DOCSLIB.ORG

Research on Multi-Level Association Rules Based on Geosciences Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research on Multi-Level Association Rules Based on Geosciences Data JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, VOL. 8, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2013 3269 Research on Multi-Level Association Rules Based on Geosciences Data Dongmei Han School of Information Management and Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China Shanghai Financial Information Technology Key Research Laboratory, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China Email: [email protected] Yiyin Shi, Wen Wang and Yonghui Dai School of Information Management and Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—This paper proposes a framework of multisource feature of remote sensing image was recognized with the geo-knowledge discovery with association rules. Taking into Bayes classifier and genetic algorithm [2]. Quintero, et al account spatial data exist semantic fuzziness, and the (2012) presented FERD, a methodology aimed to conversion between qualitative concept and quantitative automatically identify, extract and describe relevant description is uncertain, in our study, conceptual partition spatial objects contained in raster spatial datasets [3]. algorithm and membership grade judgment algorithm based on cloud model was used. Meanwhile, there are many Zheng and Zhou (2011) predicted the location correlations among concepts in the field of geoscience, and information with Warrants theory [4]. Other research on the underlying correlation also need to be found with geospatial data knowledge discovery such as gravity flow different membership grade functions, therefore, a method among gravity anomaly with the graph theory and of multi-level association rules mining was proposed. In shortest path theory, the visualization technologies used order to enhance frequent item set discovery efficiency, in spatial data mining as well as typical applications, improved FP (Frequent Pattern)-Growth algorithm was seismicity of the Longmen Mountains fault zone and its presented. The algorithm was used in the empirical research vicinity before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms8. 0 on judgment of fault property at the south of Longmen earthquakes, etc [5]-[7]. In addition, research on Mountains in Chengdu city of China. The empirical result shows that the improved FP-Growth model acts better in association rules algorithm main include three aspects, frequent item-set mining. research on efficiency of association rules algorithm, algorithm adaptability and geospatial uncertainty, which Index Terms—geosciences data, multi-level association rules, can be described as following. cloud model 1. Research on efficiency of association rules algorithm. The Apriori algorithm was first proposed by Agrawal, he proposed the association rules based on I. INTRODUCTION candidate item set [8]. After this, many scholars proposed With the development of geophysical exploration, improvement based on the algorithm in order to improve geochemical exploration, land surveying and remote the efficiency of operations. The classical algorithms are sensing, a vast amount of associated data has been AprioriTid algorithm, AprioriHybrid algorithm, collected, which makes it possible for scientists to reveal transaction reduction technique and so on [9]-[10]. In the internal constitution of earth. Many scholars have addition, the different data structures to further improve contributed to the multi-source geospatial knowledge the efficiency of association rule discovery algorithm in discovery include the research on geospatial data many Chinese scholars [11]-[13]. knowledge discovery and research on association rules 2. Research on algorithm adaptability. Study on the algorithm. Fauvel, et al. (2012) researched on a spatial– applicability of the algorithm mainly included research on spectral kernel based approach for the classification of multi value attribute association rules, research on the remote-sensing images, the proposed method deals with multilevel association rules mining, association rules with the joint use of the spatial and the spectral information constraints, positive and negative association rules, provided by the remote-sensing images [1]. Linear classification association rules, and sequence association rule. Among, association rules can be divided into two This work was supported in part by National Natural Science kinds of boolean type (such as Apriori algorithm) and the Foundation of China (No.41174007) and Graduate Innovation Fund Program (No.CXJJ-2013-436, No.CXJJ-2013-445) of Shanghai multi value type. Li, et al (2004) extended the original University of Finance and Economics transactional database by the method of similar attribute Corresponding author: Yonghui Dai. set, making the association rules available to be applied © 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER doi:10.4304/jsw.8.12.3269-3276 3270 JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, VOL. 8, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2013 to the multi value attributes [14]. Fdez, et al (2009) adoption of visual translation, affected the efficiency of presented a new fuzzy data-mining algorithm for data processing. extracting both fuzzy association rules and membership (3) Visual interpretation is subjective, results functions by means of a genetic learning of