DOCSLIB.ORG

War Wi Ck. Ac. Uk/Li B- Publi Cati

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
War Wi Ck. Ac. Uk/Li B- Publi Cati A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the Uni versity of War wick Per manent WRAP URL: http:// wrap. war wick.ac.uk/116330 Copyri ght and reuse: This thesis is made avail able onli ne and is protected by ori ginal copyri ght. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for i nfor mati on to help you to cite it. Our policy i nfor mati on is avail able from the repository home page. For more i nfor mati on, please contact the WRAP Tea m at: wrap @war wick.ac. uk war wick.ac. uk/li b-publicati ons Democratisation in Context A Phenomenological inquiry into the role of internationally funded Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Pakistan By Arjumand Bano Kazmi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law University of Warwick, School of Law September 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... v Declaration................................................................................................................ viii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... x Glossary ...................................................................................................................... xii List of Legal Cases and Statues Cited .................................................................... xiii Chapter I: Introduction ............................................................................................. 14 Chapter II: NGOs in democratisation ..................................................................... 18 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 18 Theories and Practices ............................................................................................. 20 Conceptual Boundaries ............................................................................................ 23 Democracy ........................................................................................................... 24 Constitutionalism ................................................................................................. 26 Democratisation ................................................................................................... 33 Civil society .......................................................................................................... 40 Non-Governmental Organisations ....................................................................... 45 Theoretically framing the context and the actor ...................................................... 47 The Global South ................................................................................................. 47 NGOs as NGelites ................................................................................................ 54 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 60 Chapter III: Researching Democratisation ............................................................. 63 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 63 Phenomenology and Hermeneutic Phenomenology ................................................ 66 Origin and characteristics ................................................................................... 66 Ontological, epistemological and axiological orientation .................................. 71 Researching and Writing hermeneutic phenomenology .......................................... 71 Understanding ‘lived experience’ ........................................................................ 72 When the phenomenon calls ................................................................................. 74 Building trust through interaction: the interviews............................................... 75 i Bracketing common sense .................................................................................... 77 Illuminating the essence: conducting thematic analysis and interpretation ....... 79 The art of writing ................................................................................................. 82 The quality and ethics of research ....................................................................... 83 The question of generalisability ........................................................................... 84 ‘Personal is Political’: seeking the phenomenon within .......................................... 85 Illuminating research participants: seeking the phenomenon therein ...................... 91 NGOs and research participants ......................................................................... 91 The concerned others ........................................................................................... 94 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 95 Chapter IV: Carry on companions-Democratic waves in Pakistan ...................... 97 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 97 Sustaining democracy in Pakistan ........................................................................... 99 Testing democracy: the first wave of democratisation (1947-1958) ..................... 106 Idealising democracy: the second wave of democratisation (1972-1977) ............. 113 Personalising democracy: the third wave of democratisation (1989 - 1998) ......... 120 Re-constitutionalising democracy: the fourth wave of democratisation (2008 -).. 128 Democratic deficit .................................................................................................. 137 NGOs and Democratic Resilience ......................................................................... 139 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 142 Chapter V: From Resistance to Submission .......................................................... 145 The dissent ............................................................................................................. 146 The divergence ....................................................................................................... 149 The disconnect ....................................................................................................... 156 The dispute ............................................................................................................. 165 Concluding reflections ........................................................................................... 167 Chapter VI: The Imperfect Necessity .................................................................... 169 The big shift ........................................................................................................... 169 In the thick of contestations ................................................................................... 171 The Imperfect Necessity ........................................................................................ 188 NGOs as educators ............................................................................................ 190 NGOs as enablers .............................................................................................. 