques, mais bien plutôt compris tel un nouveau registre d’écriture du vivant opérant au cœur d’un potentiel d’inscription animatif continuellement remis en je(u). Parce que nos relations avec les animaux ont toujours été inséparables de nos devenirs respectifs, la manière dont nous sommes aujourd’hui aux prises avec certains de nos (anciens) prédateurs dit beaucoup, me semble-t-il, de notre à-venir et de cet animal- medium que nous logeons tous. Ici conceptualisées, ces jungles de garage renvoient à de puissants champs expérientiels, non pas dénaturés mais renaturalisés, au cœur desquels certains organismes démontrent, en réaction précisément à des pressions sélectives renouvelées, non seulement des réponses adaptatives surprenantes, mais initient aussi des processus innovants impliquant plusieurs niveaux d’individuations créatrices. Mots-clés : Jungle de garage, ethnographie transpécifique, écologie médiatique, animalité, information et communication, évolution créatrice, Simondon Abstract This thesis operates mainly on two levels: one is ethnographical, the other is communicationnal. I explore the curious case of North American jungle backyards in which « used-to-be-wild » animals are experiencing « almost-domesticated » existences while their daily lives are merged with that of Homo sapiens. As pets, guinea pigs or postnatural totems, these pioneer organisms not only feed the third most important black market in the world, they also blur our traditional zoological and philosophical apparatus (often driven by dichotomies between nature/culture, human/nonhuman, prey/predator, dominant/dominated, transmitter/receiver). In 2011, I traveled 16 000 miles all around the continent to explore some of these contemporary humanimal modalities. Hence, I examine important transpecific aspects of these modified ecological landscapes, in which known living organisms experience unknown reorganizations of life. In a Simondonian perspective, I reconceptualize animality and communication activities in order to readdress, along with the question of the animal, individuation processes and their inherent indetermination qualities – the kind, yet unseen, that contemporary jungle backyards silently nurture. At a time when animal rights and bioethics are regularly at stake (and indeed a serious preoccupation for societies that strive to leave behind medieval practices, but also attempt to cope with their biotechnological becomings), jungle backyards provide an original ethological dataset based not only on what an animal is or should be, but rather on what real animal existences actually consist of. In that respect, I offer firsthand material that may help to better navigate our common Ark, possibly facing a new environmental flood. Instead of considering animals from a reductive substancialist point of view or from a strict hylemorphic perspective, focusing on matters of form or forms of matter, I concentrate on movements that give form to matter and matter to form. I then suggest that animality, more than a simple collection of mere attributes or even a basic manifestation of an elaborate biochemical complex, constitutes an enmeshment constantly in motion made of transductive relationalities. Here, biomedia are not considered the latest bourgeon of our technological modernity, slowly shifting from inorganic materialities to organic potentialities, but rather an ancient deviation of natural forces (too quickly restricted to domestication). Instead teckné and anima operate jointly and disparately to propel what I call aniculture and which I consider to be not only a part of our anthropogenic processes, but also a mutagenic pool of differentialities from which humanity constantly draws in order to reinvent itself. Then, along with a specific textual mode of organization (as transpecific as its topic), writing is here even envisaged as another possible expression of animality, maybe even a powerful re-intensification. Because our traditional dealings with animals have always been inseparable from our becomings, the (yet untold) ways we are now dealing with some of our ex-predators and preys reveal a great deal about our postnatural futures and that “animal-medium” we all inhabit. In fact, jungle backyards are less denaturalized places than renaturalized spaces in which animals demonstrate not only adaptive responses to selective pressures but initiate creative processes at a number of levels from which fertile lines of thought can eventually stem. Keywords : Jungle backyards, transpecific ethnography, media ecology, animality, information and communication processes, creative evolution, Simondon 5 Table des matières Prélude 13 Humanimalités ? 20 (Reposer) la question de l’animal 26 Matrice 36 Fil rouge 42 Un principe d’animation 50 Portrait 1 : Honey 66 [I]dentités 67 [D] Exister 68 [R] Insister 70 [E] Consister 74 Variation sur le thème de… la conservation 79 Étude 1 : Le commerce de la bête 87 [I]dentités 88 [D] Beastness 89 [R] Aniculture 93 [E] Hold Up 96 Variations sur le thème de… l’animal medium 100 Portrait 2 : Rachel 112 [I]dentités 113 [D] Instase 114 [R] Exstase 120 [E] Heterostase 124 Variations sur le thème du… totem 127 Étude 2 : L’écriture du vivant 132 [I]dentités
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