the interpretation of different specialist is difficult to be membership functions and a basic method for mining quantified and popularized. fuzzy association rules [15]. Research on the multilevel Secondly, the spatial data are fuzzy and uncertainty, association rules mining is mainly divided into two kinds we often need such expressions as " around the top,100 of model, one is attribute-oriented induction method, the meters south of landslide displacement", and the other is method based on concept tree. Wang, et al (2009) traditional method of data-discretization is based on hard discussed the method of attribute induction threshold division method that divides concept into either this or determination and multilayer multidimensional attribute that, the description of the uncertainty is not exact. generalization, proposed the Hastu concept climb method Thirdly, traditional association rule-mining is only based concept lattice development to solve the problem applicable to single-level data. While geospatial data can that the granularity is too coarse or small to mine [16]- often be hierarchically processed in accordance with [17]. Manda, et al (2013) presented a data mining elevation, it is necessary to discover knowledge at approach, which is called Multi-Ontology data mining at different information granularity .For example, mining at All Levels (MOAL) [18]. Hsu, et al (2004) focused on coarse granularity level so as to find the common using correlation of multiple reference attribute threshold meaning of knowledge, but the information granularity is to improve the efficiency of generalization and accuracy too high and may leads to over-generalization of the rules of knowledge discovery, and gave the general path and discovered. Therefore, one of the problems of the approach of attribute induction. Knowledge discovery traditional single level association rules is very difficult process with attribute oriented generalization method to carry out effective mining at appropriate level to find focus on how to control information thickness to meet the the useful knowledge. requirements of the rules discovery [19]. Finally, apriori algorithm based on candidate item sets 3. Research on geospatial uncertainty. Geospatial data is widely used to generate frequent item sets, which bears many kinds of uncertainties, such as uncertainties greatly influences the efficiency of the algorithm due to caused by approximation in data sampling process and the need to scan the database many times while model abstract, conversion between spatial concept and generating frequent item sets. While the FP-Growth spatial data and so on. Therefore, in the face of the algorithm only needs to scan database two times to unavoidable problems, many scholars began to make generate frequent item sets due to the unique data research, which can be divided into the following two structure (FP-Tree structure), but it repeats traversal of categories: the uncertainty of spatial relationship and parent node path while constructing the FP-Tree data spatial reasoning. Research on the uncertainty of spatial structure, so the FP-Tree tree structure will show relations is mainly based on the following theories: the explosive growth in the face of massive data, which still theory of probability, the rough set theory, evidence affects the efficiency of data mining. theory, and cloud theory [20]-[22]. In the geometric space, uncertainty reasoning between geometry is the main II KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FRAMEWORK BASED ON research direction of spatial reasoning. Viard and Lévy MUTI-SOURCE GEOSPATIAL DATA (2011) reviewed a typical example of decision making For some existing problems mentioned above in the under uncertainty, where uncertainty visualization field of multi-source geoscience knowledge discovery, methods can actually make a difference [23]. Yao and Li this paper puts forward a complete set of geological (2008) first defined different geometric space features, knowledge discovery framework based on mining then introduced spatial relations to define that between association rules which is as shown in Fig. 1. geometric bodies, established relevant inference mechanism [24], while Justice, et al (2011) combined spatial attribute and non-spatial attribute inference mechanism [25]. Up to now, many scholars have theoretically studied on spatial knowledge
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China
    Country Report for the Preparation of the First Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China June 2003 Beijing CONTENTS Executive Summary Biological diversity is the basis for the existence and development of human society and has aroused the increasing great attention of international society. In June 1992, more than 150 countries including China had jointly signed the "Pact of Biological Diversity". Domestic animal genetic resources are an important component of biological diversity, precious resources formed through long-term evolution, and also the closest and most direct part of relation with human beings. Therefore, in order to realize a sustainable, stable and high-efficient animal production, it is of great significance to meet even higher demand for animal and poultry product varieties and quality by human society, strengthen conservation, and effective, rational and sustainable utilization of animal and poultry genetic resources. The "Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China" (hereinafter referred to as the "Report") was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the "World Status of Animal Genetic Resource " compiled by the FAO. The Ministry of Agriculture" (MOA) has attached great importance to the compilation of the Report, organized nearly 20 experts from administrative, technical extension, research institutes and universities to participate in the compilation team. In 1999, the first meeting of the compilation staff members had been held in the National Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service, discussed on the compilation outline and division of labor in the Report compilation, and smoothly fulfilled the tasks to each of the compilers.