* EI1I1 The People's Republic of Public Disclosure Authorized Ertan HydroelectricDevelopment Corporation

Ertan HydroelectricProject

Environmental Assessment and

Public Disclosure Authorized Resettlement

(FINAL REPORT ) Public Disclosure Authorized

December. 1994

:---a E. .ee.-.Corvomany Intera. tional. L.? C..:^ag ;; lUSA C ne.. -, H.a.o_ie;,- r.resr.gar.on and DescignInsait. .- . . PM(C. Siehuan Pra incial ResettlementAgencN. Chenac1tt. ,.nmuan. PRC ErtaniHvdroelectric DevelopmentCorporadlnil. II'ihiI hua. Sichuan. PRC

Public Disclosure Authorized Chengdu. Sichuan. PR China

'- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~ List of Preparers:

Hasa Engineering Company International, LP.:

Mr. John R. Bizer, PhD, Senior Biologist Mr. AnthonyWhitten, PhD, Senior Biologist

Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute:

Mr. Shi Shuzi Deputy Hed, Planning Department, Sr. Economist Mr. Liu Zheniai Engineer in Charge, Meteorologist Mr. Y Weiqi Head, EnvironmentalSection, Ecologist Mr. Cao Jiang - Head,SedimentSection, SedimentSpecalt Mr. Chen Guochun Deputy Head, HydrologicalSection, Hydro. Specialist Mr. Bai Chunfeng Senior Economist Mr. Rao Zhongli ResentementSpecialist Ms. Zeping EnvironmentalEngineerng Specialist Ms. Wang Xueqin EnvironmentalSpecialist Ms. Rang Hong Envimnmental-hydraulicSpecialist Mr. Liang Ruijing Interpreter

Sichuan Provincial ResettlementAgency:

Mr. Chen Zongyi Head, No.3 Deparment, Senior Engineer Ms. Li Hongmei Engineer, Chemist

Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporation

Mr. Wang Keming Deputy Chief Engineer Mr. Cui Zijun Head, AdminitrationDepartment, Sr. Engineer Mr. Chen Xiumei Senior Engineer Mr. Su Zhou Senior Engineer Mr. Li Renlun Head, Planning Department,Sr. Engineer LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Basic Structure of CommonEnergy Resources in Sichuan Province (1992) 1.4

Table 1.2: Comparisonof Capital Invesment and Annual Opeating Costs of a 2860 MW Thernal Plant with the 3,300 MW Ertan Project 1.5

Table .13: Esimated pollutants generated from buniungof 9.04 million Tons of coal annually at a thewral generatingproject 1.6

Table 1.4 Sistical Comparisonof Ertan Hydroelectric Projects with Comparable Projects Throughout the World 1.8

Table 4.1: Summary of MeteorologicalData Charactrzing the Climate of the Catchment. 4.6 Table 4.2: Average and Extreme DischargesMeasured at Yanbian Station on Ganyu River 4.17

Table 4.3: Industrial Water Consumptionand Discharge Rates and Major Pollutantsin Area of Ertan Reservoir 4.22 Table 4.4: Water quality characteristicsof the Yalong River at the Xiaodeshi Gaging Station (1973-1979, 1981) 4.26

Table 4.5: Monthly AverageWater Quality Values at Xiaodeshi Gauging Station in 1989 and 1990 4.29

Table 4.6: Longitudinalprofile of water quality parameters in Yalong River from Gabiao to Tongzilin 4.31

Table 4.7: Summary of water quality data from Upstream and downstream from Yalong confluence 4.34

Table 4.8: Restricted-rangebirds of the broad-leaved 'South Chinese Forests' 4.53

Table 4.9: Survey of Land Uses in Yalong River Basin in Ertan Reservoir Area 4.61

Table 4.10: Trends in Forest Cover, 1960-1980 4.61

Table 4.11: IndustieesLocated in the Ertan Reservoir Area 4.65

Table 4.112: SocioeconomicConditions in 1985 for the Five Counties Affected by the Reservoir 4.68 Table 5.1: Hourly Discharge from Eran Power Stationduring Peaking Operation in Normal, Wet and Dry Years. 5.10

Table 5.2: Schedule of Generationby Hour for Ertan Peaking Opeation. 5.11

Table 5.3: Averge Scour Depth in Yalong River downstreamfrom Ertan 5.19 ,'

Table 5.4: Summaryof submersionlosses in Ertan Reservoir Area. 5.55

Table 5.5: Enumerationof the utilizabe area of the driwdown zone for developmentin the Ganyu Arm of the Ertan Reservoir. 5.58

Table 5.6: Inventory of Vegetadon, Structur and Sanitary Faciliies to be Removed as Part of Reservoir Clearance. 5.67

Table 7.1: Preliminary List of Equipment for Monitoring Program 7.10

Table 7.2: Itemized Costs for EnvironmentalMitigation Programs 7.16

Table 7.3: Itemized Costs for EnvironmentalMonitoring Programs 7.18

Table 7.4: EnvironmentalCosts and Their Year-by-YearAllocation Schedule 7.19

;- Eran Hydrectric Project Envirnmental Assesment and Resettlement (FNAL REPORT) TABLE OF CONTENTS-

EECUTVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION- ...... l.1 1.1. HLitoryofthe Project ...... 1.._ 1.2. Justificationof the Project .1.2 1.3. Analysis of Altenative Energy Sources .1.3 1.4. Comparison withOther MajorIntertional Hydrodectric Projects ... 1.7 1.5. HistoryoftheEnvironmentalAssessment .1.8 1.6. Introduction to This Study ...... 1.9

2. PROJECT DESCRLPItON ...... 2.1 2.1. General Project Description ...... 2.1 2.2. Physical Plant ...... 2.4 2.3. Reservoir ...... 2.10 14. ConstructionMethods ...... 2.11 2.5. Project Operation ...... 2.15 2.6. TransmissionLine and Substations ...... 2.16 2.7. Cost Summary ...... 2.16

3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK ...... 3.1 3.1. EnvironmentalProtection ...... 3.1 3.2. Resettlement ...... 3.8

4. BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 4.1 4.1. Physical Geography...... 4.1 4.2. Biogeography...... 4.7 4.3. The Aquatic System...... 4.9 4.4. Terrestrial Vegetation, Wildlife and Biodiversitv ...... 4.41 4.5. Socio-economicEnvironment ...... 4.55

5. ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ...... 5.1 5.1. EnvironmentalBenefits ...... 5.2 5.2. Aquatic Impacts and Mitigation ...... 5.6 5.3. Terrestrial Impacts and Mitigation...... 5..2.., 5.4. Socio-economicImpacts and Mitigation ...... 5.49 5.5. ConstructionImpacts and Mitigation ...... 5.63 5.6. Transmission Line Effects and Mitigation ...... 5.69

6. RESEITLEMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES...... 6.1 6.1. NationalResettlement Policies. 6.1 6.2. Characteristicsof Resett!zemen:Areas ...... 6.1 6.3. SocioeconomicProfile in Areas to Be Inundated .6.4 6.4. ConsultationProcess ...... 6.5 6.5. InstitutionalArrangements ...... 6.7 7. ENMRONMENTALMONITORING AND TRAINING PROGRAM ...... 7.1 7.1. Overview of The Monitoring Program ...... : 7.1 7.2. TriningPgmm andSpc Activities .. 7.12 7.3. Coss.7.14

8. RECOMMENDATIONS

ANNEX 1 Rferences

ANNEX 2 Species List

ANNEX 3 The I pl.meutation of lwfroi a.utal Protection Measures LTSrOF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Relationshipbetween ntal capacity and cost per kW for 49 proects in SichuanProvince.(CHIDI, 1994). 1.7

Figure 2.1: Lotion of Ertan Hydeect Prqject on Yalong River in SouthwesternSichuan. 2.2

Figure 2.2: Comprehve DevelopmentPlan for Lower Yalong River Involving 11 Hydreectric Prciects. 2.3

Figure 2.3: Layout of Ertan H ic Project Facilities. 2.5

Figure 2.4: Elevation-andLongitudinal Section thrugh Depicting Dam, Spillways and Plunge Pool. 2.6

Figure 2.5: Section Through UndergroundPower Station for Ertan Project * DepictingIntake, Penstock, Underground Chambers, and Tailrace Tunnels. 2.9

Figure 4.1: The Chang Jiang ()River and its tributaries, including the Yalong River Cmbold) and the locations of the Erti and Gezhouba hydroelectricprojects. 4.2

Figure 4.2: Yalong River watershed within Sichuan Province: Drainage area of Ertan Hydroelectric Project. 4.3

Figure 4.3: Relief map of Yalong River Basin in SouthwestSichuan Province, China. 4.4

Figure 4.4: Locationsof Known GeologicFaults in the Vicinity of Ertan Project and Locations of SeismicMonitoring Stations. 4.8

Figure 4.5: Biounitsof western Sichuan. 4.10

Figure 4.6: Locationsof Hydrologic. Watcr Quality and Mecteorological Monitoring Stations in the Yalong River Basin. 4.1l

Figure 4.7: Average Monthly Discharge at Wali, Luning and Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Gauging Stations on Yalong River. 4. I^

Figure 4.8: Flow Regime RepresentingHigh Flow Year in Yalong River (Measuredat Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4.13

Figure 4.9: Flow Reginie Representinga Normal Year in Yalong River (Measuredat Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4.14 Figure 4.10: Flow Reime Representira Low Flow Conditionsin Yalong River (Measuredat Xiaodeshi GagingStation). 4.15

Figure 4.11: Average monthly flow in Ganyi River (Yanbian Gauging Station, 1976-1993). - 4.16

Figure 4.12: Relative average monthly dischargeof Yalongand JIrsha River downstreamfrom confluence. 4.18

Figure 4.13: Monthly aveage wa temperate of Yalong River at Xiaodeshi. Gaging Station (1959 - 1992) 4.24

Figure 4.14: Monthly water temperatureregime of Ganyu River at Yanbian Gaging Station (1978 . 1982) 4.25

Figure 4.15: Distributionsof Three Fish SpeciesFound irnProject Area Representingthe Three Major Distribution/EcologicalTypes: Type A = plains; Type B = Mid-Elevaion;and Type C = High - Elevation. 4.37

Figure 4.16: Photograph of Fish Species Observedin Fishermen's Catch at Mouth of Puwei River on May 28, 1994. 4.39

Figure 4.17: Forestry map (1978) of the lower Yaldngwatershed and surroundings. 4.42

Fi-ure 4.18: Distributionof mature forests in the lower Yalong basin in 1985. 4.43

Figure 4.19: Open, savannah-typevegetation characteristicof the steep slopes of the valley walls within the Ertan Reservoirarea. 4.44

Fivure -. '0 Schematic representationof altitudinalzones of vegetation in the Yalong Vallev. 4.45

Fiiurv :.': Current. Known Distributionof Giant Pandas in Western Sichuan (narrow lines; and Locationsof Nature Reserves (bold-gazetted. hatched-propus.d) (SichuanForstry Department, 1985). 4.50

11-ure. .' Locationsof Reserves in the SouthwestMountains Biounit in Sichuan PTnvince: B12-a- gazetted; white - proposed 4.54

Figure 4.23: Locations of Timber Harvest Areas and Forest ManagementBureaus in Yalong Rlver Basin. 4.58

Figure 4.24: Log Handling F=Iii._s in Y'aong River at Xiaokesh.1 1! km Downstream Fru::, Eix. 4.59

Figuzv 4.25: Adrministrati;e;Thts ir l'L E-rmnReservoir Area. 4.67 '0 ' 2 ' '; ~. '', '.0 . .s.''',' '--; ', -'t-

* Figure 4.26: Yi Woman Herding Goats. 4.70

Figure 4.27: Distributionof SchistosomiasisDisease Vectors in YanbiarsCounty (PanzhihuaHealth Bureau, 1993). 4.74

Figure 5.1: RepresentativeWater Levels in the Ertan Reservoir through Five Yea=sof Opwation (Based on the 1961-1965Flow Regimes). 5.8

- Figur 5.2: Effet of Daily Flow Fluctuation at Six LocationsDownstream froip Ertan Dwa. - 5.12

Figure 5.3: LongitudinalProfile of SedimentAccumulation in Ertan Reservoir 5.15

Figure 5.4: LongitudinalProfile of Sediment Accumulationin Ganyu Arm of Ertan Reservoir 5.16

Figure 5.5: Locationsof proposed fish harvest facilities on Ertan Reservoir and Ganyu Arm. 5.39

Figure 5.6: Schematic diagram of trammel and trap net deploymentfor fish harvest. 5.40

Figure 5.7: Distributionof Drawdown Areas for Developmentin the Ganyu * Arm. 5.57

Figure 6.1: The Hongge Resettlement Area. 6.3

Figure 7.1: Administrativeframework for Ertan EnvironmentalMonitorin, Programn 7.13 Chapter 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. History of the Project

The hydropowerpotential of the lower Yalong River was recognizedin the early 1950s, but detailed geologicalinvestigations did not begin until 1973. In 1980, a wide range of studies was initiatedby SichuanProvincial authorities to assess the feasibilityof a hydroelectricdam at Ertan, near the mouthof the Yalong, and in early 1984 a feasibilityreport was submitted to the State Planning Commission. One response to the report was that it was necessary to undertakedetailed planning for the resettlernentof people whose homes and lands were to be inundated.

The World Bank was approachedby the Chinese governmentin 1987 with a view to solicit a loan for the project. and in May 1988, a Pre-AppraisalMission was conducted by Bank- staff. This mission provided to the Govemment of China guidelinesand suggestionsfor further studies necessary for satisfactory appraisal. The Bank Appraisal Mission was conductedin December 1988. and their report was completed in March 1990. The report was approved by the Governmentof China in April. In July 1991. the Executive Board of the World Bank approved a first-phase loan of S380 million, and two months later the constructioncontractors began moving to the site to initiate constructionactivities. In Julv 1993. the World Bank and the Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporatlon (EHDC) opened discussions on the second-phase loan of S500 million. The World Bank Pre-Appraisal Mission for the second-phase loan was conducted in April 1994, and the Appraisal Mission is scheduled for October 1994.

tAcFA 1.1 In November 1993, the Yalong River was successfully diverted into the two diversion tunnels. The first electricity is expected to be generated in mid-1997, and the project completed in mid-1999.

1.2. Justification of the Project

Sichuan Provir.-e is very rich in hydro power resources and relatively poor in other energy resources, but is severely lacking in geneadng capacity. In 1985, the total installed generatingcapaity in Sichuanwas 2,880 MW (includingboth coal-fired thermal stationsand hydropower stations)providing a firm capacity of 1,500 - 1,600 MW. Demand for energy was estimated at approximately2,000 MW during the dry season each year. Provincial planning for additional industry in Sichuan revealed that by 1995, a maximum system demand of 6,500 MW and by the year 2000, the systemdemand is expected to reach 11,000 MW. To meet these demands, an installed generating capacity of 9,500 MW would be needed by 1995, and 14,000 MW would be needed by the year 2000.

In a report prepared by the Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute (CHIDI) in 1994, these estimates were updated by the CHIDI. According to the report, the demand for electricitv reached 6,900 MW (42,070 CWh) in 1992 and Sichuan Province experiencedan energy shortage of approximately7,000 GWh. Since 1985. the total installed generating capacity in Sichuan increasedto 9,545 MW of which 4.089 MW is derived from hydropower projects and 5.476 is derived from thermal (coal-fired)plants. Total vield from the hydroelectricprojects was 21,940 GWh while thermal plants produces only '0.5 13 G.'h for a total energy production of 41.940 GWh in 1992. Between 1992-and the year '020. the demand for power is expected to increase nearly 10-foldfrom 6.900 MW to 6_.000 MIW with an estimated generating requirement of over 340,000 GWh. Confronted with these projections, the need to develop additionalsources of electric energy is critical to continued economic growth in the Province of Sichuan.

During preliminary studies leading to the selection of the Ertan Dam, the total energy potentialof the Yalong River was estimatedat over 20,000 MW. Developmentof potential

112 1.2 generating capaity in the Yalong Basin, therefore, became a prime altenative for meeting the growng demand for power in SichuanProvince. Preliminarystudies of the development of hydropower resources in the Yalong Basin were conductedby CHIDI. Results of these studies indicaed thatXte hydropower resources of the Yalong River could be developedin two phases. The fis phase will consist of the constructionof 11 projects in the lower Yalong River. The second phase will complete the development of the hydroelectric resourcesin the basinand will indude an additional 10 projects upstream from the first phase . Based on the results of this study, the Ertan Hydroeectric Project was selectedas the first of the 11 phase one projects to be constructed. The Ertan Pmject is designed to contribute 3,300 MW of installed generating capacity, and more than 1,000 MW of firm capacity, to the Sichuan electric distributionsystem.

In addition to the direct contribution of over 1,000 MW of firm capacity to the Sichuan Power System, the regulation of the river resultingfrom the Ertan Project will increasethe system-widefinn capacity by 142 MW at the GezhoubaHydroelectric Project and by 230 MW at the (planned)Three Gorges Project on the YangatzeRiver in western Hubei Province and eastern Sichuan Province, respectively. This increase in firm capacity is derived primarily from the increase flow during the dry monthsattributable to the limited storage capacity in tile Ertan Reservoir.

1.3. Analvsis of Alternative Energy Sources

The provincialgovernment decision to pursue hydroelectricdevelopment in SichuanProvince was based on a comprehensiveanalysis of availableenergy resourceswithin the province and an economicanalvsis to find the most efficientsource of energy to meet the growing demand for power as Sichuandevelops into the modern world. These analyses focusedon available energy resources in Sichuan Province: water, coal, gas, and oil. Additionally,the economic benefits of constructingfewer large scale projects vs

many small projects was evaluated. Results of these analyses are presented in a report prepared by CHDI ir. 1994 and are briefly summarizedbelow.

SL1_2 ERA A CHIi 1.3 Table 1.1: Basic Structureof Common Energy Resources in Sichuan Province (1992)

Exploimable Processed Coal Percent of Fner3y Sn,irt". Rpervec Fptivalent TWA1 (Mt) Water Power 515,291x100(year) 22364 75.6 GWh Coal 9,591 Mt 6848 23.3 Gas 181,787-Mm3 224 0.8 oil Negligible - - Total 29436 100

As shownin Table 1. 1, potentialwater power developmentscomprise over 75 percent of the availableenergy reservesin SichuanProvince with availablecoal reserves accountingfor less than 25 percent of the exploitable energy resources. In direct comparison, continued developmentof coal resourcesto generate electricity would ultimately lead a requirement for importingcoal from outside the province. As a matter of Provincial policy, available natural gas reserves are targeted for industrial and domestic use (displacingurban coal use) rather than for the generationof electric power. Therefore, from this perspectivealone, the decision to pursue development of hydropower resources to meet the growing energy shortage in SichuanProvince appears to be a highly desirable alternative.

From an economicstandpoint. development of hvdropowerresources appears to be the most viable alternative for Sichuan Province. This economic factor is illustrated bv direct comparisonof the estimated costs for the 3,300 MW Ertan Project with those for a 2860 MW coal-fired thermal project. each project providing a firm generating capacity of apprcxinately 1.000 %IW. The capital and operatingcosts for these two energy sources are summarizedin Table 1.2. All costs estimated are based on the value of the Chinese yuan in 1991 (5.45 RMB M = Sl.00 US). Clearly the initial capital investment required to construct either of these two projects favors a coal fired generating facility. However, this advantage decreases markedly once the projects begin generating. A quick calculation indicates that the economic difference between a coal-fired plant and the Ertan Project

31 12 1.4 FrTAN EA CHI14 disappearswithin 5 years of operation. The differencebetween the capital costs is 3,350 x 106 fi whereas costs for .5veyears of hydro operationare 3,685 x 106 V.

Over 20 years of operation (the approximate expected life of a coal-fired project) the total costs (capital and operating expenses in 1991 RMB V) clearly favors the hydroelectric project with an estimated cost savings of over 18 billion RMB ' (this differencedoes not account for financingor escalation costs).

Table 1.2: Comparisonof Capital InVestmentand AnnualOperating Costs of a 2860 MW ThermalPlant with the 3,300 MW ErtanProject CoalPlant ErtanHydro Component (Million !) (MillionM) Investment(Capital) ConstructionCost 7.150 10.500 (includingenvironmental cost) Operating Costs (Annual) Maintenance/Repair 257 420

Fuel 1.176 -- Transmission 214 315

Total Annual Costs 1.647 735

From an overall environmentalperspective, the selectionof hydropowergeneration over coal-. fired thermal generation becomeseven more obvious. Water is a renewableresource is in abundant supply. Coal. on the other hand, is a finite, non-renewableresource. From a purely physical-presenceperspective, hydropower clearly requires commitmentof relatively large tracts of land resources. However. once a hydropower project is constructed. the impoundmentcan be exploited to provide additionalbenefits to the project (in the form of fisheries, transportation, recreation, and water supply). Establishment of effective environmentalsafeguards and implementation of appropriateresource managementtechniques (in compliancewith national regulationsand policies)can prowideconsiderable opporturity to preserve and restore natural and cultural resources within a buffer zone around the impoundment. In contrast, while a coal-fired plant will occupy a smaller land area for the physical plant, additional land resources must be committedto mines, mining wastes.

r411r _I aTAN LA Ch * i.5 transport, and ash disposal. In addition, burning of coal contributes significandy to air pollutionin the form of particulates,carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen compoundsand benzo [a] pyrene. Annual producdon of these byproductsof coal are summarizedin Table 1.3. Efforts to control disperal of ftese pollutants into the environment is costly and not necessarilyeffective.

Constructionof a single large project, such as Ertan, also provides an economy of scale relative to the constructionof a number of smaller projects. The relationship between the capital investmentand size of a hydroelctric project is depicted in Figure 1.1. Data used for this figure are derived from design and feasibilitystudies of 49 hydroelectricprojects at various stages of development in SichuanProvince.

Table 1.3: Estimated pollutants generated from burning of 9.04 million Tons of coal annually at a thermal generang project Annual Production PoDlutants (Tons) Residue and Ash 1.416 X 106 Dust and Suspended Particulates 0.105 X 106 Carbon Monoxide 1,421.2 Carbon Dioxide 25.4 X 106 Sulfurcompounds D.214 X 106 Nitrogen Compounds 0.08 X 106 Benzo [a] Pyrene 2,289 kIg

1.4. Comparison with Other Major International Hydroelectric Projects

"112 EWMFA CHI 1.6 7000

eee. A

A~~~~ _v A

2600

100

0 1.00 2000 3000 4000 5000 XInatalL.d Capacity CM4)

Figure 1.1: Relationshipbetween installed capacityand cost per kW for 49 projects in Sichuan Province.(CHIDI, 1994)

At a maximumgenerating capacity of 3,300 MW, the Ertan Hydr--Ietric Project ranks as one of the major hydroelectricprojects in the world in terms of instaled generatingcapacity. In comparisonwith other world-class hydroelectricproject, Ertan is at the top in relation to the least area inundatedper MW and fewest number of human displacements(oustees) per MW. A summary of available information for other projects throughout the world is presented in Table 1.4.

"d1121. ERTA FA CHI 1,7 Table14 StatisticalComparison of ErtanHydrelectric Project with ComparableProjects Throughoutthe World.

.Nameof dma O lnE KW Q) bhul e KIClmatINe KWlh NOW Three Gorses Chum 1.000.00 13.000 110,0 0.1 13 .118 planmng haipu Brazil 12.600 13S.000 93 Pay Tucumi Brzil 30.000 7,600 243.000 1.1 233 31 1933 BabBqu razil 6,600 _ 600,000 I - Gun Veneuel 6.000 32S.000 1l Lauia Chin 73n,0 5.400 37.000 0.5 74 148 eanltio law 1990s? ChandinFas C 5,225 5,000 8 Paulo Alibuso I-IV B' 'i1 3.914 1600 2490 ERTAN .Y cum 35,010 3300 10.100 0.3 94 326 cmpltio late 1990 Jinping Sge l-Y China 5769 3,000 9.500 1.6 .520 315 plamwed Aswan High Egpt 120.000 2.100 400.000 3.3 17 5 completed 1970 Xiaolanedi Chins 171.000 1.300 27.200 0.2 la 66 compltion mid 1990s Jiqping Stage 2-Y China 0 3.200 160 am c 0.000 planed Gundoi-Y China I80 1.600 8.189 planned Kauiba Zamnbia 57.000 1.500 510.000 8.9 26 3 1959 Zimbabwe AkosombolVoka Ghana 80.000 333 S41t'00 10.6 10 0.9 completed 1965 Piluemhe Chile 500 400 12SO Toneilin-Y China 41 440 6 0.15 10.731 n.3ao completionlate 1990s Anmu Nepa 401 43 9325 Kibansi Tananis 153 30 5100 OwenFalls Uganda 0 150 1* em c a apchirs Maawi 125 200 625 Sobradinho zazlI 55.000 1050 421.400 7.7 19 2 completed 1981 ShuskouI & U Chim 67.000 1500 22 completed 1990 Yafynesa Praguay/ 50.000 8.000 160.000 3.2 160 50 completion aid 1990s

* The hedwateir for theOwen Fals Pojcct is LAc Victtma.

1.5. History of the EnvironmentalAssessment

Studies to support the environmental impacts assessment (EA) of the Ertan Hvdroelectric Proiect began in 1980 concurrent with other feasibility studies. Most of the investigations and literature searches were conductedbetween 1980 and 1985by the CHIDI. in cooperation with relevant scientific institutes.professional universities and colleges. The draft of the EA met stautory requirements and was submitted to the National Environmental Protection Agencyin August 1985. In March 1986, the report was reviewed by a group of 78 domestic experts, engineers, and environmentaladministrators at the invitation of the Construction Committeeof Sichuan Province. This group agreed with the conclusionsof the EA, and

9%EA0 1.8 recognizedthe huge economic benefitsof the project, the physicalappropriateness of the site, the lack of sepage, the economicpotentials, and the lack of additionalthreats to endangered wildlife. The full text of the EA was translatedinto English for the use during the World Bank Appaisal Mission in May 1988.

1.6. Introduction to this Study - _

The 1989 version of the Ertan EnvironmentalAssessment (EA) was reviewed during the Pre-Appraisalmission of the Worfd-Bank for the second phase loan in April 1994. The World Bank concluded-that, since global standards for such reports had been raised substantiallyduring the previous decade, it was necessary to review the information and revisE the conclusions contained in the 1989 report to comply more closely with present requirements of the World Bank.

In parallel with the preparation of this document and preparation for the World Bank Appraisal Mission in October 1994, an environmentalassessment of the transmission line system to distribute power generated at Ertan was prepared by the Sichuan Electric Power Associationto supporta request for funding from the World Bank to construct the facilities. The TransniissioraLine EA is presented separately (SEPA. 1994). Consequently, the environmentalimpacts associated with the transmissionline are not addressed in the main body of this EA and the reader is referred to the TransmissionLine EA for discussionof the anticipated impact.

The informationcontained in this documentaddresses the environment.potential impacts and mitigation measures associated with the constructionand operation of the Ertan Dam and HydroelectricFacilities. A summaryof the ResettlementAction Plan is also provided within the text of this document. The revised, detailed ResettlementAction Plan is presented as a separate document in support of the applicationfor the secondphase loan from the World Bank.

EnA2 EA CHI 1.9 To accomplish the revision and update of cne Ertn Environmental Assessment, EHDC contracted with Ham EngineeringInternational, LP (USA) for two environmentalspecialiss (Drs John R. Bizer, Harza; and Anthony Whitten, Diversity Matters) to work with EHDC, CHIDI, and Sichuan ProvincialResetlement Agencypersonnel. The draft EA was reviewed by EHDC, CHIDI and was given a preliminary review by the World Bank. Commentsof these groups were incorporated into this final document by Dr. Bizer, who completed the document in September1994.

6112 RTfAN EA CAI 1.10 Chapter 2 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1. GeneralProject Description

Ertan HydroelectricProject is locatedin PanzhihuaMunicipality on the lower reaches of the Yalong River in south-western Sichuan Province (Figure 2.1). It is a comprehensive development with power generation as its primary objective. It is planned to be the penultimatedam in a cascade of eleven dams along the Yalong River (Figure 2.2). These damnscomprise the first stage in the developmentof hydro resources of the Yalong River. Ultimately, ten additional sites in the upper Yalong have also been identified and may be developedas part of a second stage deveopment program. WhenaU of the 21 sites are developed, the total installedcapacity in the Yalong River Basin will be 22,650 MW.

Constructionof Ertan is expected to tak-eten years from the start of construction to the commissioningof the first of six power units in 1998. T'he Ertan project will supply electricity to the Sichuanand power systemsvia a 500 kIVtransmission line system currently under design and construction (see SEPA 1994 for EA and project description). The system will provide energy to load centers in , Chengdu, , Chongquin.and numeroussmaller load centers along the transmissioncorridors. and Xichangwill also be supplied with electricity for the smeltingof vanadiumand titanium.

The Yalong River is a lar=e tributarv of the linsha River, which rises in Yushu Countv of Qinrhai Province. From its origin. the river generallyflows southward as it passes through the western portion of Sichuan to its confluencewith the Jinsha River near Panzhihua City. The Yalong valley is at the eastern extreme of the Himalayan Range. The geology and topographyof this anreais characteristic of very young mountainranges in geological terms .vith geologic folding and movement continuing. The geology of the valley is varied, comprisedof old Permianbasalt, youngerintrusive granites. and young sedimentarymarl and shale. The total length of the Yalong River mainstem is 1500 km, with a total catchment

MAJN E Ca 2.1 YANYUAN- G

' ^ yYA~NBIANs,> gMYI

PA.N'HIHUA | Figure 2. 1: Locationof Ertan Hydroelezri.-Project on Yalong,River in SouthwesternSichuan.

'AiNYE ANCIC Y2.. Figuire2.2: CoiiiprelhensiveDevelopment Plan for Lower Yalong River Involving 11 a " HJydroelectricProjects

0 10 -,9

I z VIF

4~~~~4 ~~~Tongzilin

700 600 500 400 300 -32'00 100 0 DISTANCE(kin) 2 area of 130,000 Icn - somewhatlarger OhanNew York State in the US, slightly smallerthan Nepal, and more than half the area of Great Britain. The catchment area comprises 27.5 percent of the Jinsha catchment. The mean flow at the mouth of the Yalong River is 1800 m3/sec, and the mean runoff is 56.8 x 109 m3. The length of the river above the Ertan damsite is about 1470 km and encompassessome 90 percent of the catchment. The is just over 40 km from Panzhihua City and 18 km upstream from Tongzilin Station on the Chengdu-KunmingRailway line.

2.2. Physical Plant

2.2.1. Dam and Spillway

The dam area is located in a 1 km-longgorge between the Jinlong and Zhongtan Streamson the lower Yalong River (Figure 2.3). The valley is V-shapedwith left and right bank-slopes of 25-40a and 30W450respectively. The Ertan damsite is characterized by a narrow river channel with a high discharge. The bedrock within the dam site is composed of Permian basalt. svenite intruding into basalt. and altered basalt formed bv the intrusion.

The dam will be a double curvature arch dam with a maximum heiaht of 240 m, and a maximum static height of 188 m. The dam will impound a reservoir that will extend approximately 143 km upstream from the dam site, have a surface area of 10.100 ha. and a normal maximumoperating level of 1200 m above mean sea level.

The dam is equipped with four sets of spillway structures to facilitate release or excess dischargeand to enableevacuation of the reservoir underemergency conditions (Figure 2.4- Three of the spillwaysare integral with the dam. The upper spillway, with crest elevation at 1188.5 m. consistsof 7 gates each with a hydrauliccapacity of 900 m3/s. The secondset of spillwraygates, with crest elevation at 1120 m, consists of 6 gates each with a hydraulic capacitv of 1160 m3/s. Both of these spillways will be used during the wet season when inflowto the reservoir is greater than the hydrauliccapacity of the 6 turbine/generatorunits. The two spillwaysare designedto act in coordinationto partially dissipate the energy as the

MAN !A C 2.4 it D VII HVII13

U11jJ:jjo wohrl TZ 8j"111A

p"Ir.-illowp-mowl e T MEmv r WiP bidN- A.94 -- I'd 040 se-0 *I Wid - _. = .. L.'s lowet I I L!,I JEO Jup 1;0,IJP-1 PrA WOO &_- -6 - .4 _A R.N... dow., sr" b I I on floor; I-Ol - kAlls (6). 9_" J_ it I - stivi (7) "we or .0 W"I.) Qo pw_&_ffi of $M AM6 .. 0 -M PiO. ft"NOI allm PI. -V a S" Amupmmw W. ""pi .1 bw-o In (R1 -.0. a-" -Ov "ROMI.- -ft TR 070 N TI IL -mewa "v - 111/ , ) )-";-, 1, y e, - : .. I!" _. N\ pj- .9;--Un As t, p 44% 1- I

A0 1-0 wn v-it I .)S i t z

&JAW wj I M x V 2-c- kk_-, x ji- AZ.- :!!A-p

$ <<

".1i e Nv 4-j aft

411 a I~W

I ~~~~~~~~~~~02

WI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

04

2.

jLaaz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FiurFevtinan 24 Lngiudna Sponthog~EranDm epctn Dm,Splwas n Plunge Pool.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I sar-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t OMAN FA OC 2S' .6 water falls into the plunge pool at the base of the dam. The third set of spillwaygates in the dam consists of 4 gates with crest elevationsat elevation 1080 m.

The fourth spillway consistsof two, low-leveltunnels, each with crest elevationsof 1165 m. The hydraulic capacity of each tunnel is 3400 m31s. The two tunnels may be operated independendyor in coordination with the upper and mid-levelspillways to facilit rapid evacuation of the reservoir in emergency situations. The tunnel spillwayswill discharge to the YalongRiver approximately800 m and 1200 m downstreamfrom the dam, respectively.

Water discharged from the upper and mid-level spillway structures will faUlin to a plunge pool area at the base of the dam. The plunge pool will be foundedon bedrock and lined with concrete. A low dam, approximately300 m downstreamfrom the base of the dam will control the water elevation in the plunge pool. The crest of the plunge pool dam is at 1012 m. With the bottom of the plunge pool area at 980 m elevation, the total water depth maintainedin the plunge pool will be 32 m.

2.2.2. Powerhouse and Switchgear

An undergroundpowerhouse with six turbine/generatorunits will be constructed. Each unit will have a hydraulic capacity of 277 m3/sec and an installed generating capacity of 550 MIW. The total hydraulic capacity will be 1660 m31sand the installed generating capacity will be 3300 MW. The firm generating capacity will be 1000 MW. The six rurbincfgeneratorunits will be conminedin an undergroundcavem measuring 296.24 M X 31.' m X 71 m. Each unit will be served by a 9 m diameter penstock. The centerlineof the intake for the penstockswill be at elevation 1132.5 m. The 6 draft tubes will discharge water into a 94 m X 19.5 m X 70 m surge chamberwhich will-thendirect the water into two tailracetunnels one 16.5 m in diameter and the other 23 m in diameLer. The two tailrace tunnels will return water to the YalongRiver channelapproximately 800 m downstreamfro;n the base of the dam. Figure 2.5 presents a section through the intake, powerhouse and tailrace of the Eran Power Station.

ErrAN EWCW- 2.7 tl; g ,,z,}s1 §sng,eRn~~~~~~--*Yft-@* [ \ lix,;lgoirx.5: Seelinn lheouglbUndertrourdyawer Sudooor Era=Piced Depktins t} ;l tl$Bes 11 ,,,/ ...... X#@Xl,l0\facie,.. 1etnstork. 11n&krgrofnJChambss, sndT&Ieln=wl 7MI.

g 9, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~to@2":ll.1- ...... {D _@1,,

.. Y"wUt v4 /^ "<@t

-. t ftev - ' r Itt -R' xsu^rX"ve s2IOlt"e lta.n D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3t ALN Pt"TC MR $N TALMC T1110 00I |g$wglt§'_* _ jI-WA - 1g- -s* -tX 2 SL._*-i"{ 8 BW

% i;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a m|5 T .%twbo%as#n!g

F"OrLel ALOr¢a PtNSlocXtIU. 5 AND1AILR%CE lUtIlN Ct FO tS UU12llitsla _ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J & - . Sie a The transformersand switching gear for each of the geneator units will be housed in a separate chamber located above the turbinedgeneratorcavern. A shaft from the transformer chamber to the surface will allow transmission of the power to the surface switch yard, located immediatelydownstream from the dam above the left abutment.

2.2.3. Access Tunnels

Access to the undergroundfacilities will be provided by a series of tunnels. The locations of these tunnels are depicted in Figure 2.3.

In addition to the water convevance tunnels and access tunnels, a third tunnel will be excavatedon the left abutmentof the dam. The purpose of this tunnel is to iouse conveyor equipment for transporting harvested timber (mainly plantation timber) from the impoundmentto the tail water area. The log tunnel, with two inlets to take account of the varying water surface height, will be 2450 m long. The tunnel will be used each year beginningin June when the logs start arriving from upstream. The log transfer process will continue for approximatelythree months during which the logs will be transferred from the reservoir to the downstreamreach of the Yalong River.

2.2.4. AccessRoads and Bridges

Prior to project construction,the main road in the Yalong River Valley was located along the left bank of the river. Prior to constructionof the dam and powerhouse,a 10.5 m-wide paved road was constructedfrom the TongzilinRailroad Station to the damsitealong the right bank via a new bridge. This road is being extended to the Ganyu vallev as part of the compensationpaclage to Yanbiancounty. The left bank road is also being improved to 5-6 m-wide and another bridge was built at Santan to accommodatethe flow of traffic associated with project construction and operation. The right bank road was constructed to accommodatethe 20-ton cement trucks and the 35-tondump trucks required for construction and deliverv of proqjectequipment.

EiffmFAOC 2.9 2.2.5. Other Appurtenances

Because of the steepnessof the valley and the consequentshortage of suitable construction staging sites, it has been necessry to adopt advanced site organization features involving highly mechanizedconstruction methods to reduce constructionlabor and time. Facilitiesfor promoting construction activities include on-site concrete batch plants, and machinery assembly sites. Concet for dam constructionwill be transported from the batch plant to the dam site via a cable way constructedacross the Yalong River valley.

2.3. Reservoir

Ertan Reservoir will be a typical river-channelreservoir with a storage capacity of 5.8x109 m3, and an active storage of 3.3ix109 m3 of water. Mountain slopes on both banks of the planned reservoir are steep with peaks rising to 1500 m above the eventual water surface. The width of the reservoir is generally about 400 m in the lower part of the reservoir. In the Ganyu Arm, in , the reservoir will be as much as 1,000 m across in some areas.

When the reservoir is filled to its maximum level of 1,200 m. its total length from the dam to the back-wateron the YalongRiver will be 143 km. and the length from the mouth of the Ganyu to the backwater on the Ganyu River will be 40 km. The maximumreservoir area will be 101 km- (10. 100 ha) (Figure 2. 1).

Thirty-one villages and approximatelv30,000 people will be affected (ResettlementAction Plan. 1994). 92% of whom live in the rural areas. The humanpopulation density in the area of the Yalong River to be inundated is about 80 persons/km". The land use rate in the reservoir area is about 16 percent.

Along the middle reaches of the Ganyu River the land to be inundated comprises wide and gentle terraces, and the human populationaffected by the reservoir is concentratedhere (630 persons/kM2) with cultivaLedland accountingfor 36 ha/km-. Outside this area the human

MNAC 2.10 populationis scattered (80 persons/lan2) with cultivatedland accountingfor just 10 ha/km2. Along the main YalongRiver, scatteredtrees dominatethe landscapeon the left bank, while grassy slopes dominateon the right bank. Both banks have scatteredareas of culdvated land wherever the slopes are more gentle.

2.4. Construdion Methods-

2.4.1. Diversion Works

Year-rounddam constructionis made possible by the constructionof two diversion tunnels, one on each bank, and of non-overflowcofferdams upstream and downstreamof the main dam site. Diversion tunnels 1230-1315m long, 18 m wide and 23-25 m high were excavated into the left and right abutments. During constructionthe diversion tunnels are able to convey the logs floatingdownstream, but only when the water is below 1036 m. Above that level the logs will be stored in the reservoir created by the cofferdam. The river was closed successfullyin November 1993, two weeks ahead of schedule. The diversionworks required the excavationof 1.23 million m3 of rock, and the placementof 0.33 millionm 3 of concrete.

2.4.2. Main Structures

The main structuresare divided into four independentgroups to improve efficiencv:the arch dam. the undergroundpowerhouse, the spillway tunnels. and the mechanicallog pass.

2.4.2.1. Arch Dam

The excavation of the side abutmentswas accomplishedby blasting, drilling, pre-splitting, and using excavators, dump trucks, shotcrete, and support bolts. Over 2.3 million m3 of open rock cut was displaced. The abutment excavationwas completed,as planned, before river closure. Similar methodswill be used to excavate the dam foundations,plunge pool, spillway tunnels foundations,and powerhouseintake.

rAA C 2.11 The concrete for the dam will be mixed in the Jinlong Gully plant above and just upstream of the dan. The concrete will be mixed at the constructionsite in 20-ton trucks. From the batch plant, the concrete will be decanted into 6 m3 buckets suspended from high-speed cableways. The buckets will be emptiedinto one of 47 blocks (the largest of which is 20x49 m) where the concrete will be consolidatedusing flat-boot vibrators. The dam will be 70 m wide at its base. Once constructionof the dam begins, the height of the dam will increase approximately 5 m each month, on avesage. The dam will require 4.7 million m3 of concrete grouting material, fully tested for the physical conditionsof the site, will be used to seal the concrete in the dam.