193 NGOs as processors ........................................................................................... 199 ii Concluding reflections ........................................................................................... 203 Chapter VII: Reflective Summary ......................................................................... 205 The Dissenter ......................................................................................................... 209 Epilogue .................................................................................................................... 217 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 221 iii List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1: NGOs in Democratisation .......................................................................... 188 Tables Table 1: Number and profile of research participants from NGOs ............................. 93 Table 2: Democratisation as…………. ...................................................................... 164 iv Acknowledgements I did not accomplish this work alone. There were many people who extended their support. It is with great appreciation that I offer my thanks to them. I would like to sincerely thank Professor Shaheen Sardar Ali and Professor Michael Saward, for being such inspirational and incredible supervisors. You guided me to the academic sources which opened new avenues for exploring the world around me, not just for this research but also for my future academic pursuits. I am forever in debt for your trust in my abilities and for allowing me to search, to be lost and to really explore my way around this research. Without this freedom, I would not have articulated the questions that I
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Central European Journal of International & Security Studies
    Vysoká škola veřejné správy a mezinárodních vztahů v Praze Volume 1 / Issue 2 / November 2007 Central European Journal of International & Security Studies Volume 1 Issue 2 November 2007 Contents Editor’s Note . 5 Special Report Daniel Kimmage and Kathleen Ridolfo / Iraqi Insurgent Media: The War of Images and Idea . 7 Research Articles Marketa Geislerova / The Role of Diasporas in Foreign Policy: The Case of Canada . .90 Atsushi Yasutomi and Jan Carmans / Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Post-Confl ict States: Challenges of Local Ownership . 109 Nikola Hynek / Humanitarian Arms Control, Symbiotic Functionalism and the Concept of Middlepowerhood . 132 Denis Madore / The Gratuitous Suicide by the Sons of Pride: On Honour and Wrath in Terrorist Attacks . 156 Shoghig Mikaelian / Israeli Security Doctrine between the Thirst for Exceptionalism and Demands for Normalcy . 177 Comment & Analysis Svenja Stropahl and Niklas Keller / Adoption of Socially Responsible Investment Practices in the Chinese Investment Sector – A Cost-Benefi t Approach . 193 Richard Lappin / Is Peace-Building Common Sense? . 199 Balka Kwasniewski / American Political Power: Hegemony on its Heels? . 201 Notes on Contributors . 207 CEJISS Contact Information. 208 5 Editor’s Note: CE JISS In readying the content of Volume 1 Issue 2 of CEJISS, I was struck by the growing support this journal has received within many scholarly and profes- sional quarters. Building on the success of the fi rst issue, CEJISS has man- aged to extend its readership to the universities and institutions of a number of countries both in the EU and internationally. It is truly a pleasure to watch this project take on a life of its own and provide its readers with cutting-edge analy- sis of current political affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • California's A.Jnjabi- Mexican- Americans
    CULTURE HERITAGE Amia&i-Mexicon-Americans California's A.Jnjabi­ Mexican­ Americans Ethnic choices made by the descendants of Punjabi pioneers and their Mexican wives by Karen Leonard he end of British colonial rule in India and the birth of two new nations-India and Pakistan-was celebrated in California in T 1947 by immigrant men from India's Punjab province. Their wives and children celebrated with them. With few exceptions, these wives were of Mexican ancestry and their children were variously called "Mexican-Hindus," "half and halves," or sim­ ply, like their fathers, "Hindus," an American misno­ mer for people from India. In a photo taken during the 1947 celebrations in the northern California farm town of Yuba City, all the wives of the "Hindus" are of Mexican descent, save two Anglo women and one woman from India. There were celebrations in Yuba City in 1988, too; the Sikh Parade (November 6) and the Old-Timers' Reunion Christmas Dance (November 12). Descend­ ants of the Punjabi-Mexicans might attend either or The congregation of the Sikh temple in Stockton, California, circa 1950. - -_ -=- _---=..~...;..:..- .. both of these events-the Sikh Parade, because most of the Punjabi pioneers were Sikhs, and the annual ChristmaB dance, because it began as a reunion for descendants of the Punjabi pioneers. Men from In­ dia's Punjab province came to California chiefly between 1900 and 1917; after that, immigration practices and laws discriminated against Asians and legal entry was all but impossible. Some 85 percent of the men who came during those years were Sikhs, 13 percent were Muslims, and only 2 percent were really Hindus.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Punjab Community Profile
    Punjabi Community Profile July 2016 Punjab Background The Punjabis are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan peoples, originating from the Punjab region, found in Pakistan and northern India. Punjab literally means the land of five waters (Persian: panj (“five”) ab (“waters”)). The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of India and more formally popularized during the Mughal Empire. Punjab is often referred to as the breadbasket in both Pakistan and India. The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab into a broader common “Punjabi” identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. Prior to that the sense and perception of a common “Punjabi” ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, even though the majority of the various communities of the Punjab had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities. Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion, and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region, or associate with its population, and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue. Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background. Historically, the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning “brotherhood”) or tribes, with each person bound to a clan. However, Punjabi identity also included those who did not belong to any of the historical tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • What's Happening to the Village