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Documentof The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Lodv3/ 7 -C9 Public Disclosure Authorized ReportNo. 8470-CHA STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized CHINA ERTAN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized June 11, 1991 Industry and Energy OperationsDivision Public Disclosure Authorized Country Department Asia Regional Office This doument ha a restlcted dsirbuton and may be used by redpint only in the perfonnance of their offic&adies. Its contt may no otherwise be dblosed whout World Bank atolzaton CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of April 1991) Currency Yuan (Y) $1.00 Y 5.24 Y 1.00 $0.19 Y 1.00 100 fen FISCAL YEAR January 1 to December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km - Kilometer (0.62 miles) kWh - kilowatt hour GWh - Gigawatt hour (1 million kWh) TWh - Terawatt hour (1 billion kWh) kW - Kilowatt (1,000 watts) MW - Megawatt (1,000 kW) GW - Gigawatt (1 million kW) kV - Kilovolt (1,000 volts) kVA - Kilovolt-ampere MVA - Megavolt-ampere(1,000 kilovolt-ampere) GVA - Gigavolt-ampere(1 million kVA) ton - 1,000 kg GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS CHIDI - Chengdu Hydro Investigationand Design Institute DRB - Disputes Review Board EEC - Ertan EngineeringCorporation EHDC - Ertan HydroelectricDevelopment Corporation EP - Environmental Panel ETIC - Energy and Transport InvestmentCorporation (SichuanProvince) GNP - Gross National Product GOC - Government of China HIPDC - Huaneng InternationalPower DevelopmentCorporation ICB - InternationalCompetitive Bidding LRMC - Long-Run Marginal Cost MOE - Ministry of Energy MWREP - Ministry of Water Resource..and
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Emerging Schistosomiasis in Hilly and Mountainous Areas of Sichuan, China Song Liang,A Changhong Yang,B Bo Zhong,C & Dongchuan Qiu C
    Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China Song Liang,a Changhong Yang,b Bo Zhong,c & Dongchuan Qiu c Abstract Despite great strides in schistosomiasis control over the past several decades in Sichuan Province, China the disease has re-emerged in areas where it was previously controlled. We reviewed historical records and found that schistosomiasis had re- emerged in eight counties by the end of 2004 — seven of 21 counties with transmission control and one of 25 with transmission interruption as reported in 2001 were confirmed to have local disease transmission. The average “return time” (from control to re-emergence) was about eight years. The onset of re-emergence was commonly signalled by the occurrence of acute infections. Our survey results suggest that environmental and sociopolitical factors play an important role in re-emergence. The main challenge would be to consolidate and maintain effective control in the longer term until “real” eradication is achieved. This would be possible only by the formulation of a sustainable surveillance and control system. Keywords Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/prevention and control; China (source: MeSH, NLM). Mots clés Schistosomiase/épidémiologie/prévention et contrôle; Chine (source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Esquistosomiasis/epidemiología/prevención y control; China (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). Arabic Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006;84:139-144. Voir page 143 le résumé en français. En la página 144 figura un resumen en español. Introduction administrative
    [Show full text]
  • Origin and Expansion of the Yunnan Shoot Borer, Tomicus Yunnanensis
    Origin and Expansion of the Yunnan Shoot Borer, Tomicus yunnanensis (Coleoptera: Scolytinae): A Mixture of Historical Natural Expansion and Contemporary Human-Mediated Relocation Jun Lu¨ 1,2., Shao-ji Hu1,2., Xue-yu Ma1,3, Jin-min Chen4, Qing-qing Li5, Hui Ye1,2* 1 Laboratory of Biological Invasion and Ecosecurity, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China, 2 Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco- security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China, 3 School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Yunnan University of Nationalities, Kunming, 650031, China, 4 Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China, 5 Life Science College, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650092, China Abstract The Yunnan shoot borer, Tomicus yunnanensis, is a recently-discovered, aggressive pest of the Yunnan pine stands in southwestern China. Despite many bionomics studies and massive controlling efforts, research on its population genetics is extremely limited. The present study, aimed at investigating the origin and dispersal of this important forestry