The concrete batch plant at the mouth of the Santan Gully will supply the concrete for the plunge pool and end sill. The concrete will be hauled to the plunge pool area in 10 ton trucks and distributed to the forms usinghigh gantry cranes.

2.4.2.2. Underground Powerhouse System

The underground powerhouse svstem includes the intake, penstock, powerhouse, main transformer gallery, surge chamber, tail-race tunnel, and out-flow field. The structures require removal of 0.9 million m3 of open cut rock, 1.9 million m3 of unconsolidatedrock. and placement of 0.8 million m3 of concrete. The maximumunderground excavation rate will be 0.5 million m3/lyr. The powerhouse will be built first. followed bv the surge chamber. and then the main transformergallery. The chambers will be excavated from the top down, with excavated surfaces supported with bolts and shotcrete. Smooth blastino procedures are to be used for the roof, while presplittine procedures will be used for the middle and floor sections. The concrete for the intake and penstock will be supplied from the Jinlona Gully batch plant. and the concretefor the undergroundfacilities will be supplied from the Santan Gully batch plant.

2.4.2.3. Spillwav Tunnels

There will be two spillway tunnels, 60 m apart, in the right abutment. One tunnel will be 1250 m long and the other 1385 m. The constructionof the tunnel will require removal of

HRTAJFA MC 2.12 0.9 million m3 of open cut rock, and the excavationof 0.6 million m:3 of unconsolidated rock, and placementof 0.4 millionm 3 of concrete, and 24,000 m3 of shotrete. The tunnels will be driven from both ends to meet in the middle, as was done for the diversion tunnels. The concrete will be supplied from the Santan Gully batch plant. The schedule for constructingthese tunnels is relativelyflexible because they are not on the critical pathway.

2.4.2.4. Meical Log Pass

The mechanical log pass (the log tunnels) wil be equipped with two intakes leading to a single transport tunnel 14 m wide and-I 1.5 m high. Constructionof the facility will require the clearance of 0.6 million m3 of open cut rock to form the staging areas, and the excavationof 0.3 million m3 of undergroundrock. The tunnel will require placementof 0.3 million m3 of concrete to complete construction,57,400 mn3 of which is in the tunnel.

2.4.3. Quarries

The existing rock material from both south and north sides of the dam site are of good quality and will be used as aggregate in the concrete. The available reserves meet the total volumes required for the project. Most of the dolomiteaggregate will be obtained from Mt. Bawang, 6 km upstream from the damsite. Supplementaryaggregate will be obtained from the spoil naterial at the dame site. The cement for the dam is derived from the Emei CementPlant, while the cement for other uses is producedat the PanzhihuaCement Works.

2.4.4. Camps

Housing facilities for the work fDrce are provided by EHDC near the construction area. Four separate facilitiesare constructed. A contractorcamp is locatedalong the right side of the Yalong River, approximately 6 km downstream from the dam axis. Three separate camps are provided for the Chinese managementand constructionstaff. These camps are located at Santan Gullv on the left bank of the river downstreamfrom the dam site, Santanda Gully on the right bank across from Santan Gully, and near the Xiaodeshi gaging station approximately10 mandownstream from the constructionsite. The Santan Gully camp houses

9ui: 2.13 WTVA44c 13 Chinese labores worldng on the dam and above ground facilities (Lot 1 Contract), the Santanda Gully Camp house Chinese laborers constructingthe undergroundfacilities (Lot 2 Contract), and Xiaodeshi liouses EHDC staff. Each camp is fully equipped with housing, eating facilities, drinking water treatment facilities,and wastewater treatment facilities.

2A.5. Labor

The labor required for completion is 29.6 million worker days, and the maximum number of workers at any time will be 19,000, with an average of 11,100.

2.4.6. Materials

The total materials needed for completion are: 1.8 million tons of concrete, 0.1 m3 of timber, 93.7 million tons of reinforcementbars, 541 million tons of steel products, 15,000 million tons of explosives, and 65,000 tons of fuel oils.

2.5. Project Operation

The dam will be operated in two modes: During the high flow, wet season, when inflow to the reservoir is greater than the hydraulic capacity of the power station. the project will provide base load capacitv. The turbines will be operated on a 24-hour basis and no variation in output will be anticipated. Excess water will be discharged through the upper and mid-level spillway structures.

During the dry. low-flow season, the Project will be operated on a daily peak-ingbasis and the energy will be generated to meet daily load demand variation in the system. Generally, the turbines will be operatedbetween 17 and 20 hours each day during dry and normal runoff vears. During wet years, some generationwill be maintainedthroughout the 24 hour period. During the dry season period when the project is operated on a peaking basis, the reservoir will be drawn down by a maximumof 45 m. Because the dry season lasts approximately5 months, the maximumdraw down rate will average0.3 m/day. At the beginningof the high

MAEN A 2.14 flow season, the project will be operated on a 24-hour basis but at a reduced capacity to allow for refillingof thereservoir. It is expected that the refil period will begin on or about June 1 each year and refil completed by the middleof July. When the reservoir is refilled, the reservoir surface wuill zsean average of 1.0 mlday. Details of the proposed opewing regime.are presented in Chapter 5.

2.5.1. Flood Discharge Patternm

Four layout schemesof flood discharge and energy dissipationstuctures were considered in the design. They were alUtechnically feasible, but the final choice wasgadouble curvature arch dam with flood dischargingfrom a surface spillway and a middlelevel outlet, with the discharge streams meeting in the air to dissipate the energy. In comparison with the other altematives, the schemehas the significantadvantage of reasonablearrangement, flexibleand reliable operation, cost saving and short constructionperiod.

2.6. Transmission Line and"Substations

The transmissiondistances from the Ertan plant to Panzhihua, Xichang, Yibin, Chengdu, will be 40, 150, 440, 670, and 670 km respectively. A more complete description of the transmission line system is presented in the Transmission Line EnvironmentalAssessment (SEPA, 1994).

2.7. Cost Summary

Prior to the start of construction,EHDC and CHIDI prepared design cost estimatesfor the Ertan Project which was used in securing the Phase I loan from the World Bank and matching funds from the National and Provincial governments. A summary of the costs is presented below. The estimate is based on the value of the Chinese yuan in 1991 relative to the US dollar ($1 US = 5.45 RMB #).

A A 2.15 Component Total Structure Component Cost Cost (X 10a )

1. Civil Works 4266.45 Dam 2005.25. Spillway 293.31 hIak Structures 290.66 Powerhouse 765.95- Log Tunnel Civil Worls 218.48 Log Tunnel Mechanical 69.47 LandslideTreatnent (JinlongMt) 32.97 Access Road 293.27 Buildings and Houses 51.19 ' - Other Wor's 19.43 Miscelaneous 226.47

2. Mechar.icaland Electrical Equipmentand Installatid&902.78

3. Cranes, Hoists, etc Equipmentand installation 514.55

4. Temporary Works 1773.79 Diversion Works 594.93 Roads 81.02 ConstructionCamps 102.60 Mobilization 738.90 Other Works 166.40 Miscellaneous 89.94

5. Resettlementand Compensation 786.65

6. Other (Design. Const. Mgt. Environmental) 724.96

Total 10544.57

A number of itemsare ir,corpor21edwithin these estimated project costs that achieve the environmentaland resettlement goals set forth within the project funding. Specific items included in the cost estimate that address environmentaland socioeconomicissues are as follows:

MTA.'cEA'aC.16 Item EstimatedCost (X 106 M) Resettlement 786.65 Log Tunndelnd Equipment 288.95 LandslideTreatment 32.97 WastewaterTreatment P.14 EnvironmentalImpact Compensaion and Monitoring10.46 ReservoirClearing 3.16

Total For EnvironmentalConsideations - 1122.33

AN AC 2.17 Chapter 3

3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1. EnvironmentalProtection

This environmentalassesment is prepared in compliancewith the requirementsof the World Bank. However, much of the work conductedin support of the Ertan HydroelectricProject is also in response to numerouslaws and policiesof the People's Republicof China and the Sichuan Province. Principlelaws and policies pertinent to the Eran HydroelectricProject are summarizedbelow.

3.1.1. Legal Framework

3.1.1.1. Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China. (December. 1989).

The law was formulatedfor the prevention of pollution and other public harms. and for protecting and improving the ecological and social environments. The definition of *environment"here, is the sum of the natural environment and human-modifiednatural environment,including atmospheric, water, ocean, land, mineralresources. forest. grassland. wildlife. plants, natural and human remains. nature reserves. historic and scenic areas. and urban and rural areas.

The law provides for the establishmentof resource managementagencies that are delegated the responsibilityof establishingenvironmental standards, monitoring the conditionof the resources, and developingmeasures to protect the resources.

95r A3 EItSIACm4 3.1 The law further provides for review of construction and operation practices to assure compliance with the environmentalprotection and mitigation measures specified for the project.

3.1.1.2. The Forest Law of the People's Republic of China (Mrh, 19S9)..

Relevant aspects of this law includepovision for the protection of forest lands within the project area. Tne law was promulgatedfor the protection, cultivation,and reasonable use of the forest resources. The policy establishedby the law provides for the reasonable cutting, planting and renewal of managed forest areas and for the protection of natural forested areas. The law forbids investigation,design, and constructionof projects, as weU as the exploitationof mineral resourcesthat adversely affect forest land. If total avoidance of damage is not possible, applicationmust be made in accordancewith applicablelaws and effectivemeasures to minimizeeffects on forest lands must be incorporatedinto the project plan. If the project occupies more than 133 ha of forest land, it must get approval from the national government.

The forest law also provides for the protectionof wildlife and plant resources. According to the law. it is forbidden to kill or hunt protected species or to disturb protected plant species.

3.1.1.3. Wildlife Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (March, 1989).

The Wildlife Protection Law is equivalent to an endangeredspecies protection la>. It was formulatcd to protect rare and endangered wildlife and to provide for the proper use of wildlife resources and for maintainingtheir habimats.

98 11 3.2 3.1.1.4. Water Law of the People's Republic of China (January, 1988).

The Water Law was fomulUed for protctdon and proper use of water resources, for preventionof water pollution, and to provide for the comprehensivedevelopment of water resources to meet demands of national economicdevelopment goals and to provide for the. quality of the human environment.

3.1.2. Regulations Implementing Environmental laws

3:1.2.1. Environmental Protection Management Regulations for Development Projects. (March, 1986)

These regulations were formulated to strengthen the administration of environmental protection measures associated with water and land resource developmentprojects. The regulationsprovide for control of new polluuon sources and encouragetreatment of original pollution sources with the goal of protecting and imDroving existing environmental conditions. The regulationsare part of the implementationof the EnvironmentalProtection Law of the P.R. China.

The regulations apply to all capital constructionprojects, technical transfer and regional developmentprojects with environmentaleffects. They require the preparation, review and approval of an environmentalimpact assessmentat the same time the plans for the design. construction and operation of a project are prepared. After completion of the project, pollutiondischarges from the project must meet the relevant national or local standards.

The responsibilityfor implementingthe laws and regulations lies with the environmental protection agencies at all levels of the government. The agencies are responsible for reviewing and approvingthe environmentalassessment and proposed mitigationmeasures at the same time the preliminarydesign is reviewed and approved. They must also approve the monitoringprogram to be implementedduring construction,examination and receiving of

E EAtS^ CH3 3.3 environmental protection facilities after completion, and supervision and monitoring of environmentalprotection facilitiesduring project operation.

During construction, protectionof the environmentaround the constructionsite is required to prevent unreasonableadverse effects to the natural environmentand to prevent and reduce dust and noise. After completionof the project, the constructioncontractors are required to- reclaim lands disturbedduring project constructionbut unneeded during project operation.

3.1.2.2. SpecIfications of the Environmental Inpact Assessment Addressing Water Resources and Hydropower Projects, Ministry of Energy and Ministr) of Water Resources, People's Republic of China (1988)

These regulations outline implementationof the NationalEnvironmental Protection Act for Water Resource and Hydropowerdevelopment projects. The regulations provide for the preparation of an EnvironmentalImpact Statement or an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment during the feasibility studiesfor the project. The EIS or EIA is to evaluate the likely impacts of the project to physical and socio-economicenvironments and to specify measures to mitigate or minimizeadverse effects and to enhancepositive effects.

For projects involvingreservoirs. the EIA shoulddiscuss effects realized in the reservoir area and its surroundinas as well as downstreamreaches affectedby project: 'eration. However. the focus of the analysisshould be on the reservoir area and its surroundings.

3.1.2.3. Specifications for Reservoir Bottom Clearing (November, 1986)

These regulationsimplement the EnvironmentalProtection Laws with respect to the disposal of materials removed from the inundation zones of water conservancy and hydropower projects. The purpose is to ensure the safety of projects during operation, prevent pollution

"I 12 UT*I FA 3.4 of the water, protectpublich health in the vicinity of the project, facilitateuse of the reservoir for aquaculture, navigation, water-based recreation, and tourism. These specificationsare attained by clearing the reservoir area prior to inundation.

Clearingincludes: removal of existingphysical structwes and buildings, sanitary clearing, removal of forest, and removal of special aspects specific to the various developments. General clearing-of the reservoir area includes removal of houses, buildings and other physical workssuch as bridge piez. and other major architecturalstructures. Specialclearing specificationscover areas selected for aquaculture, fishing, swimming, navigation lines, piers, and water supply intake areas. *

3.1.2.4. EnvironlmentalQuality Standards for Surface Water (GB383888)

These standardswere developed to implementthe water pollutionprevention articles of the National EnvironmentalProtection Law and the Water PollutionPrevention and Treatment Law of the People's Republic of China. This standard applies to all surface water of the nation includingrivers, lakes and reservoirs which have functionaluse in China.

The standardsfirst provide for the classificationof all water bodiesaccording to their use and existing conditions. Five classificationsare defined:

Class 1: Applies to source waters and national reserves

Class 11: Applies to Class-A protection areas for concentrateddrinking water sources. areas protected for valuable and rare fishes and spawning areas of fishes and other aquaculture species.

Class m: Applies to Class B protection areas for concentrateddrinking water sources, areas for protecting commonfishes and swimmingareas.

EKrANdVA a3 3.5 ClassIV: Appliesto areas for industrialwater supplyand non-contactwater recreation.

ClassV: Appliesto water usedfor iipgationor generallandscape.

If a particularbody of wateris usedfor sevesalpurposes, the use requiringthe highestwater qualitystandard should apply. In someinstances, a waterbody may be classifieddifferently duringdifferent seasons.

The YalongRiver in the reachaffected by the ErtanProject is placedin Classm. However, upstreamfrom Ertan, upstreamfrom the provincialboundary, the Yalongis placedin Class II. Reevant reachesof the Anningand 1inshaare placedin Classm.

Standardsfor over 30 parametersare establishedfor each of the five classifications.Also includedin this set of standardsare specificationsfor the qualityof treateddrnking water.

3.1.2.5. Regulationsfor Aquatic Resources Reproduction Protection,Articles 4 and 13 (February, 1979)

The regulationsfor protectingaquatic resource reproduction apply to the protectionof all valuableaquatic fauna and floraand their habitats. Severalof the regulationsare relevant to the evaluationand planningfor the ErtanHydroelecuic Project.

Anicle 4 of the regulationsprovide for particularconsideration of certain marineand freshwaterfish during t'e planningfor water resourceproject development.including hydropower.Specific freshwater fish species that are protectedby theseregulations include:

Commoncarp Cprinus carpio M,ylophaiyngodonpiceus Grasscarp Cenopharyngodonidellus Silver carp HyPophythllnichthys molomX

A C" 3.6 Bighead carp Arisdchthysmobilis Black carp Carasius auraws Culrererythropenrus PaFabramispeiwuewis Giant Chinese surgeon Acipensarsinensis Yangtzc sturgeon Acipcensr dabryanu Salmon relatives Salmonidae Psephurusgladius Common eel Anguillajaponmca

Article 13 of the Aquatic Resources ReproductionProtection Regulationsprovides for the considerationof providing for passage of migratoryfish species. If such speciesare affected by construction of a dam, the need for fish passage facilities must be determined prior to initiating construction of the facility and, .if necessary, fish passage facilities must be incorporated into the project plans.

3.1.3. Administrative Framework

Since the 1980s, specific agencies at various levels were establishedunder governmentsto carry on environmentalmonitoring and managementfor developmentprojects, protectionand management of natural resources. The following chart shows the environmentai administrative framework pertinent to Ertan HydroelectricProject.

94112 ENTAXEA 0423.7 EnvironmentEalProtecthn aNational Agency P

Safety and Envirozunental Bureau Enviromnental Protectiion of Ministry of Electric Power Agency of Sichuan Province

Pan2hibus Environmeotal Protec:tion Agency, LiangshanEnvironmental ProtectionAgency

EnlvironmentalProtection Agencies of kanbian, Yanyuan, Miyi, Dechang . ~~~~andXichang couinties

Ertan HydroelectricDevelopment Corporation (EHDC)

3.2. Resettlement

3.2.1. Legal Framework

3.2.1.1. Land AdministrationLaw of the People's Republic of China (June, 1986)

This law was formulated to strengthen land management procedures and to provide for maintaining public ownership of land, protection and exploitation of land resources, and proper use of land. especiallvprotection of cultivatedland.

94112 EAML3 3.8 3.2.1.2. Regulations for Land Requisition, Compensation, and ResettlementApplicable to Large and Median Scale Water Resource and Hydropower Developments (February, 1991).

The regulationswere developedto implemerntportions of the 'Land AdministrationLaw of the P. R. China" and the "Water Law of tie P. R. Chinae.- They are designed to strengthen administrationof land requisitionand resettlementof persons displacedby large and median- scale hydroelectricand other water resource developments. The aim is to enable equitable requisitionof necessary land and the resettlementof persons occupying the land.

The regulations provide guidelines for correctly handling the relations between the State, collective groups, and individualsboth in the areas from which the people must move and in the areas to which the displaed persons will be relocated. The regulations mandate the integation of resettlement of displaced persons with the planilng and construction of the project. The interests of the displaced persons are given equal consideration with the exploitation of the resources, water and soil conservationconsiderations and the overall economic developmentto ensure that the affected persons are able to attain a living standard equal to or higher than in their original conditions. In developingthe resettlementplan, first considerationwill be to move the individualsas short a distanceas possible. If not possible. resettlementareas can be developedby reclaimingotherwise unused lands.

The resettlementplan must be developedearly in the project planningprocess. The project owner should develop the plan on the basis of natural and economic conditions in the receiving area and in cooperation with local governments. The resettlementplan must be submitted at the same time the feasibilityand preliminarv design documents are reviewed.

For large scale projects, it is the responsibilityof the project owner to pay compensationfor acquired lands and to provide subsidies to the displacedpersons. The specific criteria for compensation and subsidy is determined by local provincial or autonomous district governments.

4112 3 ERTA EO CM3 3.9 3.2.2. AdministrativeFramework

The followingchart showsthe administrativeorganizaons responsiblefor the resettlement of the Ertanproject.

_ !ePeopless Govermnent of Sichuan PMrovinc

Si;uan PrvindalRemn Agency|

Govermnentsof PanzhihuaCity j | and eiangshanPrefecture Panzhihuaand Liangshan ResettlementAgences

GovernmentsOf Yanbian,Yanyuan, Miyi, Dedhangand wkiangCounties

ResextlementAgencies of VariousCounties

Resettement Groups of VariousVi[Vages

Tzteadministrauve framework for managementof landresources is similarto that described for administrationof resettlementpolicies.

ER*N EA C00 .. 0 Chapter 4

I.. BASELINECONDIONS -

A.. Physical Geography

1.. Topography

The YalongRiver is a major tributaryin the upper ChangJiang (Yangzte)basin (Figure4.1). It arises to the south of BayankelaMountains in Yushu County, Province, and is adjacent to the basin in the east and the Jinsha River basin in the south. The main stream and its tributaries give the appearanceof a feather pattern. Most of the west, north and east of the basin are surrounded by high mountainsover 4000 m altitude. The most famousones are Mt. Gongga, Mt. Daxueand Mt. Bayankela,all of which exceed 5500 mn. The highest is Mt. Gongga which reaches 7590 m (Figure 4.2). The source of the Yalongis at about 5400 m and its mouth. 1500 km away, is at 980 m giving a totl elevation range of 4420 m or about 3 rn/km.

The landscapeand climate of the river change along its length. The headwaterregion is a high altitude plateau with undulating, low, and grass-covered hills. wide and flat river vallevs. and a gentle river flow- South of this plateau, to about 28°N latitude, the topographyof the basin is characterized bv high mountains, gorges, and forests. South of 28°N latitude, wide river vallevs with developedagriculture alternate withrather wide gorges and high mountains. This combinationof features characterizesthe landscapein the project area (Figure 4.3).

S"42 IT,. 04 4.1 QINGHAI CAiNS1t

t s 1.<> g r P ti HENAN i ~~~~~~~~~JIANGSU HENAN 57

YUNNAN'I v i GUIZHOU ;AH

ClwniCgdui

'.a t XE.rtall(X) GiSHUANlANGXI Jvf

' riHUNAN ,.' JIANGXI

Figuire41.11: TheClhang Jiatng (Yangtze) River antl its tributiaries,inclluding Cx.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~the YalongHU River A (in boild)anl (lhelocations of (lie r-ru~nnd 0who7tulmIhydroeletric pr(olects. .4,~~. [Ifl'If [A C114 4.2 S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7S

{ . ,+~~~~~~DAM

0 40 SD 120 160-X}(bul UHHP

Figure 42: YalongRiver watershedwithin SichuanProvince: Drainagearea of Erman HydroelectricProject. - 34122 Sam A cm& 4.3 ' ng ; H,,,, ngt, -4 ts -- ' |~~ ~ ~~~~

't-'-i-a t PANi!HIHUA< s < - ~~~~ Province,China. R;.verBasin in SouthwestSichuan Figure 4.3: Reliefmap of Yalong

S.(12 - 4.4 1RTA.f EAQ 2.. Climate

The climate of the YalongRiver basin is characteistic of the Western Sichuan Plateau Zone defined by the Sichuan MeteorologyBoard. Climateis influenced mainly by a west wind circulation and a southwest monsoon. Dry and wet seasons are clearly divided: the dry season lasts from Decemberto May, and the wet season from June to November.

The mean dnnual rainfall in the basin ranges from 500 mm in the north and west to 1560 mm in the south and east. The annual rainfall at the dam site is about 1000 mm. Rainstorms generallyoccur betweenJune and September in the south of the catchment where daily tQoals can reach 200 mm. The mean annual temperatureranges from -4.9°C in the north to 19.7,C in the south. The annual cvaporation rates range from 1326 mm in the north and west to 2544 mm in the south and east. Relative humidity is generally low, from 57-69 percent which correspondswith the higher evaporation rates. The maximumwind velocity recorded at the dam site is 18 misec. A variety of meteorologicaldata are given in Table 4.1.

Various climatic extremes affect the basin. Droughts in the spring and autumn can disturb agriculturalproduction, as can hail storms between August and Septemberin higher regions between 1600-2300 m. Rain storms (days with precipitationover 50 mm) occur on about three days each year (maximumever recorded 175 mm in one day). These stormscan cause landslides which damage fields. roads, railways and bridges. Economic losses occur every Yearbecause of the storms. In addition, gales and occasionalunseasonable fTostsmay cause agriculturaldamage.

3.. Geology

The geology of the Yalong watershed is complex, with exposed strata revealing the underlying granite, gneiss, schist, shale, marble, other limestones. sandstone. shales, conglomerates,basalt, and other magmatic rocks.

The Ertan dam and power stationare located on the western side of the middlesection of the

W12 MT FAc 4-:- Table 4.1: Summaryof MeteorologicalData Characterizingthe Climateof the Yalong RiverCatchment.

County

Parametw Yambian bMyi

Averag AnnlmW - (OC) 19.2 19.9 Temper t

Highest Recorded (QC) 41.2 39.9 Temperatur

- Lowest Recorded (oC) -1.9 -2.4 Tempeature

Mean Tempere (QC) 25.2 25.8 of Hoest Mouth

Mean Temperature (oC) 10.5 11.6 of ColdestMonth AverageAnnual (mm) 1081 1084 Precipitaion

Average Annual (m) 2030 2379 Evapration

Avemge Annual (hr) 2357 2417 Hoursof Sunshine

Avea Annual (%) 64 65 RelativeHumidity

Sichuan-YunnanNorth-South Tectonic Belt. the basic structure of which consists of large, deep fault zones and divided blocks. The Ertan dam site is situated on the Gonghe Fault Block and is surrounded by five fault zones. The Gonghe Fault Block itself has an area of some 1700 km2. The cen:ral part of the block is 800 ki 2, and tectonic failure is rather weak. The rock mass is relatively integrated, and the faults are small and run generally north-south (Figure 4.4). The fractuTezones are compact and filled by a later rock dike. The Ertan dam site is in this relativelystable area and there is no major fault within 12 kmn of the dam site.

04112 IrTAN IA C4'- 4.6 Seismicactivity in the area amund the dam-siteis monitoredby eight seismic stions which feed data continuouslyinto a central computer-assistedmonitoring station at the EHDC office at Tongzilin (Figure 4.4).

4.. Mineral resources

More than 20 different economically important mineals have boen found in the Yalong watershed including iron, copper, nickel, chromium, titanium, lead, zinc, mercury, muscovite,coal, and calcaeous spar. Thee are more than 160 mninesites, though none is large.

5.. Soils

Because the area in the immediatearea of the Ertan Project is mountainousand the valley wals steep, soils are generally quite thin over the bedrock. Thicker layers of soil are found in the bottoms of the valleys. Most of the soils in the Yalong watershed are drab red soils, red soils, and mountain yellow-brownsoils. The organic content of most of the soils is quite low because the topographicrelief and geologicmovement is not conduciveto retaining organic materials in the soils. Much of the organic material is flushed from the mountain sides during the wet season. The poor soil types within the project area are also typical of subtropicalregions in general where most of the nutrients are tied up as vegetativebiomass.

B.. Biogeography

Tnc delimitationof biogeo_raphicarcas is very dependenton the group of animals or plants sEudied. According to the Udvardy system, the study area is located in the Sichuan Highlands, the southemmostportion of the Palearctic Realm which stretches from Europe to Japan. To the south, the SichuanHighland abuts the Indo-MalayanRealm which extends from the south northwards tO the southernportion of Yunnan Province. Under this system, the Sichuan Highlands represent one of eleven divisions of the Chinese portion of the Palearctic Realm. Under the Cheng and Zhang system, the project area lies in China's

94112 l %T&N c 4.7 */GE~~~~~~~~~~~ODA FAULT-t

1 --Mafnla IIM21 NIIUF

I M tITII H

.\ ^e-^,_).\ -. 87 bn~~~~~~~lpr4.4.Lomdo i i~~~~~ liFmW 1 I(R Gk I InVy * le of t_; <'\ | 3L 1 @,z >-- 1 S* 1~~~~~~~~~~~~Ptjeua SouthwestRegion of the Oriental Realm, outside the Palearctic.

An important point missed by many biogeographicstudies is that the division between the southwest plains and the eastern end of the Himalayas is not strictly a line, but rather a crescent-shapedzone deserving recognitionas a biogeogaphical unit in its own right. As the Ministry of Forestry's (1993) BiodiversayAction Plan notes, It is here that many of China's most significanrand distncdve animalslive - giant panda, red panda. ral4n,golden monkey, many species of pheasants, and an enormous richnessof planu. ' The biogeographicdivisions (termed biounits)used in ta report are adopted here in discussions of the project area. The relative locafiensof these units are shown in Figure 4.5. Basedon this definition of biography, the project area lies in the Yiinnan Plateau subunit (39a) of SouthwestMountains biounit (39).

C.. The Aquatic System

1. Hydrology

During the initialplanning stages for the Ertan HydroelectricProject, EHDC in consultation with CHIDI, establishedseveral hydrologic, water quality, and climate monitoringstations throughout the Yalong, Anning, and Jinsha River basins. The locationsof these sites are shown on Figure 4.6. Data obtained from these sites are used to summarized the hydrological, water qualitv and climate regimes of the river basin.

The primanr source of water in the Yalong River is precipitation(both rainfall and snow in the upper reaches of the basin). The Yalong River originates in Qinghai Province at the southern boundaryof the BavankelaMountains of the HimalavanMountains. Elevationsin the upper reaches range from 4,180 m to over 5,000 m above sea level. The river valley is oriented generally from northwest to southeast with small tributaries entering the river from both the east and west sides of the main valley. Most of the catchmentarea of the Yalong lies to the west of the river. Based on the 29-year hydrologicrecord (1953-1982)from the XiaodeshiHydrology Station, the mean annual flow in the river is 1,670 m31s. Because the dischargeregime is dependent

S4112 ERo.,N EACH& 4.9 - 0Chengdru

39c - la9eaalong 39en Q9 X

LEGEN-D \; t(i Double bold line 39dbiounit - Liangshan~~39bounfdary Sichuan. Single bold line =sub-biounit boundary t1 #a r 39a - Yunnan plateau ! 39b - Hengduan Mts \ ~ 3 39c - Yalong plateau ., 9 a 39d - Liangshan > 39e - Qionalai-Minshan) V6

Figure 4.S: Biounitsof western Sichuan.

9112 EADNid 4.10 LEGEND CHAXING

3a p_mrd efiuw/DIGS T _onpadalfik /. Lianhe nhe 5 3- twa quaityA agunkqualmt.*png s T wotetIefulwureobagesr \\af rhe *- wow qulty unylingdu' (to utrpuqiume) /1 y pubbchuhiaing s-.. -

q ~~~YANYAN > 9DECHANG

0.~~~~~ -- _>w/. Dalu

S Gonhe- + *,@

XGohe / Shenli.

Yongxing S. > r Gany%nj~~~ ~~iej Jg>YA kNBIAN\ vJ*MIYI ERTAN DAMSITE J o~~~Xiaodeshi

J.Tongztiin

injianiang

Figure 4.6: Locationsof Hydrologic,Water Quality and Meteorological Monitoring Stations in the YalongRiver Basin.

5412 TN A CS 4.11 primarily on precipitation,rather than groundwater, there is considerablevariation in flow from season to season and year to year.

4000 3500-

3000- 22500 22000 - j1500] 10001

Jan Feb MUr Apr May Jun JLi Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

r-Xicadeshi-_ Luning - Wal

Figure 4.7: AverageMonthly Discharge at Waii.Luning and Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Gauging Stationson YalongRiver.

The hydrologic regime of the Yalong is characterized as seasonal, with high discharge occurring from June through October and low flow conditionsextending from November through May. Average discharge in the high flow season is approximately3,240 m3is and in the low flow season dischargeaverages 450 m3 /s, as measuredat the XiaodeshiHydrology Station. The differencesbetween the high flow and low flow seasons are demonstratedby the average monthlydischarges presented in Figure 4.7 for the Yalongat Xiaodeshi, Luning and Wali HydrologicGauging Stations. Examplesof the year to year variation in discharge are shown in Figures 4.8, 4.9. and 4.10, representing normal, high and low flow years, respectively.

Annual floodingof the YalongRiver occurs during rainstorm events occurring in the middle

a 12 c E|i2 4.1.2 * . . . Il . { * * * * * Figure 4.8: Flow Regime Representing High Flow Year in Yalong River Boqo0. . . 1 * . \ | *' * ^ @ (Measured at Xiaodeshi Gaging Station) Flow. .

l:lo. * * k * 11* *1 -.

6000 . .* . . l...... * .\. . A

*. 1. 1 . 1 . *1 1 * 4000 .* . I . . . \. I *t *1 . \ . . .

400 * . * ' I1 * C t * -* *. * . .

. * *V-II * ' * * \ * * '

*I . . . A .. A I* 4000 I

* ......

1- * . vI * * * * C

......

...... , ...... _

2000 9 as Ilo 45 A 205 113 79 58 3 104 Alo . 2000 t . .9. 382 .. 43 . .58 .0~ .1580 .25.9 .t .1 ...... Mon ' Juln Jull Ati&z scp |Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar |Apr |May Whole year i 1)

Ava 3030 6110 50 5oS7l0 2 g 15s11 945 667 556 554 S72 711 2480 - Max 6S90 8[90 91100 818° 4530 2050 1130 797 587 566 631 (040 111°° 8 Minl 1190 3820 3430 3580 2080 1150 B07 596 527 S16 8I6 542 J15l 3.

EnAIACHI 4.13 Flow 3 (rnl s) * 8540lngls Figure 4.9: Flow RegimneRepreseiiting a Notial Year in YalonigRiver 80XO . . - (Measuredat Xiaodeslii GaginigStation). Fl

2000 I 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ava ....1560 44203600 iO2I() 2 5(0( 1200 736 531 4fi2 457 527 956 1640

n4000 . l T 1 170 WI- 93* 632 481 441 438 478 505| , 4383.~~~~~~~~

041? * ElAEC.'14 1 Flow (11l3/S).l FFlgigre4.10: Fiow Regime RepresenlingLow Flow Conditionsin Yalong River 8000 (Meastired at XiaodeshiiStation).

* * . 70R(;IyM* . nri/s -

6000 ......

6000. . * ......

Min8 . . .15 . . . . . 77 '

*A. . . A , . 4.

. . *00 1 *\ rw * . .

Mon. °JlIII Jul Auig |Sep | Oct Nov 1Dec l an_ Feb 1Mar Aprs May IWlholeyear lAva 2160 j229013250 19410 [1710 1040 1649 j460 425 1409 443 .54 13(00 Max 4280 1404017080 28401 209() 14301773 S516 441 1425 481 1680 7080 Min. 7871 145is 1800 1690 [1420 778 S091' 421 415 1396 405 I396 396

9411X EATAUIA ClH4 4 .1|5 and lower reaches of the valley. These events normallyoccur betweenJune and September with the largest number occurring in July and August. Generally, flood events a,e of relativcly long duiadon. At Xaodeshi, peak flood events last from 7 to 9 days. The observed maximumfRood during the 29-year hydrologic record occurred in August, 1965, * with maximumdischarge of 11,l00m 31s. The estimated maximumflood occurring in the valley within the last 100 years is 16,500m 3Js.

The largest tributaryto the YalongRiver within the Ertan Reservoirarea is the Ganyu River. The river arises on the west -side of the Yalong catchment and flows to the east where it flows into the Yalongapproximately 19 km upstream from the Ertan Dam site. Flow in the Ganyu is monitored at the YanbianHydrology Staion. The 17-year hydrologic record is from 1976to 1993. The annual hydrologicregime is similar to that described for the Yalong with high flow occurring betweenJune and October and low tlow conditionsoccurring fmm

25C

I w I~~~~~~~~I

200

1 5O

C U

X~~~~~~~ I.

_ 0C I-/' ,~~~~~~~~~~

Jon Feb Mar Apr May J r JLJ AUO sep Oc! Nov Dec Month

;C-anr |

Figure4.11: Averagemonthly flow in GanyRiver (YanbianGauging Szatior.. 196-19931:

3E114 iRwi > 4. 16 November through May. Average discharge in the Ganyu is approximately69.8 m3/s. Average discharge during the high flow period is 140 m3/s and during the low flow period average discharge is 19.4 m3/s. Average annual flows in the Ganyu River are demonstrated in Figure 4.11.

Annual flooding in the Ganyu River basin occurs during the wet season with most of the floodevents occurring in July and August, as with the YalongRiver. Basedon the available hydrologic record, the maximum flood of record occurred in September, 1979, and was estimated to be 989 m3/s. Annual average, maximum and minimum discharges in the Ganyu, as measured at the Yanbian Station, are presented in Table 4.2

Table 4.2: Averageand Extreme Discharges Measured at YanbianStation on GanvuRiver

Discharge Year (mI3/s) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Mean 53.3 52.3 91.6 62.4 78.3 80.2 46.0

Maximum 871.0 460.0 745.0 989.0 913.0 974.0 495.0

Minimum 6.1 3.0 5.5 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.9

As demonstratedin Figure 4.12. discharge from the Yalong is approximatelyequal to the flow in the Jinsha. upstream from Panzhihua. Consequently. the Yalong conrnbuies approximately50 percent of the flow in the Jinsha as observed at Jinjiang Railwav Station located downstreamfrom the confluenceof the Yalongand Upper Jinsha Rivers.

2.. Sedunent

ERM4 LAO4. 17 7000

7000

6000 7E000 _ _ * 4000

2000m

1000|

Jon Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

-Jnsha - Yn

Figure 4.12: Relativeaverage monthly discharge of Yalongand Jinsha River downstreamfrom confluence.

To understandthe sedimentand bedload regimewithin the Yalong River, it is first necessary to describe the types of terrain through whichthe river flows. Because the mountainsof this area are relatively young, considerable amounts of sediment and bedload materials are introduced into the river and carried downstream. Above Ganzi. Figure 1.1. the Yalong River flows through a high plateau area in which the river vallec is wide and flat with gently undulatingtopographv. The area is covered by grassland. From Ganzi to Yajiang. the area is mountainous, although with gentle slopes and well developed soil layers. This is an agncultural region with fairly extensive grassland. The cultivated areas are relativelv flat but disconnected. Approximately18 km downstreamfrom Yajiang, the XianshuiRiver flows into the Yilong. This area is subject to frequent earthquak-esand is characterized by fractured rocks and collapsedmud and rocklflows. Betweenthe XianshuiRiver and the Wali Gauging Station, the Yalong flows through an area of high mountainswith deep gorges and steep slopes. The area above Wali is forested mountainsand valleys.

94112 VWNEA CM . 4.18 Downstreamfrom Wali, the valley walls nse 700 to 1,500 m above the river. The area is subjectedto frequent storm events. The rock on both sides of the valley are weatheredand fracturedand are subject to extensiveerosion duringstorm events. This portion of the valley is the primary source of the sedimentand bedload materials carried by the Yalong River.

Basedon masureamentsof sedimentand bedload transportmade at the Wali GaugingStation, the estimated annual sedimentyield from the upper pordon of the Yalong Catchmentis 144 tons/lkm2 and the average sedimentcontent in the river is 0.38 kg/m3. At the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir, the estimatedannual sedimentyield is 233 tons/lkm and the estimated average sedimenteontent is 0.435 kg/m3. At the XiaodeshiGauging Station, the estimated annual yield of sediment and bedload is 169 tonslkm2(less than at the upper end of the reservoir) and the annual averge sedimentcontent is 0.61 kg/m3 (greater than at the upper end of the reservoir).

The suspendedsediment and bedload discharge in the YalongRiver is not uniform through the year, as is expected in such rivers with extended high flow and low flow seasons. During the high flowseason, suspendedsedimentand bedload discharge normallycontributes to over 90 percent of the total annual yield. During the high flow season (June through September), the average discharge at Xiaodeshi is approximately3,240 m3/s. Average sediment contentis 0.61 kg/rn3. The extreme differencesin suspended sediment discharge between high and low flow seasonsis exemplifiedfrom the observationsmade in 1981. The total annual sedimentdischarge estimated at Xiaodeshiwas 36.3 million tons of which 35.7 million tons, or 98.3 percent, passed Xiaodeshiduring the high flow season.

Although the total estimated sediment load for the Yalong River at Xiaodeshi includes the contribution of tributaries, the expected configuration of the Ertan Reservoir merits discussionof sedimentand bedload characteristicsof the Ganyu River of which40 km of the lower portion of the river will be inundated by the reservoir. As discussed above and elsewhere, the inundatedportion of the Ganyu River is sufficientlydistinct from the main body of the reservoir that the Ganyu Ann of the reservoir, in many ways, will act as a separate reservoir. Accordingto data obtainedat the YanbianGauging Station, average flow in the Ganyu River is 69.8 m3/s. The annual average sedimentcontent is 0.76 kg/m3.

E"MEAs4 O4.19 Basedon these data, it is assumedthat the average annual bedload contnbutedto the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir will be approximately579,400 tons and the annual bedload contributedto the Ganyu Arm will be 90,600 tons.

3. Water Quality

a.. Factors Affecting Vater Quality

(1). Geologyand Mineral Resources.

The geologicstructure of the YalongCatchment is complicated. The exposedrock strata are comprised of granite, gneiss. schist. slate, marble, limestone, sandstone, shale, conglomerate, magmatic and super basalt, and neutral and alkaline magmatic rocks. Differential weatheringof this complexarray of geologic materialscontributes greatly to the quality of the water in the Yalong River. Water quality in the reaches of the Yalong River in Qinghai Province is categorizedas Class 1I with respect to water quality (see Section 3.1.2.3). Within SichuanProvince, the YalongRiver is categorizedas ClassIII with respect to water quality.

(2). Pertinent Topographv, Climate, and Soil Characteristics.