    What’s Happening to the Village Revisiting Rural Life and Agrarian Change in Haryana Surinder S. Jodhka CAS WORKING PAPER SERIES Centre for the Study of Social Systems Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi January 2014 CAS/WP/14-1 Prof. Surinder S. Jodhka is at the Centre for the Study of Social Systems, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Working Paper What’s Happening to the Village Revisiting Rural Life and Agrarian Change in Haryana Surinder S. Jodhka Abstract Based on a revisit to two villages of Haryana after a gap of 20 years (1988- 89 and 2008-09), the paper provides a historical overview of the process of development and change in a micro setting. Locating the process of social and economic transformation witnessed in the two villages in the context of Green Revolution technology, and later, the introduction of large-scale industrial projects in the area, it tries to explore the nature of changes taking place in the internal structure (caste and class relations) of the agrarian economy; the changing nature of the relationship of villages with neighboring urban settlements in terms of employment and aspirations; and the emerging nature of power relations in the local level political institutions. I Introduction The success of Green Revolution technology during the 1960s and 1970s, though confined only to some pockets of India, generated a great deal of excitement. Even when critiques pointed to its limited spread and possible social and ecological “side-effects”, it produced a sense of pride in the Indian 4 Surinder S. Jodhka development community and among the newly emergent rural elite.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Constructions of Ethnicity: Research on Punjabi Immigrants in California
    Historical Constructions of Ethnicity: Research on Punjabi Immigrants in California KAREN LEONARD IMMIGRANTS FROM the Punjab province of India came to California at the turn of the twentieth century and settled in the state's major agricultural valleys. About five hundred of these men married Mexican and Mexican-American women, creating a Punjabi Mexican second generation which thought of itself as "Hindu" (the name given to immi­ grants from India in earlier decades). This biethnic community poses interesting questions about the construction and transformation of ethnic identity, and the interpretations of outsiders contrast with those of the pioneers and their descendants. These interpretations direct attention to the historical contingency of ethnic identity and to the many voices which participate in its definition. Punjabi Immigrants and the Punjabi-Mexican Families The community of immigrants from South Asia has changed dramati­ cally over time. Table 1 shows the small numbers of Asian Indians and their concentration in rural California in the first half of the twentieth century. While the figures do not indicate place of origin in South Asia, the overwhelming majority of the pre-1946 immigrants were men from the Punjab in northwestern India.1 This table also shows the effect of later changes in citizenship and immigration laws: a large increase in numbers, diffusion throughout the United States, and a shift to urban centers. In 1946, the Luce-Celler Bill made Asian Indians eligible for citizenship, and the oldtimers were allowed to sponsor a small number of new immigrants (the 1924 National Origins Act, applicable once Indians could become citizens, established an annual quota of 100 for India).
    [Show full text]
  • LI-DISSERTATION-2015.Pdf
    Copyright by Wai Chung LI 2015 The Dissertation Committee for Wai Chung LI Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Sikh Gurmat Sangīt Revival in Post-Partition India Committee: Stephen Slawek, Supervisor Andrew Dell’Antonio Gordon Mathews Kamran Ali Robin Moore Veit Erlmann The Sikh Gurmat Sangīt Revival in Post-Partition India by Wai Chung LI, MPhil. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2015 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following individual and parties for making this project possible. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and respect to Professor Stephen Slawek, who always enlightens me with intellectual thoughts and personal advice. I would also like to thank other members of my doctoral committee, including Professor Andrew Professor Dell’Antonio, Professor Gordon Mathews, Professor Kamran Ali, Professor Robin Moore, and Professor Veit Erlmann for their insightful comments and support towards this project. I am grateful to the staff of the following Sikh temples and academic institutions where research was conducted: The Archives and Research Center for Ethnomusicology; The American Institute of Indian Studies, Haryana; Gurdwara Sahib Austin, Texas; Jawaddi Taksal, Ludhiana; Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road, Singapore; Khalsa Diwan (Hong Kong) Sikh Temple, Hong Kong; Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala; The Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar; and The Sikh Center, Central Sikh Gurdwara Board, Singapore. I owe a debt of gratitute to people affiliated with the Jawaddi Taksal, Ludhiana, as they made my time in India (especially Punjab) enjoyable and memorable.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalisation and Punjabi Identity Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)
    153 Pritam Singh: Globalisation and Punjabi Identity Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!) Pritam Singh Oxford Brookes University _______________________________________________________________ Punjabiyat or Punjabi identity evokes simultaneous contradictory images of a splintered identity, yet a potentially powerful economic, political and cultural force. This paper attempts to capture different aspects of this contradictory nature by situating the conflicting pulls on Punjabi identity in the context of the ongoing process of globalisation of economy, politics and culture. One aspect of globalisation that is particularly taken into account is the role of the Punjabi diaspora in giving impetus both to the powerful imagining of a unified Punjabi identity and to many divisions in the global Punjabi community. Methodologically, the paper attempts to fuse mapping the historical lineages of Punjabi identity with an analytical interrogation of the idea of Punjabiyat or Punjabi identity. It concludes by outlining the potential for the emergence of a stronger Punjabi identity in spite of fissures in that identity. _______________________________________________________________ Introduction When thinking and writing about Punjabi identity, it seems we feel compelled immediately to mention one or other of those accompanying words whose purpose seems to be to qualify and problematise the subject of Punjabi identity. These accompanying words could be: examine, interrogate and explore.1 Though all of these words connote some degree of hesitation, each signifies a different nuance of that hesitation. If interrogation suggests some kind of scepticism and examination hints at a neutral stance, exploration certainly has a developmental and optimistic ring about it. Behind different shades of scepticism and optimism lie not only the attempts at objective unwrapping of the limitations and potentialities of Punjabi identity but also the political projects aimed at undoing and making it.