pest, analyzed the population genetic structure and demographic history using a mitochondrial cox1 gene fragment. Our results showed that T. yunnanensis most likely originated from the Central-Yunnan Altiplano, and the divergence time analysis placed the origin approximately 0.72 million-years ago. Host separation and specialization might have caused the speciation of T. yunnanensis. Genetic structure analyses identified two population groups, with six populations near the origin area forming one group and the remaining six populations from western and eastern Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan comprising the other. Divergence time analysis placed the split of the two groups at approximately 0.60 million-years ago, and haplotype phylogenetic tree, network, as well as migration rate suggested that populations of the latter group were established via a small number of individuals from the former one.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Due Diligence Report People's Republic of China: Mountain Railway Safety Enhancement Project
    Environmental Due Diligence Report March 2017 People’s Republic of China: Mountain Railway Safety Enhancement Project Prepared by the China Railway Corporation for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 4 January 2017) Currency unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1439 $1.00 = CNY6.9516 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CRC – China Railway Corporation CKRC – Chengdu-Kunming Railway Corporation CKRL – Chengdu-Kunming railway line CREEC – China Railway Eryuan Engineering Company EIA – environmental impact assessment EIR – environmental impact report EPL – Environmental Protection Law NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission PRC – People’s Republic of China WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer NOTE In the report, “$” refers to US dollars. This environmental due diligence report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4 A. The Project ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Analysis of Precipitation Runoff Features in the Jinsha River Basin
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering ProcediaProcedia Engineering Engineering 00 (2011 28) 000(2012)–000 688 – 695 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 2012 International Conference on Modern Hydraulic Engineering Preliminary Analysis of Precipitation Runoff Features in the Jinsha River Basin SONG Meng-Bo, LI Tai-Xing, CHEN Ji-qin, a* Changjiang Engineering Vocational College, Wuhan,430212, China Abstract The present paper analyzed the precipitation features of the Jinsha River by studying the data collected from 1964 to 1990 in the 14 precipitation stations of the upper and lower reaches. The result showed that the precipitation distribution in the area was rather uneven, with the main intra-annual distribution happening from June to September in small variation. Then, the annual runoff data collected in the four control stations of the main tributary were used for feature analysis. The result showed that the intra-annual runoff distribution in the area is not uneven, with obvious wet and dry periods and light inter-annual variation. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Society for Resources, Environment© 2011 Published and Engineering by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Jinshajiang Basin; rainfall runoff; annual distribution; specificity analysis 1. Introduction The Jinsha River Basin is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and North Yunnan Plateau. In ancient times the River was called the Sheng River and Li River while Tibetans called it the Bulei River or Buliechu River [1]. The part above the Yalong River Estuary was further named the Yan River while the part below the Lu River. Jinsha River has obtained its current name since the Yuan Dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • CHINA Sichuanpower TRANSMISSION PROJECT
    ;'lAssessment/AnRaly$sis cAS epolbs SW Public Disclosure Authorized 'ttit ,., w' i '' .... ,j ~~~~~~~ReportE0090 t¢if4 ,';' i ,., ..' : ., ,,,,,,* ,,,, ,(,,,1 , . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Public Disclosure Authorized :XrX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, Public Disclosure Authorized j$^/+t,,'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii . ' 0 @ t ; i,~~~~~~~~... ... ..7 Public Disclosure Authorized THE ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSM:ENTREPORT FOR CHINA SIcHuANPOWER TRANSMISSION PROJECT (Final Report) Document for The World Bank Appraisal BA-OOS-B Sichuan Electric Power Company Chengdu, China Sep., 1994 -. U * t *ilA*E~~~~~~~~~~~-a- $ {..*S;~~~~~~~~ 1-p * i,$-"a . @~~~~~~~ OR t1 1 Cs 1. _ 'fl, Ctv'W$; FIrfrmr:r_ M>,siN rnF.1 -S AoA . E. sH % h a h t O d .. F>,¢^sakt*.{ ,_ ;rcM t a I'-Alssi~~~~~c k{wt >4 I4i' RIUrua iWr 'HIP,) 1; - ;oup Bi ! .~1t>'Ix Y :%' v..P4^t Mt + vct... FRI ' ta }XE'B1tbyeXaReRSSWiBCv ° 4A,L W'40 Ww' s '-W Xi+ffiX e WWX a W7f y A-Vf *z-f 7gag jV7Y gg 7;Urtwg 'A .w- ta±.4 t. 'tk E kf V 4 - JW > 4-V ' Ir -Dalb' rt W 'SS#Rg'X'wt-~W 'FXt °X V >w--,Ir -ff4' Mt iWRt 3 k;W so.I tV WsCf't1'%4W 4flY M4flY 'q'f l4 * WS w + w ~ g ~ *N e v4 W ' - i~ Y rt I j u )-~Iae -rt-fl.. 49R Al ES'' 4 -i> \$; E S 9 g NK§414 N-1k',) fia > 'MBis Xw'Il fl9 _ od h9iX$7:Y C ,tg,§ t . b ,' . a r -i I 'ME' -h' 1 x, * 6'' .:i ffi .1 a- Ž-- rt o 4Wt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~46- ={1 40s;-.