Summanzing the topography presented above. the Yalong River system arises on the southern slopes of BavankelaMountain. The upper reaches of the Yalongflow throueh an area of high plateau with low hills and widevalleys. Althoughsnow melt contributesto flow in the Yalong. most of the flow arises from rain runoff. There is some groundwater contribution, but this is a minor source of water to the river. The middle reach of the YalongValley is characterizedby high mountainsand deep gorges. This mountainousterrain is also present in the lower portionsof the valley. The steepnessof the YalongValley allows precipitationrunoff to leave the valleyquickly. Consequently,water does not remain in the upper portions of the catchmentfor a sufficientlength of time that disolutionor biological processes to affect water quality.

E1 A2 ERVAN c.~~~~~ 4.20 Climate in the Yalong Valley is generally considered to be wet, subtropical. Mean annual precipitationranges from about 500 mm per year in the upper portion of the basin to over 1,500 mm per year at the mouth of the Yalongat the Jinfsa River. Seasonaldifferences in precipitation coupled with the extreme topographic relief results in extreme seasonal differeices in cetain water quality parameters (eg. turbidity and sedimentload).

The soils in the basin are generally drab red soil, red soil, and mountainyellow brown soil. Soils on the mountain slopes are generaly thin although most is covered with vegetation which reduces erosion potential. Soils in the upper plateau area and in agriculturalareas with gentle slopes are somewhatdeeper. Again these soils are either covered with grassland or savannah-likevegetation, or are terraced into tillable fields. The vegetativecover and the agriculturalpractices all reduce the potential for excessive erosion. The lack of nutrients in the soils and their generally shallow depths minimizesthe contribution of nutrients and organic compoundsto water draining from the more gentle slopes into the Yalong River or its tributaries.

(3). Discharge from Domestic and Industrial Pollution Sources.

Becausethe area above the Ertan Project Site is very sparselv populated,sources of domestic and industrial pollutionare limited and their total contributionto the qualityof water in the Yalong in the vicinity of the Ertan Project is not detectable.

Approximately 21.400 individuals reside in the urban center of Yanbian and Yanvuan Counties. Using the national average production of wastewater per person. the daily production of domesticwaste%ater from these urban areas is approximatelv2.100 tons (0.1 ton/person/day).

The main industrialsources of pollutioninclude the Yanbian Paper Mill (with a waste water discharge of approximatelv300 tons per day), a slaughterhouse,brewery, and cement plants. Wastes discharged from these industrialsources consist primarily of alkali and biochemical oxygen demanding materials (measured as BOD). Approximately500 tons of wastes are

34112 EqTA EA Ca 4.21 discharged daily from the Eran Clay Mine. These wastes consist almost exclusivelyof suspendedsolids. In addition, many of these industrialareas utilize watr from the Yalong as well as other tributaries to the Yalong. A summary of the water consumption, water discharge, and the major pollutantsfrom several of these sites is presented in Table 4.3.

In Yanbian County, approximately50 tons of various organochloridepesticides are used annuallyin agriculturc. If 11of thesepesticides enter the river (disregardingany degradation or retention in the soil), the concentrationof organic pesticides in the river would be less than 0.001 mg/l. This concentrationis less than the national standard for drinking water.

In general, discharge of wastewaterfrom various sources in the Yalong River is much less

Table 4.3: IndustrialWater Consumptionand DischargeRates and MajorPollutants in Areaof Ertan Reservoir.

Industry Water Water COD BOD Sus. Receiving ConsumedDischarge Solids River (X 0I t/IrXX 104 tlyrTxt/Yr) (tlvr) (tlyr)

PingchuanIron Mine 30.0 14.6 Pingchuan YanbianPaper Mill 136.5 85.3 1092 375.4 1024 Gan,yu YanbianCement Plant 4.7 Ganyu YanbianFerroalloy Plant 0.5 0.4 Ganyu PanyanFerroalloy Plant 4.0 3.0 Xingping HongusCement Plant 1.9 Yalone loognaCoal Mane 54.8 21.9 Yalon, Eran ClavMine 13.9 12.5 Yalong TuanjieIron Mine 0.9 0.5 Yalong CaiziadGold Mine 200.0 Yalong YanvuanCement Plant 7.3 Yanjang YanvuanSalt Plant !SS.4 47.S '730 545 Yanjing

than the assimilative capacity of the river. The primary factors affecting the quality of Yalona River water are the rock and soil conditions,and precipiation.

u1 4.22 b.. Characterization of Water Quality

(1) Water Temperature

Water tempeature data for the Yalong River are availablefor the period 1959 through 1992 for the Xlaodeshi Gauging Stadon, located dowastream from the Ertan Project site tSee Figure 4.6). Average monthlywater temperes at Xaodeshi for the 'penod of record are depicted in Figure 4.13. As shown in the figure, water temperatures at Xiaodeshi vary seasonally from appromimately8°C during Demnber and January to approximatdy 190C from June throughAugust Aveage monthlywater temperaturedata from the upper end of - the impoundmentzone at the Wali and Luning GaugingStations are also presented.in Figure 4.13 to demonstrate the increase in temperature from Wali to Xiaodeshi, through the impoundmentzone.

Water temperaturedata for the Ganyu River are availablefor the period 1978-1982from the Yanbian GaugingStation. Mean, maximum and minimum temperatures by month for the period of record are depicted in Figure 4.14. The geneal pattern of variation in seasonal temperature is similar to that observed in the Yalong. The primary difference is that the overall temperatureof the Ganyu is somewhat higher than that in the Yalong. Minimum temperaturesin December and January range between 10 and 12°C and the annual highs, occurring in May through July, generally range from 20 to 22°C

(2). Water Chemistry

Water-samplesfrom the YalongRiver were obtainedon three occasionseach year from 1973 - 1979. and 19B1at the Xiaodeshi GaugingStation (See Figure 4.4), representing the high flow season, the low tlow season, and the transition between the low flow and high flow seasons. The samples were analyzed for 20 parameters. Summaries of the results of these analyses are presented in Table 4.4. (Data from the three samples are pooled in the table). In 1989 and 1990, water quality samples were collectedat Xiaodeshi each month. These data awesummarized in Table 4.5.

EAO 4.23 30 -

25 -

0 20

L.a 15

5'1,

0* . Jon Feb MLr Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

-1- Xiaodesh Luning WdiI

Figure 4.13: Monthlyaverage water temperatureof YalongRiver at XiaodeshiGaging Station (1959- 1992)

Based on the data presented in Tables 4.4 and 4.5. the quality of the Yalong River is characterizedas calcium bicarbonateType I with total alkalinitygenerally greater than total hardness. This is reflected in the slightlyalkaline pH values which generally range between 7.6 and 9.1. Dissolvedoxygen concentrationsare generally below saturation with annual measurements frequently lower than 6 mg/l. However, in 1989 and 1990. the DO concentrationsremained at or above 6 mgll throughout the vear. The dissolvedminerals are characteristic of water that arises from igneous/metmorphic rock and suggests that groundwater influence is fairly great in the upper portions of the basin. Nutrient concentrationsare relatively low reflectingthe lack of organic materials (organicsoils) in the river basin.

Water quality samples were collectedfrom the Yalong River basin in 1980, 1981, 1989and 1990 at several locations through the valley (See Figure 4.6). Again three samples werc

"112 OgrAIJEA CM 4.24 30 ZD-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- ~~~~~~~~~01ID-

0. 5

O1. T , , Jon Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul AUg Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

IMe7n

Figure 4.14: Monthlywater temperature regime of GanyuRiver at YanbianGaging Station (1978- 1982)

collectedeach year at each location. Results of the analyses are summarizedin Table 4.6. Data collected during the high and low flow periods are presented separately in the table. Arranged from the upper end of the valley to the mouth, the temperaturedata indicate the warming of the river during both the high and low flow seasons. Severalof the water quality parameters indicate conspicuouschanges in conccntrationsbetween the Clay Mine and the Yanbianbridge samplingsite. This is exemplifiedbv the turbidity of the Yalong which is between 5 and 7 turbidityunits at the upstreamsites and increases to 15 to 20 turbidity units at the two bridge sites. During high flow, turbidity remains fairly constant through the reach. For dissolvedoxvgen, the percent saturationremains above 95 percent during both the high and low flow seasons in the upper portion of the basin. However, at the two downstream sites, the percent saturation appears to be somewhat lower and is below 90 percent saturation at times.

Data pertaining to the water quality in the Jinsha River upstream and downstreamfrom the

34112 EtrAM FACH 4.25 10 Table 4.4: Water quality charancertics of the YalongRiver at the Xiaodeshi Gaging Station Cgs-l9W9,16)

Paramees Dischage Temp. C02 DO pH Ca4 Mg' Nf+l}CCI Year (mI/s) (°C) (mg/) (mg/4) (mg1/) (Ing/) (MgIIxqp 1973 Max. 3120 20.4 3.0 8.7 9.1 38.8 11.5 19.74.7 Min. 450 8.8 5.9 7.7 27.6 .2 1.7 1.8 Mean 1573 16.3 2.0 7.3 7.9 32.2 8.8 5.2 3.7 1974 Max. 6020 21.0 2.7. 9.1 8.2 3S.P 12.4 11.L6:2 Min. 366 7.0 6.4 7.8 21.5 1.0 6.6 1.7 - Mean 1948 16.3 1.9 7.7 7.9 32.2 8.5 8.5 3.6 1975 Mox. 4972 20.6 3.7 9.4 8.1 39.1 14.1 18.8 6.4 Min. 465 0.2 2.1 S.7 7.7 25.3 7.0 6.3 3.2 Mean 1528 14.3 2.7 7.5 7.9 34.5 10.7 14.5 5.3 1976 Max. 32S0 19.3 2.6 8.9 - 8.1 39.5 13.7 18.57.2 Min. 376 8.8 1.7 6.2 7.6 21.0 7.3 8.2 3.6 Mean 1246 14.9 2.3 7.6 7.9 33.6 10.7 12.85.3 1977 Max. 2649 20.0 2.4 9.0 8.1 37.5 14.7 13.36.4 Min. 414 8.2 1.S 6.0 7.7 24.4 6.2 5.4 3.9 Meun 1363 14.8 2.0 7.3 7.9 31.6 9.4 9.4 4.9 1978 Max. 3700 20.0 2.9 9.4 8.1 37.5 11.7 15.05.7 Min. 396 11.8 6.4 7.7 25.3 6.2 10.0 4.3 Mean 1786 17.0 1.2 7.4 7.9 29.7 8.4 11.75.1 1979 Max 4060 20.2 1.7 9.9 8.0 38.1 10.9 26.0 4.6 Min 411 7.8 6.1 7.6 26.3 8.0 5.5 Z8 Mean 1407 13.0 1.0 8.0 7.9 32.2 9.7 13.53.9 1981 Max 20.4 2.3 10.5 8.3 37.9 12.2 11.8 3.2- Min 4590 ' 2 7.4 8.0 4.6 6.3 4.5 0.7 mea= J6. J.l as.8 r3.9 9.7 ZS5Z2

;'A C 4.26 Table 4.4: (ContInued)

Total Tota) 4 HC03' so;- Salinity Hardus COD NH4 Fe4 +EV *-yrear (Mgnyf M) (mghi) (Gr Deg(szngh) (rgl) (mga)t 1973 Max. 188.6 7.5 6.68 8.06 1.9 0.25 0.04 OM Milt. 114.5 1.0 4.01 5.33 0.1 0.05 0.01Cm Me4n 148.7 4.7 5.08 6.53 0.6 0.14 0.02 M 1974 Max. 189.6 9.4 7.10 8.23 - 1.4 0.25 0.02MM MUL 105.6 0.1 3.81 4.44 0.2 0.15 0.01 m Mean 151.5 4.1 5.51 6.67 0.7 0.20 0.02 M 197S Max. 215.0 7.6 7.69 8.70 1.9 0.25 0.04 coM Min. 132.1 1.2 4.83 S.31 0.1 0.01 0.01 OOD Mean' 179.7 4.3 6.32 7.29 0.6 0.09 0.03 M 1976 Max. 210.3 12.4 7.63 8.69 2.6 0.50 0.04 CC Miii. 128.5 0.8 4.56 5.23 0.2 0.05 0.01 CCD Mean 170.1 5.0 6.14 7.16 0.9 0.20 0.03 ML 1977 Max. 186.0 13.0 6.70 7.99 2.7 0.45 0.04 CDt Milk. 112.0 1.4 4.10 4.99 0.2 0.05 0.02 Ct Mean 150.6 5.2 5.46 6.60 1.0 0.18 0.03 CtZ 1978 Max. 165.0 7.2 6.86 7.94 1.1 0.25 0.04 C(L Milk. 128.0 0.5 4.34 4.96 0.0 0.05 0.01 CLD mean 141.8 3.3 5.27 6.08 0.5 0.12 0.03 02 1979 Max. 187.0 10.1 7.64 7.85 0.8 0.20 0.05 OM Min. 123.0 1.0 4.58 5.61 0.2 0.03 0.00CD blean 153.8 4.9 5.89- 6.74 0.4 0.10 0.02(X i981 Max. 179.0 10.6 6.50 8.05 1.4 0.12 0.01 am Min. 111.0 3.8 4.04 4.91 0.2 0.07 0.00 OLD Mean 150.2 7.0 5.49 6.86 0.6 0.09 0.01 CCZ Annual Mean 155.8 4.8 5.65 6.74 0.7 0.14 0.02 M2

EACM 4.27 Table 4.4: (Continued)

Paameter ,, ~~~Total N10. N03- SiO, Alkalinity Year (Moll) (m,g/l) (mgl;) (Get. Deg.) 1973 Max. 0.00 0.99 10.0 8.67 Min. 0.27 5.0 5.26 Mean 0.00 .0.64 8.4 6.54 1974 Max. 0.00 I.L9 10.0 S.90. Min. 0.29 2.0 4.85 Mean 0.00 0.78 6.3 7.10 1975 Max. 0.03 0.96 9.0 9.88 Min. 0.00 0.19 2.0 6.07 Mean 0.01 0.60 7.A 8.26 1976 Max. 0.00 0.79 10.0 9.66 Min. 0.29- 4.0 5.91 Mean- 0.00 0.46 7.2 7.82 1977 Max. 0.00 0.49 10.0 8.55 Min. 0.19 3.0 5.16 Mean 0.00 0.35 7.3 6.93 1978 Max. 0.00 0.80 10.0 6.41 Min. 0.20 6.0 5.52 Mean 0.00 0.42 7.8 6.64 1979 Max. 0.00 0.89 10.0 9.59 Min. 0.29 4.0 5.64 Mean 0.00 0.67 7.4 7.34 1981 Max. 0.00 1.00 10.0 8.22 Min. 0.58 7.0 5.10 Mean 0.00 0.78 9.1 6.89

Annual Mean 0.00 0.59 7.6 7.19

EACM[RTA 4.28 Table 4.5: Monthly Average Water Quality Values at XiaodeshiGauging Stationin 1989 and

1989 TotaL Totad Month Temp Dis. 02 Hard. AIc. NH3-N NH,-N COD pH (0C) (mg/1) (mI/1) (mg/I) (mg/I) (min) (mgnI) Jan 1.6 7.6 75.4 72.9 0.07 0.006 0.5 8.1 Feb 10.2 6.0 77.4 77.1 0.07 0.004 0.6 8.1 Mar 11.8 6.7 77.7 . 79.1 0.06 0.005 0.7 8.1 Apr 15.6 -8.6 78.0 82.2 0.07 0.002 0.8 8.2 May 19.2 7.2 74.0 79.4 0.06 0.002 1.2 6.1 Jun 20.6 7.4 62.8 63.4 0.10 0.005 1.4 8.1 Jul 18.0 11.1 48.8 48.2 0.10 0.015 1.3 8.1 Aug 18.4 8.1 54.1 59.4 0.12 0.005 .1.1 8.1 Sep 18.0 7.9 54.1 56.6 0.08 0.015 1.1 8.1 Oct 14.8 9.0 56.6 58.9 0.08 0.003 0.8 8.0 Nov 12.4 9.5 64.8 66.7 0.05 0.004 0.4 8.1 Dec 10.2 10.3 73.7 71.2 0.18 0.010 0.8 8.1

Avenge 8.3 66.4 67.9 0.09 0.006 0.9 - -

1990 TOW Total Month Temp Dis. O. Hard. Alk. NH3 .N NH,-N COD pH ('C) (mgll) (mg/I) (mg/I) (mg/I) (m^I1) (mrll) Jan 7.6 9.7 75.1 75.4 0.03 0.006 0.5 8.1 Feb 11.0 9 78.0 78.2 - 0.080 0.7 8.1 Mar 11.4 9.u 78.0 80.5 0.03 0.008 1.0 8.2 Apr 15.6 8.6 76.6 79.9 0.06 0.003 0.6 8.2 Mlay 17.4 7.2 65.6 64.5 0.06 0.005 1.4 8.1 jun 16.6 8.6 43.5 46.8 0.10 0.025 1.5 8.0 Jul 21.0 7.0 53.3 58.6 0.05 0.002 0.9 8.1 Aue 20.0 7.0 56.4 58.9 0.03 0.004 0.4 8.3 Sep IS.0 7.8 51 6 50.2 0.03 0.002 1.3 8.2 Oc 16.0 9.0 49.6 52.4 0.04 0.008 0.S 8.I No% 11.0 9.0 67.9 67.0 0.06 0.003 0.4 S.l Dc; 8.0 7.6 27.9 70.9 0.05 0.002 0.4 8.I

Average 8.3 60.3 65.3 0.04 0.012 0.08

7. E 4.29 Table 4.6: Longitudinalprofile of water qulity parametrs in YalongRiver ftom Gabiaoto Tongzilin

FloodSeason Locadon Pamter Unit Gmnyu Daluo Jinhe Gubio GoaeTmieAodeX YabianTownship

Temperture (oC) 19.1 19.1 19.4 19.5 19.9 19.8 22.S 21.3 pH 8.3 8:4 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.2 SO; (mg/I) 9.7 7.5 9.4 S.7 9.2 17.9 15.7 15.7 cr (mg/i) 3.6 3.7 5.4 3.6 3.2 3.2 9.0 6.5 Fe (mg/i) 0.04 0.06 <0.03 <0.03 0.14 0.03 (0.03 <0.03 Mn (mg/l) 0.532 0.564 OS78 0.S53 0.694 0.714 0.211 0.250 Cu - (mg/I) 0.052 0.056 0.057 0.053 0.072 0.102 0.013 0.015 Zn (mg/A) 0.104 0.124 0.1L8 0.127 0.S67 0.202 0.399 0.036 NOj- (mg/I) 0.22 0.22 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.38 0.43 <0.49 NO:C (mg/l) c0.003 <0.003 c0.003 0.007 <0.003 <0.003 0.010 0.009

NH3 (mg/I) 0.004 0.002 0.011 0.07 0.004 0.008 0.011 0.011 Tot. N (mg/I) 1.980 2.020 1.820 2.050 0.473 2.190 0.521 0.695 P (mg/I) 0.90 0.90 1.1 1.11 1.39 1.29 0.28 0.31 Permangte (mg/I) 18.2 16.0 17.2 17.5 20.5 17.9 3.7 4.4 Index DO (mg/i) 9.6 9.3 8.4 8.2 8.4 8.4 7.1 7.7 COD (mg/I) 37.6 45.9 33.6 23.3 77.2 36.8 8.8 39.8 BOD5 (mg/1) 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.9 1.0 F- (mg/I) 0.10 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 Sc (mg/1) 0.0166 0.0088 0.0132 0.0101 0.0064 0.0059 0.0046 0.0059 As (mg/l) <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 HS (mg/1) 0.00011 0.oOe0.00008 0.00018 0.00009 0.00014tO.O000t0.00008 Cd (mg/1) < 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002 C: (mg/Ib <0.002 < 0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.00 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Pb (mgM) 0.026 0.026 0.030 0.029 0.032 0.085 0.007 0.00S '-anadc tmg/I) <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 VulAilic Phenol (mg/1) <0.002 0.00 0.002 0.002 0.00 0.002 0.002 0.002 Petrolcum (mgll) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Sulta A;iavw 1mg/I) <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 24000. 4900. 24000. 54000. 54000. 160000. Susp. Solids (mg/) 982. 11000. 476. 1090. 557. 1300. 145. 171.

EoAEIAOIEC - 4.30 Table 4.6 (Continued)

Norml Seasom Locadon Paraumetr Unit Ganyu Daluo Jinhe Gubiso GougheTuan JidCiaodeshiYabianTownship

Tempeature (CC) 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.0 13.5 14.0 18.3 18.0 pH 8.38 8.35 8.33 8.37 8.35 8.39 8.42 8.40 iSO4- (Mg/I) 13.6 13.2 14.2 8.0 15.0 14.1 11.1 6.6 C1- (Mg/) S.4 7.5 S.6 S.0 6.1 4.4 6.9 5.4 Fe (mg/I) <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Mn (mg/A) 0.069 0.054 0.076 0.078 0.075 0.085 0.031 0.043 Cu (mg/1) 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.085 0.087 0.002 0.003 Zn (mg/I) 0.022 0.041 0.022 0.052 0.05 0.073 0.017 0.029 N03 (mg/I) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.32 0.02 NO, (mg/I) <0.003 0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 NH3 (mg/I) <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 TotalN (mg/I) 0.153 0.193 0.209 0.080 0.112 0.102 0.090 0.177 P (mg/I) 0.062 0.058 0.058 0.074 0.069 0.079 0.046 0.053 Permanganate (mg/I) 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.5 Index DO (mg/I) 10.9 10.8 9.6 8.6 9.6 9.7 8.6 8.8 COD (mg/1) 4.8 6.1 3.6 - 5.7 5.5 3.7 5.3 4.5 BODs (mg/I) 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 } (mg/,) 0.120 0.110 0.119 0.115 0.124 0.119 0.110 0.134 Se (mgtI) <0.0025C0.0025<0.0025e0.0025< 0.0025<0.0025<0.0025< 0.00o5 As (mg/I) <0.007 <0.007 <0.07 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 'g (mg/i) <0.00000.00008: 0.0000 0.000060.00000.00R060.00006 0.00008 Cd (mg/i) <0.0002O.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002 Cr - (mg/I) <0.002<0.00 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002<0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Pb (mgn) O.OD40.009 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.013 Cyanide (mCII) <0.004 <0.004

FACM. 4.31 Table 4.6 (Continued)

LOwFlow Season Loation Parameter Unit Ganyu Daluo Jinhe GubiaoGoughe T'u JieXaodeshiYanbianTownship Temperaure (oC) 10.4 10.4 11.2 11.6 12.0 12.2 13.7 14.0 pH 1.47 .47 . 8.49 5.49 8.48 8.48 8.34 8.47 SOg (mg/I) 9.6 9.6 11.0 13.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 9.0 cr (mgII) 1.1 2.S 2.5 - 2.S 3.2 2.5 7.5 4.0 Fe (mg/I) <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Mn (mg/1) 0.012 0.013 0.030 0.028 0.006 0.026 0.016 0.020 Cu "MgII) 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 Zn (mg/I) 0.010 0.021 0.020 0.033 0.039 0.012 0.028 0.024 NOj- (mg/i) 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.08 <0.08 NO (mg/1) <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 NH3 (mg/I) <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Tot. N (mgII) 0.112 0.067 0.074 0.064 0.106 0.061 0.252 0.330 P (mg/l) 0.029 0.020 0.012 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.070 0.053 Permanganate(mg/l) 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 2.4 Index DO (mg/I) 10.7 10.6 9.5 9.3 9.8 9.7 9.3 9.9 COD (mg/I) 1.9 3.7 2.5 3.7 2.9 1.5 2.0 9.0 BOD3 (mni) 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 r (mg,I) 0.120 0.172 0.182 0.116 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.114 Se (mg/I) <0.0025<0.0025<0.0025e0.0025<0.0025<0.0025<0.0025<0.0025 As (mg/l) <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 Hg (mg/i) <0.0000t 0.000010.0000t0.000010.00 000.00001t0.000010.00008 Cd (mg/I) <0.0002<0.000c<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<00002 Cr (mg/l) <0.002 <0.002 <0.00_ <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Pb (mg/I) <0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.00_ 0.002 0.002 Cyanide (mg/l) <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 VolaltlePhenol (mgll) <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Petroleum (mg/I) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 SulfaActive (mg/I) <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 Agent with Anion ColiformBact (no./I 140. 330. 70. 330. 700. 3500. 4600. 3500. Susp.Solids (men1) 8.4 9.8 S.1 12.0 7.9 14.0 9.2 7.4

ERT*ILACM& 4.32 Table 4.7: Summaryof waterquality data fromJinsha River Upstream and downstreumfrom _ Yalongconfluence.

1989 LonipDon¢ Luo Guo

Parameter MuaBh Agust Novmer MajSh As November

Temperature 13.5 22.5 12.8 14.5 20.8 13.2 SuspendedSolids 11.7 801.0 195.0 57.8 744.7 226.2 Tota Hard 79.5 75.7 79.2 79.0 73.7 79.5 DO 8.8 7.7 9.3 8.7 7.5 9.2

NH3-N 0.m 0.03 c0.02 0.05 <0.02 <0.03 N02N 0.002 0.002 COD 1.6 6.2 '.0 1.8 5.5 2.1 BODs 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.7 As <.01 <0.007 <0.01 <0.007 Hg 0.0001 0.0001 Cd 0.0001 < 0.0004 0.000; <0.0006 Pb 0.012 0.047 <0.005 0.0001 0.023 <0.003 Colitorm Bactcria 105. 35000. 1430. 185000. 205000. 240000. pH 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.3 S.4

1990

Temperature 12.7 '1.3 13.8 12.3 20.7 13.9 SuspendedSolids 15.0 588.3 109.8 37.3 589.0 300.0 Total Hard 88.2 66.' 74.0 79.3 60.2 68.3 DO 9.4 7.9 9. ! 9.3 7.8 9.1 <0.04 <0.07 <0.62 0.04

COD 1.6 4 5 2.0 1.7 4.1 2.1 BOD, 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.7 n.5 A% <0 008 0.013 <0.007 0.011 0.016 Hg u.0002 <0.0003 <0.002 0.0002 0.0003 0.000M Cd 0.0002 Pb 0.002 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.017 0.004 Colifonn Bacteria1300. 2'W00. 5R50. 175000. 335000. 104500. pH 8.4 S.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.3

(Long Dong is Down.qrramtrom coniluceice.Luo Guois upstreamfrom confluencebut downstreai from Panzhihua Cit.j

EM:PtA O 4.33 confluenceof the Yalong River are presented in Table 4.7. Sampleswere obmainedduring dry, median and wet seasons at four locaions on the Jinsha (Long Dnng, Panzhihua HydrographicStation, Luo Gou, and Jinjiang Railway Station. Additionalsamples wyere obtainedat the mouth of the and atrae mouthof the YalongRiver (see Figure 4.6). The data indicate that water in the Jinsha River, except for intestinal bacteria and copper, indicate high quality water at all of the Jinsha River Stations. The primary pollutant, that detracts from the quality of water in the Jinsha is the exceedinglyhigh intesdnal bacteria concentrationsat all stations with the exceptionof the Long Dong Station.

In general, the qualityof the water in the Jinsha, upstream from PanzhihuaCity is quite good correspondingto a Class III river. After passing through Panzhihua City concentrationsof cadmium,lead, BOD, COD, and total nitrogen increasesignificantly along with the dramatic increase in intestinalbacteria concentrations. These increases are attributable to sewage discharge from Panzhihua City. An estimated 57.2 million tons of untreated sewage discharged to the Jinsha River annually. Water quality recovers somewhatdownstream prior to the inflow from the Yalong. However, the general quality of the water in the Jinsha is within Class III in comparison with the Water Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Law.

4.. Aquatic Vegetation

Rooted aquatic vegetation in the Yalong River is sparsely distributed. Small pockets of rooted aquatics are present throughout the system but hvdrologic, hydraulicand suspended sediment conditionsprevent extensive areas of these plants both in the Yalong and in the Ganyu River. A reconnaissanceof the Yalongand Ganyu River reaches to be inundatedby the Ertan Reservoirrevealed five speciesof rooted aquatic plants consistingof Potamogeton francluns. Potamogeroncrispis, Ulieudriaaurea, Charafagilis, and Hvdrilla quadrifolia.

Floatingaquatic vegetationsuch as Eichhomia crassipes, has been observedin the reservoir

ft?At EACM 4.34 T- area, but not in the Ganyu or YalongRivers. Farmers in the vicinity of YanbianCounty use small irrigation reservoirs to culture Eichornia as a source of fodder for pigs. Other floatingspecies such as Pistiastradiores and Salvinia were not observed in either the Yalong or Ganyu River Valleys.

Phytoplanktonhave been surveyed and, as would be expected, populationsare denser in the relativery sluggishGanyu Arm than in the YalongMainstem.

S.. Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms

a.. FLsh

The Yalong River is a major tributary of the Jinsha River (Yangtze River) which is the largest river of China and one of the largest river systems in the world (Figure 4.1). As large as the Jinsha River system is, the fish fauna is relativelyunk-.-uw.. The most intensive fishery surveys in the project area were conductedin 1983and 1984 by the Sichuan Aquaaic ProductResearch Institutein associationwith CHIDI to supportthe environmentalassessment for the first stage loan. Additional surveys were conducted in 1990 and 1991 by the Biological Department of Shichuan Teacher's College and CHIDI. In 1992 and 1993. CHIDI. the Sichuan Teacher's College and the Sichuan EnvironmentalScience Research Instituteconducted a fish survev to support the TongzilinEnvironmental Assessment. Other survevs have been conductedbv a number of other institutesfor various purposes. The most recent compilationof species known or expected to occur in the Yalong and Jinsha Rivers in Sichuan Province is presented in Annex 2.1. The list includes 151 speciesof fish in the Jinsha River. and 100 species occur in the Yalong of which all but three are found in the Jinsha as well.

Generally, fish species occurring in the Yalongand Jinsha rivers can be characterized into three major groups: Type A fish include those species which are generally found in the plains area in which the rivers are characteristicallylow gradient and velocities are slow.

9112 mThJ FA C14 4.35 Fpgure4.1S: Distributionsof three fish speciesfound in the project are represendngthe three majordistributioniecological ypes: Type A = plains; Type B X mid-elevation:and fS 21 @\t Type C = highelevation.

Swampeel ______Monopterus alTus

Catfish _Euchiloglanis davidi

-Scliizolhorax:.tkoiovi 4.36 Type B fish occur in rivers at middleelevations where the gradients are somewhathigher and water velocitiesare swifter. Type C fish are found in high elevationrivers characterizedas high gradient, cold, and highly oxygenated. Examplesof the distributionsof fish.in each of these habitat types is presented in Figure 4.15. The general type (A, B or C) of habitat utilized by each of the fish species in the Yalong Basin is also presented in Annex 2.1. As indicated in the list, the majoritv of the species occurring in the Ertan Reach of the Yalong belong to the second category (Type B).

Because a primary source of the Yalong River is snowmelt of the BayankelaMountains and other mountainranges surrounding the upper Yalong Basin, water temperatureis relatively low. Upstream from Jinping Mountains, the fish fauna is generally characteristic of the Qinghai-Tibetassociations comprised of relatively few species. The primarv genera in this area include Schizothorax.Nemacheilus, and Sisoridae spp.

Below elevation 2,000 m, the climate is generally dry and warm. Consequently,water temperaturein tributaries to the Yalongand in the Yalong itself awesomewhat hiat.er. More species occur in this type of condition as indicated in Anncx 2. 1. Althoughthere are more species represented in this reach, the populations of each species tend to be somewhat smaller.

The difference in the numbers of species of fish residing at various elevationsis supported by results of several surveys conducted by CHIDI. Sichuan Teacher's College and the Sichuan EnvironmentalScience Research Institute. Some fifty species were identified frem the lower reach of the Yalong River and near its confluence with the Jinsha River. Within the reservoir area 37 species were documentedfrom the river. In studies Losuppor, the Jinping I.and Jinping 1I projects. upstream from Ertan, 28 species were identified.

Surveys of fish made at four stations around the reservoir area to supportthe Ertan Projec! revealed great differencesin the speciespresent and their relative abundances. Schizorhorax species (average weights of 200-500 g) were among the most conspicuousin numbersand total biomass. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, (average weight 500-2500 g) formed a

EV.^N EACo" 4.37 conspicuouspropordon of the catch at three of the stations, but the large catfish, Silurus merid&onalis(average weight 4.5 - 6 kg) dominatedthe catch in terms of biomass at two stations although few indiwduals were caught. The inconsistencybetween the results indicates that the complexitiesof the total aquatic environmentare little understood.

During a reconnaissanceof the reservoir area conductedbetween May 26 and June 1, 1994, incidentalobservations of local fishermenin the Puwei River (tributaryto the Yalongon east side of vallev approximately 10 km upstream from mouth of Ganyu) indicated up to 17 species occurring at the mouth of the Puwei River. Preliminary identificationof the fish indicated the occurrence of Schizothoraxspp., several other Cyprinidacspp., Bagridaespp, and Sisoridae spp. Species of the fish were not identified in the field. The diversityof fish collected is depicted in Figure 4.16.

Of concern relative to the constructionof the Ertan Dam is the occurrence of migratoryfish species that periodicallyuse the YalongRiver for spawning, rearing or foraging. Basedon current understandingof thc habits Qffish known to occur in the Yalong, the only migratory speciesthat might occur in the river is-the eel, Anguillajaponica. This catadromousspecies is economically important. Although Ding, et al. (1994) indicates that it occurs in the Yalong, recent surveys of the fish fauna in the Yalonghave not reported its presence. The potential for this species occurring in the Yalong is quite high. The only possible barrier to its movement into the Yalong River is the Gezhouba Dam located in Hubei Province downstream from the Three Gorges reach of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. Based on familiarity with the ability of the eel to pass through such barriers. the frequencv with Gezhoubaspills and the presence of navigationlocks in the dam would not inhibit upstream or downstream passage of the eel. Therefore, it is likely that Anguilla is present in the

Yalonv River fr.h .Lher samplingof the fish fauna in the Yalong is needed to confirm its presence or absence.

As noted above, three species identifiedbv Ding (1994) appear to occur in the Yalong but not in theJinsha. The three speciesare: Gymnocyprispatanini. Triplophvsamarkehenensis, and T. angeli. These specieshave also been identifiedfrom the Upper Jinsha. mid and upper

g41M EACM 4.38 ~~~4 ~~~4

_' '"- - ;

~~~~~~~.' .~, - ''

F.~ ~ ~~F0

Figure 4.16: Photographof FishSpecies Observed in Fishermen'sCatch at Mouthof PuweiRiver on May28, 1994.

Dadu, Mingjiang and Anning Rivers. Further investigationregarding the distributionand abundanceof these species is warranted.

Two species of fish, identified as occurring in the Jinsha River in Sichuan Province and identified in the IUCN list of endangeredspecies of the world are the two sturgeonspecies, Acipenser sinensis and A. dabryanus. A. sinensis. the giant Chinese sturgeon, is anadromous. It grows to nearly 500 Lkg(over 3.0 m in length) in the ocean and would return to spawn in the lower Jinsha in the vicinity of Yibin in Sichuan Province, approximatelv 3,000 km from the ocean. Constructionof the GezhoubaDam has effectivelyblock}ed the migrationof the sturgeon. Efforts to artificially spawn the species and returnjuveniles to the river downstreamfrom Gczhoubaare reportedlyrelatively successful (Yu, CHIDI, pers. comm; Bi, Ministry of Forestry, pers. comm.). The artificial spawningprogram includes collectionof gravid adults, artificial extrusion and fertilizationof the eggs, incubationof the eggs, and rearing the fry to a free-swimmingstage in a series of ponds. Juvenile sturgeon

fWA2 EO4 4.39

' t~ are released to the Chang Jiang (Yangcze)downstream from GezlhoubaDam.

The habits of A. dabryanusare not known. This species is much smaUlerthan A. sinensis, reachingan adult length of only 90 cm. It is likely that the species follows a life history similar to that describedfor A. sinensisbut the locationsof the spawningareas have not been identified. It is not known if an artificial reproductionprogram for this species hat been implemented.

b.. Plankton and benthos

Zooplanktonhave been surveyedand, as would be expected. populations are denser in the relativelv sluggishGanyu arm than in the Yalong mainstem. The benthos is dominatedby the larvae of caddisflies(Trichoptera), with larvae of mayflies (Ephemeroptera)and other insects being rare. Snails appeared to be restricted to the rice fields.

D.. Terrestrial Vegetation. Wildlife and Biodiversity

L.. Vegetation

The Enan Reser-oir area of the Yainn2 River is in a transition zone t.etween the more widely d;stributed trcpic and subtropic zones of southern China. The climate alternates be:n.en .ot int! zvol and drv and humid. This varied climatic condition is reflected in the :11s. which ntergrades between subtropicaland tropical vegetationtypes.

Nat:e veanion artind the Ertan reservoir is characteristicof the subtropical biome with some tropical elementspresent. The speciescomposition reflects the moderate climate, lack of four seasons, and relatively constnt temperaturethroug,h the year. Most of the area that will be inundatedhas been disturbedbv human activities. Only about 1,000 ha of relatively undisturbed stands of native vegetation remain within the 10.100 ha reservoir area. The Chinese subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests that once dominated the area are

Sui .; af EJACii4 4.40 cutting land 3 ) [W; poorly-forestedland 2 S waste land for reforestation \ _ ERTAN

Figure 4.17: Forestrymap (1978) of the lowerYialong watershed and surroundings.

1ARNEAC4 4.41 ;;

-A E e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~e -

1,~ g* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ &I~~MVI liJvAu

\ j * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'5H61 til LIMMISUOII!A lA"tXI -IIIII%,''ll! nlllill'lttillol8IJS(P)'@J2.

A., Uls @ l l1_1

11W13

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~d

.. ''.

~~~bhNVp N charact by some 14,500 species of flowering plants, with many of these speces are known only from China. The forests were dominated by oaks (Fagacae: Custanopsis. Lithocarpusand up to a dozen other genera), and laurels (Lauraceae). Among the endemic species of trees of this area are Schottky's oak Cyclbanoides glaucoides, Delavay's oak Csaunopsir delayi, Smith's fir Abies georgei, Evelyn's bezeleeriaA. evelyniana,and the Yunnan pine P snyusywesais. This later speciesis a pioneer species typical of open forest gaps, landslips and similar sites in the lower montanezone. The forest trees of the main canopy would typically reach 20 m in height, with layers of smaller trees and shrubs beneath them. A very small percentage of the original cover of this forest type remains in China. The distribution of remnant areas of subtropical broatleaf evergreen forest and other vegetationtypes in the vicinityof the YalongRiver in southwestSichuan is shown in Figures 4.17 and 4.18.

The primary vegetation on the steep slopes immediatelyabove the Yalong River have the appearance of a savannah scattred, open canopy trees with grasses and forbs prevalent between the trees, as shown in Figure 4.19. This savanna-likeappearance of the lower elevation forests (from the river level to approximately1200 m) is probably the result of harvesting of the mature timber with the only partal rgeneration of some trees. The open canopy is probably now minXtainedby livestockgrazing, as evidenced by numeroustrails observed on the steep slopes, coupled with the steepnessof the slopes and the associated shallow soils.

As is typical in mountainousregions with extreme topographicrelief, the distributionof vegetative types is highlv correlated with elevation in the Yalong Vallev. This elevational zonation in the Yalong valley is depicted schematicallyin Figure 4.20. Within the area of the Ertan Reservoir, the vegetativecover is dominatedby various grasses and forbs with small shrubs and trees scattered on the steep slopes of the valley (See Figure 4. I9). The grass-shrub-scattered tree type vegetation dominates the valley floor and slopes with elevationsless than 1,100 to 1,200 mn.Semi-humid evergreen broadleaf forest, characteristic of the subtropical climate, occurs at mid elevations in the vicinity of the Ertan Reservoir (betweenelevations 1,100 and 1,600 on north facing slopesand between eevations 1,200 and

8t12 ,AN ERCM 0 4.43 1,700 m on south facing slopes). Because the aea is also influenced by the southwest monsoons, pine forests (dominatedby P. yunnanensis)occur at higher elevations (above 1,600 m on the north fcing slopes anidabove 1.700 m on south facing slopes).

More than 300 species of higher plants are known from the inundationzone, most of which are widespread species of disturbedcommunides (below 1,200 m elevation). Typical trees in these areas are the kapokreladve Gossanpinusmalabaricu, the timber tree Toona fureni,

Figure4.19: Open,savannah-type vegetation characteristic of the steepslopes of the valleywalls within the EatanReservoir area.

14112 EW1* iA H 4.44 2500 Pinus yunnanesn forest 2500 / (or mixed forest with pine and oak)

2000 2000

- - *__\Evergreen oak forest 1500 .- 1500

bush and grass with few trees I _ooo _'1000 - shade slope sunny slope Figure 4.20: Schematic representationof altitudinal zones of vegetation in the Yalong Valley.

Engelhardiaspica a, Phyllawhus emblica, and Jarropha curcas. The grasses are comprised of Imperatacylindrica. Heteropogon conlonus, 7hemedatriondra. and Cymbopogondistons. Of the 10,100 ha area to be inundated by the Ertan Reservoir, approximately 2,400 ha are covered by this type of vegetation. Above 1,200 m the remnant broadleaf forests are dominated by Quercus franceii. mixed with Engelhardia colebrookiana. Diospyros mollifolia, Cyclobalanopsis delavayi and others. Because the distribution of this type of forest is limited below 1,200 m, only scattered tracts, ranging in size from 10 to 100 ha occur within the area to be inundated by the reservoir. The total amount of land covered bv these remnant areas within the reservoir area is approximatelv 1.050 ha. Above 1.700 m the oakllaurel vegetation is mixed with rhododendrons Rhdodendrnn. winterareen Gautiheria. and bilberries Vaccciniunm.These species intergrade with the Yunnan pine (P. vannianertsis) forests above Elevation 1600 m (See Figure 4.20).