    [Show full text]
  • SPORTS POLICY 2010.Pdf
    Government of Punjab Department of Sports and Youth Services (Sports and Youth Services Branch) NOTIFICATION The 6th October, 2010 No 3/75/09-1SS/3385, The Governor of Punjab is pleased to approve the Sports Policy, 2010 as under:- 1. Preamble: 1.1 The competitive Sports & Games are integral part of life of human beings and there is an urgent need to promote sports in a systematic manner. In order to achieve excellence in sports, both at National and International levels, there is a need to streamline the functioning of the department, adopt a uniform policy so that sports is broad based, sports activities in the state are well spread over the year; the competitions are held regularly; people of different stratas in the society get a fair chance to show their mettle; harness talent at grass root level besides providing beneficial recreation and fostering of social harmony and discipline. 2. VISION 2.1 To make Punjab a vibrant leading edge state in the sports arena, to create adequate infrastructure, promote rural games, adopt maximum disciplines of Olympic games, broadbase sports, synergise the activities of Sports and Education Departments, raise the standards of sports in the state; promote the spirit of sportsmanship and camaraderie, harness talent at the grass root level, nurture the potential sportspersons and achieve excellence in the sports at both National and International level and give incentives to sportspersons who win laurels for the State at National and International levels. 3. PRINCIPLES 3.1 To ensure autonomy in sports, a close coordination with Punjab Olympic Association and the other state level sports associations, so that the spirit of Olympic games is respected, safeguarded and developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Punjabi Indians in the New York Metro Area QUICK FACTS: ALL PEOPLES INITIATI VE LAST UPDATED: 10/2009
    Punjabi Indians in the New York Metro Area QUICK FACTS: ALL PEOPLES INITIATI VE LAST UPDATED: 10/2009 Place of Origin: “We just want people to know who we are. We are Sikhs, and we are Americans!” This India (Punjab State) comment characterizes the collective frustration of Punjabi Sikhs, whose ethnic and reli- gious identity has been a mystery to many Americans. Sikhs are the majority ethno- Significant Subgroups: religious group among Indians from the state of Punjab in northern India. In 1947, the Sikh, primarily Chamar Punjab region was divided along religious lines between India and Pakistan, forcing Mus- and Jat (70%); Hindu (28- lims into Pakistan and Sikhs and Hindus into India. Although Hindus and Sikhs have tra- 29%); Christian (1-2%) ditionally lived in relative harmony for generations, demands that Punjab be a Sikh-ruled Location in Metro New state sparked a decade of violence. Between 1984 and 1993, clashes between extrem- York: ists on both sides as well as between Sikhs and the Indian gov- Queens (Richmond Hill) ernment killed more than 25 thousand people.1 There are 27 million Sikhs, most of whom live in Punjab, making it the Population in Metro New world‟s fifth-largest religion.2 Because the Sikh faith requires York: 110,000 (Community men to wear turbans and have long beards, they are often mis- Estimate) taken for Muslim fundamentalists. Consequently, Sikhs have been victims of more than two hundred hate crimes nationally Primary Religion: since the 9/11 attacks.3 Punjabis, who number approximately Sikhism 110 thousand people, are one of the top three Indian ethnic 4 Secondary Religions: groups in Metro New York along with Gujaratis and Keralites.