    [Show full text]
  • From Sichuan Province, China
    Figures 1–9 Triplophysa yajiangensis sp. nov. 1–3, 5: Holotype, Yajiang201009005, 106.0 mm SL, male (1: Lateral view, life coloration; 2: Dorsal view; 3: Ventral view; 5: Ventral view of head); 4: Paratype, Ganzi201407001, 107.0 mm SL, female, lateral view, life coloration; 6: Paratype, Ganzi201407006, 101.0 mm SL, male, head; 7–8: Paratype, Ganzi201407009, 96.5 mm SL, female, intestines (7: Ventral view; 8: Dorsal view); 9: Paratype, Ganzi201407011, 105.5 mm SL, male, air bladder. a.s.l), Shiqu County, Ganzi Prefecture; collected by Yan-Shu Color pattern in life: Color of the back fawn; lateral side GUO, Si-Li YAN and Ming-Hao LUO, July 21, 2014. grey green or light fawn; abdomen milky white. Eight dark Diagnosis: Body surface smooth and scaleless; lateral line brown transverse spots on back and five to eight black spots on complete; caudal peduncle compressed and tapered slightly; the side of the body postmedianly. Some individuals have no lower jaw shovel-shaped; head shorter than caudal peduncle; dark brown transverse spots on the back or black spots on the dorsal-fin origin anterior to pelvic-fin origin and closer to the tip lateral side. All fins light fawn. Two to three rows of small dark of the snout than to the caudal-fin base, last unbranched ray spot on the dorsal fin, three to four rows of small dark spots on hard; pelvic-fin reaches or exceeds anus; posterior chamber of the caudal fin, a few small dark spots on the pelvic fin. gas bladder absent; intestine of spiral type with three to five Color pattern of preserved specimens: Preserved winding coils.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Olive Development in China
    American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (3): 414-419, 2009 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2009 Study on Olive Development in China Xiao Qianwen, Zhang Li, Zhou Lanying, Wu Kaizhi College of Forestry and Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014, China Abstract: This paper analyzes from three parts: 1. the whole situation of olive distribution in China; 2. olive development in Sichuan; 3. the conditions for olive growing in Anning River Valley region. (Sichuan is a province in southwest of china. Anning River region is in southwest of Sichuan, Xichang is its center.). Last, discuss the affect of summer rainfall climate on growing development of olive tree. Key words: Olive tree Growing China Climate INTRODUCTION The Whole Situation of Olive Distribution in China: Olive adapt the Mediterranean climate, in winter, the Generally speaking, China has a contrary climate with water and low temperature can satisfy its flower Mediterranean region. In China, rain and heat happen in differentiation; in summer, the sunlight is rich; and the soil summer at the same time caused by the continental is alkalescency and rich in calcium. In most parts of China, monsoon climate, while in Mediterranean region, summer especially the south, temperature is very high and comes is very drought and winter is wet with lots of rainfall. a lot of rain in summer, sunlight is short, soil is harden, Some scholars think China is not suitable for development winter is drought bad for the bud formation. However we of olive. Some of them said China is a forbidden area for have a vast territory and the climate is complicate, some olive.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes of Soil Erosion in Anning River Basin
    E3S Web of Conferences 118, 04011 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911804011 ICAEER 2019 Analysis of spatial and temporal changes of soil erosion in Anning river basin Yao Kun1*, Chen Jian-Bin1, Yang Yong-Sheng2, Zhang Yong3, Liao Cheng-Hao1 1 School of resources and Environment, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan 615000; 2 State Grid Liangshan Power Supply Company, Xichang, Sichuan 615000; 3 Liangshan Four Brothers Agricultural Development Limited company, Xichang, Sichuan 615000 Abstract: Anning River basin as an important soil erosion monitoring and reserve in Sichuan Province. It is of great significance to grasp the temporal and spatial changes of soil erosion in this area in time to realize the comprehensive treatment of regional soil erosion. Based on the revision of the general soil erosion equation (RUSLE), the present situation of soil erosion erosion in 1995-2015 years in this area was monitored, and the classification was completed according to the national grading criteria, and the following results were mainly achieved:⑴ Soil erosion in Anning river basin as a whole presents a low gradient change in the eastern High West.