2. Fauna

Recent information pertaining to the fauna of the Yalong River basin is not readily available. Description of the vertebrate communities is based on records of collections made in the

*t 12 TMl EmACHO 4.45 1930sand 1940s.Consequendy the curent conditionof the vertebratecommunities, even for the birds, is poorly understood. Human intervention in the area, consisting of timber harvest, agricultureand grazingpractices has changed the communitystructure considerably. The followingdescriptions are based on the best availableinformation.

a.. . Amphibiaps

Over 20 species of amnphibianshave been recorded from the reservoir area and its surroundings (Annex 2.2). Four of these, Batrachuperus yenguanensis, Megophrys shapingensi,Scudger auberculanrsand Amolops loloensis, are endemicto Sichuanand are known to occur in the vicinity of the -projectreservoir. None of these endemic amphibian species is considered treatened or endangered.

Two species of Batrachuperusand Bufo andrewsiare used by local residents for medicinal purposes, and the larger frogs are eaten. Their economic importance also stems from their habit of eating insects that are deleteriousto agriculture.

b.. Reptiles

Two turtle, eight lizard, and 18 snake species are known from the reservoir area and its surroundings(Annex 2.3). None of the reptilian species is considered threatenedat a globai level. The turtles and larger snakes have medicinaland food value and consequentlythe populationsare relatively sparse. The cobra Naja naja and the three vipers are dangerous to humans. Local residents recognizethat somesnakes and lizards feed on agriculturalpests and. therefore. are considered beneficial.

c.. Birds

Birds in and around the project are generally rare, as they are in much of lowland China. This general cendition is due to efforts in the 1950s by the national and provincial

U1412 ERTNE4.46,,IA a" governmentsto control insect that caused considerabledamage to agriculturalcrops. In lieu of the effects of widespreaduse of pesticides. a total of 229 species of birds are recorded from the area surunding the Ertan Reservoir (Annex 2.4). Five species are considered endangeredby the global communityand, of these, four occur in the subtropicalbroadleaf forest (see discussion of Biological Diversity, Section 4.4.3). The fifth species, the black-neckedcrane, winters in cultivated areas of the Yalong Valley and is classifiedas Vulnerableby IUCN. In China, the black-neckedcane is designatedas a first-gradespecies (endangered)under-the Cninese Endangered Speces Act (See Chapter 3). Temminck's tragopan, Tmagopnrenmbnafic, is also protectedas a second-gradespecies (threatened)under the Chinese EndangeredSpecies Act.

The bird species occurring in the vicinity of the Ertan Project can be categorized into one of four groups based on their distribution:

1. Birdsof the river valleys with the tree sparrow, Passer monawnus,being the dominant resident species. Other species includewading birds, water fowl and other migratory species that move into the area during different seasons.

2. Birds of agricultural areas including tree sparrow, tawny-flanked prinia (Prinia subflava), white wagtail (Motacilla alba), and Japanese white-eye (Zosrerops japonica).

3. Birds of the disturbed broaaleaf forest, representedby the crested finch-billedbulbul (Spizixos canifrons), the white-collared babbler (Yuhiina diademara), and the black-headedsibia babbler (Heterophasiamelanoleuca).

4. Birds of the conifer forest, represented by the red-tailed siva babbler (Minla ignouinra).

The common pheasant (Phasianuscoichicus), Chinese francolin (Francolinuspintadeanus), ruddy shelduck ('. iorna ferruginea), teal (Anas creca), spot-billed duck (Anas

UAC4& 4.47 poecilorhyncha).herons, pigeons, woodcock,and various other wading birds are considered game species and are hunted for their meat and feathers. Certain species are also hunted because of their medicina;properties [herons for their livers, ducks for their feathers, black kite (Milvus migrans) for their brains and claws, and various pheasants, hoopoo, woodpeckers,common myna, crows, thrushes and others.for their whole bodies]. d.. Mammals

The mammalspotentiallv present in and aroundthe project area and adjacent uppercatchment are listed in Annex 2.5, together with those known to occur at elevationsabove the level of the planned reservoir, and those known to occur between the dam Site and the confluenceof the Yalong with the Jinsha river. Althoughmany mammal species in China are considered threatened or endangered both by the Chinese government and by the international community, none is known to occur in the vicinity of the ErmanProject either because it is not suitable for those species or because it was eliminated from the valley many decades previouslv. The historical range of the tiger Pantheratigris. leopard P. pardus, and possibly Javan rhino Rhinoceros sondicus includes the Yalongcatchment. However. these species were eradicated from the adjacent catchment of the reservoir many decades ago and consequentlyare no longer considered residentsand are not included in the list presented in Annex 2.5.

The most well-knownmammal of western and southwesternChina. the giant panda. is not known to inhabit the Yalong Basin. The closest survivins populations are some 200 km awav(Ficure 4.2I.

Several mammal species occurring in the vicinitv of the Ertan Project are considered .;ur-beare.sand are consequentlyhunted by local residents. These species include the bears. foxes. martens, hares, and squirrels. Other mammalian species are hunted for their medicinalproperties. Musk deer. deer, pangolin. several primates, and river otters fall into this group of mammals.

Insectivorousspecies, such as bats, and certain carnivores are considered beneficialbecause

T ERAN EA 04 4.48 Yibj

g g ~Xichan

Ertan Dam_

_/ J O~~~~~ 100 200

Figure 4.21: Current. CnownDistributionof Giant Pandas in Western Sichuan(narrow lines) and Locatinns of Nature Reserves (bold-gazetted.hatched-proposed) (Sichuan Forestry Department. 1985).

3112 ERAN 0E4A 4.49. they feed on insects, rats and mice that are considered pests on agricultural rop. Other species are considered pests (rats and mice) and some are important in public health programsbecause they either carry various human diseasesor they are host to invertebrate vectors of human diseases.

3.. BiologicalDiversity and Cooservation

The maintenanceof ecologicalbiodiversity has becomea major concem among conservation organizations, caional governmentsand internationalfunding agencies around the world. This concern focuses on the maintenanceand preservationof natural biologicalcommunities and has grown out of the realization that human interfence in natural communitiesis leading many species to the brink of extinction. The primary goal for maintainingbiological diversity throughoutthe world is to reduce the further destructionof natural communitiesand to preserve the habitat for species near extinction. The concern for maintainingspecies diversity in China is reflected in China's recently developed Biodiversity Action Plan. Within this plan, the people of China have recognized that many ecosystems, unique to China, are of value and should be maintained. Consequently,the biodiversityof the area tO be affected by the Erran Hydroelectric Project has become a concern of both the environmental community within China and international environmental organizations monitoringdevelopment in developingnations.

The Ertan Project lies within the BioUnit 39(a) described in China's BiodiversityAction Plan. This BioUnit. delineated as the SouthwestMountains Biounit. is described as 'ver imporranz'because the richness of plant. bird and mammal species present. and it ranks second or third in all China in terms of its diversity. To do a detailed. fine-grained assessmentof biological diversity for the Eran Project is not possible, however, due to the limitedamount of informationavailable for the BioUnit. In general, the biodiversty within the inundationzone is relatively low. The majorityof the area is highly disturbedby historic and cunent human activity: Nearly half of the inundationarea is occupied by agricultural activities (farming and herding), human settlement, replanted forest, timber harvest areas (including maintained fuelwood forests), grassland hillside, or aquatic habitats (rivers,

MrM FA CPM 4.50 irrigation ponds, fish ponds, etc). Much of this intenrentionoccurred many years to several decades ago and much of the area is only lightly used with some regeneation of typical vegetation types apparent.

Even with the extent of human activity there are a few remnantareas of native vegetation that have survived human intrvention. As described previously (Section4.4.1), scattered subtropicalbroadeaf evergmereforest remnants occur throughoutthe reservoir-arcaLBecause these forests are genrally found between elevations 1,100 m and 1,700 m, the total amount of this type of forest within the inundation zone is relatively small and scattred. Tracts ranging in size from 10 to 200 ha account for approximately1,000 ha or 10 percent of the total area to be inundatedby the reservoir. This type of forest is somewhatmore prevalent at elevationsabove 1,200 m. The occurrenceof this the broadleafforest at elevationsabove the inundation zone will be of importance in the overall environmentalmanagement plan proposed for the Ertan Project. Althoughthe subtropicalbroadleaf forest does occur within the valley of the Yalong River, specific knowledgepermining to the health of that biotype is not availableat this time.

Aside from the occurrence and distributionof the various forest types within the inundation zone, little specificinformation is availableto perform a fine-grainedbiodiversity assessment of the Ertan Project. As described previously, the occurrenceof vertebrate species within the Yalong River basin has not been updated for many years. However, the potential biodiversityin the area, based on internationalstandards, can be best describedwith respect to the bird community. The irnmortanceof the diversitv of particularecological communities is generally indicated by the number of species which are endemic not only to the habitat types but also to the particular area. Among the various vertebrate groups, the bird communityof southwesternSichuan is best knownand their levels of endemismare generally indicativeof endemismin other taxonomicgroups.

An assessment of the world's most important areas for conservation has recently been completed bv Bird Life International(formerly the ICBP). The basis of defining imporant areas for targeting conservationefforts was the delineationof 'endemic bird areas (EBA).

12t4 UrrA EACH 4.S5I An EBA is defined by the presence of two or more bird species that have restricted ranges (less than 50,000 km2) and their entire distributionis within the area. Given this definition, it was determined that twelve EBAs are found in China. One of these.EBAsis the 'South Chinese Forests' which covers lowland areas up to about 2000 m. Another is the 'Centrl Sichuan Forests' occurs at elevations above 2000 m in the montane zone. Pordons of the Yalong River basin (including the vicinity of the Ertan Reservoir) occur in-both of these EBAs. Because the Central Sichuan Forest occurs at elevations well above the reservoir area, it is not of concern with respect to the Ertan Project However, the South Chinese Forest EBA designationis relvant to the Ertan Project. A total of five restricted-rangebird species occur in the South Chinese Forest EBA (Table 4.8). The species axe further restricted to the broadleaf forests that occur within the 10,000 khn' area comprising the EBA. With the exception of the laughing-thrush,all are considered to be endangered (Bird Life International). Although the area covered by this EBA is about 10,000 kn2, considerably less than this is suitable habitat for these species and less than 5 percent is in currently in gazetted conservation areas. Consequently,the Ertan Reservoir becomes important in the overall assessmentof the project and providesan opportunityfor preserving habitat for these endangeredbird species. Table 4.8: Restricted-rangebirds of the broad-leavedSouth Chinese Forests'.

CamnmetiName Scientific Name Attitudinal auge (m)

Sichuan partndge Arboroptilarufipeclus 1200-1800 Gold-rronted fulveta Alcippe rwgafaceps 700-1900 Red-winged laughing thrush Garmlarformosus 1200-2600 Omei Shan liocichla Lociehla oneiesnsis 1000-2400 Siiver oriole Oriolus meUianus 300-1450

Currently, there are only two existing nature reserves in the same sub-biounitas the project area (Figure 4.22):

"24.2 ErrAn EA CM4 4.52 s 8/rlanDamsite N Panzhihua-Suteilin)

Figure 4.22: Locations of Reserves in the Southwest MountainsBiounit in SichuanProvince: Black - gazetted;white - proposed "3112 ERTWANEA CD- 4.53 Luoji Shan

Area: 23,000 ha Altituderange: 2000-4000m Gazetted: - 1986 Agency: Local govemmcnt Justification: Rare flora and fauna, glacial reics and natral mountainscenery Staff: 4 persons Annual budget: 20,000 (0.9 yuanma) Condition: Reasonable

Panzhihua Suteilin

Area: 300 ha Altitude range: 976-2920 m Gazetted: 1983 Agency: Local government Justification: Populationsof the cycad Cycaspaniuhuaeizss Staff: 5 persons Annual budget: 10,000 yuan (33 yuan/ha) Condition: Rather diswrbed at lower elevations

Neither of these preserves target the preservationof the lowland broadleafevergreen forest cited within the South Chinese Forest EBA, nor do they contain the broadleaf forest types like those found in the project area. Luoji Shan is situated at elevations much higher than those in which the broadleaf forest is found and the Panzhihua Suteilin Preserve focuses entirely on the preservationof the cvcad population. Consequently,neither preserve provides for the colnservationof the broadleafevergreen forest which is the habitat utilized bv the five bNrdspecies cited in Table 4.8.

Be.ause the occurrence ot any of the five endemicbird species in the evergreen broadleaf torcsts surroundinAthe Ertan Project is not klnoun, the opportunityfor preserving some of the native forests is an important component as part of the Ertan Hydro mitigationplan. Specific measures to advance this opportunityare described in the impact assessmentand mitigationsection of this EA (Section 5).

94112 OMTAN RA 044 4.54. , ;-§, a)o;5 -o'>2 ¢ ' o .. .-- -. _' l -C * -

- --.1 E.. Socioeconomic Environment

1.. Water Use

Although the Yalong River and the Ertan Project are located in a relatively uninhabited portion of southwestSichuan Province, there are some existinguses of the river that may be affected-by project structures and operation. The potential effects to these uses may be attributableto changes in the hydrologicregime, water quality, or sedimentload in the river. Because changes to the hydrologic and water quality regimes may be realzed downstrm from the confluenceof the Yalongwith the Jinsha River, a survey of existingwater uses was conducted between the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir and Yibin. Existing uses of the river and river channelare describedbelow.

a.. Structures Present in the River Channel or Along the Shoreline

Structures located in and along the Yalong River within the impoundment zone were inventoried during the planning for resettlement activities and are discussed in the resettlementsections of the EA- These structuresand uses are not addressed here.

Structuresin the YalongRiver downstreamfrom the Erian dam site include: timber handling facilities located at Mishaituo, Xiaodeshi; Anninc River mouth, Dapingdi, Niupingzi. and Sanduizi; an industrial water supply pumping station for the Panzhihua Mine Power Plani near the confluenceof the Yalong with the Jinsha; and the piers of three bridges across the Yalong River between the dam site and the Jinsha River confluence.

Structures located on the banks of the Yalong River which may be impacted by project operation include the shoreline facilitiesassociated with the timber handling sites identified above; residential buildingsat Xiaodeshi and Tongzilin;and ancillary buildings associated with the Panzhihua Mine Power Plant.

E£TrANEA CM 4.55 b. Downstream Industrial, Agricultural, and Doiiestic Water Supply

Use of the Yalong River downstrm fmm the Ertan Project for industrial, agriculturaland domestic water supply is limited. Currently, water is drawn from the YalongRiver at the Panzhihua Mine Power Plant and at several locadons on the Jnsha between the Yalong confluenceand the Jfnjiang RailwayStation. During construction,water is withdrawnfrom the Yalong for use at the constructionlabor camps, at the concrete batch plants, and at the contractr/administration units establishedto house the construction managers. Once the project is completed, the Yalong River wiMlserve as the primary source of water for the Yanbian County town to be constructedon the right side of the Yalong River downstream from the confluence of tihe Anning River.

The Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant has a design purification capacity of approximatelyi5,000 tons of water per day (about 0. 17 m.3/s). Water treated at this plant is used primarily by 60,000 to 65.O00residents in the PanzhihuaCity area to meet domestic requirements. Very little of the water is used for industrialpurposes. The pumping station for the water treatmentplant is located on the Yalongupstream from its confluence with the Jinsha River and is operated on a 24-hour basis. The pumping station houses four pumps each witha lifting capacity of 280 mn;Ihand a total capacitv of 27,000 m3;day. Currently, onlv two pumps are used on a 24-hour basis with the remaining two operated as-neededor as reserve pumpingcapacitv.

Several small pumpingstations are locatedalonc the Jinsha River between the confluenceof the Yalon, River and the JinjiangRailway Station. These pumping stations are mountedon floating boatsor on tracks that can be moved up and down with the water level. The amoun; of water withdrawnat these sites is quite small.

C.. Trnnsportation of TLimber

A primarv existing use of the Yalong River is for transporting harvested timber - mainly

9J112 MAN CA CM 4.56 from plantBa"onslocated in the upper portions of the Yalong Catchmenr to-theo- collcetion . , and processingcenters near the mouth of the Yalong and on the Jinsha River to Yibin. The Yalong is the principal transportationcorridor for timber within SichuanProvince. Forestv practices in the upper basin are discussed in more detail in Section 4.5.2. Locations o' uhe primarTforest maagemerareas where *histimber is harvested are depictedin Figure 4.23.

Harvested logs are placed in the river and conveyed downstream to the timber handiine facilities at Xiaodeshi. Anning River Mouth and others. Most of dhe handling facilities between Xiaodeshi and the mouth of the Yalong River are constructed of floating piers anchored in the middle of the channel. At Xiaodeshi,a concrete-piercollection facility has been constructedalong the left bank of the river as showr in Ficure 4.24'.

At these locationsthe logs are accumulatedirnto rafts which are th:n conveyedto the lumb r mills in Yibin, approximatelv 800 km from the source in the upper Yalong Bacin.

Generally, use of the river for conveying logs occurs only eurng Til h'g.hflow season between June and Seprei'ber w'hen narlv 98 pex-ent oi he lozf a.-iv: at the handling facilitiesin the reach below the Ert-n Dam si:e. Ail of the zimber;.a.;diling facifities at the lower end of the Yalong River are design'tdto operateunen dis hargteis at leass ,50C0mn.rs.

d.. Commercial Navigation

The 3 k!m reach of the Yalon- River from the Ertan Dan; site Eu.;,a conwtuence with tht; Jinsia River is currentiy unnavigablcdue to the presence of shoals and rapids in the ..- er cnannel. Transportation through this portion of the valley is accomplishedvia h?h.;2ay al.ng ooth the left and right banks and via the rail line on the rieht bank throuch Tongzi.in Downst-eam from the confluence of the Yalong, the Jinsha River is navigab!e "or avoroximately 140 km fr.m Panzhihua to Zaogutian. However. this reach is useu o::ti seasonally in June and December between the extreme dry months and the extrenmewet months. Between Zaogutian and Xinshizhen,extending approximately 150 kIn, the jinshl contains many rapids and shoals making this reach unnavigable. The 58 k-n reach be:ween Xinshizhen and Xiantan is used seasonally, again only duringrthe months of June and

341 :2 4.57. cl.A -A Co 45 SEDA

DEGEO GANqZ

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Xinlon5JrDaofu Maon

| ~~~LEGEM1 - i,4 IDING

I Ccnlrceor City or Coumy I N ~~~~Ioery_ - _

Plnrned Foreslr Bavtu ____ LCounty Boundvaty

! [fze ____\ . | ls ~~O]mlton,

'ur?,er Fore- Bures: j ..-r. an-du.;- ;

* 1Xa Xnlung i '!Fi.

1! SC;MruUiv N J X1CHANuI

I M L '1 3uii .

' - L..uke 0.'______o >

I ' Jiulong v_"_|____(0 / 9 Yrr 70.000 __ g 10 PUwei S0.A0 Dmite 11 TotI 11Xn.00O|. PANtZJA 9;;

Figure 423: Loc3tions otTimber iares- Areas aad Forest ManagemenwBureaus ir. valk.i- River Basin. eati: -458 EqT*dI EA a" -5 T.~ ~~ ~ ~ ~

.a.' ~ ~.. ~~...*' ,.

._: .~ . ~ ~ , '

_ . t o'< 7-'>_2.2-WK

Figure 424: Log HandlingFacilities in YalongRiver at Xiaodeshi.11 km DownstreamFrom Ertan.

December. From Xiantan to Yibin, navigation use of the river is possible throughout the vear. Because the industrial and agricultural productionin the upper portionsOt the Jinsha is quite low. there is little need for mass transportationo;' goods via the river.

There are several ferries present alona this rcach that link highwaysand provide for persons wishingto cross the river. Such ferries are located at Qiaojia. Long,ie, Yuzha and Jinjianc. Numerous boats observed at various locations along the river are used either by local subsistence fishermen or bv operators of various facilities like the water pump stations described previously.

2.. Land use

Surveys of land use in 1985 for the Sichuan portion of the Yalongwatershed (96 percent of

94112 RTMNEACH 4.:59 Table 4.9: Surveyof Land Usesin YalongRiver Basin i. Enan ReservoirArea.

Yalongcatchment YanbianCounty an- % km5

Forestryland 37,811 34 1,809 65 Cultivaion 2.304 2 223 8 Grazingland 58,946 5371 541 20 WatersurfTce 1,982 2 16 <1 Odt.r 10.615 10 160 6

low 111 ,298 2.765

its total area) in general and of Yanbian County in parEicular were made in 1985 and the resLiltsare shown in Table 4.9. Land use is, in part, deternined by altitude with cultivated sand more comn;on a. lower elevation "hanat hiahcr- levation and forests lesc common at jow altitudes than at high altitudes.

Table4.10: Trendsin ForestCover. 1960-1980.

Catrimcnt Percent Forest Localiuanin DXa!in Counties Arcm 60- 7O's 80's

I -!- Rcn:h Shiqu. GAJnzi. 3S.401° I.3; 1.--1.73% Decc. Sc;a

MaiJJlcReach X.Mnlone. :_.300Y 13.39cc 13.26% 11.61rc Yajijn2. Luhun. Daotu. w.can:m

Low=r R-ach Jiulorz. Muhl. Yan.uan 3i".r?9 25.06% 27.11% 26.58% %liar.amc- il;, Mirl Dxchane. Yanb:afs

Combined CatchznmenArea 111.298 12.33% L3.O25212.32%

94A 2 fRTAh EP 4.60 as the" cove *

The extent of forest (defunedas tree cover great-erti- 0 percent)' in - the cachmenit-at ' ' present and in the past is shown in. Table4.10. The increase in the proportion of -.he area covered by forest from the l960s to the 1970s is due to a program of aerial sowing of tree seeds in the 1960s. Results of this repianting became noticeablein the 1970s. Prior to the 1960sthe practice of cuttng fore!ts and without replantingresulted in a decline in the forest area. CurrentlYthe propordon of thearea With forest cover in the lower reaches of the Yalong around the reservoir (26 percent) is twice the Sichuan average. In Yanbian County 33 percent of the land area is covered by forest These forested areas contribute significandy to water and soil conservationin the reservoir area.

a.. Agriculture

About 15 percent of the land within the reservoir area (about 1.700 ha) is cultivated. In general the Han people occipy the valley bottoms where thicker and more fer ie soils. combined with long experience with water mnanaggementand rice cultivation, each year producc two or three harvests of rice. com. wheat, peanuts. sugarcanc and other minor crops. Pigs and ducks are commonstock animals. The tendl to occupy the hioger elevationswhere only one har:est is produced each year because o, the lower temperatures. greater diurnal temperaturevariation. slower plant growth, thin and relatively infertile soil. and frequent landslips. The major crops are potato and buckwheatproducing an averageof 2250 kg/ha. The main stock animals are goats: sh:ep are found at higher altitudes. The Rrassvareas of the midd!emzontane reaions above 1500 m are the most suitable fworeransc; below this the grasslandsare subject to a long drv season and are of poor quality.

Ecinomic trees in the reservoirregion include walnut. chestnut, apple. pear. tung o;l tree. mulberry. bamboo. and citrus. Yanyuan apples are :._.1 known for their color. smell. and taste and are an imporLantexport commodity.

b.. Forestry

In the Yalong catchmentas a whole the timber forests cover approximatelv0.85 million ha.

EWR EA Cm 4.61 An estimated 404 million m3 of timber is presenit within the valley of which there is approximately 9.8 million me of harvestable timber. Spruce and fir trees comprised the majority of the timber above 2000 m. After cutting, the logs are floateddown the Yalong and Jinsha rivers for processingin Yibin. Most of the logs are cut from old growth forests, and regeneration/replantingis hamperedby diseasescaused by indigenousorganisms of the naturalforests. The spruce and fir generaly grow on poor montanesoils, and plantingsoften take 1S Years to form a closed canopy, and 20 years to reach 20-m height. Annual production of logs ir. the Yalong catchmentreached a peak of 1.1 million rm3 prior to 1985, with 90 percc-. :f1 uis production transportedvia the river. Annual timber production has declined since 1985 to approoimately0.3-0.4 million m3 in 1994. The reduced production is attributed to new forestry policy designed to balance harvest and regeneration rates.

In the southern, mainly pine-growingareas of Puwei and Yanbian, the rate of harvesting pines was, until quite recentld. greater than the rate of replanting. The forestbureau of both Puwei and Yanbian are currently attemptingto reverse this trend through replanting of the pines in harvested areas. The areas replantedwith Yanbian pine seeds and seedlings. The Forestrv Bureaus expect the seedlingswill form a closed-canopyand in sevenyears, and will reach 6 m in height in 15 years.

The Forestrv Law enacted in 1989. requires that the quantity of timber harvested from an area be less than the quantity grown. The purpose of this poiicv is to increase the amount timner in a given area. In addition. the law requires that forestr managementpolicy

- rcasonableuse of timber resources.

- improvementof the forest compositior.

- increasein fores; cornpom;:ion.

- increase in ecolocical and environmentalbenefits.

- multiple uses. and

- increase in econoi liC beneflts.

ERTANEA C_4 4.62 Certain forests, such as some of those in the GanyuValley, are recognizedas important for water conservation.These are owned by the Deparmet of Water Resourceswhich entrusts the managementof them to the local bureau of the Departmentof Forestry. Onlydead timber may be cut froti these forests.

Provincialregulations for mountainousregions stipulatethat to maintain ecosystembalance, water conservationand soil conservation,tree harvestingis not allowed on slopes over 40a, on slopes less than 40° where the soil is thin or replanting difficult, in tracts of i!olated forest less than 20 ha in area, within 100-200m of montanegrassland or shrubs, within 50 m of all-seasonstreams, and within I kIn of upper catchments. Onlv selectivecutting of up to 30 percent of the harvestable timber is permitted within 500 m of large rivers, or within 50 m of residentialareas, reservoirs, and power stations.

In addition to use of available forests for timber, some pine tree stands are managed for pmroductionof resin. Resin, tapped from pine trees, is collected in a manner similar to the collectionof rubber latex. Distillationof the pine resin produces ros.n and turpentine, the former used in varnish,-paint, ink and paper industries, while turpentine is used in various pharmaceuticaland cosmetic industries.

c.. Industry and Mining

Industrieslocated within the Ertan Reservoir area are generally small and self-supporting. Repair shops, manufactureof spare parts. a smallcement plant. cereal processing,brewery. sugar refining (Table4.11) constitute the majority of industries in the YalongValley. Up to 160 active mines are present in the Yalong Valley, most of which are very small with hrmrtedproduction. The major mines include the Ertan Clay Mine which is exploiting a deposit of approximately5.5 million tons, and the Yanbian Hongni coal mine which is exploitinga coal deposit with approximately169 million tons in reserve. The mined clay is important in the manufactureof refractories for the Panzhihua steelworks.

94112 EITAEA C 4.63 Table 4.11: IndustriesLocaed in theErtan Reservoir Area.

Competent Name Loeation Authority Owner Staff ain Products

Enan Clay Mine JmlongHiU Paniibu StuIon State 108S KAolin: ProductionCompany 110,000I/yr

Jily I Power ThirdVillage Watr PowerBureau idem Enery: I,O00kwiv YUMe YanbianCounty

Ce:nert Faotnry Xifaugian Industq: ldem 124 Cement: JianLing Comunwications 30.000tlyr Bureau.Yanbiam County

3.. Land Transportation

Tne Calengdu-Kunmingrailway line passesalong the left bank of the Yalong from the Anning River mouth to the Jinsha River. Rail stations are located at Tongzilin and Jinjiang. The Tonezilin Station, is locatedjust 18 In from the dam site and is the major off loadino site for heavy equipment a,ndmaterials necessary for constructionof the project.

.T.e nmain highways are: Sichuan-Yunnan. Xxchang-Muli. Dechang-Yanbian. Yanbian-Wudukou.Land transportationin the vicinitv of the Ertan Project is generallv quite pk-krbecau%c of tze' rugged mourtain '.C..irn. Consequently.considerable road upgrade and .^s::Iic:on swasnrcessary to accmimodate construction related traffic. Most of Theproiect :-!a :s accessibleonLy on foot rThorseback. The rugaed mountainarea has few yood roads anc cornrion of means of travel "v loca! residents is by horse.

pal t2 !rTAt4EA CN6- 4.64 4.. Administrative t nits and People

4.. AidministrativeUSnits and Pcople

a.. Administrative Units

The region to be inundated by the reservoir directly involves five c-ounties:

- Yanbian and Miyi of Panzhihua Municipality,-and

- Dechang, Yanyuan and Xichang of Liangshan Yi AutonomousPrefecture.

These counties and their adNinistrative centers are shown in Figure 4.25. The most populous pa.t of the reservoir area is the Ganvu vallev where there are some 630 people/lkm2 and about 40 ha cultimatedland/km-. Density of humans in the remaining part of the reservoir is 60 people/knm2 and agricultural intensitv is limited to approximately 10 ha land/kan').

b.. Socio-economicConditions

The socio-economicconditions in the wholeof the five ccunties affectedbv the reservoir are shown in Table 4. 1:2. It should be noted that these data were compiled .n 198 and revision of these figures wouln be required if the survevs are reconducted. ihe apparent rapid increase in population size between 1977 and 1983 obscr.ed in 'YanyuanCounty was apparentlv due to immigrationassociated with additionaljob oppu uities ard the ntfluxof governmental administrators. Similarly, the population growth in Xichang Countv was stimulatedby the rapid groWthof the aerospaceindustry and the associatedinfiux of officials into the countv zovernmcntalagencies.

c.. MinoritvNationalities

Although most of the people in the project area belong to the majoritv Hart nationality, another '20 nationalikiesare represented. The most numerouso.' the minoritynaaionalia;.es in the project area is the Yi. Approximately39,400 of 168.200 people in Yanbian Countyare

ERTAt ;. 4.65 Xichang& * Mumcipalitycapital * Countv capital I MuruicipalitylPrefectureboundary County boundary 1 cHANG Provinceboundary XICHAN

i' (

YANYUAN

I Dechang\ DECHAN'

MIYIRX JVM;VI

Panzhihua1

Figure 4.25: AdministrativeUnits in the Ertan ReservoirArea.

ERTAN EAl4 - 4.66 ~~~~~~A-~~~~~~~

Table 4.12: SocioeconomicConditions in 1985 for the Five CountiesAffected by the Reservoir.

CountY

Item Unit Yanbian Mi!i Dehng Yanyuanxdthang Total

TotalAe km2 2.765 2,105 2,240 8,370 2,484 17,964 CultivatedLand ha 8.993 10,951 12.456 38296 24,845 95.531 Crxps ha 3.305 7,328 8,240 7,564 17.031 43.468 Gszing ha 5.687 3.623 4.215 30,721 7,813 52,0S9 AnnualGmain tonlyear 48,360 55.320 63.045 86,295 15,255 268.275 Production Numberof Households 25.637 35,588 48.496 5S.355 Runl 23.255 30.029 26,870 44,7S8 52.282 177.194 Population 123.307 174.279.147,474 248.627 260.000 953.687 Rural 113.651 149.30 132.660 232.301 249.916 877.830 AnnualProduction X 106yuan 36.75 62.70 48.20 72.45 78.74 98.84 Industry X 106yuan 10.60 24.82 10.97 13.86 8.09 69.24 Agriculture X 10' yuan 26.15 37.88 37.33 58.59 70.65 230.60

RuralLabor -. 46.5 43.6 45.9 46.2 47.0 46.8 PopulationGrowth 6.6 6.4 8.6 17.9 14.4 Grouth of Grai 3.9 1.6 5.6 4.7 7.I minoritynationalities, more than half of whom are Yi.

There are more than 5 million Yi pcople distributedthrouch Yunnan. Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces. Prior to the end of the Mlingdynasty (1644), the Yi people were prevalent in the project area. At that time the onlv permanent settlementof consequence was Yanyuan. After the people's rebellionand the invasionby the Manchusin 164. many Han people fled to safety in the western mountains, where some were taken as slaves by the Yi. Through the years the proportion of Han incrcasedas a result of their fleeinga variety of disturbances in the low land areas. Finally. the number of Han people moved into the region as a consequenceof organizedrelocation programs. The town of Yanbian ('boundaryof the Yan area') was foundedby Han pcople. probably earlier this century. A result of the immigration of the Hans was displacementof the Yi into the more mountainousareas which the Han tended to avoid as much as possible.

94112 LUTANLA Cli'- 4.67 The socialstructure of the Yi'people is relativelysimple. The Yi are dividedinto distinct clans whicheacb have a socialorganization based on caste. The dominantcaste ownsall poperty and thieebycontrols he lower ase wlich , nefct, a laboringand landless group. M is confinedwithizn caste and clanm Agricultureis the main ecouiomic activity,work in the fields being doneonly by thelower cast The YlbeLievethat all objectspossess spirit and thattheir livesare ruled by destiny;amulets are wom throughout

life to effectproteition. -

Most of the Yi peopleliving in the vicinityof the projectconfine their activitiestoareas above 1600m asmedevaion, where they combinecultivation of potatoes,con, and some whea with te hrdng of goas. Somesheep are also kept but theseare as much as for jousdng con'testsas for meaL Sheepare more importantto Yi livingin westn regions. Thegoats are veryimportant to dheYi becausethey provide meat and leather,some of which is taded to the Hlanfor supplementaryfood and materialgoods (Figure 4.26). Othergoods tradedare walnuts,muthrooms, and medicinalherbs. .ne~~~~~~~~~~ The remaining20,000 minority residents of YanbianCounty comprise the other 19 minority. grups representedin the county. Mostof theseminorities are immigrantsfrom otherareas Of Sichuanand from other provinces. None of these minoritieshave estblished cultural groups and tend to be integratedinto the general population.A large portionof thcse

rSmFA C" : :4.68 . *1~~~* * j - - i W2't

*;4f -

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

Figure 426: Yi WomanHerding Goats.

minority groups moved into the region to takleadvantage of job opportunitiesand therefore do not neessarily constitutepolitically or culturally distinct groups. Onlv the Yi people are native to the area and retain much of their cultural integritv.

d.. Cultural Resources

The Yalongvallev has been an importanttraffic corridor and region of cultural exchangefor centuries. Remainsfrom culturalperiods starting from the Palaeoiithichave been found about 160 km south of the dam site in Yunnan. Excavationsconducted in the middle of the Ertan reservoir region in 1979i1980 revealed the presence of Neolithic sites with graves and culturalobjects similarto those found to the south in Da Dun-zi. YuanmouCount;. Yunnan. and to the north in Lizou. Xichang County. Sichuan. A thorough survev by provincial and other experts is currently being conductedand the final repon is expected some nrmeafter June 1995.

e.. Schools and other educationalfacilities

EEA EACi 4.69 .3- Yanbian County has 2 primary schools and 2 secondary schools.

f. Public Health

(1). Infectious Diseases

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In 1986, infectiousdiseases known tD occr in the vicinityof the Ertan Reservoir included malaria, schistosomiasis,epidemic encephalitis, anthra, epidemiccerebrospminal meningitis, infectious hepatitis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, baillary dysentery, and endemic goiter. In additional there are local problems with hemorrhagic fever and scrub typhus (Ertan Phase I EA, 1989). In general, the occurrence of these diseases in the general population has either remained relatively constant or has declined due to actions of public health agencies in the respective govenmental sectors.

(a). Malaria

Malaria has more or less been brought under control over the last few decades. and Panzhihua Municipalitywas declared free of malaria in 1991 by the PanzhihuaPublic Health Bureau. Ihe control of malaria. in part, was the consequenceof the massive program of pesticide appliczauoato control agriculturalpests. This program had the dual purpose of reducing agricultural losses to insect pests and to reduce or eliminate arthropod vectors of human diseases, in this case the mosquito.

(b). Schistosomiasis

Buore 1979, Yanbian County was considered an epidemic area for schistobomias:> (bilharzia), particularly in Yorj-xing. Jiangxi, Qiansheng and Huimin Rural Areas. The disease is caused by a blood-fluke or trematode flatworm (Schistosomajaponicum). The parasite is about one cm long and infesusthe veinuoles of the middle and lower intestinal tract !n both humans and certain other mammals including rats, water buffalo, cattle and horses. although the domestic species genetally have low rates of infection. The b2sic

E 112 ENTN A N44.70 -+ ; {A nF~~~~~- t .l m epidemiologyof an infestion emerges from repeated inoculationsof the organism into the primary host (humans). At low infestations,the disease is generally asympwomatic.Early symptomsof repeated invasions of schistosomid:.involve.itching of the sldn caused by the entry of the aquatic larva, and slin eruption around theentry point. The disease mechanism in humans includes blockage of the veinuoles draining the intesdnal tract, reactionto metabolicbyproducts from the flukes, and tissue damageof the intestinaltract caused by the penetration of the eggs th-roughthe intestinal wall into the lumen of the intestine. The disease is difficult to treat because various chemical treatments are sensed by the flukes which then move to the liver until the chemicals are removed from the system by the uiietabolicprocesses of the infected person. Because the flukes are knownto live for many years, continued contact with water infested with the invasive form will eventually cause clinical symptoms to appear. Clinical symptoms include high fever accompanied bv coughing, abdominalpain and rashes. Chronic diarrhea and blood and mucusin the faeces are also associatedwith clinical cases of the disease. In later stages with extremely massive parasiteloads, the disease may progress to the liver, heart, brain, spinal cord and pancreas of the host eventuallycausing death. Victimsmay live for many . after contracting the disease, but become graduallv vweaker,and mans eventually die of exhaustionor succumb to other diseasesbecause of their weak-enedcondition.

The transmissionof the disease requires an intermediatehost. a small (2-3 mm). iight brown snailOncomelonia hupensris These snails are found in the Far East.inhabitinn irrigated rice fieldsand growthsof aquatic weeds particularlywater hyacinth(Eic71ho0ro crassipes). Thev alsoinhabit long grass adjacent to rice fields. and in srassv irrimauonditches. The snails becomeinfected when feces from infected vertebrate hosts are deposited in the aouauc environmentinhabited by the snails. The eggs hatch in the open water and the iarvac ther. invade the snai! to mature to the form that infects the vertebrate hos:. As with the ve-l7eb7t hosts. not all snails in a populationare infeaced.However. sufficient numbers car bcc.11M. infected such that an infection rate of just 1 percent at a very low snail density of lOinr would provide for approximately 1000 infected snails per ha. Both the snail and the vertebrate hosts are required for the parasite to complete its life cvcle. If either of the hosts are absent from the system or sanitation practices are implementedto prevent introductior.

94112 ERTANdE CH& 4.71 of the infective forms into eitherthe aquaticsystem or to the vertebratehosts, the diseasecan be controlled. In south China, the snail occurs most firequendyat elevationsbelow 900 m. Althoughthe Ganyu River valleyis a lkown endemic area, the fact that the Ertan Resevoir ranges up to 1200 imelevation indicatesa relatively small probability that the intermediate host, the snail, will expand to the upper reaches of the reservoir.

Since 1958, all levels ofChinese governmentincluding national, provincialand county public health agencies have paid more attention to the disease, establishingmeans of control and cure through & combination of mass treatment of human sufferers, agro-engineering, -molluscicides, improved sanitation and health education. This attention and associated implementationof control measures led to the claim of eradication of the schistosomiasis intermediate host from the Ganyu basin. However, in recent years it appears that the snail has once again become prevalent in the area as shown in Figure 4.27 obtained from the Yanbian County Health Bureau and the Sichuan Provincial Research Instituteof Infectious Diseases (1993). Although the snail is again present in the valley, according to these sources, no new cases of schistosomiasishave been reported for some years. In order to ensure the lowest possible incidenceof the disease. measuresto minimizethe occurrence of the snail and to improve sanitary practices must continue. In accordance with this desire, measures to reduce the spread of the snail are proposed as part of the socioeconomicand resettlement programs associatedwith the Ertan Project. Additionally.immigrant work-ers to the Ertn ConstructionSite must be screened before hiring for schistosomiasis.as well as a number of other infectious diseases, to further minimize the potential spread of these diseaseswithin the local population. These programs are described in more detail in Chapter 5 as part of the impact assessmentand mitigation program being implemented during the constructionof the Ertan Proiect.

(c). Other Infectious Diseases

The cure and preventionof leprosyin PanzhihuaMunicipality has been marlkedlysuccessful, in part with WHO support. and the disease is expected to be eradicated by 1997. Leptospirosis,a debilitatingdisease transmittedby rats and rat parasites. is found in Yanbian

"1t. ORTAe EA Oa 4.72 ., .>..;,. ;-- .