    [Show full text]
  • Punjabi Heritage Language Schools in the United States
    Punjabi Heritage Language Schools in the United States Dr. Ravneet Kaur Tiwana, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Introduction Punjabi heritage language maintenance and development are rooted in community, identity, and, for many, faith. Various opportunities are available for maintaining linguistic ties to Punjabi (also spelled Panjabi) and for developing proficiency in the Punjabi language. They range from community-based to federally funded programs, available in person and online. This brief focuses on the use, maintenance, and development of Eastern Punjabi, spoken primarily by the California-based Punjabi Sikh population. In the United States, the most visible variety of spoken Punjabi is Eastern Punjabi, in great part due to the vibrant Sikh community, which uses this variety and seeks to maintain it in both oral and written forms. This community constitutes one of the largest populations of early South Asian immigrants (La Brack, 1988; McMahon, 2001). Furthermore, today the oldest and largest populations of Punjabis in the American diaspora are of Sikh background, particularly in California. History Punjab (also spelled Panjab) means the “land of five rivers,” representing the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab, and Jhelum rivers. The geographical location of the region brought many conquerors, traders, and travelers from the West, such as Aryans, Turks, Arabs, Mughals, British, and the Greek invader Alexander the Great. Before British colonialism, Punjab was located in the current countries of India, Pakistan, and China. Today, the dominant faiths in the region are Sikhi (commonly known The Sovereign Punjab Map (Source: Panjab Digital Library, www.panjabdigilib.org) as Sikhism), Islam, and Hinduism. As part of the independence arrangement made between Indian politicians and the British colonists in 1947, the region of Punjab was divided in two.
    [Show full text]
  • Punjabis and Coeliac Disease: a Wake-Up Call
    Editorial PunjabisEditorial and Coeliac Disease: A Wake-Up Call AffifaPunjabis Farrukh * and and John Coeliac F. Mayberry Disease: A Wake-Up Call Department of Digestive Diseases, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Affifa Farrukh * and John F. Mayberry Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK *Department Correspondence: of Digestive [email protected] Diseases, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK; [email protected] Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 11 June 2020; Published: 12 June 2020 * Correspondence: farrukh_affi@yahoo.com Abstract: Punjabis are one of the largest ethnic groups in the world, with at least 124 million Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 11 June 2020; Published: 17 June 2020 members. Their diet is based around wheat cereals and they are now recognised to be at risk of coeliacAbstract: disease.Punjabis Indeed, are the one incidence of the largest of coeliac ethnic dise groupsase amongst in the Punjabi world, migrants with at is least three 124 times million that ofmembers. other Europeans, Their diet issuggesting based around that wheatin excess cereals of 3 and million they arePunjabi now recognisedpeople may to be ataffected risk of coeliacby the condition.disease. Indeed, This review the incidence considers of coeliacthe history disease of coel amongstiac disease Punjabi and migrants its lack isof three ready times diagnosis that of in other the PunjabiEuropeans, community, suggesting including that in excess the adverse of 3 million outcomes Punjabi as peoplea result. may It beconsiders affected the by thepoor-quality condition. informationThis review available considers to the Punjabi history patients of coeliac and disease tentatively and itssuggests lack of methods ready diagnosis of dealing in thewith Punjabi these issues.community, including the adverse outcomes as a result.
    [Show full text]
  • AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: American Punjabi Sikhs
    Embassy of the United States of America AMERICAN COMMUNITIES YUBA CITY, CALIFORNIA American Punjabi Sikhs ust to the north of Sacramento, Muslims and Sikhs. Early immi- California’s state capital, in grants most often got jobs as rail- Yuba City • Jthe fertile Sacramento Valley, way construction workers or farm Sacramento is one of the largest Punjabi com- laborers. Planting, growing and munities in North America. harvesting crops came naturally •San Francisco Immigrants from South Asia’s to the Punjabis. The first Sikh Punjab region began to settle in temple, established in Stockton, CALIFORNIA California more than a century California, in 1912, became a Pacific ago. Named for its five rivers, the social hub where immigrants Ocean Punjab’s rich, arable land has fed learned about employment oppor- • Los Angeles the Indian subcontinent for mil- tunities throughout California’s • San Diego lennia and remains a vital farm- Central Valley. Few of the early ing region today, in both India and Punjabi immigrants brought Pakistan. Northern California’s their families with them, and immigrants from the Punjab. own bountiful agricultural land some Punjabi men married local, Most remain connected to the and river systems reminded the often Mexican, women. Over the land, and Punjabi Americans are South Asian newcomers of the years, as U.S. immigration laws among California’s most success- land they left behind. changed, increasing numbers of ful farmers. Second- and third- Punjabi families settled in the The Punjabi immigrants who generation Punjabi Americans Sacramento Valley. sought their fortunes in the and new arrivals now include United States at the turn of the doctors, dentists, lawyers, educa- 20th century were predominantly Shared Cultures tors, retailers, engineers, bankers Today about 10,000 Sutter County and public servants.
    [Show full text]