⑵ The proportion of raster in soil erosion area of each grade also showed different structural differences, which showed that the degree of micro > Mild > Moderate > Strong > Extremely > severe, and the proportion of raster in mild and below intensity erosion area reached more than 80%, and the whole basin was at mildly below erosion level.⑶One-dimensional linear regression analysis shows, within 20 years, about 90% of the raster cell slope in this area is negative, the overall change trend of soil erosion in this area shows a significant improvement Soil erosion is one of the natural disasters that affect social in Taihang mountain area.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    E-275 VOL. 2 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SUMMARY OF SOCIAL ASSESSMENT FOR ANNING VALLEY AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPAIENT PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized AnningValley AgriculturalDevelopment Project Summaryof Social Assessment I. RelevantBackgroundl GeographicalLocation 1. The Anning Valley project is situatedin the Anning River Valley in SouthwestChina. The projectarea cuts across LiangshanYi AutonomousPrefecture and PanzhihuaMunicipality and involvesa total of fifteen county-leveladministrative units: XichangCity and Mianning, Xide,Dechang, Puge, Huili, Huidong,Ningnan, Zhaojue and Butuo Countiesin Liangshan and Miyi County,Yanbian County,and East, West, and Renhe Districts in Panzhihua. The project area covers is leaf-shaped, extending from 260 to 290 N. latilude and from 1010to 1030 E. longitude. Administrative History of the Project Region 2. The project area has historically been an important communications corridor between Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, as well as an area traversed by the "Silk Road of the South", and has thus been an area that was considered important by Chinese imperial dynasties throughout history. Ever since the Han Dynasty (200 B.C.-200 A.D.), dynasties have established governmental and military outposts here. During the Republican Period (1911-1950), the area was divided between Xikang and Yunnan provinces. Communist Party forces occupied the area in 1950. 3. On October 10, 1952, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region was established, with its capital at
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalization of Duoxu: a First-Hand Account Katia Chirkova
    Revitalization of Duoxu: A first-hand account Katia Chirkova To cite this version: Katia Chirkova. Revitalization of Duoxu: A first-hand account . Leanne Hinton, Leena Huss, Gerald Roche. The Routledge Handbook of Language Revitalization, Routledge, 2018, 9781138674493. hal- 01684082 HAL Id: hal-01684082 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01684082 Submitted on 19 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVITALIZATION OF DUOXU: A FIRST-HAND ACCOUNT Katia Chirkova (CNRS-CRLAO) How can we revitalize a language that is unwritten and nearly extinct, a language that has no documentation record and is not officially recognized, and hence lacks any kind of institutionalized support? The chances of successfully revitalizing such a language are slim. One language that meets this dire description is Duoxu, the subject matter of this chapter. Under normal circumstances, revitalization of Duoxu would have little chance to take root. Yet, in spite of weighty objections, revitalization may be possible in the Duoxu case, albeit to a limited degree. Currently, revitalization of Duoxu is in the early stages of implementation. The encouraging lessons of Duoxu are that revitalization always remains a possibility, even under the most unfavorable conditions, and that efforts of individual community members dedicated to the cause can and do make an important difference.
    [Show full text]