*t @' ' *~

QinheX; na

(Panzhii-.uaHIealth Vectorsin YanbianCounty ofSchis-tosomiasisDisease Figure 4.27: Distributon Bureau.IS93). 47 34112 4.73 ERTAN EACN4 County, and there are a few hundred sufferers in the reservoir region. Cures are difficult to effect but efforts are made to control rat numbers through direct Idling efforts and environmentalsanitation. Scrub typhusis also spread by rat parasites and despite measures appers to be inceasing in the area. Epidenic hemorrha*icfeve and polio are effectively absent from the area. (2). Hospitalsand other health-relatedinsttutions

There are 5 clinics of dfferent sizes in Yanbian County.

g.. Occtlpations and Incomes.

About 90 percent of the population is engaged in agricultral labor. The remainder is employed in factories, industrialprojects, mines, commerce, or the government sector. In 1992 the averageannual per capitaincome in YanbianCounty was RMB 455; those working in industies have the highest incomes, followed by those in governmentservice. Although those individuals working as farmers have the lowest incomes, much of their food requirement is obtainedthrough subsistence family practices. Generally,agriculturally-based families raise not only their own rice and other vegetables, their protein sources (fish, chickens. pigs, goats, etc.) are also raised by the household.

OTANEA cMZ 4.74 Chapter.P. 5

5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

This chapter describes the anticipated effecs of the Ertan Hydroelectric Project. The first section (Section 5.1) describes the environmental and socioeconomic benefits either incorporatedas facilitieswithin the projec structures or attributable to secondary features of the project. Section5.2 describes the potential impacts and proposed mitigation programs for the aquatic ecosystem. Section 5.3 similarly describes the impacts and proposed mitigationto the terrestial ecosystem. Impacts to the socioeconomic svstem and some of the mitigation measures to be implementedare presented in Section 5.4. The impacts and mitigation measures encountered during the constructionof project facilities are presented in Section5.5.

Within the framework of this chapter, nine specific mitigation actions are presented to compensate for anticipated losses attributable to project constructionand operation. These plans include:

i Establishmentof a biodiversit' Conservanonoriamagement zone brweer ene'aion: 1200 m and 1300 m adjacent to the project reservoir, it will cost 1.99 million yuan; 2. Implementationof a commercial fishe-ryplan and a fish resources recovery plan. Initially. some 820,000 vuan are needed to establish the program: I. Institution o' a public health plan to control potential spread o. inirctious dis:ases:

Treatmen of the Ganvu River vaiey to eradcate rel.__s a. ::iE va:- we_ Eichhornic. and possible refuges oi ;;e snadi that carries schistosomiasia. Thni. program will require 889.000 yuan; 5. Reconstructionand rehabilitationof the ferry located on the Jinsha River downstream

from the confluenceof the Yalong with the Jinsha, and it will COSt 100.000 yuan; 6. Protection and recovery of cultura. relics occurring within the impoundment zone, and some 303,000 yuan are required;

ER-Akt {A C4S 5.1 7. Instlation of a warning system downstream from the dam, and the cost for this program will be 320,000 yuan: 8. Constructionarea restoration (its cost estimate is 250,000 yuan); and 9. Continuation of a public health monitoring program for construction workers (approximately1.22 million yuan are needed).

In addition bO these specific mitigation actions, seven monitoring programs have been established and will be continuedonce the project is complete. These are described both in this section and in CnapLer7: Project Monitoring and include:

1. Hydrological. and sedimentationmonitoring; 2. Meteorologicalmonitoring; 3. Seismic monitoring; 4. Landslidemonitoring; 5. Aquatic resources monitoring(including water quality, aquaticvegetation and aquatic animals); 6. Terrestria resources monitoring(including vegetation and wildlife): and 7.. Public Health monitoring.

5.1. Environmental Benefits

Ertan Power Stationon the YalongRiver is a multipurposeproject with the primarv objective of electric power generation. During the planningphase, other objectiveswere identifiedand have been incorporatedinto the overalloperation and configurationof the project structures. These include transport of harvested timber from Sute managed forests in the upper basin and possible implementationof a fish culture program in the Ganyu River valley portion of the reservoir (See Section5.2.6). These benefits and other environmentalbenefits associated with the Ertan Project are summarizedbelow:

5.1.1. Power Generation

ATAMLA CCI - After completion, the Ertan Hydroelectric Project will play a central role in the Sichuan: - ElectricPower System. In additionto providingan additional 1000 MW of firm energy yield to the Sichuan Electric System, the regulation of river discharge will enable a 5 percent increase in the firm capacity of the Gezhouba Hydroelectric Plant located on the Yangze River. This increase will be realized primarily during the dry season (January through April).

The Ertan Hydroelectric Project will also elininate the need to construct additional generating capacity such as a coal-fired thermal generationstation. The energy generatedat Ertan is equivalent to burning nearly 9 million tons of coal annually. Constructiotiof Ertan, then, will avoid potential air pollution and acid rain associated with thermal generating stations (see Chapter 1).

5.1.2. Navigation

The river channel upstream and downstream of the Ertan Hvdroelectric Project is characterizedas steep gradient with frequent rapids and shoal areas. Currently. navigation is not possible except for a few agricultural and sideline boats and motorized boats owned by various factories and mines in the immediatearea of the project. No commercialboats currently operate on the river. After reservoir construction, up to 145 km of the Yalong River and 40 km of the Ganvu River can be used for commercial transportation. This will facilitate transportation to and from villages in a 5-county area around Lhe reservoir. particularlv for the villages in Yanvuan County along the right bank of the Yalone River. Navigationof the reservoir area will create favorableconditions for commercialdevelopment and tourism within the reservoir area.

The Jinsha River, downstream from the project, is only partially navigable. Verv little commercialnavigation occurs on this reach because it is not connected with other navigable channels. Constructionof the Ertan Project and the associated regulationof th river will not immediatelyaffect navigationin the Jinsha River because of the daily fluctuationin river discharge. However, when the Tongzilin Hydroelectric Plant is completed, navigation on

ERT EA CM 5.3 much of the Jinsha River may be realized. The TonL-OinHydroelectic Plant WMllbe located downstreamfrom Ertan and will be designed to reregi.tte the flow from Ertan. The daTh' flow fluctuationfrom Ertan will be altred at Tongzilin to ' more constant flow regime, thus providing better condiions for navigation. Major improvei'.entsto commercial navigation wiU be realized when additional projects on the Yalong are consructed and a larger percentage of runoff from the Yalong Basin is regulated.

Followingcompletion of Ertan, EHDC will pvi for the reconsuion and rehabilitation of the Yuzha .' .y iocated on the JrmshaRiver downstreamfrom JrmjiangRailway Station. This ferry system currentlyprovides linkage between roads on the north and south banks of the Jinsha River and therefore is a critical link in the regional transportationnetwork.

5.1.3. Industrial and Domestic Water Use

As currently planned, a water intake structure will be incorporated into the Ertan Project componentsto provide industria water supply for the Panzhihua Steelworks. 1: is estimalee that the Ertan Reservoir will serve as a source of approximately50 million ui9 o. water annually for use at the -steel works and in the town of Panzhihua.

5.1.4. Flood Contro;

Within the Yalong River Valley downstreamfrom Ertan, numerous industrialand residential areas are currently subiect to frequent flooding events. Facilitiesat risk to floodingincluce: umDor receivinc and Eransfer sta:ionz. cLay mine production, coal transi;:; ;a.;i:tie^. a hienwa%.110 kv transmissionla:r..

040611S ERtI A4 EA COOS Because the Ertan Reservoir will not store a significantamount of the total annual discharge from the Yalong River Basin, significant reduction in flood levels will not be realized. However. significant flood control will be achieved when the dam developments on the Yalong River, upstream from Ertan are completed. Currentlv, floods in the YdlongRiver are chaiacterizedby long duration and large volumesand comprise approximately50 pcrcent of the total flow in the Jinsha River at the confluence. The storage capacity of the Ertan 'Reservoir is relativelysmall in comparisonwith the total flow of the Yalong River and will not have considerableflood control benefit.

5.1.5. Fisheries and Aquaculture

Within the Ertan area. soil, climate and water qualityare suitable for production of fish and other aquatic organismseaten by fish. Currently, as descrioed above. native fish species in the river includeapproximately 100 species in the river. The availabilityof forage fish and other aquatic organismsin the river create favorableconditions for developinga commercial fishery in portionsof the Ertan Reservoir.

As is made clear in Section 5.2. the reservoir can be divided into two distinct regions: that occurring along the original vallev of the Yalong and that occurring in the Ganvu River valley. After the reservoir is coMNplete.these tno areas .ill remain somewhatdistinct with different water quality characteristicsana different hydraulicc:iaractenstics.

From a fisheries perspective. the main portion of the reservoir may be !ess suitable for management. However, the expectedconditions in the Ganyu arm of the reservoir offer an opportunityto develop a commercial fisherv which will add to the benefits of the project. Plans for the commercial fisherv in the Ganyu Arm of the reservoir are described as par. of the fisheries mitigationplan in Section 5.2.6. It is estimated that the annual vield from the commercialfisheries could exceed 260 tons from the Ganyu Arm and 160 tons from the main reservoir area. This production from the open water areas of the reservoir will be supplementedby a series of "fish farms' located both in the Ganyu Arm and in the main reservoir area. It is esdrmned that annual yield from these fish farms will be 1.000 tons per

40615 ERTANEA CMI 5.5 2 ha floating net. The fish mitigationprogram is described in more detail in Section 5.2.6.

5.2. Aquatic Impacts and Mitigation

The construction of a dam, of any type or purpose, has two basic imnpactsthat cannot be avoided. All other effects of the project are attributable in some measure to these two effects. The first effect is the change in the hydrologic regime of the river. The impoundmentof the river creates conditionswhich will affect the sedimenttransport regime, water quality, aquatic vegetation,and fish populations,both in the impoundedportion of the nver and the reach downstreamfrom the dam. This section presents a description of the changes to.the hydrologicregime and the consequentchanges to other aquatic characteristics.

The second major, unavoidableimpact of a dam is the inundationof land resources within the impoundmentzone. In the case of the Ertan Project. 101 kcn@of land will be inundated. Description of this effect and other effects attribumableto the inundation are presented in Sections 5.3 and 5.4.

5.2.1. lhvdrologic Regime

5.2.1.1. Reservoir

As described in Section 4.3. discharge in the Yalong is characterized in two relativelv distinct regimes: High flow period extcnding from June throughNovember and a low flow period extending from Decemberthrough May (See Figure 4.5). The basic operationof the Ercan Reservoir is divided into two phases, based on the annual hydrologic regime of the Yalong River.

MrM, EA CH6r 5.6 I ,-

Water level jescr't T iml-

F le. r nive n the Er Reser through Years OfOperatio h,ure i.l: RepiescnwtivtYratet Ld n eE Rejnsersrtruh -v er o (Basedon the 1965.1970 FloW ReimS) prto MoA. i.'7 Normally. refilling of the Ertan Reservoir will begin in June or July, depending upon when flows increase in the river. It is expected, based on the historic hydrologicrecord, that the reservoir will be filled bv tte middle of July each year. At that time, the ErmanPower Station wilUoperate at its maximum hydraulicand generation capacity with excess water spilled through the middle level spillway. When the reservoir is full and water is spilled. dischargedownstream from rrxn will be essentiallythe same as the natnral discharge in the nver. This period wilI last generialy from mid July through November. However, the length of time baseload operation will last is dependenton inflow to the reservoir as shown m Figure 5.1. Once znflowto the reservoir decreases to less than the hydraulic capacity of the Ertan turbines.operation of the power station w.ll be cnanged to a peaking mrrodeof operation.

When Ertan is operated on a peaking basis water levei in the reservoir will fluctuate somewhat on a daily basis (some refill will Decur during off-peak-periods and some drawdown will occur during peak generationperiod). Becausethe average daily release from the powerhouse will exceed inflow, a net drawdownwill occur during the time this mode of operation is implemented. Between December and May each vear? it is expected that the Ertan Reservoir wi:l be drawn douwnby a maximumo' 45 m during the period when peaking operation is implemented.

The ainual cycle of refill. spill, and drawdownof the reser:oir is demonstrated in Figure 5.1. which includesa 5-year representativeperiod. As shown in the figure. in some vears. the resenoir will not be drawn dowr, to the maximumlevel and in some vears. the duration of the spill period will be quite short.

5.2.1.2. Discharge Regime to Yalong River

In June and July, during the period when the reservoir is refilled, discharge from the power station will gradually increase as more water becomes available for power gpeneation.

mRImdEJi C1 5.8 Concurrently. discharge to the Yalong River will graduallyincrease. Althoughthe increa will be similar to that experienced without the project. the increase will be somewhat later because of the retention of water to refill the reservoir.

During this period. the power station wil'Dbe operated on a continuousbasis but the release will be less than intlow to the reservoir.

Once the reservoir is refilled, the power stationwill be operatedat its hydrauliccapacity with excess flow spilled through the upper and mid-level spillways. Downstream from Ertan, flow in the river will be the same as .t would be without Ertan. This condidor will be maintainedfrom about mid-July through Novembereach year.

At the time inflow becomes less than the hydraulic capacity of the power station. the operation of the power station will be shifted to the peaking mode described above. The effect of this operatingmodc to the discharge regime of the Yalon- River downstreamfrom Ertan will vary somewhat, depending upon the amountof water flowing .mo the reservoir. in general, peaklingoperatLon will begin il Decembereach year and wi'l conzinuzuntii May.

During dry and average annual flow conditions.the daily variation in discharge throtighthe powerhouse will range from 0 to 1661 m3!s. In averageand dry years. generationwill beein at about 0700 and will last until 1700 to 2000 hrs. In these cases. the downstreamreaches will be without inflow for 4 to 7 hours each day. During wet years. power wvillbe generated throughout the day uwitha minimum release of approximately 100 maintainedm!s even during the driest month oi the year. Table 5.1 presents epres-ntative av rage hourly discharge from Ertan during drv, normal and wet years.

The ramificationsof the palking operatingperiod are such that a more detailed description of the effects to the hydrologic regime downstream from the project is warranted. The following discussionis based on an analysis of the operating reglme performed by EHDC and CHIDI. Results of this analysis are summarizedtelow.

mmANEA CHs 5.9 Table SL: HourlyDischarge from Ertan Power Staion duringPeaking Operation in Norm, Wet and Dry Years.

Thue DryYear NormalYear WVetYear (bs) (amo) (ans) (CMi)

0000 0 540 1.204 0100 0 70 734 0200 0 0 221 030Q 0 0 221- 0400 0 0 100 OS00 0 0 664 0600 0 747 1,661 0700 364 1,308 1.661 O0W 768 1.661 1,661 0900 1.606 1,661 1.661 1000 .1,412 1,661 1,661 1100 1.329 1,661 1.661 1200 969 1.661 1.661 1300 595 1,661 1.661 1400 1.246 1.170 1.661 1500 1.329 1,661 1,661 1600 1,329 1,661 1.661 1700 1,391 1,661 1,661 1800 913 1,661 1,661 1900 1,329 1,100 1.661 2000 1.661 1.661 1.661 2100 1.661 1.661 1.661 2200 1.329 1.661 1.661 2300 7J7 1.308 1.308

The effect of daily peaking at Ertan at six downstreamlocations were evaluated. The six locations are depicted in Figure 4.4 and consist of Xiaodeshi (11Ikm downstream from Ertan), Niupingzi (29 k1mfrom Ertan) between the confluences of the Anning and Jinsha Rivers with the Yalong, Sanduizi (37 kum from Ertan) immmediatelvdownstrearn of the confluence of the Yalongand Jinsha Rivers. Longjie (134 km from Eran). Qiaojia (389 km from Ertan), and Pingshan(753 km downstreamfrom Ertan). The last three sites are all on the Jinsha River. The analvsis was performed using the driest month of the design dry vear (March. 1960) as measured at Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Station.

During a peaking event. the hourly schedule of operation of the Ertan Power Station, used for the simulation, is as delineated in Table 5.2.

EW?.ANA CM 5.10 7 -- ; 4 x ^f.. w J; A- -Z .B. -eS;

TableS2: Scheduleof Genmeaionby Hourfor Erin PeakingOperation.

Time 6:00 6:02 7:00 7:02 8:00 8:02 9:30 Discharge (m3/s) 0 747 747 1,308 1,308 1,661 1,661

The hydrographsat each of the 6 stations downstreamfrom Ertan, based on this operating scenario, are depicted for a two day period in Figure 5.2. With this Wpeof operatiooit is estimated that the wave generated by increasing discharge will move at a rate of approximately2.9 m/s. Based on results of the simulation model, the rapid increaserin discharge will be most prominent in the channel between Ertan and the confluence of the Yalongand Jinsha Rivers. Downstreamfrom this confluence,the naturl flow of the Jinsha will reduce the apparent rate of discharge increase significantly. However, upstream from the Jinsha confluence, the rate of increase may create a significant hazard to persons in or along the shoreline of the river. To provide a measure of safety for the operation of the project, EHDC will install a warning system.consisting of a series of sirens and explanatory warning signsalong the river between Ertan Dam and the confluenceof the Yalong with the Jinsha. The sirens will be sounded when the power house begins operation each day to provide sufficienttime for persons in the river channelto move to higher ground.

It is anticipatedthat the Tongzilin Dam and Power Station. to be constructedapproximatelv 20 km downstreamfrom Ertan and approximately2 km downstream from the confluenceof the Anning River. will allow mitigation of the extreme discharge variaLon in the Yalong during the period of peaking operation. In fact, the primary purpose of the Tongzilin Dam and Power Station is to reregulate the flow from Ertan, thereby ensuring a more constant flow in the Yalong River. In addition.the power stationwill provide an additional 440 MW of generating capacity to t.te system. At present, constructionof the TongziIin Project is scheduled to be completea nearly simultaneouslywith the completion of the Ertan Project. Delay in completingthis project will result in a period of time when the pealdingoperation of Ertan will dramaticallyaffect the hydrologic regimeof the Yalong and the upper portions

4016 - MrM IA Cu 5.11 lovw(m 3Is) 2000

1000.

Ertan Qmax = 1661 m;Is Oa [1| |' | ~~~~~~~(0km) !Qmin = Om3/s

loooj u t

1 / \ / Xiaodeshi Qmax = 1580m 31s O l J k / t (10.8 km) Qmin = 5 m3/s

100 r l

| _ V / \ Niupingzi Qrnax = 1512 m;'s I\ O (29.3 km) Qminl= 48 m3Js

1 ) ' Sanduizi Qmax = 1907 ni3/s ol (37 Ian) Qmin =443 m3I

10001

1 T-ongjie Qrnax = 1814 m3/s 0t ° (134 km) Qmin = 825 m3/s

1000 Qiaojia Qmax = 1510 m3/s (389 km) .Qmin = 1274 m3/s

I S ~*. r . p 4 U 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 1' 18 0 6 12 O'clock Figure 5.2: Effet of Dailv Flo% Fuctuation at Six Locations Downstreamfrom Ermn Dam.

19406- NTSAI,A CS 5.12 of the iinsha River. downsmreamfrom the cor.fluenccof the Yalong.

The .hydrologic and water level monitoritg progrur, consisting of. eight stations, that currently monitors conOiuonsduring tle pre-constructionand constructionperiods, will be continued after constructionis complete and the project becomes operational. Costs for continuing&he hydrologic monitorin; program are summarizedin Chapter 7.

5.2.2. Sedinentation Processes

As described in Section 4.2.2. one of the main effects of the Ertan Dam will be the disruption of the normal suspended sediment and bedload transport regime through the Yalong River. n is dis. otion will be realized in two ways. First, the suspendedsediment and bedload carried into the reservoir area will be deposited at the upper end of the reservoir, both in the main part of the reservoir on the YalongRiver and in the Ganyu Arm. This depositionwiU have two effects: it w-illTeduce the storage capacity of the reservoir after many years (see 5.2.2. 1) and it will decrease the turbidity of the water passing thouglh the Ertan Dam and Powerhouse. The second effect is the reduced inflow of suspended

i.edimentand bedload To the Yalongdownstream from the Ertan Project with thc resu;t that the available capacity of the river to carrv suspended sediiena wilribe increased and sediment and bedload will be carried out of the taliwater area iut no. be replaced from upstream sources. This will resul; in son.e scour to the river Dec.

5.2.2.1. Sediment Deposition in the ELlan Reservoir.

The discussionof sedimentdeposition in the Ertrn Reservoiris partitionetlinto that deposited in the main reservoir area and that depositedin the Ganyu Arm located approximateiv19 km upstream from the Ertan Dam site.

Most of the suspended sediment and bedload carried by inflow to the rsoervoir will be

deposited as the velocity 4o the river slows in the backwaterarea of the reservoir. The delta created bv this depositionprocess will sradually expand toward the dam and consequently

9 EACS- 5.13 will decrease the storage capacity of the reservoir. The expansion of the delta will occur primarily duringthe high flow season when the reservoir is refilling or after the reservoir is filled each year when the sedimentbedload of the river is highest.

The rate of deposition of sediments in the Ertan Reservoir was estimated using a sedimentationsimulation model. Based on these calculations, after 30 years of operation, the sediment deposition will extend from the headwaters of the reservouLto a point approximately83 km from the dam. Approximately250 X 101 m3 of storage capacity in the reservoir will b. !ost due to the accumulationof sediments. After 100 years of operation, the deposited sediments will extend to a point approimately 53 km from the dam and approximately 1.070 X 106 3 of' >>Wagewill be lost. After 250 years of operadon, it is expected that the entire reservoir will be nearly filled with sediments. Results of the sediment simulation indicate that approximately95% of the dead storge and 55% of the active storage of the reservoir will be lost after 25 years. These calculations, however, do not take into account planned constructionof other dams upstream from Ermanwhich will reduce these effects dramatically. Longitudinalsections of the Ertan Reservoir depictingthe statusof the sediment accumulationin the reservoir after various intervals of operationare shown in Figure 5.3.

Based on the analyses, it is estimated that 75 percent of the annual suspended sedimentload will be deposited in the reservoir during the first 30 years of operation. The remaining25 percent wili be transportedthrough the power station and spillway.

1-.thc Ganvu Arm of Lhereservoir. sedimentaccumulation will be somewhat slower because the infliou of suspendedsedimenL and bedload is considerablvless than that observed in the 'alcont. An anaivsis of the sedimentaccumulation in the Ganyu was performed in the same manner described for the main Ertan Reservoir. Based on these analyses, sediment deposition will extend from the headwater(40 km upstream from the mouth of the Ganyu) approximately10 km into the reservoir (28 - 30 km upstreamfrom the Ganyu mouth). After 140 vears of operation, sedimentdeposits will extend downstreamapproximately 18 km to a point approximately22 km upstreamfrom the Ganyu Mouth. After 270 years of opeation. the sedimentdeposition will extend to a point approximately15 km upstream from the mouth

M A 5.14. 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6

*5 0~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10

LA

140120 i 86040 20 Distanicefrom

Erlan Dam (km) 0

Figure S.4: LouUgitcidiial i'rorileof SedimenLtAccumuilation in Ganyni Arm of ErlanReservoir Elevatioln(ii

34 yea= 138 yeirs 266years "Mo

.A. _ . . r . _ . _ - __ __

>': 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I11 I54N3

.35 JnII 3% o0 15 10 5 Dislancefiroir niou of GanytRKiver (ki

. ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ _ S of the Ganyu. Longitudinalprofiles of the Ganyu Arm depictingthe extent of-the.sediment - depositionareas is preset.ted in Figure 5.4.

The above simulations of sedimentaion rates were calculated on the assumption that no upstreah reservoirs will be constructed. As describedin Section 1.4.1, it is expected that up. to 19 additional dams will be constructed on the Yalong upstream from Ertan. Consequently,the suspended seditnent and bedload of the Yalong will be interceptedby the upstreamreservoirs and the accumulationof sedimentsin the Ertan Reservoirwill be reduced to almost nothing. However, because no additionalreservoirs are anticipatedon the Ganyu, the estimated accumulationof sedimentsin the Ganyu'Arm will be as discussedabove.

Sedimentload in the Yalong River and the accumulationof sedimentat the upper ends of the reservoir area will be monitored on a continuingbasis after the constructionof the dam and power house is complete. This will be'a continuationof the existing monitoringprogram for the pre-constructionand constructionperiods. CDstsfor containingthe monitoringprogram through the constructionperiod are summarizedin Chapter 7.

5.2.2.2. Effects on Sedimentation and Bedload. in Yalong River Downstream from Ertan Dam

Due to the interceptionof suspended sedimentsand bedload materials by the Ertan Reservoir. the sedimentcontent of the Yalong downstreamfrom the dam will be reduced significantly. It is estimated that the sediment content of water discharged through the Ertan Project will be approximately0.19 kg!m3 after 30 years of operation compared with the observed 0.75 k-gm3 currentlv transported by the river past the Xiaodeshi GaugingStation.

The YalongRiver between Ertan and its confluencewith the Jinsha is approximately32 km long primarily in a gorge-type channel. The river in this reach is dominatedby shoals and rpids. The river bed is comprised of big rubble and gravel. Both banks of the river are characterizedby exposed bedrock with only a portion of the reach, between Xiaodeshiand Tongzilin having some alluvial materials and talus.

EWAN FDACM 5.17 Under existing conditions, the bed materials are relatively stable with any movement of parucles out of the area being replacedby other materialsderived frm upstram. However, after completionof the Ertan Project, the Yalong river bed downstreamfrom the project will becomepartially destabidize and developmentof a new equilibriumcondition will strt. The dessablizationof the river channel will be characteized by the redistribution of alluvial materials within the channel. The pattern of this redistnbution, endured by scour and depositionhreas, will be dependentupon the opaating regime of the Ertan Power Station.

To determine if significantscouring will occur in the Yalong River downsream from Ertan, the HEC-6 model, developedby the Hydraulic EngineeringCenter of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was used. Results of this analysis are summarized here. Details of the analysis werepresented in the Eran HydroelectricProject EnvironmenmlAssessment of 1989 (Note: The EA was translatedto Englishin 1988 and submittedto the World Bankin 1989).

Results of the analysis indicate widespreadbut ,iinor scour throughout the affected Yalong River reach with only a few areas of sedimentaccumulation. During the first five years of operation, scouring will be mostrapid. After this initialscouring process, the rates of scour

Table 5.3: AveraogeScour Depth in YalongRiver downstream from Ertan Dam

Years of Operation

ltnainn 10 20 30 40 50

Upstreamof Anning(m) 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Downstream of Anning(m) 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3

INA" IA04 .15 will be reduced primarily because the smaller materials in the river channel wullhave been carried downstreamleaving only the larger materials which can be moved only at extremely high discharges. After 50 years of opration, it is estimated that the average scour throughout the affected ri.er will be less than 0.5 m. Average scour of the Yalong River channdelupstreamand downstreamfrom the mouth of the Anning River after various intervals of project operation are summarzed in Table 5.3.

Because the Ertan Project will be ope;ated on a peaking basis for approximately 4 to 6 months each year, a further analysis was performed to determine if the surge of water coming from the power station during the daily start-up of the project will contribute significantlyto the scouringprocess. Based on the analysis, the contributionof daily peaking to the overall scouring process will be overshadowedby the scouring processes occurnrng during the higher discharge periods when Ertan is operatedon a baseload basis and water is spilled through the mid-level spillway.

Because the slope of the riverbank along the Yalong downstream from Ertan is composed mostly of bedrock, only slight scouring of the margins of the river channel will occur. Because the banks are composed of bedrock which is resistant to scour, the stabilitn of the slopes will not be affected.

5.2.3. Landslides

The formation of the reservoir may aggravate the occurrence of landslides in some areas. It is estimated that total volume of slidablerock mass above 1200 m is some 100 million m; which is equivalentto just 1.7 percent of the reservoir storage capacity, and equivalentto just 5 years sedimentdeposition. Between 80-83 kLmupstream of the damsite there are potential landslide areas on both the left and right banks from which the slidable rocks above 1200 m total 37 million i 3. If major slides were to occur on both banks at the same time, then a submerged nillwould be produced but would have little effect on the operation or life of the reservoir.

BAX FAC4S 5.19 Close to the damnsiteis the potential landslide area from the Jin Long mountain. Major slippage here. althoughof insignificantvolume in terms of the total storage capacity, could be problematicfor activitiesclose to the damsite dependingon how much material slides into the reservoir and the configurationof the resulting accumulationof materials.

No mitigation is necessary or feasible for the majority of potential landslide areas. The potential for landslideson the Jin Long Mountain on the left bank just upstream of the dam site is being monitored. It is already lnown that one section of the mountain is slipping by about 10 mm a.nually. It may be prudent and cost effective, compared with the impact of a major slippage. if rock bolts were installed as soon as possibleand the monitoringprograir continued. Once the project is complete, the Jin Long landslide area will continue to be monitored to determine if the filling of the reservoir has caused the area to move more rapidly. Costs for continuingthe landslide monitoringthrough the construction period are summarzed in Chapter 7.

S.2.4. Water Qualitv

Impoundmentof the Yalona River bv the Ertan Proiect will affect the quality of the water both in the reservoir and subsequentlyin the reach downstream from the project. lTributarn inflow from the Anning wi:l moderate the effect to some extent. However. the main mitioationwill occur at the confluence of the Yalong with the Jinsha River. The effects of Ertan on water quality in the Yalong are treated in two sections: effects realized in the impoundmentand the consequentialeffects expected in the Yalong River downstreamfrom the Ermn Project.

5.2.4.1. Reservoir Effects

As presented in the baseline descriptions, numerous water quality parameters have been measured in the Yalong River. and the concentrationsof many of these parameters will be affected to some extent. However. the primary indicators of water quality and those for woe.s ErTA EA CH> 5.20 which major changes will occur and uill nave some bearing on the biologicalcomponents of the river include three basic parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity/suspendedsediment.

To assist in the discussionof the effects on waterquality, two areas of the reservoir will be discussed separately because the two areas will be affected somewhatdifferently, The two areas are: 1) Themain body of the reservoir along the Yalong River which wiU extend Irom Eran Dam upstream approximately 145 km when the reservoir is filled to its normal maximum operating level at Elevation 1,200 m; and, 2) the Ganyu Arm of the reservoir which extends from the mouth of the Ganyu River valley on the Yalong upstream approximately40 km when the reservoir is at its normal maximumoperating level.

5.2.4.1.1. WaterTemperature

Given the inflow water temperature,volume of waterin the reservoir and hydraulic behavior of the reservoir due to the volume of inflow and operation of the Ertan Projecr, the temperatureregime of the Ertan Reservoir is expected to be relatively uniformly mixed. Uniform temperatures from surface to bottom (no stratification)will be present but the seasonal change in water temperaturewill not exhibitthe annual range observed without the project. This conclusion is based on several characteristicsdescribed briefly below.

As water flows into the upper end of Ertan Reservoir, the velocity through the reservoir will decrease mark-edly.On the one hand, the delay in passagethrough the 145 kmreservoir will expose the water to a longer period of warming from the atmosphere and solar radiation. This effect will be somewhatenhanced by the increasedwater surface area, further expanding exposure of the water to the atmosphereand solar radiation.

The factorscontributing to the overall warmingof water in the Ertan Reservoirare countered by seveal factors that will serve to reduce the seasonalvariation in water temperature. The primary factor is that the large volume of water in the reservoir will inhibit the overall warming of the water. Even though the surface area will be larger within the reservoir, the surface to volume ratio will be much smaller (Surface to volume ratio for the river is

"06 I . MTM EACMS 5.21 approximately0.2 m2 surface/lm volume; for the reskvoir the ratio is 0.02 m2 surface/m3 volume). This reduction in surface to volume ratio will zzducethe exchangeof heat between the water and the atmosphere and will result in geerally cooler water temperature in the summer months(May throughOctober) and warmer water temperaturesin the winter months (November through April) than are observed unde existing conditions. Maximum differencesbetween the existingwater temperatureand expectedwater temperaturewill be observed at Ertan Dam.

Frequently, w=er bodies the size and depth of the Ertan Reservoir, become thermally stratified during the summer months. If a reservoir becomes stratified, conditionsbecome such that other effects to water quality, such as the reduction of dissolved oxygen concentrationsin the bottom layer, become evident. However, temperaturestratification of the Ertan Reservoir is not expected.

A second factor leading to the prediction that the reservoir will not become thermally stratified is based on an understandingof reservoir operations and the hydraulic conditions within the reservoir. As described earlier, the reservoir will be refilled each year to the normal maximumoperating level of 1,200 m bv the middle of July. During this period, temperature of the inflow to the reservoir will be increasina but is approximatelyat the annual average temperature for the river under existing conditions. Because the reservoir will be rilling. considerableturbulence within the entire length of the river will be present which wil! serve to mix surface and bottom water thereby creating nearly uniform thermal profiles throughou:the water column.

Once the reservoir is filled, inflow to the reservoir will continue to exceed outflow from the ErmanProject because the inflowvolume is greater than the hvdraulic capacity of the power station. Consequently, measurablewater velocity will be present throughout the length of the reservoir. The estimated water velocity in the middle of the reservoir may range up to 6.0 cm/s during the high flow season. Near the Dam, the average column velocity during the during the high flow period is estimatedat approximately2.5 cm/s. Given the storage capacity of the Ertan Reservoir relative to the inflow volumes, it is estiniated that the residence time of water in the reservoir will be approximately33 days. Both of these

IWAN EAcS 5.22 calculationsawe based on a normal operating water level at 1200 m. elevation.. :However, . because the reservoir will be drawn down during the dry season, and refilled at the beginning of the wet season, the induced velocities in the reservoir will vary considerably.

In geneal, the developmentof thernal stratificationin subtropicallakes is quite weak and can easily be disrupted by wind or hydraulic movemnentin the water body. The energy required to mix the water column is quite low and consequently, the likelihood of thermal stratificationin Ertan Reservoir is quite low.

The situation in the Ganyu Arm is somewhat complicatedby the fact that the mouth of the Ganyu River is constricted by a narrow valley. -The upper portion of the valley is much broader and has higher surface to volume ratio. Oncethe reservoir is completed,the quality of water in the Ganyu Arm will be dominatedby the quality of water in the Yalong.

During the refilling period, inflow from the Yalonggreatly exceeds inflow from the Ganyu (average flow from the Yalong during the high flow period is approximately3,200 m31s whereas the average flow of the Ganyu is approximately 150 m3/s or 5 percent of the Yalong). In contrast the storage volumeof the Ertan Reservoir (without the Ganvu Arm) is approximately4,780 million m3 and the storagevolume of the Ganyu Arm is approximately 1,070 million m3 or 18.4 percent of the total reservoir storage volume. A result of this disparity is that water from the Yalong will flow into the Ganyu Arm during the refilline period. Consequently,the temperatureof the water will be more closely aligned with that of the Yalong and the influence of the temperatureof the Ganvu River will be limitedto the upper end of the arm. Because water will flow into the Ganyu Arm from the Yalong. it is expected that considerablemixing of the two waters will occur.

Filling will be achievedin the middle of July when water temperaturein the Ganyu is at its peak (See Figure 4.12). Once the reservoir is filled, water temperatureof the inflow from the Ganyu will begin to decrease. The combinationof the influence of the Yalong and the decreasing temperature of the Ganyu will limit the possibility of creating thermal stratificationwithin the Ganyu Arm.

O616- TAM E C04 5.23 When draw down of the reservoir beginsin Decemberor Januarv each year. the net outflow from the Ganyu Arm [(outflow- inflow)lvolume]will be proportionatelygreater than the net outtlow from the Ertan Reservoir. As a consequence,the velocity of water moving through the mouth of the Ganyu River may be somewhat morc than the velocity in the Ertan Reservoir itself.

The combinedinfluence of the refll/drawdown cycle and inflo v from the Yalong will likely be sufficient to minimize the occurrence of stratified conditions in the Ganyu Arm. Additionally, use movement of water into and out of the Ganyu will also create further mixing in the Ertan Resevoir disruptingany initial formaion of thermal stratificationthat might occur.

The basic effect of the Ertan Dam and Reservoir on water temperature. then. is a reduction in the seasonal range of variation in the Yalong and Ganyu Rivers and a general decline in the average annual temperatureat various locationsthrough the length of the reservoir. The water temperature will not fall significantly during the winter months nor will it rise significantlyduring the summer months. Overall, the average water temperaturewill exhibit some what lower annual averages with the greatest difference observed at the Ertan Dam. The magnitudeof the differenceis estimated to be approximately2°C which is based on the average water temperatures available from the Xiaodeshi Gauging Station. the Yanbian Gauging Stationand the Luling GaugingStation. This is an estimate onlv and insufficient informationis available verify this estimate.

5.2.4.1.2. Dissolved OxYgenConcentrations

The primarv source of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the Ertan Reservoir will be from the inflow. Some exchange will occur at the water surface which will be enhanced by the turbulent flow in the reservoir. Inflow dissolved oxygen concentrations average approximately 7.7 mg/l. Based on the analysis of potential primary and secondary productivityof the reservoir, and the estimatedlow influx of oxygen demandingorganic and inorganic materials, it is estimated that the dissolved oxygen concentrationwill decrease somewhat through the reservoir. However. because of the mixingof bottom and surface

ENTAN EA C46 5.24 water throughout the water column, dissolvedoxygen- concentrions will remain sufficient to prevent production of hydrogen sulfide and other noxiouscompounds in the bottomof the reservoir. Oxygen depletion in the main Ermn Reservoir will be most significantwhen the reservoir is drawn down to its lowest leveL However, the duration the resevoir is held at that leVel is quite short with refilling beginning before water temperatures are sufficiently high to induce high utlization of the availableoxygen.

In the Ganyu Ann, it is more likely that anoxic conditionsmight arise in the bottomwaters. However, because of the major influence of Yalong River water in the Ganyu Arm, conditions leading to thermal stratification and the inhibition'of water exchange between surface and bottomlayers will not be prevalentfor a sufficiendy long period for development of significant oxygen deficits in the lower water layers.

5.2.4.1.3. Turbidity

Because measures of turbidityare not availablefor the existingYalong River. the suspended sediment load is used as an indicator of turbidityprocesses in the reservoir. As discussed previously with respect to sedimentation processes in the Yalong River and the Ertan Reservoir, suspended sediment concentrations coming into the reservoir from the Yalong Reservoir average approximately 0.385 kg/m3 as measured at the Wali Gauging Station. This sediment content currently increases to 0.52 kg/m3 . Once the reservoir is filled, it is estimated that 25 percent of the suspended sedimentload will be passed throughthe dam and power station with some variation through the year according to the seasonal changes in flow. The suspended sediment load passing through the station is estimated to be approximately0.188 kg/m3 . Average particle size of the suspended load is estimated to be <0. 01 mm. The result is that the turbidity of the reservoir will decrease substantiallyfrom the upper backwaterto the dam. The decreasewill be greatestat the upperend as the larger particles setde first. However the reservoir will become gradually clearer throughout the entire length.

A similar situation will occur in the Ganyu Arm. As discussed in the sedimentation processes, the sedimentcontent of the Ganyu River is somewhat higher than in the Yalong

W7. mA Cmr 5.25 with an averageconcentration of 0.76 kglm3. However,the volumeof watercoming into the Ganyuis considerablyless than tha in the Yalongand total contributionof the Ganyu to the turbidityof the reservoirwill be insignificant.Again, the turbidityof the GanyuArm will be great at the inflowof the GanyuRiver. The waterwill graduallyclear from the inflowto die mouthof the Arm. Annualoperation of the reservoir,howaver, will disrupt this pattem to somedegree becau of the inflowof YalongRiver watv into the Ganyu Arm when the reservoir is refilled.

S.2.4.1.4. Other Wat QualityParameters

In general, the nutrient concentrationsin the Yalong and Ganyu Rivers are relatively low. characteristic of an oligotrophic system. Although there will be some accumulation of nutrients in the reservoir (both irnthe main Ertan Reservoir and in the Ganvu Arm), the accumulationwill be limited because of the short residence time of water in the reservoir coupled with the annual drawdown and refill cycle. Because of the rapid tumnoverof reservoir water and the low concentrations of numients in the inflow to the reservoir, oligotrophic conditionswill likely remain in the reservoir. It is possible that mesotrophic conditions could develop. If so, total productivity of the reservoir would increase substantially.

Similarly, concentrationsof dissolvedinorganic materials are quite low and accumulationof heavy metals, inorganic ions and organic compoundsin the reservoir will not be excessive.

5.2.4.1.5. Assessmentof Reservoir Water Quality Effects

None of the water qualityLffects expected in the Eran Reservoir is significant. Maintenance of the quality of the water in the Ertan Reservoir will depend primarily on the land use pratices implementedalong the reservoir margins. The primary objective of the land use is to minimize the potential for erosion from agriculturalareas and minimizethe introduction of human waste to the reservoir. Appropriatecautions to prevent erosion from agricultura areas will minimizethe potential for increased turbidityand for the introduction of pesticide compoundsinto the reservoir. Appropriate sanitary treatmentor other controi will minimize

MMVAa C 5.26 the introuction of nutrients to the reseroir and will reduce the potential for introducing organisms and chemicals hazardous to human health into the reservoir wates. No other mitigation measure is proposed or warrted.

Monitoring of water quality in the resrvoir axea will be continued after compledon and filling of the project Water sampleswill be obtned for labomtoy analysis and profiles of tmperaure, dissolved oxygen and other paraineters for which field instrumeitatdon is avaiable will be obtained three times annually o ning to when the reservoir is filled, during the drawdownperiod and when te reservoir is at its lowest point each year. This program will be adminsred by the Envinnmental Monitonng Program within the EHDC organizaton (s Chapter 7).

5.2.4.2. Downstream Effects

The evaluation of the effects of the Ertan Project is presented for two conditions: Without and with the Tongzilin HydroelectricProject which will regulatethe discharge from the Ertan Project particularlydunng the dry season when the Ertan Project is operatedon a daily basis.

5.2.4.2.1 Water Temperature

When water is spilled from the Ertan Project, normally from the middle of July to the end of November each year, tempemture of the water will be only slightly cooler than it is at pesent. It is estimated that the decreaseof water temperatureafter completionof the Ertan Project will be approximately2"C less, on average. This differencewill be most prominent during the monthsof July and Augustand will decrease in the Septemberthrough November period. By November, water temperature may, in fact, be warmer after the project is completed than it is under current conditions. These changes are due mostly to the thermal capacity of the water in the reservoir.

From December through May, the Ertan Project wiU be opeated on a peaking basis, with periods of no release from the dam lasting up to 7 hours each day. For the most part, the period of no discharge will occur during the night time hours so that, what water is left in

V'"FAaeCM 5.27 the Yalong channel between the Dam and the mouth of the Yalong will not be subjectedto excessive warmingfrom the sun. When water is dischargedfrom Eran (from approximately 0700 to 2400 hours each day), water temperature in the Yalong will be slightly higher than under existingconditions during December, January and February, and will be slightlycooler than existing tempeues in April and May.

It is expected that somewarningtcooling of the watei will occur in the river channelbetween the dam and the confluenceof the Yalong with the rinsha.However, the rate of warning will not be sufficientto allow the tempeature to increaseto the level of the 1inshawater as it currently does. The difference between the water temperatureof the Yalong and that of the Jinsha, however, will likey not exceed the 20C difference observed at the Ertan Dam.

Once Tongzilin Dam is completed, the rate of warming of the Yalong downstreamof Ertan will be reduced. This will have the effect of increasing the expected difference between the Jinsha River water tempamre and the Yalong River temperature. Under both conditions, the discharges in the finsha and Yalong, during any month of the year, are nearly equal. Complete mixingof the waters of the two rivers occurs relativelyquickly downstreamfrom the confluenceand the observed change in tempemure in the Jinsha will be insignificant.

Monitoring of water quality in the Yalong and the Jinsha will be conducted at 3 locations downstream from the Ertn Project. The purpose of these monitoringstations is to document tde effect of the project on various water quality parameters by comparison with the values of the same parameters obtained from upstream of the reservoir and within the reservoir area. These data will be used to confirm the expectedeffects of the project on water quality and will be used as necessarv to provide for adjustmentsto the operation of the project to maintamnwater quality within the nauonal standards. Costs for continuation of the water quality monitoringprogram are summarizedin Chapter 7.

of"YAcasm 5.28 5.2A.2.2. Dissoived Gas Concentrtions

Operation of the Ertan Project will affect concentrationsof twu disso.ved gases that, in tum, may affect aquatic organisms in Fhereach of the YalongRiver downstream from the dam. These gases include dissoled oxygen and dissolvednitrogen.

5.2.4.2.2.1. Dissolved Oxygen

Water released from Ertan Dam is anticipatedto be somewhatdeficient in dissolvedoxygen concentrations. However, immediately downstream.from the project, dissolved oxygen concentrationswiU be highly dependentupon the mode of operation and Lhc presence of the Tongzilin HydroelectricProject which will regulate the tlow from Erman.

During the more critical time of the year (July through August) when low dissolved oxygen concentrations are most likely to develop in the reservoir, inflow to the reservoir greatly exceeds the hydrauliccapacity of the ErmanPower Stationand the exc-ss water will be spilled through either the upper or mid-levelspilluays. The effect of this spill is that water will be re-aerated in the plunge pool below the dam and dissolvedoxygen concentrationsare likely to rise to at or above saturation. This may be viewed as an environmentalbenefit of project operation. Saturated concentrationsof dissolved oxygen will likelv remain in the Yalong downstream to its confluencewith the Jinsha. having the furEherbenefit of improvingthe dissolved oxygen conceitirations in the Jiiisha. The construction of the Ton,zilin HvdroelectricProject, wiil have no effect on these concentrationsand additionalaeration of the water will occur at the Tong,zilinDam. again due to spill over Uiesoilhway.

During the low flow season, when Ertan is operated on a peaking basis. water with lower dissolved oxygen concentrationiswill be released to the Yalong River. However, the deficiency is not expected to be great and re-aeration of the w'ater is expectedwithin a few kilometers downstreamfrom the dam. The re-aeration will occur in the shoals and rapids which doniinate the river channelbetween the Dlamand the Jinsha River. The overall cffect

MUTM L.ACS_ 5.29 of releasingdeoxygenated water to the Yalongwill be overshadowed-by the 4 to 7 hours each day when no water is released from the dam.

After completion of the Tongzilin Project, water release from the Ertan Power Station will not be re-aerated as quicldy and the low oxygenconcentrations will be extendeddownstream to below Tongzjlin. However, the periodic increase and decrease in discharge will provide sufent turbulence m the river to allow reaeration and a significant adverse effect is not expected.

5.2.4.2.2.2. DissolvedNitrogen

Dam operationwill also affect dissolvednitrogen concentrationsin the talwater are and these may create adverse conditions for fish-andother aquatic organisms in the downstreamreach. This problem will only occur duringthe high flow season when water is spiled from the dam spillways. Becausethe spiUways-areelevated above the tailwater (upper level spillwayis 180 m above tailwater, mid Levelspillway is 120 m above tailwater and the low level outlet is 73 m above tailwater at elevation 1007). water released from the spillways will fall vertically into the plunge pool at the base of the dam. As the water enters the plunge pool. air will be entrainedand pulled down into the water a significantdepth. As depicted in Figure 2.4, the bottom of the plunge pool will be at Elevation 980 and the water depth in the plunge pool will be at least 32 m. Entrained air reachingthe bottom will be place under approximately 4 atmospheres of pressure which will cause dissolution of excess atmosphericnitrogen into the water. When the water returns to the surface. the pressure will be reduced and supersaturated concentrations (> 100 percent) may be observed. The effects of supersaturated concentrations of nitrogen on fish and other aquatic organisms is discussed below in Section 5.2.6.

BeforeTongzilin is constructed, the turbulencein the YalongRiver channeldownstream from the dam may be sufficient-to allow the water to return to equilibriumwith the atmosphere in a relatively short distance. However, once Tongzilin is constructed, the nitrogen concentrations will remain high through the Tongzilin impoundmentand may in fact be increased further by spill over the Tongzilin Dam.

".s's i<^¢ 5.30 5.2.4.23. Turbidity 3. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In general,the majoreffect of the ErtanProject on turbiditywill be to significantlydecrea turbidityin the YalongRiver. From the standpointof domesticand industrialwater supplies andfrom thepepective of aquatclife, this effectis viewedas a benefitof the prcect. The mng of the YalongRiver with thelinsha River wll have also havea net benefitto the JinshaRiver downstreamfrom the confluenceof the YalongRiver. Increasingthe clarityof the water in the Yalongwill havethe secondaryeffect of increasing light penetrtion into the water. This increasedpenetmation will have the furthereffect of stimulatingmore productivity from the algalcommunities present in the river.

5.2.42.4. Other Water Quality Parameters

Withthe exceptionof the parametersdiscussed above, the ErtanDam and Power Station will havelittle effecton otherwater parameters identified in the Chineseenvironmental protection laws and regulationsto preventadverse water qualityin rivers.

5.2A.2.5. Assessmentof DownstreamEffects

Althoughthe immediateeffect of the ErtanProject to gassupersaturation in the YalongRiver may be consideredinsignificant by itself, futureconstruction of the TongzilinProject and other projectsupstream and downstreamfrom Ertan shouldconsider providing mechanisms to minimizeconditions for developmentof dissolvednitrogen gas supersaturation.The basic designprinciple for minimizingthe potentialfor generatingsupersaturated concentrations of nitrogenis to minimizethe depthat whichair is entrainedinto the tail%waterwhen water is spilledfrom the spillway. This can be accomplishedeither by reducingLhe depth of the plungepool to less than 10 m or by directingthe watermore or less parallelto the surface of the tailwater. As has been experiencedin the United States, the cumulativeeffect of several projects on nitrogen supersaturationis known to have major impacts on fish populationsboth in the free-flowingreiaches between dams and on fish populationsoccurring in the reservoirsof the projects. This in turn may significantlyreduce the potentialfor commercialfisheries within the reservoirs.

p406N1 EWTMFANc5.31CKS 5.2.5. Aquatic Vegetation

Rooted aquaticplan: speciesare present ir. the Ertan Reservoirarea. Frequently, thecreation of reservoir conditions results in damatic expansion of these plants, particularly along the margins, which in turn can create unfavorableconditions for use of the resources present in the reservoir. However, the operationof the Ertan Projcct involvingthe annual drawdown of the resoi by up to 45 m will prevent establishmentof the rooted aquatic sjiecies, induding Htdrilla. which in some areas has become a pest spwcies.

On the other hand. there is i significan: risk that floating plant species, particularly Ekchhornia, may become esmblishedin the reservoir. The prcsence of this species in the reservoir ara (particularly in the Ganyu River Basin) unier current conditions nearly guarantees introduction of the species to the reservoir unless certain precautions dre undertken.

At numerousother reservoirs throughoutthe world, Eichhorniahas rapidly becomea serious threawto not only project operation,but also to public health in the vicmnivof the reservo-rs. Onceestablished on a reservoir,Eichhornia is known to form dense mats on the surface that prevent penetration of light and oxygen to the underiving water. The water below the mats becomes darki and anoxic. As the plants die and sink to the bottom, decompositionof the organic material removes oxygen from the water resulting in massive fish kills. and the formation of methane and hvdrogen sulfide gases. In some cases the amounts oi methane and hydrogen sulfide produced from affected areas have led to explosionsand Doisoningof humans.In addition, these weeds offer ideal habitat for two disease vectors: the mosquito which is the vector for malaria, and the Oncomelania snail which is the vector for schiswosomiasis.

With the presence of Ec'homrniain the Ganvu River valley, it must be assumed that it will become establishedin the reservoirand actions must be implementedto reduce the magnitude of the infestation and to control it on a continuous basis throughout the operationalperiod of the reservoir.

aaoutu NTM EA CM. 5.32 AlthoughFichhorna is mostcertain to invadethe mainchannel of the ErtanReservoir from the large catchmentupstream. it is noi expectedto be as severeas in the GanyuArm. This is due prmarily to the constantvdocity gradientswithin the mainportion of the reservoir combinedwith the drawdownrefill cycle. Additionally,the constantuse of the main area for conveyinglogs from Lhe upper end to the dam may inhibitthe spreadof the weed. If Eichhorruadoes becomeestablished in the reservoir. control or the weed in the main reservoirmay be accorriplishedby periodicallycollecting the weedat the log handlingsite and movingit throughthe log passagetunnel where it can be loadedonto trucks and either soldas pig fodderor placed in a compostpile in an adjacentvalley. Use of an herbicideto controlthe weedis not recommendedbecause of the waterquality compiications arising from applicationof the chemicalto the water.

To minimizethe introductionof Eichhonmainto the Ganvu Arm, a pre-impoundment programto eradicateEichhorna from the valleyis being devised. At least twoyears prior to impoundment,a thoroughsurvey of ponds and pools containingEichhornia will be conducted. During the first year, all populationsof the plant in agriculturalpools and waterwayswill be identifiedand destroyed.During the succeedingyear, the processwill be repeated. If significantnumbers of plants are discoveredduring the secondyear, an additionalmission to destroythe plantswill be undertakenprior to reservoirimpoundment. Two or three repetitionsof the program,on an annualbasis, will be undertakento ensure eradicationof Eichhornia fromthe GanyuValley prior to impoundment.

This eradicationprogram will be undertakennot oniv to reducethe invasionof Eichhornia into the Ganvu Arm to preserve water qualityand to enhancethe feasibilitvof a commercial fisheries industry in the lake but also as a precautionary measure to further reduce the risk of spreadof the Oncomelaiiasnail and schistosomiasis.Periodic monitoring to determine the occurrence of Eichhomia in the Ganyu Valley and elsewhere in the Ertan Reservoirarea will continue on an annual basis in conjunctionwith the schistosomiasismonitoring, reservoir area management,water quality and fisheries programs. Presence of Eichhomna in any portion of the reservoir will be reported to the Panzhihua Public Health Department (responsible for the schisEosomiasismonitoring program) for remedial action. The detailed plans for implementingthis program are described in Section 5.4.3.3.

EWANvA Cm 5.33 5.2.6. FMshand Other Aquatic Orpnisms

The changes to the hydrologic, temperatureand sediment transport regimes caused by the impoundmentof the Yalong River by the Ertan Project will change the habitat available for fish from that of a river to onc like a lale This change will alter species compositionand productivity of fish in both the reservoir'and the downstream reaches. The effects and possible mitigation measuresare described below.

5.2.6.1. Reservoir Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms

The impoundment of the Yalong River by the Ertan Dam will convert 145 km of iverine habitat into 10,100 ha of lakelike habitat. Although the habitat available in the reservoir will be suitable for many speciesof fish, some of the fish currently inhabiting the reservoir area may require relatively high velocityand feed primarily on benthic organismsand, thus, may not survive. However, these specieswiU likely be replaced, either naturallyor through the implementationof a stocking program to subsidize the proposed commercial fishery in the reservoir. An accurate evaluationof the potential fish species compositionin the Ertan Reservoir is not possible at this time. Many fish species commonlyfound in rivers are able to adapt to lake-like environmentswith relative ease. For example, populationsof Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchusspp.), which are normally anadromous, have readily adapted to completelyfrcsh-water environments, e.g. the Great Lakes Regionof North America. Some species of salmonids, such as the rainbowtrout (0. mnykiss)are characterizedas having two forms: one which lives entirely in fresh-water cnvironments and the other which is anadromous. Because the habitat preferences and tolerance ranges for most of the fish species found in the Yalong River are poorly understood. an understandingof what species are likely to occur in the reservoir cannot be made at this time. For this reason, a program of monitoringfish populationsthroughout the year at a number of locationsin the reservoir is necessary.

At least five species of fish inhabitingthe YalongRiver exhibit seasonal movementsbetween the Yalong and Jinsha Rivers. Once the Ertan Dam is complete, these fish will no longer

armANEAcm' - 5.34 ' - ' ' '" '' ' '' '' M' - --

be able to move between the rivers. It is possible that some of the populations vill be able to establish sustainablepopulations in the reservoir. However, no definite predictioncan be made because the adaptabilityof these specics is unknown.

The main portion of the reservoir wil have some current (up to 6.0 cm/s average column velocity in mid-reservoir)but will graduallybecome less turbid from the upstream end to the dam. Water temperaturewill remain rlatively cool throughoutthe reservoir area. Because of the current in the reservoir (both resulting from the high flow conditionsand from the drawdownlrefillcycles, many of the nutrients entering the reservoir will be flushed through leading to the prediction that the reservoir will be oligotrophicin nature.

During the refill cycle, water level in the resevoir will rise approximatdy I m/day. This rapid rate is unsuitablefor fish species that spawn in shallow water in nests and produce demersal eggs. Specieswhich produce panmktoniceggs will not be affected.

Species, such as arassius aurawus,Cyprinus carpio, Zacco plarypus, Hemicuker bleekeri, Pseudorasboraparva, Rhodeus sinensis, and RNinogobiusgiurinus, are known to prefer lacustrine conditions. These species are either omnivorousor feed on phytoplanktonor zooplankton, both of which are expectedto be relativelyabundant in the Ganyu Arm. All of these species are important in commercialfisheries. Several hydroelectricprojects, such as in the Province of Hubei, and in SichuanProvince on the Dadu River constructedin the 1970s, have produced viable commercialfisheries for these species. Therefore, it is likely that similar fishery resources will become establishedin the Ertan Reservoir, particularly with the establishmentof fish propagationfacilities in the upper portionsof the Ganyu Arm.

It is possible that Schizorhoraxspp may be able to establish populationsin the upper end of .the reservoir, particularlyafter formationof the sedimentdelta begins to form. Schizothorax utilizes flood plain areas for spawning. The drawdown-refillcycle of the reservoir, coupled with the accumulatedbedloads at the upper end of the reservoir may result in the creation of suitable spawningareas for Schizothoraxspp. Once the reservoir is completed, continued monitoringof the status of Schizothoraxin the main reservoir should be undertaken. This species is utilized as a food source by local residents.

'""n STAN cm 5.35 The conditionsin the Ganyu Arm of theresenroir will be more conduciveto fish populations. However, without artificial inaroductionof fish into the Ganyu Arm, fish species likely to inhabitthe area include Hvpophihalmichtkvsmolitrnx and Arisrich:hysnobifis, both of which feedon planktonicorganisms. Additionally,omnivorous species such as Cyprnuscarpio and CarassWusaurazu will inhabit the ae and are epected to providebases for the development of both subsistenceand commercial fisheries.

Becausethe Ganyu Arm wiU provide suitable habitat for cetain species of cultured fish, an option of the resetlement and compensationplan under considerationby residentsof Yanbian Countyis the opportunityto introducecommercial fisheries into the Ganyu Arm. When the reservoir is at its normal maximumoperating level of 1,200 m, the water surface of the G!anyuArm covers approximately2,500 ha. Approximately 1.870 ha has been idenified as potential area for developingan artificial fishery. Artificial rearing ponds for various species of fish will be constructed iust beloOvor at the normal operating level of the reservoir. Spawning stock, fertilized eggs, or frv can be obtained from other hatcheries in the region and tansported to the rearing ponds to be raised to fingerling size. Approximately 2.4 million fingerlings may be producedannually in these ponds. When the reservoir is filled, most of the fingerlings will be released into the reservoir.

Of the 2.4 million fingerlingsproduced in the rearing ponds, approximately1.0 millionwill be placed in "fish farms' constructed of floating nets. In the Ganyu Arm, about 2 ha of floating nets is currently planned. Within the nets, the fish will be artificially fed with artificial food of wheat, rice or com. AnnualDroduction from these nets is expected to be about 1.000 tons annuallv for each 2 ha area of farm.

The re-raining 1.4 million fingerlings will be released to the Ganvu Arm o' the reservoir where the fish will feed on natural food sources (phyto and zooplankton). To ensure the majority of the released fish remain in the Ganyu Arm, a barrier net may be strung across the reservoir at the outflow from the Ganyu Arm. This will retain the fish in the rescrvoir area and will facilitate harvesting the fish. Assuming that the naturally breeding species are equally productive as the cultured fish introduced into the reservoir and average weight of the harvested fish is I kg, the expected yield from the Ganyu Arm is approximately260,000

TAmEa Css 5.36 fish or 260 tons per year (approximately150 Mg/ha)if the harvest rare is 5 percent of the - available populations. Harvest rate from the mair. reservoir is expected to yield approximately160 tons per year. It is expectedthat up to 50 percent of this harvest will be from nauraly occurrizikpopuladons.

The main fish species considered in fte planning effort include: HypopthaImichrhys. molirrix,Arislich:*hs nobitis, Crenopharyndon ideius, Cyprinuscarpio, Carassius aurasus. parabramuspeidnensis, Megalobrama erminalis, and Xenocyprisargentea. The fingerling rearing facilitieswould be establishedat Huimin and Yongxingat the upper end of the Ganyu 'Arm.

Within the main Ermn Reservoir area, an estimated 5,300 ha of water surface is available for fish culture. Fingerling fish will released to the main reservoir in a manner similar to that described for the Ganyu Arm. Two bavs of the main reservoir, Huangjiaowan arLd Puwei have also been identifiedas potential areas for tie constructionof fLshfarms. To facilitate the commercialfishery in the main Eran Reservoir. eigL-.::i harvest facilitiesare

planned at strategic locations- (See Figure 5.5). These harvest facilities wi,l consist of landing and transshipmentfacilities. Harvest will be acWievedfrom fleets of fishing boats using trammel nets (to block escape of harvestablefish) and trap nets (to collect the fish). A diagrammatic representationof the deploymentof these nets is presented in Figure 5.6.

5.2.6.2. DowvnstreamFi-sh anid Other Aquatic Organisms

The Ertan HydroelectricProject will affect fish populationsdownstream from the projec: due to changes attributed to the changesassociated with the hvdrologic reginme.chances in water temperature.dissolved g2ses. and turbidity,and the creation of a barrier to movemnentnt fish between reaches of the Yalongupstream and downstream.from the daIr. When the Tonpzilin Project is constructed. the re-regulating capacity of the projct wr,llmitigate much of the anticipated impacts of the Ertan Project operation.

5.2.6.2.1. EffecLsof Altered Hydrologic Regime

5637 a { XICHANGg xIc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MY

ERTAN ESERVOERTAN RESE

IA -O ul rANZIIIIIUAP 00

N ^ '-. YANBIAN, YAZNI'UAN N r.i

5t' 5> i. J '"t ~~~LE-GEND) A RearingAreas 0 HarvestAreas Figuire5.5: Loczlionsof proposeelislh harvest facilities owi Erlan Rescrvoir and Ganyu Arin

a ~. _ S S Dlqramnd Commerci FlshtiyNot Deployment

Rw . 1' Upeba BodcNkNO -

I I

I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

~~' IDow0810ekNrAet~ CvOAM----,, i I I

Figure S.6: Schematicdiara of trammeland ap net deploymentfbr fishharvest. eRTh lAMOS 539 From June through November, the hydrologic regime in the Yalong River downsmre from En will remain the same as curnent conditions. Inflow to the reSeNoir will exceed the hydraulic capacity of the power station and excess water wvillbe spiled through the upper and mid-level spillways stich that the total outflow from the project will be the same as existing conditions.

BetweenDecember and May each year, Ertan will be opeted on a pealdng basis. Without the Tongzilin 2roject, during nonnal and dry years, discharge from the project will be discontinuedfor period of betweenIA-and7 hours each day. Althoughsome pockets of water will remain in the channel between.the dam and the mouchof the AnningRiver, it is likely that survival of fish will be limited. Downstreamfrom the confluence of the Anning,some water will continue to flow but will bedramaticailyreduced from existingconditions through the 4 to 7 hour period.

Wnen gene-ation begins, the rapid increasein discharge throughthe reach may be sufficient tOflu:h any ftishremaining in the cnanneldownstream to the Jinsha; Thus. i: is expectedtha; few, it any fish will be able to remain in the channel during the period Ertan is operated on a peaking basis. This effect will be realized through the entiTedownstream reach oF the Yalorgto .ts i'outh at the Jinsha River.

Once the Tongzilin Project is completed, the effects of peaking operation %willbe largely raitigated. The Tonrziinr.inmpound-ment wi'il prevent dewateringof the Ya!onc River channel wher Ertan is not operating. Also, colninuousoperation of TongzilinDower station throu:h the period when Er1an is not operatina wiil provide flow through the Yalong on a '4-hour basi: and will reduce the fushing effect of Theinitial star up of £rnan eacn uay.

The dailv pealing operating is not expected to affect sturgeon habitacin the .insha River because the tlow variation will have attenuatedbv the time it reaches Yibin as discussed in the effects of Ertan on the Yalong hydrologic regime in Section5.2.1.

5.2.6.2.2. Effects of Altered Water Quality

U-39.4 A- FA CN6S..4 As discussed in Section 5.2.4, the quality of water released from Ertan will generallybe, more moderate on an annual basis thanunder current conditions. During the wintermonths! water temperature is expected to be somewhat warmer than under natral conditionsand during the summer months, it is expected to be somewhatcooler. On theaverage, however, water relased from Ertan will generally be coolerthan under existing conditions.

Dissolved oxygen concentrationsare expected to be suitable for supportingfish populations and any deficit will be regained in a short distancedownstream from the project. Reduced turbidity in the water discharged from Ertan will generally benefit fish populations.

The only potentialadverse water quality condition that will arise from the ErmanDam is the potential for supersaturatedgas (nitrogen) concentrations resulting from the spill of water from the dam into a plunge pool (See Section 5.3.2).

Supersaturated concentration of nitrogen in tailwaters of hydropower dams causes "gas bubble disease' in fish and other aquatic organisms. Concentrari-s if dissolved nitrogen in excess of 120 percent saturation is generally lethal to many species of fish. Evidence of the effect of gas supersaturationis present in the tailwater of the GezhoubaDam where gas supersaturationcauses an estimated 2 percent mortality in fingerlings. In the United States, the cumulativeeffect of gas supersaturation caused by the cascaae of hydropower projects on the Columbia River contributed sigrificantly to the decline of salmon populationsin the river until structural and operational modifications to the danis to minimize gas supersaturationwere implemcnted.

The conservative nature of dissolved nitrogen in water leads to a potentially significant cumulativeeffect of several projects placed in ciose proximitv to each other. Although the potential for significant adverse effects of gas supersaturation associated with Eran and Tongzilin may not be greaT.the effects of these projects coupled with similar effects at up to 20 projects along the Yalong and Jinsha Rivers may result in increasing the observed 2 percent fingerling mortality at Gezhouba Dam to an unacceptable level. As outlined previously, consideration must be given to minimizethe risk of gas supersaturtion in the planning for additional priects on both the Yalong and Jinsha Rivers.

"0615 ElTAN EA C4S 5.41 5.2.6.2.3. Effects of the Barrier Created by Dam

Ertan Dam will create a barrie to the upstream and downstreammovement of fish through the Yalong River. However, the only migratory species that might occur in the Yalong is the eel, Angwullajaponica. Based on recent surveys conductedin the Yalong River from its confluence with the Jinsha to reaches upstram from the Ertan Reservoir, the occurrence of the eel has not been recorded. However, it-is likely that at one time the species did occur here.

Additionally, entaminmentof fish through the project facilities, either through the power station or through the spiliways.is not expectedto be significant. As described above, fish populationsin the reservoir are expected to consist of shallow water and open water species and are expected to inhabitthe surfacewater of the reservoir. The intakes for both the power stationand for the spillwayswill be approximatelymid depth in the water column even when the reservoir is drawn down to its lowestlevel. Consequently,the potential numbers-of fish susceptible to entrainment through either the power station or through the spillways is expected to be smatl and no significantadverse effect to the fish populationsis expected. The expected harvest rates from the reservoir area (equivalent to a mortality rate from the perspective of the fish populations)is likely to have a greater impact on the fish population densities than wu1:ary mortalityor loss of fish from the reservoir attributable to entrainment. The sustainabilityof the fisheries populationsin the reservoir is amply supported by the sustained fisheries in numerous other hydroelectricimpoundments such as those found in Hubei ann other provinces in China.

To understand the effects of the project on fish resourcesan aquatic monitoringprogram will be implementedprior to completionof construction. The program will be continuedthrough the operational period to identifyary fish resources problems that may be resolved through a revised managementpractice. Costs for implementingthis program during the construction period are summarizedin Chapter 7. Costs associatedwith the establishmentof the program are also presented in Chapter 7, as well as in the ResettlementAction Plan for Ertan (1994).

5.3. Terrestrial Impacts and Mitigation

EOTMA A CE S 5.42

a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The secondunavoidable impact of damsis the.inundation of land-resources. In suchcases, the only altemativethat is avaiable is to comp for the loss either by relocationof certainof the resources(e.g. wildlifespecies and humans),or the managementof comparable areassuch as designatedmanagment ares or presves to encourageexpansion of resources (e.g. wildlifeand vegetation)comparable to thoselost to inundation.For the Ertan Project, the amountof landinundated is approximately10,100 ha. Lossesof vegetation,wildlife and socio-economicresources and the compensationfor theselosses-are discussed in this secion and the foliowingsection. A managementplan consistingof the establishmentof a managementbuffer zone around the reservoiris neededto compensatefor the losses.

5.3.1. Vegetation

Most of the vegetationto be inundatedby the reservoiris of neither conservationnor economicvalue. Economictrces such .; Nouella inai..., .oono sureni. Cyclobalanopsis glaucoidesand C. heMreianrthat are destinedto be subm-rged |Land removed durirngthe bank-clearing phase. Analysis of the * ation zone shows that some 2000 ha of regularlv-harvestedfuelwood forest and 1000 ha oi broadleaf timber forest will be lost. These areas are comvo--ed o: numerous smaller areas ranging in bize from 50 to 200 ha. In a trivial sense, the loss of the broadleaf forest is of no consequenceneraitsc ..o single area has much signifi-an:e. On the other hand, the presence of relatively undisturbed lowland broadleaf forest anywhere in the subtropical and tropical zoneshas been so reduced in size because of human interventionof various types. thaLthe conservationvalue of even small pockets steadily increases. Indirectly. the formationof the Ertan Reservoir will potentiallv affect the vegettion in the vicinity by virtue of the construction of new roads and the provision of access to various, previously inaccessible, areas (principallv by boat). This increasedaccessibility to the higher slopes of the valley could encourage further degradation of native vegetation types.

To compensate for these losses, EHDC will assume managementresponsibility for a 10Dm elevation buffer zone above the maximum operational water surface elevation (1200 m) around the entire Eran Reservoir. Managementof this zone will include provision for the

340611 ErAht EA CH6 5.43 _ , socio-economiccompensaion plans (e.g. restlement areas, fuewood timber areas, and fish rearingand narvestfacilities) and for the preservationand enhancementof tacts of native broadleaf forest. Establishmentof this manage:mentzone will provide for achievementof severalobjectives:

Prervation and enhancementof viable tracts-of subtmpicalbroadleaf forest; Control of human occupationad3acent to the reservoir, Minimizationof the potentialfor increased erosion along the reservoir margin;

-duction in the Dotential for sediment deposition in the reservoir from adjacent valley slopes; Managementof timber and fuielwoodforested areas along the margin of the reservoir to minimizepotential over-exploimation;and Reduce the potential for adverse affects to water quality due to runoff from adjacent areas.

,e etotal area of the managenen: zone betweenelevations 1200 and 1300 mnisapproximately l .400 ha. Currently. approximately3200 ha is cultivated either for wetland (rice, etc.) or dry la.. (com, etc.) crops. In the Ganyu Vallev. 162 ha of the managementzone is occupied b' YanbianTown and other smallnearbv villages. An additional46 ha of the zone is currentlv occunii4 by small homesteadsscattered around the Ertan Reservoir area. The remainder of the area (approximately10,000 ha) is uninhabited bv humans and is covered by va-2ous iypes of vegetative communities including shrub!grassland (1000 ha): savairnah- like foxt. i2900 ha); wasteland (suitable for reforestation, 1500 ha): and subtropical brmaditaftores; (4600 ha). The prevalenceof broadleaf forest in !he managementprovides amp'e opportunitv to designate up to 4.600 ha as a conservation preserve for this native vete;a:Ion ;ype. Such designatior will compensatefor the loss of 1000 ha of-native forests tn tlhereserVoir area. Desionationof the conser.ation area and managementof he buffer zone will be coordinatedwith the SichuanMinistry of Forestry and implementedby the Local Forestry Bureaus havingjurnsdiction in the area adjacent to the Ertan Reservoirarea as soon as the loan becomes effective.

rA06l D - FMAB ia ci' 5.,44 -~~~~~~~~~UM; * ~ :r3 -' ISM - . ~ . .~ ,r. . X:;ss X

Up to 1,000ha of additionalland may be includedin the conservatidonprserves. This,L -00 ha consistsof the wastelandareas whichwill be reforestedthrough a replantingprogram. Plansfor the reforestationof the wastelandarea includesthe plantingof native,fast growing species derivedfrom sources similarto thosewiEhin the existingbradleaf forest. Two species have been identifiedas potential for implementingthis reforestanon program: Pinus Icesiyavar. langbionwsisand Acacia nichii. Initial plantingof these species will be in three- combinations:pure forests of Pinus kestyavar. langbionensis,pure forests of Acacia richii, and a mixture of these two species. The intent is to start the forests with a few fast growing species and allow invasion of other species into the areas from adjacent mature broadleaf forests. These forests as well as the existing stands of naturally occurring broadleaf forests will be protected. Harvest of timber from either the natural or the reeforestedareas wiU be prohibited.

The construction of the Ertan Project will cause the loss of aDproximately1080 ha of subtropicalevergreen broadleaf forest. a forest type that is rapidly i.iisappearingin siubtrop!ali China. However. the loss of this amount of forest is offset bv the preservationof 4600 ha of existing, undisturbed forest which is currentlvnot represeated in any of *hepreserves in . In addition, the manageementobiective of reft;restin2approxi-mateiy 1000 ha of additional area in the conservation zone around the Ertar. Reservoir wi!] creatc an opportunitv to evaluate the feasibilitv of reforestation techniques ;n reestablishing the evergreen broadleaf forest biotype. WVthottthe construction:of the reservoirand the assumption of management responsioility around the reservoir. the conEinueddestruM1cion ,' the broadleaf forest will surely continue. T'herefore.the loss oi PuSOha of this i:: . tvmt is fully compensated by the protection of 4600 ha of nativ forest and the opctuorn ;,t; expand this total. through appropriatc management.to ovcr 56iJ1 ta.

5.3.2. Wildlife

The available data indicate that there will be no significan: direct impact -of the reservoir on a wildlife because most species present in the inundationzone are relatively abundant and widespread. Some species of waterfowl and wading birds mav be attracted to the relativelv slow-flowingwater and the drawdow-nzoncs. There may. howev.r. be si:itficxl'n indirect

WO"5 _ E.'IA, SAC-S 5.45 impacts on populations of species inhabiting the broadleaf forests and the higher, more forested regions. In the absence of adequate data, the conservadve view must be that the species, sumeglobally threatened,that are semingly restricted to the broadleaf forests of the region (Section 4.4.3) will be reduced as human and livestock pressure increases on the forests of higher elevations unless definitive managementactions are undertaken.

. As described above in Sction 5.3.1, EHDC will assume direct managementresponsibility for a buffer zone between elevations.1200 ard 1300 m adjacent to the Ertan Reservoir. Designation of conservation -areasto protect the broadleaf forests curently present in the zone will provide for the preservation of habitat suitable to the endangered bird species. Management goals seeldng to expand the distribution of this forest type within the managementzone will also be incorporated into the ovemll plan for the management- his area. Among the managementgoals to be included in the plan is the provision of full attention will be given to providing habitat 'corridors' between areas of suitable wildlife habitat.

5.33. Biologicaldiversity

At present the biological diversity in the area to be inundatedand immediatelvaround the reservoir is not - understoodand the impact of the reservoir cannot be ful!v evaluated. However, it is recognized that the lowland subtropical broadleaf forest. present within the reservoir area may be important to some threatened species. particularlysome bird species. To provide for the continued maintenance of this forest type withir. the Yalong Vallev. .1IDC will assume direct management responsibility for a buifer zone ;mnediatcl' surrounding the reservoir between elevations 1200 and 1300 m. Amona the manapmen: goals for this area is the preservationand conservationof remainingtracts of;the sub:ropacal broadleaf forest known to exist in the area and described in Section 5.3.1. However. the value of these forests in representingthe broadleaf forest is not known and specificareas to be conservedcannot be identified at this time. To assist in determiningthe integrity of the broadleaf forests that will be inundaLedand to identify significantareas in the manageTient zone for conservation,EHDC is planning to conduct an survey of bird species present in the existing forest areas. A team of national and international ornithologistswiil coi.duct the

1 E5616 WA!4! A cMI 5.46 -..- , ! Es {rlb-.t -7siaSlz- surveyin the springof 1995when many of the bird speciesare knownto be breeding.Based on this inventory,as wellas an appraisalof the conditionof the forestswithin the inundation zone and in the managementzone, specific areas will be identified either for conservation or for active managementto encourage the expansionof this-importanthabitat type. As the additionalinformation becomes available, the detailedplan for the managementof the buffer zone (withgoals defined in Section5.3.1) will be formulated.

Available information regarding the distribution of intact tracts of the broadleaf forest indicates that there is a good opportunity(up to 4,600 ha) for establishingconservation areas within the managementzone to fuUy compensate for the loss of broadleaf forest in the inundation zone and to conserve valuable representation-of this forest type. Costs for implementing the managementzone plars and studies to support the managementpianninr process are sumnmarizedin Chapter 7.

5.4. Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation

The primary effects on the socio-economicenvironment will be the loss of various valued services and obiects as a result ot the inundation. Their impacts are assessed below.

5.4.1. Water Use Impacts

Chanoes to the hydrologyand water qualitv in the Ya2ongRiver attributableto construction and operation of the Ertan Dam and Power Stationhave the potential for adverselyaffectin- use of the Yalong River and potentially use of the Jinsha River. downstream from the confluence of the Yalong. Four uses-of the YalongRiver have been identified which may be affected by the Ertan Project. Evaluationsof the potential adverse effects of the project on these uses and measures adopted by EHDC to mitigate or minimize the effects are described below.

5.4.1.1. Effects to Structures in and along River Channel

A0615 5 _ fqTAN s~~~~ c.es ~5.47 The evaluation of potential effects to structures located in and along the Yilong River downstream from the Ertn Project are made in reference to the changes in the hydrologic regime and the analysis of bedload aggregationand degradationpresented above.

The Misaimuotimber handling facilities, located approximately10 Ian downstreamfrom Lte Ertan Dam. consist of a ring-type wood structure connect by several concrete piers founded on bedrock outcropping in the Yalong River channel. The analysis of bedload tansport processes downstreamfrom the Ertan Dam indicates that the bed at this site will be scoured by an average depth of approximately0.5 m after 50 years of operation. Because the piers are founded on bedrock. it is likely that the channel in the immediatearea of the piers will not be degraded and the foundationsof the piers will not be affected by project opeation. Nonnallv this facility is operated onlv during the or.nthsof June through Septe:mberwhen the ErmanProiec! will most likelv be spillingwater. the operationof the prqoecton a dailv. peaking basis will not affect the use of the facilities.

The timber handlinr facilities at Xiacdeshi, Anning River Moouth,Dapingdi, Miupingzi,and Sanduizi. consist of f.oating booms attched to the shoreline by overhanging cables. The positioa of these booms can be changed as necessary. Ther are no foundationsassociated with thesc facilities and the-fore will not be affected by bedload processes. Tne pr.mary effecLto th2 'U.Iatl2on off trese strluctures is that they cannot be operated during the period when Ertan is .peratedon a daily basis. How.ever,because the height of Ltseis assocated with the high flow pe-iod, june th-roughNovember. when Ertan will :%eoperaLed on a continuous basis. :nrefact that fluctuatint tlow will interrupt use of the facilities is irrelevana. During the period whenErtan is operated on a peai;ing mode. the booms may be moved and stored on the shoreline to prevenLdamage. Dependinrgupon the site specific conditions.it may be possibleto alter the attachmentcables and positionsof ,hc booms such tha. the booms will rise and fall with the cha!usesin river discharge. In addition, once Tongzilin Dam is constructed, fluctuations in river discharge downstream from the project wilI be reduced thereby providing furtherprotection to river channeland river bank structures associatedwith the timber handling.facilities.

EWAn IA * hS 5 .4S -P ' - ;-' - * ; -I ' ' ' - E- , *'

The Xiaodeshidtmber storage and loading facilitiesare constructed`alongthe left bank of the Yalong Riverin an area characterized as having a shallowslope. The facilitiesare protected by a concrete and eoncrete/masonryrevetment wall which is founded oanbedrock. Because of the shallow slope of the river bank, river bed scour and fluucuatingriver discharges are not expected to adversely affect the storage and loading facilities. Again. once 'rongzilin Dam is constructed, water velocities will be reduced and potential damage to the picrs and shoreine facilities at the Xiaodeshi timber handling site will he further reduced.

Structuresassociated with the Panzhihua bMinePower Plant and the piers of the three brdges across the Yalong River are founded on bedrock and are not subject toTfoundation problems associated with scour or discharge fluctuation.

Several buildings associated with the Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Station are located along the Yalong River and are founded on crodible materials. However, based on the sediment transport analysis, it is expected that the particular locations of the biuildingsare in an area of sediment deposition rather thari sediment scour. Consequently, the risk of impact associated with flow fluctuation or bedload movementis extremely iow throuah the life of the Ertan Project.

Near the town of Tongzi!in. downstreamfrom the confluence of the Anning River with the Yalong, severl residentia! buildings are priesentalong the river. However, manv of these residences are built on bedrock foundationsor are on alluvial materials that have a reiatively shallow slope toward the river. The bedload transport analysis indicates that there may be some scour of the river bed during SQvear, of operation. However, the amount of scour is estimated to be quite minimal and poses no threat to these buildings. Additionallv, the location of these residences has been identified as an area for por:ions of the construction staging sites associated with the construction of the Ertan Dam. Consequently, these residences have been requisitioned by the State and the residents relocated to other, higher elevation, locations within Tongzilin.

Overall, it is expected that the construction and operation of the Ertan Dam and Power Stationwill not cause significantadverse impacts to structures located in or along the Yalong

uO aS lff!M IAai 5.49 River benweenthe dam site and the confluenceof the Yalong River with the Jinsha River. Any anticipatedeffects will be reduced further after construeion of the Tongzilin Dam and Power Station.

5A.1.2. Efects on Dowsrm Industrial, Agricultural, and Domestic Water Supplies

During the high flow season, the operation of the Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant will not be affectedby the opemion of the Ertan Project. During the low flow season, when Ertan is operated on a peaking basis, it is estimated that flow in the Yalong wil remain at a minimum of 20 - 80 n3/s, derived primarily from the Anning River. Because the intake for the pumping stationis positionedin a deep well, the low water levels associatedwith the low flows will stilUbe above the intakes to the pumping station. The primary risk to the water intake at the Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant is with respect to the quality of the water (primarilyfrom the Anning)during the low flow period. Currently, the quality of the Anning River is classified between I and II according to the Republic Water Quality Standards(See above). Towns and villagesalong the Anning currently use Anning water for domesticsupplies. However, the water is purified and sterilized to meet the Republic Water Quality Standard for Drinking Water, prior to distribution. The Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant ;%cilitvis also subject to this standard.

Oncethe constructionof Ertan Dam is completed,the Yalong River will become the primary sou.-e o: watcr f:r the new Yanbian CountyTown. Although the pumping station will be v csi!ncdto accommodate flow fluctuation in the Yalong River, additionalprecautions will t'c Inmpiemcnicdto prevent contaminationof the water source by sewage discharge into the ri%C: Sewa-e discharge will be restricted and controlled along both banls of the Yalong below the dam and in the area surrounding YanbianCounty Town.

The floating pumping staticns located on the Jinsha River between the confluence of the Yalong and Jinjiang Railway Station will not be affected by water level fluctuation or minimumreleased attributable to the operationof the Ertan Project. No impact is anticipated because of the mobility of the pumps to accommodatewater level varatis.

4TA CS 5.50 ERTANLA011~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SA.1.3. Impact on Timber TransportationSystem

The Ertan Project will create two major obstacles to the continued use of the Yalong River for transporting harveted timber from the upper basin to Yibin: The Ertan Impoundment and the Ertan Dam. Because of the importance of the timber harvest to the economy of Sichuan Province, specific measures have been incorporated into the design and operation of thq Ertan Project to mitigate the impact to this use of the Yalong River water.

The Ertan Reservoir will restrict the conveyanceof the harvested timber through 145 km. To mitigate this impact, EHDC and CHIDI have incorporateda log handling facility at the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir. Logs entering the upper end of the reservoir will be interepted and gatheredinto rfts of logs. These rafts will then be towed down the reservoir to a second handling facilitv on the upstream side of the dam.

To pass the logs through the dam. the design of the project includes two tunnels passing through the right dam abutment. Conveyor belt assemblieswill carry the logs through the tunnels and deposit the logs in the tailwater. The log passage tunnels are depicted on the project layout (Figure 2.3). The log rafts will be dismantled and individual logs placed on the conveyor belt to be carried to the tailwater of the dam and power station. The timber conveyor will consis; of a loading area at the upper end of the tunne.. tne nrachinervand conveyorbelt structures. and an off-loading area at the downstreamend of the tunnel. The belts are designed to pass logs at a rate of 300 m3/h. It is estimated that approximate'! 11,500 m3 of timber can be conveved per day, based on a two shift operation. Given this rate. the current volume of 0.4 million m3 of timber can be moved through the dam in approximately35 days.

Because the season during which timber is transported from the upper Yalong Catchment extends from July through September, the ErmanReservoir will be filled, the power station will be oprated on a continuous basis at the hydrauliccapacity, and discharge downstream from the dam wull be in excess of the 1,500 m31s minimum operating level at the existing handling facilities. Costs for constructionof the log tunnel are integrated with the costs associatedwith the constructionof the dam and powerhouse.

'joA'. *UTNI04 5.51 The only other obsmcle will be the impoundmentand dam associated with the Tongzilin Power station. Measures to maintain the use of the Yalong for transporting the Yalong Catchment timber will also be incorporated into the design and operation of the Tongzilin Project.

5.4.1.4. Effts on Navigation

Constructionand operationof the Ertan Project is expectedto benefit navigationon both the "'along and the Jinsha Rivers. These benefEtshave been discussed previouslv.

5.4.2. land Use

5.4_2.1. Submersion losses

TXhe,!--avion of the Ertan reservoir wiil submerge 10. 00 ha. some 24 percent comprises ..issv hillsides. 20 rercent timber torests. 16 percent wct and dry ficdds. 10 percent fuelwoodforests. 20 percentthe former river channel, and I nercent habitation. I; is clear that by far the greatestlosses with be in the Ganvu Vallev oi YanbianCounty (Table 5.4).

EHDC will bL-ar, active!vinvolved in managementof Lhe 16.000km2 of the watershed atove F-tan reservoir and will assume direct managementresponsibdli;x for a zone around

:I1: mer!!n o; ;he L.rtan Reservoir exter.dingfron the normal ma ....um operaungleel ot ; f*um aione the land surfac- to an elevationof 1300 m. Mlis zone includesapproximalelv ;3.3.) ha as described in Section 5.3. The purpose of this is to conserve water. decrease so. r-os:on. andimprove the esthet:cscf the reservoir margin. Gfidelines from ihe Ministrv of Forestr indicate that the rc ponsibilityof a reservoir owner extends onlv over a belt of 100 m elevation above the rna&ximumlevel of the reservoiT. EHDC will generally entrust the practical managementto other aeenc:cs: for example. Panzhihua MuniciDalitvhas establisned a s..'all forestry bureau to execute the necessary works. Within EHDC, the watershed rmanagementwill be the responsibilitvof the EnvironmentalProtection Committeeof EHDC.

IS IA OE552 Table SA: Summaryof submersion losses In Ertm Reservoir Area.

County Item Unit Totd Yanbian Mi$ Deuti YanmynXluid Reseroir WaterSurface 0km2) 101 42 22 6 L6 10 AgriculuralLand (ha) 1656 1036 299 8S 231 6 Paddy Fields (ha) 839 589 125 32 93 1 Dry TAd (ha) 818. 447 174 53. 138 5 QtherLand Use (ha) 5464 26SS - 130 165 1224 122 Fish Ponds (ha) 0.6 0.6 Mulbey Trees (ha) 1.5 1.S Orchards (ha) 0.2 0.1 0.1 TimberForest (ha) 1043 766 181 44 48 Fuel Forest -(h) 1979 1087 31S 97 408 Grassland (ha) 2440 802 799 23 783 Annual Carel Productio,(X 106 kg) 15.27 9.97 2.62 0.7 2 Households (no.) 4462 3830 408 52 166 Urban (no.) 1581 1549 18 8 Rura (no.) 2881 2281 390 44 166 Population (persons) 21917 16261 2159 321 1026 Urban (persons) 3003 5722 97 32 2 Runl (persons) 13914 10539 2062 298 1024 Houses (m2) 961500 771200 118500 15200 3200 Brick (m2) 97300 79200 Wood (.2) 82200 74600 3400 1800 Earthwood (za) 635600 512100 84900 1110 22500 Other Buildings (.2) 145300 105300 3020 2300 8500 SmallHydro Staions (no.) 16 3 3 1 8 (McW) 2344 1187 336.6 55 516 Highways/Roads (km) 358 90 53 5 CommunicationLines OM) 397 165 70 19 38 TransmissionLines (kIn) 648 170 319 20 121 BroadcastLines 10m) 819 155 664 Factories lo) 12 11

Notes: 1. The resmvoir area includes areas of existing rivers and streams

5.42.2. Living Areas and Agricultural Lands

Althoughnot large in area, one of the major impactsof the reservoir will be the submergence of homes and cultivated land. Parts of 31 Rural Areas from five Countieswill be flooded by the reservoir, and the homes of over 29,000 people will be lost in both farming and village areas, mainly in the Ganyu Valley. A total of 1,656 ha of cultivatedland will be submerged, representing an annual loss of over 15,000 tons of cereal production. Some people will lose land but not their homes, others will lose their homes but not their land,

04061 ' V3TANEA C45 553 while others maylose both. If the popuaon were smply movedout of the reach of the rservoir the area of cultivatedland per capitawould be reducedby an aveage of 18 percent and the availableland wouldbe of loweraveagc qualitythan the.landcurrently used. To solve this problem,only about9,000 of the Mfectedpople will be movedup abovethe reservoir(wihin their administativearea), and the remainderwiU be reseted. The people who moveup the slopescan usetheir compenain moneyfrom EHDC to developthe new l;Id with the-guidance of the countyagriculture 1etmenL EHDC, as owners of the reservoirarea, haveagreed to allowthe inhabitantsremainng in the GanyuValley to exploit the approximaely330 ha of broaddmawdown areas by wayof compenationfor the landlost by the communities(Figure 5.7 and Table 5.5). The optionsbeing drwn up by CHII will be consideredby representativesfrom Yanbian County, and are discussedbriefly in Chapter 6 and in more detailin the ResettlementAction Plan (EHDC,1994). Responsibility for the developmentof theseareas is borneentirely by YanbianCounty.

When resettement is deemednecessary, it is state policy to reconstructfeatures to their originalscale and wt to cams any loweringin livingstandards. The lossof YanbianTown will be compensatedby the constructionof a newtown near the siteof the Tongzilindamsite, and the boundariesof the Countywill be redrawnto allowpeople resettled to remainin their original administrativearea Detailedplans for the resettlementof other displaced communitieshave been drwn up and are discussedin theResetlement Acdon Plan (EHDC, 1994).

5A..2.3. Forestry

Some 2,000 ha of fuelwoodforest and 1,000ha of broadleaftimber forest in numerous patcheswill be submerged Thesewill be compensatedfor by plantingand protectionwithin the EnvironmentalManagement Zone (Section 5.3.1). The forestswithin the zone, whenits boundariesare finallyagreed, will be includedin eitherthe protectedarea or withinareas subjectto variousmanagement practices and policies. Delineationof the protectedforests as wellas the managedforest areas will be determinedafter the BiologicalDiversity Survey (Section5.3.3) is completedand other requirementsassociated with the resettlementplan havebeen furtherdelineated.

TMaCA CM 5.54 I.-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 i In theGanu Arm. .@ g § n>~~FIUts.7: DlsttibutlkmntOf 12400n Ac;rur OicMehopne

rI 1.~~~ I ShiiS

. .l ,e A yngR nARtoAig

* t '' -g f ., x tffibuang \ -i Wanh ui YumnwnR.A iant Xlnglongvillage;

LEGEND

o Twflhi capiut jf O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Townshpapttl' * village Silanill km< Towhip bOWA_tqY km jRizeD a ..t HuiiinR.A Yc °- 4 DfawdcK: Xlnind

8101%goe Table 5.S: Enumerationof the utilizablearea of the drawdownzone for delopment in the GanyuArm of the Ertan Reservoir.

* Landin DrawdownZone (ha) Rurl Ara blage Above180 m Above1190 m Junking 62.2 S.6 Yanlong 16.0 S.8 Bain 8.7 3.1 Taoluh i.2 4.3 Duogu 13.9 7.7 Xiniiz 10.6 2.3 Tuanjiu 3.B 2.4 Yongxing 148.2 102.2 Wang 5S.7 ' 27.8 Pingtian 19.2 9.6 YongxrnZ 39.0 30.5 Pmncun 34.3 34.3 Haimnin 62.S 56.8 Yinhe 8.1 4.5 Xiolin 26.6 252. Xinglong 37.1 27.1 * Yam=n - 72.2 36.6 Villag 14.5 1S.5 Villages 23.2 12.7 Villages 7.5 2.4 :Xinping 8.9 8.9

5.4.2.4. Industry

A total of 12 factories and mines will be submerged (Table 4.11). It is the policy of the Governmentof China to rebuild submerged industries to their original scale at another location. The large Ertan clay mine will lose access to about 1.5 million tons of clay, about 25 percent of the total reserves. The main facilitieshave already been moved to another site and are opeational. The Hongni anthracite coal mine will lose 4.5 million tons of its 169 million reserves which are exploitedat an annual rate of 0.3 million tons. The impact on this mine is not considered significant Most of the remainingsmall industries will be rebuilt in the new Yanbian Town. Others are relocating outside Yanbian. Costs associatedwith the relocation of the affected industries are included in the Resettlement Action Plan (EHDC, 1994).

LrMA CMS 5.56 t4a 5.4.3. Population Distributionand Inf:istructure.

5.4.3.1. Effects on Minority Nationalities

People belongingto minoritynationalities living in areas destined to be inundatedare treated in the same mann as the majoritv Ian nationality. The more traditionalmianority groups live well above the maximumreservoir leveaand will experience no dire. impacts. Local health agencies report no significantdifferences between the health of Har. and the other nationalities. Almostall the constructionWorkers confine their acti.ities to the damsiteand camp, and are unLikelvto come into close contact with the minorintnationalities. Ever. so, sanitary and quarantineprecautions taken against possible diseases brought by the workers will be conducted (see below).

5.4.3.2. Cultural Resources

Althoughthe results of the detailed survevs of cultural property that wilUb.- suomergedarc not yet available, the princiDlehas aireadv been establishedby Sichuan Bulreauof Art ard Culture that the excavationand remvu.-a;of the }mnowntombs ar.d other rehils for st;idy will be permitted.

5.43.3. Human health

Humani health will be monitored regulariv and the Eftan Inbutute ot e:n:c Disezse Protection wiil 'e established accoradi.r to the iaw on the preeendor anci :rea!-.nt ut infectious diseases. Prior to the completion of the Ertan eus!iC'ies;. ins:'.:ue. I! cooperation with the Panzh;ihuaPuDlic 14-eaithBureau. the Yaanb;anCounts i'u':;c Hea!:-. Bureau and the Sichuan Provincial Rzse:tlement Office ;in consultation with !he United Nations World Health Organization)wi'l conduct a survev of residents in Yanbian CounLv includingthose residentswho will be displaced to the resetteinent area. The purpose ot th- survev will be to determineLhe incidence ot infectiousdiseases in the affectedpopulation and to implement procedures to cure infictca individualsand to deveiop treatmen.tplans for munimizingthe risk of future epidemics of the diseases in the area. Once the inimalsurvey

ER.AN9^tl6tE~ E^ .;. ~~4 is completed and the project is in operation, 3nnualmonitoring of the occuirrcnceof infectious diseases will be implemented. This monitoring will corsist primarily of establishingreporing procedures fromlocal healthprofessionals who are responsiblefor the heaithcare of the residents. The incidenceof all potentiallyfatal infectiousdiseases will be reported to the respective public health agencies having jurisdiction in the area. These agencies in turn will provide annual reports to the EEDC environmentl managementoffice to enable a central information center necessaryfor the comprehensiveadministration of the Ertan HydroeLectricProject operations. Specific components of the potential effects to public health attributableto Eran con$tructionand operaion are described in more detailin the following paragraphs. Costs for implementingtnese procedures are summanzea in Chapter 7 and in the ResettlementAction Plan (EHDC 1994).

5.4.3.3.1.. Malaria

AplthouchPanzhihua Municipality is now consideredfree of malaria since 1991, there are two potenna: impacts of the project which need attention: the reintroduction of the disease organism into the area by workers arriving from neighboring regions where the disease is st .l x_val:n. and the potential creation of ecological conditions suitable for proliferatior v: the mosquitospecies that transmitthe disease. It is likely that populationsof the mosquito %ect; are s:. iresent in the vicinitr oifErtan. Consequent!y,these populationsmav once again t&zome a...i'c vectors of malana as a consequenceof workers coming into the area -hi, are -- :ers of *,;edisease organism. Althoughin situations where the disease is absent x;c .. - .::e associated with the infection of o,:her humans via the mosquito are r;..v.& ,..;a;i. safeguardswuill be i:mfernentedto further.cduce the probabilitvthat malaria .<...-: re-established a..'jnd Em-rnReservoir. These safeguardsinclude:

Implernentationof routine program to eradicate mosquito populationsin the vicinity of all construction siLes:

Pre-employmentscreening o, all workers at the project site to includeblood tests for malaria (All workers are recueredto obtain a Certificate of Verificationof Physical Examinationprior .o cor.men:nrg work at :he sites):

£RTAdJF; C"6' -.- - . r :.,u'' V

- treatnent and isolation(undl cured) of personsfound suffering nom the disease,

- issuanceof malarialprophylacics to workersand administraivestff;

- nmonitoringof mosquito populaions in the vicinityof the constructionarea; and

- implementingroutine malaria prevention icdons in thearea surroundingthe eservoir.

Costs for implementingthese actionsare summarizedin Chapter7.

Duringthe operationphase and whilethe reservoirremains at its maximumoperating level there are no particularproblems related to potentialre-establishment of malariain the projec; area. However,during the drawdownperiods pools of shallowwater attractiveto malaria vectors may be expectedto form in the flatter and hither areas of the Ganyu Valley. Consequently,care will be takenduring the reservoirclearing process (See Section 5.5.f) to removetopographic feamres within the drawdownzone that miLI.retain standing water thmoughthe drawdownperiod. Specificareas to be removedare existingirrigation ponds, fis'n ponds, rice fields and irrigationditches in the agriculturalareas surroundingthe reservoir. Additionally,periodic surveys of the upperreaches of the reservoir,both in the main reservoirand in the Ganyuarm will be perfornedto identifvareas of standingwater that remainafter drawdown. Such areas may not be presentinitiallv but may developas sedimentfrom the upper reaches of the drainagebasin accumulatesat the head of the reservoir. If such areas are detected,they will be filledor otherwisedramined to prevent infestationby mosquitopopulations.

5.4.3.3.2. Schistosomiasis

As discussedin Section4.4.3, no new casesof schistosomiasishave beenrecorded from the GanyuRiver Valleyin the last few years. In orderto minimizethe risk of schistosomiasis recurringin the GanyuValley several measures will be implementedby EHDCpror to and during operationof the Eran Project. Althoughthe operationof the projectitself will not encouragethe spreadof either the diseaseor the diseasevector. severalcomponents of the

ERT*tEA a. 5.59 project increases the riskl that the disease may reappear in the vicinity of the project, particularly in the Ganvu basin, an historic focus of this disea. Three aspects of tht epidemiology of schistosomiasis are addressed in various management and monitoring programs proposed in associationwith the Ermn Project. These include minimizationof the presence of suitable habitat for the intermediatehust for the diseae (the Oncomelanicsnail): a program to reauce 'the occurrence and distribution of the intermediamehost: and the identification of human carriers of the disease that either reside in the area or have moved into the area ;- ran of the constnictionwork force.

The proposed progra to control the occurrenceof the water weed, Eichhonua. as presented in SecEion5.2.5, has thmeeobjectives: reducing potendal.effects to navigationand project operaion. reducing the risk of potentiai adverse effects to water qualiry and fishery produ:tion. and to reduce the availability of suitable habitat for the vectors oi infectious diseases. Of principal concern here is the cor.trol of the potentialspread of snail populations knownto be vectors of Schistosomajaponicum, the disease organism.

The drawdown zone around tile reservoir maynot be suitable snail (secondarvh,ost; habitst. but :he terraced rice fields and ditches above the reservoir will remainas potential refuges. In addition there are other locationsin China where die disease can still be found and there .s alwsysa risk that the disease organism may be brought to the reservoir area by migran: wo6ros.

Durinn cheEichhuinio eradication program proposed for inmpiementationp:lOr :- __servoir filiino. a simultaneoussurve- of the presence of populationsof the snail wil! be conducted. An%populations of the snail discovered during this process will be eradicaLedpreierablv throuch a combinationof mnlluscinideapplication and removaiof the habitat feature. Once the project becomes operational. monitoring of the occurrence of the disease will be continuedas part of dte overall public health monitoringprogram described above for malaria (Section 5.4.3.3).

To rminimizethe risk that workers coming ,o the project area as part of the constructionforce do not reintroduce schistosomiasisto the area around the Ertan Proiect, each2 work;eris

Fq'!dIAMM EA Cg'1 5.60 ; * -. '- ' d l < >,*ge;zV.i required to obtain a Certificate of Verification of PhysicalExamination prior to commencing work at the site. To obtain these certi'icates. the workers are screened for a marietvof infectious diseases including schistosomiasis. This program was implementedprior to the commencementof project construction and continues as a policy of employmentby EHDC and the constructioncontractors. EHDC will ensure tht the screening and cquipmentare adequate.

5.4.3.4. Occupational changes

Occupations are recorded in two categories: agricultural and non-agriculiural.In general, people will maintain their existing occupations, but 2,000-3,000 people from the Ganyu Valley will switch from agricultural to non-agriculturallabor when they are resettled in the new YanbianCounty Town.

5.5. Construction Impacts and Mitigation

The potential environmentaleffects observed during the constructionof the Ertan Project are generallyof a teimporarynature ard stem from grouniddisturbance, operation of equipment and housing of the labor force. Processes which lead to the effects include erosion and .unoff from constructionrelated areas. production of dus: and noise resulting from blasting and operationof heavv equipment. emissionsand wasteoils from heavy eatqipmentoperation. and wastewater dischar2es from the housing areas.

5.5.1. Eros;on and Runoff from Construction Areas

Clearing of vegetative cover for excavation and filling of constructionareas exposes the underlyingsoils and rock surfaces to erosion. In general, erosion from the rock}surfaces will be minimal. However, placementof fill materials, either for creationol constructionstaging areas or for the placementof spoil materials removedfrom the tunnels and foundationsmay

W. EAACHS 5.61 lead to excessive erosion. Erodible materials may eventually find their way into the nver causing increases in the suspendedsediment concentrations in the river.

In general, surfaces of the work areas will be either covered with concrete, consist of exposed bedrock, or will be containedbetween the main diversioncofferdams upstreamand downstreamfrom the constructionsite. Additionally,runoff from major constructionsupport sites will be controlledand directed to settlingbasins prior to releasingthe water to the river. Clarified water will be skimmedfrom the surface of the settlingbasins for discharge to the Yalong River. Principle areas for which control of runoff is particularlynecessary include the concrete batck plant areas, the aggregate processing areas, and the equipment storage areas.

Much of the spoil removed from the tunnels and power staion caverns will be stored temporarily on site and eventuallyused as aggregate for the concrete. Excessspoil materials and overburden removed from the constructionsite is used either for fill in the construction staging areas or is placed in the spoildisposal area located upstream from the dam in Jinlong Gully on the left bank of the river. All of the spoil materials will be placed in the gully below the minimum operating pool elevation of 1155 m and consequently will not be subjected to erosion processes once the reservoir is filled.

Berms, drainage channels and settlingbasins will be constructedaround all areas exposedto runoff and erosion. Runoff from most of the cleared and excavation areas drain into the river channel between the cofferdams from which clarified water is pumped over the downstream cofferdam.

Followingcomp' -ion of the construction,the constructioncontractors are required to remove all consLructh" a iuipmentand recontour and landscape the disturbed areas. Restoration plans include regrading of the disturbedareas and planting of appropriate ground cover to minimize erosion and to provide a more aesthetically pleasing appearance to the visible project facilities.

ESTA EA CHI . 5.62 ; ~-~ -.. m:C 5.5.2. Control of Dust and NoiseEmissions from the ConstmctionSite-.

Dust from the projectarea arisesfrom the excavationprocesses and from the movementof heavymachinery over unpavedroads: Use of explosivesto removeoverburden, excavate foundationareas and tunnelsand toobtain aggregate will generate some dust. DustgeerateG in the tunnelsand undergroundcaverns (power station, switchgear and operationscavems) will be controlledunderground and little of the dust will be emittedto the atmosphere.

Noise generatedfrom the operationof heavyequipment and from the use of explosivesis geneallydirected upward by the configurationof the river valley. Few residents,other than the constructionlabor force, are presentin the vicinityof the dam and consequently,noise generatedfrom the site will not be a majorannoyance to large numbersof people.

5.5.3. Handlingof Petroleumproducts and other hazardous materials.

Fuel oils and lubricantsrequired for the operatiorof heavy equipmentwill be stored in designatedareas for whichmeasures to preventintroduction into the environmentwill be strictlyenforced.

Wasteoils and lubricantsare collectedin the equipmentrnaintenance areas and are trucked off site to recyclingcenters in PanzhihuaCin.

Explosivematerials are stored in appropriateshelters away from the constructionsite in JinlongGully adjacent to the spoilarea. Explosivesare broughtto the siteas neededduring vanous stagesof the excavation.

Smallamounts of other hazardousmaterials will be broughtonto the site. Thesematerials consistprimarily of organic solventsused for cleaningand maintainingmachinery. No organochloridecompounds. such as PCB,will be usedon the constructionsite. Alternative. non-hazardousinsulating fluids for electrical equipment will be used in electrical transformers.

"0E1. sOeHCA 5.63 53.4. Wastewater Treatment Facilities

To preventcontaminadon of the water of the Yalong Jiver, appropriatewastcewater teatment facilities are construted a: crnical locationsthroughout the constructionsite. Each of the concrete mixingplants is equipped %itha settling basin to control runoff of waste concrete. The largest source of waste concrcte is the area used to clean the concrete hauling trucks betwere loads. Water from these areas is collected into a settling basin and clarified water is sl;immed from the surface before discharge to the river. Sewage treatment facilities are also constructedto treat wastewater derived from the three labor camps and the contract'r housin! areas.

The major sources of uncontrolledrunoff and wasewvaterthat will enter the Yalong River are the areas inhabitedbv immigrantsto the area that are either seeldng enployment with the construction force or are seeking other benefi.s from the presence of well-paid laborers associated wuiththe cons-tuctionof the dam and power station. Because the locations these on-look-e-s"choose for settingup residence and the uncertainty as to the numbersinvolved. nc' soeiZic plans for controlling the immigrarts have been implemented. Tc the extent r.:bi. procedures to limit access to the construction areas bv individuals o;h.r than .i:-nbcrs of the labor force have been impiemented. Howevcr, complete control of access tv conn-:7:.1.. site ard to the vici.ni:yof thc project cannot be achieved.

Con;rol - the "'oor.-!own' nature of constructionareas has beeii a nmajorproblem that has

z;_ .. ::: .resource developments throughout the world. Satisfactorv solutolis to t . r';n:e -:nblems are %-wand .ar between.

-. 3.5. Reservnir Clenring.

Anv organic material. mainiv !rees. in the inundatedarea will decomposeand are a potential sourceof waterqualitv probiems. In audition. garbage, sewage. manure. recent graves and ocher sites would pollute the waier .'.so. semi-floatingtrees can block the inlets to the power-h.ouse.and standing Eret:s.sh.aiHow shoals and reefs can block navigation and snag fishing nets.

StMM E£LC0S 5.64 ~~~~~~- : *:: \- v l ; *-. -r

The organic mateials and inorganicstructures that must be deared from the inundationhave,

Table 5.6: Invenoryof Vegetation,Stuctr andSanitary Facilities to be Removedas Part of Reservoir acel . -

.Im Area Volume W-l@) ( MI') HOUS 838,327 Aniumalsheds 111,347 Manurepits 49,900 Public mtroom 9,025 Vegetablefields 680,700 Gmveyudsless than 15 yeas old 7,700 Hospitals X,800 Sanitarylandfill 4,600 Sewageditches and pits 300 7,400 HarvestableFomest - 3 X 106 Methanegenemting pits 8,863

Total 31,642,499 78,463

been exhaustivelyinventoried (Table 5.6). Regulationsrequire that the clearingbe completed one year before the diversion tunnels are closed, and that the area will be inspected for acceptance by EHDC, the Provincial Resettlement Office, Panzhihua Municipality, and C'IDI. The clearance is a complex operation, and detailed plans will be developed prior to town implementaion is required. The work will be conductedby local inhabitants,before resettlement is completed, and they will be allowed to salvage any timber or fuelwoodof value. Remaining organic material will be burned.

S.S.6. Site CPean-UpFollowing Construction

Once the constructionof the Ertan Project is oDmplete,each of the contractors is required to remove al equipment from the site and clear the site of potentially hazardous materials. Reclamation of sites exposed during construction will include Tegradingand revegetation. Exceotionsto this will be at certain locationswhere permanent structureswill be remodelled

OMA6N1. 5.65

^~~~~~~T 'A 045 for other uses or where other structures may be constructed. All sites will be inspected by governmentalagencies and the site clean-upapproved before the contractors are allowiedto abandon the site.

5.5.7. Summary of Construction Related Effects.

In general, measures to minimize-the impacts of the construction have been implemented during the constauctionof the Ertan Dam and Power Staion. Potentialdischarge of sediment and hazardous materials to the Yalong River has been minimizedand no significantadverse effects have been observed. Provisionsare made to control discharge of suspendedsediments to the YalongRiver from constructionand spoil areas. Dust and noise from the project site are minimal. Fuel oil, lubricants, and waste oils are effectively isolated from the river. Adequate fcilities for the treatmentof waste water from the project site and from the labor camps have been constructed. Provisions for the reclamationof disturbed areas following completioniof constructionare in place.

The only effects for which environmentalcontrols have not been implemented is with the influx of non-labor immigrantsto the project area. Althoughthe numbers of persons in this "on-looker" group will likelv grow as construciioncontinues, the overall risk of significant adverse impacts, relative to the magnitudeof the projects. is considered relativelv small. During the latter stages of construction,it is recommendedthat some considerationbe given to ease thesocial impact of the "boom-Lown'decline that will be realized in the vicinitv of ihe project. Of particular concern will be the economicand social impacts that residents of the small villages lik-eTon pzilinStation will experience once constructionis completed.

5.6. Transmission Line Effects and MIitigation

The environmental assessmentof Lhe transmissi^nline route and construction methodss presen;.d in a separate document(SEPA, 1994). The seleced routc for i.' tranutissio;

lines and Lheconstruction methivs. wi avwiA , tr.; th: e extent pz'zsib!.. ad'er e 'IENTAIFA C14 56 impacts to natural and human resources along the route. For those aspect of the transmission line that cause unavoidable impact to the natural or human environments, adequatemeasures to minimizeand compensate for the impactshave been incorporatedinto the design and implementationplan.

GWA A 5.67 Chapter 6

6. RESETLEME-NTAND SOCILf ISSTES

6.1. National Resettlement Policies

The nationalpolicies for resettlementare summarmd in ChaDcers3 and . It shouldbe noted that neitherChincse nor World Bankpolicies allow for short.-termdevelop-ments which ir.reasc the devendenc;of peopleon S6a:tefunds. The F.rtanprvjeet is of _Pe1±t -importance and cannot nroce-d without resettlement: thus everu effor wi7l e nemAdeto .T.-Ae the rewettlemenrprogratn bolh susmainablez'nd successful.

As explainedin Chapter 5. the mitipationSfor dealin vriththe impavco' zbout 30.000 people losingtheir honeband liveihcodsis to resettlefiac t uha cr tha: rarno;remain in t'E original nre,a. The Drocessar.d iv s o r,ese.le,nentdevelop.ner., are dealt witli ;n dtaWIijl Lkht Resnt-einent Action LiPntFi.iiDC 19-94) Some addifior.a!informnation is proviC;edhem.

6.2. ('harC:nteristics of Resettlement. Areas

1 ;as; .ilaned in:ta0i :o fa-e two majorresettlement area : one a: Hnn-e. and the okhv- x,; Y::r.:s.an. HonPc: has ;roved to b_ feasible, with.appropriaze inpums. Zlowever. thi_ :zhishanz area is no. suitable ;or developmen.of adequa-ewater and esec:rcIm.tiutpplies, or :n: :anstrLcuon o&an ac_css road. 'Wouldneed a mnuch'arser Inp:utof zaoxairthan 'he cea'a Hone: Ae:.Adu;::osiailv, the 'Yizhishata;ea c is curenEy!nhibzo;td. b nunic:uus families who woUWdh.a%e ic, bc rsertled to otherareas to enabie movement of the Ertan group;. Beause of the o.not.;cs.%ciated wiLh the developmentof :he Yizis.hn site. E!DC decided to forego furthtr conside-tior; of the Yirzishan site. r.d focus or. developmento th1e Hongge area. The oustis from lheErta aqeadestined for Yizhisziar, . .w e distributed throughout thleAnninn basisnwherc soial economn is rel-adveivdeveloped.

-M-vi~.VEA-46 i 6.1. flt Tne site f'or tlhe Hionege resettlement is located in _ hillv area that has a historv of agriculture. Locai residents have utilized the area for several drv land crops such 2s peanuts, corn. fruit trees. and grapes (Figt:re 6.1). The site is located along the left bank of lower Jinsha Thv-:,downstream from Panzhihua City. The cLaivation of the Hongge areas has alwvavsbeen a means of providing supplementaryrather than core income for residentsin the viernitr of the site. In recognitionof the local residents' previous use of the land, some 200 ha of land next to the existing riverside village will be developed by the project as a form of compensatior,in .- uri' for their loss of that area.

Productivityof tne cultivatedportions of the Hongge a-.a has alwavs been lo.wand in some vears the crops have failed for lack of w2ter. SLudiesnave shown. however, that the soils are potentialy producuve if adequate water is available. It it su.rounded bv JSnshaRiver to :e west and WaJaRiver to the north. . road lirkling?z:zhi.iua an

Ac.ur_z:is:o trneDanring iur th; IHon-t- rC: ::. -- e sormt-.38 6;. -;a. w;it ;e

-ie .ec ,: armninewath 7o hei.o. cufti%.:*. . .. -. - . . t; r: :: ... vou,

a iiitmds. lnialf%. some '.G0- t esidi:..nsn' eaeEr.-. s - r ; z. e r t: 2

r!. *se..[c.. a.-ea Ino-i.er ;:.'isir.Cciovmzn: Jn . - -ne art.. ine umb.7

; .- :z';t:. ': _r : a.-c *1 Eha:s a.-ezha -m U-;. SFZL.. XiJ'J' -)C i - . -,x'. EJ%:v.;-J'

.--.. r.al - :o ;e :-rz :.1.;i.-.oz ....-;;.- *:_.-o .n.-- w..;:^.-; .. i:n

r-- - :>-- ?-~> -:: .;.:- ~7r -. :- Z.er-J * .. _ .*._ . . _i 3

: - .,. , W. * . , .- - . ,,. ,. .1a ., e ,ev , _, .. .ta

' I~~~~% 11glure6.1 Then: 11nEn Resettlemewv Ai-e.X!-

t_ fX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A

... j..,. . 7brL .; ; ...... *. .. '. ' .1s,'. c-helm

63. Socioeconomicprofile in areas to be inundated

The socio-economicprofiles of the areas to be inundatedhave been shown earlier in Table S.x. The ousts are, in general, less rural and wealther than the average resident of Yanbian County or of the reservoir area.

6.3.1. Movement of Poople

T'he sources, destnaions, and numbersof people to be relocaed under the resettlementplan are shown in Figure 6.2. Basedon a survey of the number of persons that reside within the inundationzone, provisionfor approxely 21,000 persons will be made. As indicated in the figure, the majority of the persons will be relocated in the vicinity of the Ertan Reservoir with most of them having to move only a few hundred meters. Approximate'y 7,000 residents will be moved to the Hongge Resettlementarea located southeast of the present YanbianTown. Additionally,approximately 11,000 of the residents will be relocated to the new county seat located to the west of Tongzilin.

Recent negotiationswith the residentsof Yanbian County have resulted in the delineationof another option for the resettlement and compensationplan (Cheng, Sichuan Resettlement Department, 1994, pers. comm.). During these negotiations, a plan to construct a dike system along the margin of the Ganyu River at the upper end of the backwater zone was suggested. The Provincial ResettlementOffice discussed this potential with EHDC and it was decided to implementthis program. The dike will prevent floodingof land at the upper end of the drawdown zones along the Ganyu River and one of its tributaries. Approximately 20 kn of dikes along both sides of the river and tributaries will be constructed to a :eight of no more than 10 m. This constructionwill protect the land of approximately3,000 people

UG A CH 6.4 ^\w\x Agricultural resettlement areas for thosemoving up Xichang o Agricultural resettlement areas for moving away 0 Urban resalement areas County boundaries XICRANG

-*.._... Proy

_____ Movenments of those moving away

. . move up - - J

,~5*~ / 'DECHANG*. 500

_ >! \ - jq; tn~~ove up/

5000 j) w.. /1dz

Y'AN.IAN,?.

>.v;. 9y ~~~move upj

-~ ~~T~o. .000 2 . 500 *-- Lols/

& IYanbiran amsi e , /

2.000) New Yanti:mrTo? r.\

Panzhihu 1uonae

Figure 6.2: OUTLINEovF _REsmrENiEN7PL.N TW.i APPRO%.IATEA U-MIEPS AND DIruCTIoN OF MOVEMENrTOF OLSTEES in Yongxingand Htuiminin the uppe'rGanyu Valley wo-nsequetywino'ed't e relocated.

6.4. Consultation process

During developmentof the resttlement plan, the ProvinicialResettlement Bureau in cooperationwith EHDC, undertookan extensiveconsultation process with both the local governmentsin the areas from whichthe residentswould be removedand with the local go,qernmentsin the area to whichthe ousteeswould be resettled. Additionally,individual residentswithin the Ertaz-reservoirarea and in the aireasto whichpeople could be relocated were interiewed regardingtheir concernsand requirements.It was on the basis of the results of this interviewprocess that the decisionwas madeto abandonthe Yizhishanarea as a potentialarea for acceptingthe Ertan reservoirresidents. More extensive discussion of the resultsof the consultationprocess, as currentlyplanned, is presentedin the Resettlement ActionPlan (EHDC,1994).

6.4.1. Methods

Consultationwith individual residents of the Ertmnreservoir area was conductedhousehold byhousehold,starting in 1984. Duringthe consultationprocess. an inventoryof property and other assetspresent in the area was madeto determine'themagnitude of lossesthat wouldresult from the impoundmentcreated by ErmanDarn. In each household,the scaleand scope of the projectwas explained.toggether with its impiications.(It is noteworthvthat in 1984.some of the peopleresiding in the projectarea had neverseen a car or train.) Details of the draftoutline resettlement plan were presented to the residentsand their questionswere inv~ited.Later, as the resettlementplan developed,all the officialsin countiesaffected by the projectwere invitedto a meetingin P'anzhihua.The purposeof this meetingwas to provide more informationthat couldbe distributedto the peopleaffected by the planning process. Additionally,representatives of the affectedresidents were giventhe opportunity to visit the possibleresettlement sites so they could reportback- to their communitieswhat the conditionswere like.

MAN*tEA C " 6.5 6.4.2. Summary of Oustee Comments

The people to be resettled showed a great understandingof the role the Ertan project will play in national developmentand attained a favorableunderstanding of and gave support to the national resettlement policies and legal regulations. They were not thrilled with the prospect of being uprooted but understood that there were legal assurances for proper- compensationfor production and standard of living. Follow up interviews with the people alreadyresettled indicate that they are satisfiedwith ther new homes and the much improved facilities. At their option, some of the younger people elected to move to an urban center rather than another rural area. Also, some residents requested that they be allowed to stay in their original area, relocate their homes, in order to cultivate land they had developed above the reservoir level.

6.4.3. Conclusions

The consultationswere useful in the resettlementplanning effort. The results underlinedthe imperativeto provide sites and mechanismstnat would allow the affected people to maintain and improve their quality of life as well as comply with governmental policies. A major feature of the resettement planning arising out of the consultationefforts was that the final plan be extremelv flexible: This allows for the incorporationof specific requests, such as permissionto stay in the area to work existingland. or move to other locations. Because the resettlementplan has incorporatedtheir flexibilitydetails of each component are constantly under revision. The current status of the resettlementplan associatedwith the Ertan Project is presented in tne ResettlementAction Plan (EHDC 1994).

6.5. Institutional arrangements

In terms of the governmental administrative structure, there will be no change for the majorityof those affected hy the resettlementprogram. By redrawing the county boundaries

4N6616 IftlN.eLc4. 6.6 to includethe new site of YanbianCountytown and.the Hngge' e a, mos oJ. the peoplermoving frnm the Ganyuvalley will be govemw.by dhesame instimtions-and staff that is governingthem at present. The oniymajor change is thatthe ProvincialResettdement Bureau -willassist local official in directingand financinginfrastructure and cultu:al. developments.This assistancewill be funded from a 0.1 fen (0.001 yuan) allocadonof revenuesfrom every kilovwt-hourof eectricity producedby Ertan. This allocaton, an estinatedAMB 14,52106g per year willbe paid by EHMCto he ProvincialReseftlement Bureaufor disbursementaccording w e final resettlement plan.

The Hor.ggeresettlemernt aea is not first-classagrcultral land. but it was the best of tie whole range of altenatves =xamined.and by pumpin.g,ci'.anneling, and stonnngwater fo: agriculturaland domesticuse, the area wiil providea zood livelihoodfor the people. Thne project will pay part of the cost (power. maintenanccso; the pumping,which will be determinedafter tests in fixedspots, from the levy metitionedabove, but it is intendedthat once the people'sfields and practiceshave becomneestablished, the pumpingcosts wilt be paid by the peoplethem:seves. It is expectedthat this will be achievedafter 5-10years; the situationwill be keptunder review.

6.7 ;c-hapter7

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING - AND---- TRAININGPROGRAM

This secion presentsa comtve oni m ing pogam for the Er HydroelectricProject and outlines a urining p m that will-provide the espertise.- necessaryfor conductingthe studies nd-invesdganons to monitorthe effectivenessof ;the environmenalprotedon measures.

7.1. Overviewof The MlonitoringProgram

7.1.1. Objectives

The objectives of the environmentalmonito-ing program are:

1. To monitor the environmen:al conditions o. the Yalong River as irne by- the Ertan Hydroelectric Proiect.

2. To determine the effectiveness of ernvironmental protectior neasures implemented to mitigate for the impacts:of the Ernan Hvdroelecuic Project.

3. To develop a base of intormation retardirng-the cts of large damrs in Sichuan to assist in the evaiuation of futur-e hydropower development on the Yalong River, and elsewhere in Sichuan and other .

2W!12.- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -:9- ;l 'q'1p4 ; ~ -7.12.-. CompoenUt or w-t.e- _ _Jnvinenetna_iMOD F5 Programs and anpower` Reqire .s

The envirnmentalprogram outhued below decibes the patcula resourcesthat will be monitred on a continuingbasis though constuctionand operado of the projectand the typesof datathat willbe loUectedto describe each resource- Foreach monitoringprogram. an esimate of the numberof staffrequired to c t-theprogram is presentedtogete w.-h a discussionof the faciity and equipmt requirementsfor implmentingthe programs.

Sevenresource areas have been idenified that will be the subjectsof the Ertn Evironmental MonitoringProgram. The invesdgationsincluded under ach programare designedto direcdy evaluatethe effectsof operationof the ErtanHydroelectric -Project on the various resources. Although EEDC will retain administrativedirection and management responsibilitiesfor all of the monitoringprograms, crtairn of the monitoringprograms, as describedfor each resourcecategory, will be performedby other governmentalagencies under contractto EHDC.

7.1.2.1. .Hvdrology, Sedimentationand Climate

The purposcot :is programwill be to monitora -rangeof hydrological,climatic and sedimentatonparameters that either affect or are affectedby the operationof the Ertan Prum:ect 7.1 '.1.1. Hydrology

*A:par! *' Mhe pianningprocess.-eight hydrologic monitoring stations were establishedto mnLvior::; ;sc-nar_e ir. the YalongRiver throughout the year. The baseline hydrology derived from these stationshas enabledplanning for projectoperation. Once the project becomesoperational. river hydrologywill confinueto be monitoredto enableadjustment to the operationof the projectas required bv the uncertaintiesof the hydrologicregime. Additionally.records of theinflow and outflow from the reserv*irwill be usedin conjunction with water qualitydata to evaluatehow the project affects othterresources within the impoundmentand downstreamfroTr. the impoundemnt.

ACaN 7.2 Teb hvdrologyof te YalongRiver wil bemonitord aona co.tinuous ba sas:hasbeendose-.- in the plaming phase of projectdeveloment. The excistingmonitoring. .p . -; augmentedtwough the in atio of automaticdatalogging equ ipmento recordirlow and-- ouffiow from the resrvoir. Addtidonalequipment wil be intallea to provide a continuous record of reservoir water lvn y for, optmizing operationof the projectT AU hydrologicdata, obtainedeither maluaUy or fromthe automaticrecording systems, will be availablefor- use in oprtng te-generators and-willbe retrieved-andfor inclusionin a master, computerdatbase. Monthlysummaries --of h hydrologicinfrmation will be - compiledinto appropia tablesand graphsfor use in evaluating-the project operation and project effects on water quality in the resrvoir and tail waters. Annualsummaries of hydrologicdata will be distributedto approprateoranizaons. Thisprogram will require the continuedservices of 89 saff members.

7.1.2.1.2. Sedinent Monitoring

Bedload and sediment tansport in the Yalong River is currenty being monitored at eight- locations upstream and downstreamfrom the dam site and in the Ganyu River. The maiin concern addressedwith the data obtained from these monitoringstations is the accumulation- of sediment in the reservoir once the dam is completed and the Erar. ReservDir is impounded. The monitoringof the sediment load upstream and downstr.e from the dam- - - will continue through project operation. This program will be augmentedwith the additior. of 46 sections in the main portion of the Etan Impoundmentand 18 sections in the Ganyu Arm at which the accumulationof sedimentswill be monitored. The sedimentaccumulation monitoring stations will be establishedto-determine if the predicted rate of accumulauonis realized after the project becomes operational. The informationwill be used in evaluatedthe accumulationof sedimentsin upstream reservoirsand will indicate any changes attribuable to the upstream projects when they are constructed. -

7.1.2.1.3. Climate

Automaticdata logging equipmentwill be used where appropriate. Data will be downloaded weeldy into a computer to produce graphic summariesof dat. Every month and everv vear

grM All 7.3 ~~~~~~TANEACH?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:, dam willQ.be combined and graphic smaries F o r t memorologicalmonioring profiles-with 18 obs e-atiorsitesand onie comparadiv -observation sitewill be establishedthrougout thiereservoir aea... dit threeprecipation stations will be establishedto coodinate with landslidemonitoring. Ii-e xiting 15 precipitation stations and Xiaodeshi ClimaficStaion wiil serve for hydrologicat.predication and environ-mentalmonitoring of Ertan project.

7.122. SeismicActivity monitoring Program

A centerto monitorearthquake activity ifthe vicinityof Ertr. Damwas establisheddunne the mobifizamonfor constructionof the proeacLT.he prpose of the monitoringprogram was to derermineearthqua'e frequencyand in!tensitya the dm site t assist in the designof projectfacilities. Tne ErtanProject is locatedin a seismicallyacti've area at the eastmeedge of the HimalayanU-plift. Monitoringof seismicactivity prior to final designwas essential for adjusting design parameters to account for changes in seismic activity associated with fliling of the resenvoir. T hese desigr. adJustmenst must be a-iade to allow for Dotential damrac to projectfacilities amtributable to increasedreouencv and intensitvof eardthuake acrnv;ty. B-e on the oamirela:ive to existing seism:c activity. changes in the fircquncy ana intensity of earthquakes were predicted. Because of the unceramintyassociated with these pr-edicions. continued moritoring of seismic activit- is necessarv. If. after fillitigof the reservoir. seismic activitv in.xeases beyond design cnterna. appropra'e operational or structura nieasures may need tO be im.plemented. Thetrefore. to assurecontinuitv of the dat recorc. the existin seismic monitoring program. will be continued through the construction. fllinganc coe-sornal piascs of Mhepiect. This prora ilUrequire a staff otf i persons.

7.1.2.3. BankslopeDeformation Monitoring Program

Duringthe -iitials;,rveys to determinethe feasibilityof buildingthe Ertan Project,severl areas were identifiedin wvhichthe srfi;Cialrock and soils layersexhibited the potentialfor

CRT&%:A - 4 '7 releasingonce the reservoiris led and beomes operational.;,major area wth lAt-andslide-. potentialis locatedimmediately upsteam fromthe damsite. If, whenthe reservoiris filled. this slidereleases. the valleyimmediately upsLram from the dam couldbecome filled and causesevere disruption of projectop on. A landslidemonitoring program is ir. operation to obtain baselineinformation regarding movment of the slide under pre-impoundment- conditions. This monitoringprogram will intensifyasithe resevoir-is fied. Or.cethe resevoir is filled, movementof tie landslidewMi be continuedindefinitelv to detect-any - excessivemovement of the slideduring project operaton. Continuationof this programwill requirethe continuedservices of 12 persons.

7.1.2.4. Water Quality and BilogicalMlonitoring Program

The environmentalmonitoring program will be establishedto monitor a varietv of environmenmairesources representine the natural world widtin the vicinityof the Ertar Reservoir. This programwill inciudewater qualitymonitrinc v.une reservoirand the tailwaterof the powerhouse. The existing meteorological monitoring program will be continuedand variouscomponents of the aouaticand terrestrialecossmems will be monitored and the mitigationand comp on programrsimplemented. This programwill also serve as a repository for the hydrologic data including stream flow records and water level data A staff of 61 technicians and administators will be required woimplement this program.

7.1.2.4.1. WVaterqualitv

Water quality will be monitored at a minimum of eight locations in the reservoir area and downstreamfrom the reservoir. Parameters to be monitoredvvill inc'lude those containedin - -- the nationil water quality regulations. Water samples will be collectedat least three times per year for chemical and physical analysis. Results of the analvses wiU be maintained within the studv program offices. Annual summariesof the data will be prepared. At this time, EHDC plans to contract with the EnvironmentalProtection Bureaus of the affected countiesto conduct the field data co',lectionand samplingefforts necessary to accomDlishthis monitoring program. Water samples for will be transported to appropriate water aualitv

r EACH? . 7.5 testingfor laboratorie aalysis. Retts of-the labo=atory c eo willbe reportedto the EHDCEnvironmental Studies P stafor accumulatoninto the - water qualitydata base mair.tainedby EHDC.

7.1.2A.2. Aquaticecology

Thepurpose of this prograMis tDdbcument how the aquatc commnmity(pi ly fish and invertebratepopulations) responds to the fiLlingof the reservoir. Samplesof the fish and invertebratecommunities wi be obtainedfrom eight locationswithin the reservoir and downstreamfrom the prjec at least three timesper year for the fs five-yes of project opeaton. Resultsof thesesampling programs will ten be usedto detrmine th frequency of samplingto be employedtheeafter.

The aquaticecosYste. sampling stations will be locatedas indicatedin Figure4.4. Standard samplesof fishpopulations will be caughtin dip. giUand seinenets tree timesamually for 3 or 5 years. Thefrequencies and relativeabundances of the fsh speciesin each samplewill be determinedand corredaed witv. esultsobtained from the developmentof the commercial fisherY. Lengts ahd weights of all fis colletd in the samples will be used to determined the rive healthof the populations. In addition,selected fish wil be retained to detrmine reproductivestate. stomachcontents, ar.d the occurrenceof internal or external parasites that might affect the fisherv.

At present. EHDC pians to contact CHIDI and sevei unwersities to conciue:the daa col'imtionefforts associated w.tn this programn.Results oi the field efforts and any necessarn ianoraowv anaivses uiH be reported to EHIDC for incorporation into OheYalora Riv.r em.ivnrxen:itaidata bas*.

7.1.2.4.3. Terrestrial fauna and vegetation

The Purpose of this prog;ram is to monitor changes in. the terrrestrial communi.tyin the managmentarea around the reservoir reservoir ae durinc and after the project is completed

EIrA c.. 7.0 is closed. A secondaryrole of the Ertan EnvironmentalMonioring pam wvllbe to. coordinatethe managementof the buffer zonearound the projectreservoir. Initally, this progam will conductstudies to detrmine the suitabilityof variousareas aroundthe resevoir for consLvatio of vegetative pes. rge for actdveenhancment of forestconditions and to idenify potentiallocations of commercialfishn retrieva ars and oder land usesof thebufferzone. As descibein Secdon5.3, the staffof thisprogmwiU coordinatewit thhrespective fortry bureausto reestablishnative foresf on areascurrendy consideredwastnd. Three types of forests will be esmblished,a .Piu kesbia r langbionensisforest, a Aca foes and a mixedforest of these wo-speies. -The replantedforests will be monitoredtO determine the suvival of the seedngs. The forestry bureaus wil be consulted to idenify sources of the seedlings and to dtermine which areas each of the three ypes of forest stands should be planted. In conjuncion with the forest reestablishmentand the consemvationof the existingstands of native forests, members of this group wil also monitorwildlife populations within the natual forests, in the harvested areas and in the replanted forests. This monitoring will be based on the pre-impoundment inventoriesperformed during 1995.

The managment and monitonng components associted with the terrestial moniotirng program will be contractedto the Forestrv Bureausof the respective counties affected by the Ertan Project Results of the field data collection efforts will be reported to EHDC. Mtanagementpolicies for tne impounmentbuffer zone will be established, coordinatedand administeredbv EHDC in consultation with the respective Forestry Bureaus. The Forestry Bureaus. in turn. wil implemen: the selected managementtechniques and will-report the progress of the implementationto the EHDC EnvironmentalMonitoriv Center.-

7 1.2.5. Protection and Rehabilitation of the Construction Area

This program will be maintainedfior only a short duration during the constructionperiod and the clean up of the constrution site. The pmgram wiU have the responsibilityfor ensuring that environmentalprecautions are implementedby the constructioncontractors and that the

941ADERThNSA 04 7.7 requiredlandscaping and revegetadonprogmwrs are implementedas part-of the construction- demobilizationprocess. This progmmwil requirethe sevics of 6 staff members.

7.1.2.6. Publc Hcalth

The monitoring of public health will focus primarily ow the control-o malaria, schistosomiasis-andother epidemicdiseases that mzy becomeestablished in -the reservoir area Toe monitoringwill be conductedby fte PublicHealth Depatments of the respective - countiesaffectea by the ErtanProject under contrc to theERDC Environmental Monitorng Ccter. Tne PublicHealth DepartmensWill have- i reponsiility for treatmentand control of the vectorsof both malariaand schirosomiasisand will be responsiblefor tile mclluscand mosquitoeradication prograns prior to reservoirfiing. In addition.the public health.departments will conductperiodic survevs of die projectarea once the reseroir is filledto deterrurneany firher remedialmeasures that maybe .required to reduce the potential for establishmentof mosquitoand molluscpop7:lations within tie reservoirarea.

7.1.'.7. rTemporaryMonitoring Programs

Two programs will be initiated prior to filling of the reservoir and continued through construction. Once the project is opeatonal, these programs wlla be discontinued.

The two programs inciude: I) performance of an inventory of the reservoir a to evaluate the biodve-sitv o& the imDoundmentzone and the management buffer zone: and :) - nan mvientorvof naturaland human resources within the impounamen zone nezessary for planning and implementing-- he reservoir clearing program.

Currently, the biodiversityevaluation is scheduledto be completed in Spring 1995 by a team of internationally kn.own specialists. The evaluation wil! be made on the basis of bird divers:tv as-descri-bedin Section 5.3.

.te inmenroryof human features will be conductedby a Lcair:of specialists assembled from the Sichuan ProvincialResendement Bureau. the Panzhihua Citv Puolic Hiealt. Department.,

tATAd EA 7.8 and cultural resource spciaiists from a university in Sichuan. Locio of -al human structures and fcilities will be identified for removal. Also, the locationsof any-features having cultural value will be noted along with the significanceof the artifacts. As necessary. culturally significantfeatures wiil be excavatedand removed to appropnate iocations.

Althoughthese progammswill be snort-lived, considerableintensive effort will be required to complete the tasks. The survey-of r envionrment will require a staff of 31 individualswhile the coordinationof the rsvoir learing operadon will require a staff-of 22.

7.13. Locations, Equipment and Facilities

The main building for offices, laboratories, and equipment necessarv for contucting the environmenal monitoringprograms will be located near the damsite. probably a ated with the EHDC headquarters complexat Tongailin. Additionallyfive live-in field stations wil be establishedto provide for various componentsof the monitoringprogram. Currently. the locations of the live-in field stations include:

- reservoir field station at Tuanjie: - reservoir field station at Gubiao; and

- reservoir field station at Yumen; - inflow field station near the backuter point; - dam area field station.

In addition, other stations will be establishedas necessarv to monitor resourcesas outlned in the previous section.

7.1.4. Buildings

The main studycenter buildingwill have offices, wet labs, dry labs, meetng room. computer rooms. library, archive. living quarters. Foodhall, and cooking facilities.It will house most of the equipment. The necessaryhousing for these facilitieswill be establishedat the EHDC headquarterscomplex in Tongezilin.orat another location as appropriate. Field equipment

04112 A.9 andnecessary offices and proessing facilities wilt behoused at thfield stationsw= . will beable to stay whenconducting field workaround the reservoir area. -- =L

7.1.5. Equipment

A preliminarylist of equipmentmecessaryfor conductng the monitoring program descibed aboveis prented in Table7.1. Aslpartof theplaning and miobilizaionof the programs, a teamof cxpers in eachof the areas shouldbe convenedto prepae deailed plansfor each of the mon-uomngprogams. A part of is planningprocess wiU be to prepare a more completelist of equipment,including field, laboratoryand officeequipment neceisary to adequatelyperform the monitoring programs.

Table 7.1: PreliminaryList of Equipmentfbr MonitorincProgram.

4-wheelvehicles Analvticalbalances Benthicgrabs Binoculars Boat with inooardmotor Boatswith outboardmotor Cdmeras Chemicalreagents Ciimatestations Compasses Computers Computer sottware iword processing, spreadsheet. statistics.GIS. database) Dissectingeuuipment Drawingtables Hand lenses Herbariumpresses Hvdro-lab'sSlfHach Motorcvcles Nets- dip Nets- gill - seinr Oven _-Nr;r . r.:ssware Refrigerators Win= gear

7.1.6. Administrtive Frameworklfor the MionitoringProgram

Initiallv. the Brtan Environme.entalMonitoring Program will be administered within the Department of ManagemerN;of the EHDC. The implementationof the program will begin with a relatively small g.oup of specialists to assist in monitoringthe environmentaleffects

MAN:A C-0 7.10 during the construction perod. Through the consuction period the program wi liiely increase in size and scope. It is expeced that evenaly, the program will be adminiswred witin EIDC as a separate Depar.ment.

In order to effectively implement acompehesive monitoring program,. an initial and - ongoingcomponent of the administaton of the progam will be the coordinationof efforts nEcessary to adequtely monitor the- evironmental effects of the ErtawrProject with the.- managementresonsibilities of various governmentaland -management ons within. the Yalong Vulley. Some of the organzaio that wiMlparticipate in die conduct of the monitoringand managementpmgramms include: - -

1) Panzhihua City EnvironmentalProtection Bureau 2) Environment Protection Office of Sichuan Electric Power Bureau 3) Puwei Forest Mngement Bureau 4) Yanbian County EnvironmentalProtection Bureau 5) EnvironmentalProtection Bureau

During the first phase there will be specialemphasis on the impactsof EheErtan Dam. With the increasing capabilitywithin the program, the area will increase from the immediatearea of the Ertan Reservoir to the remainder of the Yalong Vallev. Information obtained from the monitoring program will facilitate the necessary environmentalassessments supporting developmentof upstream hydroelectricprojects. The administrativestructure withinEHDC that will implementand oversee the monitoringprograms is depicted in Figture .

7.2. Training Program and Special Activities

7.2.1. Components of the Training Program

If the Yalorg EnvironmentalStudv Center is to becomeof internationalstandard and to set new standards for the monitoringof, and support for, hydropower projects. it is essentialfor a range of taining to start as soon as possible. There will be three general types of training:

E112 7 : BrAN i& ck7 I~~~~.1 f-a-ea' ia) n- s Erv iAc.t- lal in-servicetmaining, out-os-area (withm d oud e Cha in-sefatn!ng, S tainin.g in country,degree trainingabmad (rtictd' G most cases-io l-jstea r programs).It has beenrecommended that the fieldscientiss engaged to completethe listig.

of the equipmentalso compile a list of courses and lecturers to be broight into effect once- - - the studycenter is operational.

Ih additionto the technicaltraining proa, EHDC, in coordination-withCH1DI, will conductan inernationalstudy tour of hydroelectricprojects at which various types-of mitigationand monitoringprograms have been established. The purposeof this tour, to be conductedin 1995,is to see firsthandhow many5of the issuesraised during the construcdon OfErtan and the completionof the environmentalassessment have beeh addressed at various projectsthroughout the world. It is expectedthat this tour will involveup to 10 individuals and will requireapproximately four weeksto compiete.

7.2.2. Developmentof TechnicalExpertise

It is recommendedthat a 3-5 vear technicalassistance package be negotiatedwithin this project with part-loan,part-grant funding to developthe equipmentbase. methodologies. samplingregimes. short-courseand other training, library. etc. It would probablybe necessarvto arange for one or morefield scientiss to helpdetermine the scopeand details. 7.2.3. Environmental Evaluation Panel and LnvironmentalAdvisorv -Board

Two panelsof experts are being created to evaluateand provideguidance for the Ertan EnvironmentalMonitorinc Center. The first group. providing direct monitorinigand evaluationof the monitoringprograms will be the EnvironmentalMonitoring and Evaluation

Panel (See Figure 7.1). This panei will be -composed of prominentprofessional environmentalscientists and engineerswith experience in addressingenvironmental concer associatedwith hydroelectricprojects.. The panelwill be assembledfrom available scientists and engineersfrom Sichuanand from otherprovinces in Chinawho have somefamiliarity with hydroelectricprojects. the environmentof southwestenSichuan, and other aspectsof environmentalconcerns as outlinedin the regulatoryframework. It is expectedthat this

-1W72 W. An LACeOIy 7.1 e I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.*- .... ,._tI t:

Efnwilonwmalwctaihn Offic oDi. s idua Ewqvwjaw- Pat

'Evirann 'uecBta Ofnciceof -- , rah EmviMn.Pieataoa A:le j

.aa I~ VIce: aujima: - * ._ - - .mnnin .n" :. .e~Ie ;

'ariaLk"ramEnv.Egv. - .n - "c and -aio6nvPan-! .,ah I gc~~euyHea: UunXhmme- Ertaii Evironmental Study Center Head;Cu Zi-uno

I XydmbgiclSeismic anksicnc Eavmcma 'EwamiE,* l I lgus|1~~~~~~~~ ~q Monitorn g Xttt t Derv.Sff. t: moni wEngv. prno-@irn I ISYsteM ICemer Eie anEr.virnmentae Stci Cent

' ,eiead:M:Lad Head:M

I s_ Z.. -

; l~~~~a Nrd I sim j ninxcsijta . * . *~. :a

i1-L i i . ' i I Lc Sy c _-r C - r~~~

M~~~~~ !.- -o -. o..r;..*..os:; ' j .m*j9

i .> I ss;;ircflO ll ; - I i, , i ,C

. , .~~~~~~~~~~r .:; . zirI.* *!.I. .

I ~ ~s. ~ ~~~~~~~_* Ii ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i .

- e, nv.r.;c: .. * .a t * ^

:: ...... I a:i..Ca5:.cri. * aU ~~:_::.:*a: . I i:^;.n.:!.: ~~~*i asz. cz

-1..1; ure94;: 7.1: -dministrative rt-'nfr-a M. e-rk -r-E Environmenml Monit_::ring Progggmm

W41F 7- 1, ER-. AS C70 , panelwil consistof 8 persn whowill meetat leat seanally to reviewthe reportrofthe monitoringprograms and to evaluatethe successof theprgrams, suggestmodificatons and to determinewhether addidonal midgation measur need to be implemented.

The secondpanel wil provideoverall advie on the establshmentand progressof the environmentalmonitoring program. This group wiU be comprsed of five Chineseand Internamonalexperts in environmenrtlscienc and resetlement issues. This group is currenly being formedand it is expcted thatth initialmeedng will be onvenedin 1995. This groupwill then mneetannually during the net 3 to 5 years to advisethe staff of the monitonngcenter aboutimplementtion of the respectivemonitonng programs. 7.3. Costs

Costs for implementingthe EnvimnmentalMitigation (Protecton) programs,described in Chapter5; publichealth components of theResettlement Action Plan, describedin Chapter 6 and the ResettlementAction Plan; and the environmentalmonitoring programs described in Chapters5 and 7 have been estimatedfor the period 1993 throughthe year 2000. Esimated costs for the environmentalmitigation facilities and programsare presentedin Table 7.2. Esdmatedcosts for the environmentalmonitoring programs are summarizedin Table 7.3. Costs for each of the progams.distributed through the period 1993-2000.are presentedin Table 7.4. The estimatedcosts by year arc developedusing the value of the

RIG ! in 1993. Escalationof thesecosts throughtime are summarizedat the end of the table.

W-%M C917.14 v Talbk 7.2: I_mind Coss for Envisuamental itatio. P,g...

item Unit Qantty UnitCost Cot Note MMuan (Yuan)

Envirormentw Protect -n 'e-su

1. Consevtion Fore Mngemnent (Buffer) Zone (1) Seed - kg 8,932 9 80,400 AWqkest,A'ciai; (2) Sitk Pmeparation& Seedin ha 1,488.7 600 893,200 (3) Seedling Maagemet ha 1,488.7 120 714.600 for 4 yeas (4) Forest Management ha 1,488.7 26.1 155.200 for 4 yeas- (5) Pestcide 89,300

Sub-tol 1.993.700

2. Fish Resou:cesReovery (1) Fingrling fish 2,385,000 0.3 715.000 (2) Transportation trip 1S 3S0 5.000 (3) Labor 26.000 (4) Admxisaion 74.000 10 % X [(1)+(Z)+(3)J

Sub-total 820.000

3. Yuzba Ferr Reconstruction (1) Capital Consruction km 0.3 300,000 90.000 (2) Administration 10.000 10 5 of constructioncost

Sub-total 100.W00

4. Culttual Porperty Protection

5. Public Health Programs in Reservoir Area (1f Hc;lth Education 100.000 i.) SanitationManagement 60.000 (3) Survey of Public Health 50.000 coveringScounties (city) l4i Ouamntitneand Health Files person 5.000 40 200.000 uSa Treatmtn: of Source Areas knr 70 !.200 -84.000 (6' %ledical-.reatment k1 2.S00 230 57,5.000 ; Pesticides(Rodent) ton 1S 6.000 90.000 15' Repeat Sunrey mnwn-ay -250 85 21.000 .Q1 Admunistration 118.700 lOSX;(10-% (8);

Sub-total 1.298.700

6. Treatment of SchiswsonuasisAreas (Subsides) (1) Education 40,000 (2) Mollusacide (Snails) 1 1.300 220 286.000 (3) Labor man-day 3.300 25 75.000 (4) Blood Examination sample 11.400 6.75 77.000 (5) Chemicalsfor Analysis sample 11.400 1.4 16.000 (6) Treatment of Small Streams km 2 100,000 200.000 (7), Survev of endemic snailareas man-day 500 85 43.00G

El;AN EA CH 7.15 Tabk 7.2: (Coadnued)-

13 urnit . QUtity Unit Cost Cost Note tY( Yuau) ( )-- -- (6) Medicaltreat,mts person 250 200 50.000 (9) RepentSurwys ms- 250 85 21,000. (10) Administraion 80,800 10%xrcl)4(2)+...(-.. Sub-total 6S.OOO .

7. Dor.-ztMe Ahl. nxWmwQesr (1) BrodeamingEquipment "St W10,00 10,000 (2) Speakers 34 IOD 3,A (O) oncete ?Oles pic 330 SOO 165.000 33 km. 10 polesper A-i. (4) Concrete u 120 . 300 36,00D - (5) Tranportation truckr-Jav 8u 35 28.000 (6) Consructior& Instl,aion L) lbvanpower M5-Jay S00 S 1 2) CotsttCtito Equipnient dav IS 600 9,000 (7) Other Equipmuen 7.000 (Si ElectricalTansmission kkm 33 66.1 20.000 (9) Adminisration 29,1ao

Sub-total .0' 0

S. P'u!lic HIeathim Constr::tion AM*2

C) I£eaId.F.i;:s tI.2-50 8 90.00Q (3) 'Lvo-tcrand R.esidentQunanutinc 76,000 4) Ris Pr:evntion 24.000 ;5j Sanitan Man Ii Mied:calTreatments k 1.20r 220 264.00D ::e!t:ctdes tRodentij mnr 2 6.000 12.000 311) Food Sanimzion 90..00 I;. WvtTiScuree Trman- sample ino 530 53.000 (62 Coni-mencv(A ciJcntal Dwse 1C0,000 (a arnnh aradOtrf;s 45.000 ,S: LsNr prson .SCC0 .332.JO

4132;.000

Lt r, .nJ Rc :.'r.ronof Conmruzeto,A-ea w;2 S;rt:.3rwGras 3.6 9.00_ _,400 (2) Tree Pantation plect 13.000 11.2 145.000 (3) Artificial Lancpe spot S 10,000 50.000 (4) Admitnia;ation 22.600

Sub-t- I 250.000

10. Total Cros

.

95A41IA O' Table 7.3: ltem.d Costsfor E.v_anml MonitosizigPro o:--lm

Dim Unit Quuit -Un cost CNst Note (YUMu) (Yuan)

*--~, Envwomentudl omuoniagSystem

1. Wae LevelMontoring System (1) WaterLavel Ruler set 6 29,400 176.400 (2) Simpl AccessRoad nuwber 6 10.000 60.OO0 (3) HRO - 70 S69.8 39,900 (4) Administratio 27.000 10 % X [(l)+(2)+(3)1O Sub-total 303.300

2. Pecipition MonitoringSytem (I) RainGauge pe 3 1,000 3.000 (2) House - m' 90 569.8 51.300 (3) SAdminitmhtion 5,430 10 S X [(1)+(2)]

Sub-tol 59.730

3. Cinatic MonitoringSystem (1) Constuction site 19 19200 555,000 siteleveling, access d andfence (Z) House mu2 1,330 569.8 757.800 (3) Adminisation 131.000 10 1 X [(1)4(2)]

Sub-total 1.443.800

4. SedimentMonitoring System (I) SectionMark piece 187 950 178.000 (_7) Elevationpoint piece 224 360 81.000 (3) ControlMeasurment kmr 36 16.000 576.OO (4) ElevauionMeasurment km 9.2 16.000 142.200 (5) Admistrtion 97.720 10 %of all above Sub-total 1.074.92-.

S. EnvironmentalMonitoring Buildine & Equipment (1) Building m 2.680 569.8 1.5'-.000 (21)Equipet set 2 .350.000 (3) Administration 3S-7.70O Sub-total 4.364.700

6. Prepationand OtherCosts (1) MUncipal Inf_st-r 100.000 (2) Preparation 1.510.000 (3) Othrs 200.000

Sub-total 1.810.000 7. Tolal

git2 90- 7.17 Table 7.4: tml Costsand Their eab . ,,, Item I993 1994 199S 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Toal

1. DmnesticFunding (X 103Yuan RMB, 1993)

EnvronmentalProteion Me-sures (1) Consvaio Mageamet Zone 300 40 400 40O 300 133 1,933 (2) Resrvoir Fish Resue Reovery 100 400 200 120 820 (3) Yu"ii FPoy ecoa-t: - 100 .100 (4) CulItall Propert,Pro0ection 100 100 100 300- (5) Public eath (Reseir Are) 400 500 378.7 - _ 1291.7 (6) SchistosomiusisTreatment (Subidies) 300 400 138.9 388L9 (7) Downstam AJm System 160 160 320 (8) PublicHe&._ o."=ructicn Ar) 100 400 300 - 300 150 100 65 1415 (9) Pout-COOnS DIconLad scaping 100 100 50 250

Sub-Total 100 1SO0 1360 1747.6 1050 700 368 7325.6

2. EnvironmentalMonitorng Systems - (1) SedimentMonitorng System 165 500 506 1171 (2) WaterLevel/Precpitation Monitoring 100 127 227 (3) Climate/EcologicalResources Monitoring 250 360 610 (4) ouses& Buildings 400 1210 700 647 2957 (5) Insmunenis& Equipment 150 250 150 150 900 800 185 2585 (6) Prpartio Workand Others 200 680 350 100 50 32.4 1412.4

Sub-Total 1165 2500 1100 883 1650 1479.4 185 8962.4

3. EnvironmenSalMonitoinn Dunfg ConStmlction (1) Wages 50 260 260 260 330 330 264 1754 (2) Opeationand Management 270 270 270 270 270 286.5 1636.5 (3) AquaticResourCeS Monitoring 80 60 60 200 (4) Water QualityMonitoring 35 30 30 - 95 (5) PublicHealth Monitoring (Reservoir) includedin 1 (5) above (6) WasteWater. Noise and Ar QualitV 70 120 - 120 120 120 120 46.9 716.9 *7) Terrestial Wildlife aid Vereaijon 100 100 (8) Land Use MonitOnOg 60 60 120

Sub-Totam 115 120 810 800 740 720 720 597.4 4622.4

4 Sutf Training and Study Tour ' Sleetings and Consultation 45 45 (-I ColIev TraminS! 30 40 30 100 t3j Study Tour to Domestic Hydro Proje. 3D 30 60

Sub-Total '75 6C* 40 30 2105

5. SceuItific Research (1) Biodiversitv Assessmen!of Reservoir Area 93.; 163 256.3 (2 EnvironmentalPlannine for Talono Caz:hment 204.9 204.9

Sub-Ttal 93._ 367.9 461.2

3 Erviroa.,=zal Evaluation Pane! 100 320 32C 320 320 32C 320 2020

94112 ..18 Table 7.4: (Continued)

urn Year 1993 1994 199 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total

* 7. TotalCoast(1.. 2 +3+~4 4.5 +6) 115 1485 5298.3 4507.9 3730.6 3770 3219.4 1470.423596.6 S. Escalationof DomesticFunds (1) Cootin 1993prices its 1435 5293.3 4507.9 3730.6 3770 3219.4 1470.423596.6 (2) Contingency(10 %). 12 149 529.3 450.2 373.1 377 321.9 147 2360 (3)Escaltion,Incrment (1994- 2000) 163.4 119.8 1462.4 1592.8 1953.9 2034.4 1094.7 9491.4.

(4) TotalCost 127 1797.4 6987.9 6420.5 5696.5 6130.9 5575.7 2712.1 3544S 9. Technicalmonitoring

(1) DmnkilapeDeformation Monitoring 3249 . 3249 (2) SeismicMonitoring 450.3 4550.3 (3) Natrl Diustr and PollutionSources 198 1 198 (4) HydrologicMonitoring 14000 14000

Sub-Total

10. Ove Total(Domestic) 22124.3 1797.4 6987.9 6420.5 5696.5 6130.9 3575.7 2712.1 74415.3 IL InEroxaio.aFundofi(XOid, Un.SUS=8.6 YanRM) -

1. StaffTraining (1) Lecsk= by ForeignExperts 40 40 (2) Tining FomregUnivertes 1 33.8 33.8 261 67.6 (3) Short-termIntenational StudyTour 120 120 2 Irnational Participation(Biodivemity) 20 20 4-

3 EnvironmentalPlanning for Yalong Ca20.S 67.2 67.2

4 lamuments.Equip~met & Vehicle 90 90 4:5.6 225.6

S Consultatonwith WorldBanic Eprs60 60 120

6 CostEscalation (1) Cost in 1993Prices 363. 211 105.6 6330.4 (2) Contingecies 36.4 21.1 10.6 6_ (3) EscalationIncment (1994-2000) 8.8 2.5 7.8 19.1

(4)lum'ratoa Total EASH Cos (Forei.onBoietiy USS) 4092 234.604 124 670.6 Tota Cost(Foreign. RMB W) 3517.4 2017.6 1066.4 6601.4

O10rallTotl (I + M (DID ) 22124.3 1797.410505.3 8438.1 6762.9 6130.9 5575.7 2712.164046.7

Shrm [Acm, 7.19 ; X " . ,-__'g w. . M d,. MM -; Chapter:8

8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMLEMENTATION

EDC wishesto makmetwo recommeundafosto fte Word Bank for te satsoy compleionof the enmental assessment

1) It is not possiblewith the dataavailable to makeconfident predictions about the impactsof the projecton biologicaldiversity. A comparativesurvey of biologicaldiversity using birds as the indicatorgroup in broad-leavedand other forest and vegetaton ps shouldbe conductedin the projectarea, particularlyin the GanyuValley. This shouldbe initiatedsoon, and a budget of about UTS$40,000 should be allocated in addition to local funds. Specialist shouldbe contactedto executethis as a cooperativeventure with local scientists.

2) EHDChas a majorresponsibility for the integrityof the Yalongwatershed. At presentthis extendsonly above the Ertan reservoir.but it is expectedto extend far upstream. An externalconsultation should be agreedto produce a formaland detailedshort- and long-termplan for the Yalor.gEnvironmental Study Centre (Chapter7). as a prelude to a long-termtechnical assistance paclage.

, .

9112 . wil; Ea cko SA Annexew.

Annex 1: References

rAnnex2: Species Usts

Amex 3: The Ip1mmtatLon of a tal Protection'' Naureu* '.- * ',' F- " = : - .'. ='* .- _r~ ] *,-*- *. _ i. Annex 1: References--

Bibbey,C. er aL 1993.Pwng biodiwriy on the map. BirdlifecIntrntnal, Cambridge.

Birstein, C. 1993. Streons and paddlefishes:threatened fishes in need of conservation. Conse- mon Biology 7: 770-778.

Corbet,G.B. and Hill, I.E. 1992.The mammals oftihe Jndo-Malayan region. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

ChengduHydrodectric Investigation and DesignInstitute. 1994. PlamningReport on Power Developmentin SichuanMain Power System from 1991-2020.

Ding Ruibua et al 1994. T7hefishes of Sichuan. SichuanScience and TechnologyPubl.. Chetgdu.

Doroshov. S.I. and Binowsli, F.P. 1985. Epilogue: a perspective on sturgeonculture. In Nort. Americansnrgeons: Biologyand aquaculturepotential (ed. F.P. Binowskdand S.I. Doroshov). pp. 147-151.Junk. Dordrecht.

Eran Hydroelectric Development Corporaiion. 1994. General Repon for World Bank Appraisal of Ertan Pnase II. Chapter 6. EnvironmentalProtection and Resettlement.

Hu Tieqing. 1991.Tne *ildfife treasure houses - nagurr reserves in Sichuan. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing.

Huang Hongjin. Le Peqi, and Yu Xuefang. 1982. 7hefreshwaterfishesof China in coboured illusrraiions.Aquatic Life Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai. Meyerde Schaunsee, R. 1984.The birds of China.Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Ministryof Fortry/World WildlifeFund for Nature. 1993.Blodtversity pinfor China.World WildlifeFund,Hong Kong. .

Smil,V. 1993.Chinas envronmma crisns:An enquiryInto the liminsof naionaldevelopment. Sharpe,New York.

Zhao, J., et aL 1990.The nawal historyof Chin Colis, . Annex 2.1 FishSpecies of the Jinsha Yaloag and Rives. FromDing, R. eraL (1994). A - species6f.the plaims. B - speciesof midd aches,C -speciesof upperreaches.

Jinu Yalaug Annng Boogq1 DistriWn ACPENSERFORMES Adcpeerdabr3urn vI A Acipemesnr5iMsis . -t A ._ POLYODOTMAE PsephwuS~fadhu4 ANGUIIFORMES A.NGLIMAE AngoaGjapomaw i CYPRU4IFORkIES CATOSOMMDAE wauazzcns 4 - A COBrrDAE OFeicsdabrva VI a Paracobds'poaanfu . - Parbids vwarfegauvs V Ba Schmawahscio/- v' v V! B r npJophsaaa V- C Thplopkpksauwad,mals V, hrfplok"sab bek' I v Tripkipkvsabrevieada 41 4 v C Triplopkvsakapsoe . Triplopkvsaniaewnsi - * - Triplophvsoorienals isv Thplophvsapfeduoscleroprue v - Triptophsasieuwra i - - c Triplop#sa5siolJcik v V V c Tnplophvwa chengensis - - (BoUnae) &!oa reewsae rI B3oiiasuperd;lioris A Lepinibiflaelo?igaroa V ` -. B I.p:oboriarncbrilobns V - - A ParahouiabNnaaa-alaia v:- Parahlvoahoaw-a I coImunae, i nh,rz.sSm n~sa^ - .A1i6grtur ang;i;c-gudat a A

VhVwirprz Lhine'ns: A 'Jpuwmnithhi bidens i /.irr' planpunr % A (Lcucisolnaei CienopirnWosoidelleus i i ' A ElopwehihVsbamhxsvaV A Io-,iohrano inarnrephnhs * - - .WlkPpharvneodo&nprcew v 4 _ Orheabi us elonganis * - ¶ Sqgaliabarbtuci7rriculks V VI .Xcnocnriznnael Disineczadonrumirosrirs v - T Xenem'privargexa_ ea XehlrI,?pris da vidi - | XenVprLw fisi - X.wsp$s micrloes ;. XeocyvpnsyNumejmita S t-H)Vophthalmtino.yi .e) AivdcrLosm ilIf i i A Hipophilmichthvsnaolitrir vI A * tAcheilognau6lo,hinu', * ^~AcheiogmdIhbabatub& v -I .4eilogsaihus chankaesu i V Achkloinaths grcadts 4 * RhodeaswIf if - -, A RIOs owedlaiws 'v A Nodewssiwmis - iVI A- (Culfinac)

A,w,hanriliscut11w rtl v -/ - Anchervrhrocdlterburemaisni 4 i AnceivAthroadterw*ngi v Culaereryfaropwems VI i E,wIu&r dabrvi v Ervihioculiishoefowis v v EiwhrocuWr mongols I * ErwkrocuileroxvccpaIoids vI Eiw&Iuocuerxvcephaias 4 Hmicalar bkeeeri - - Hemikaherkaciwsus VI i V A Hicnlcer Wiangi V v Heinicahraasoaw*gei i - - Mealobrawuapeflpini VI- Parahramispeianis - J i ?xeAd bucaengrauUs 4 Psecudobkwcasineis f i - Snbranachangi v Sinibrarwnrwul i - - (Gobioninac) Abboatinaobrasirostrit s - - Abbominarivdaris 4 - - A BeiligobianumWifer Coreilispguicheoi i s - A C:oreinsleierodoti % - GwaJaopgia imberbis J/ - V A Hemiharbitslafeo - v HemibrbtLs tnrClarus v * rirrophsogobiokiaringeasis i% Pseudorasborapartva . v A Rhinogobiocylindrirus v . Rlunogohionprrs * v Rthinogobioreniralis * - A Sarrorheilicliuh iVitripiirnzs SnrrodeieichrIinssine'nsis - - iasurogobiodabrni v v A Samrogobiodwanerili SquafidsarVenarmus v Squaliduswoaers,orffi v - - Gdobiobotinae3 Gobiobotiaabhrevarat Gobiobotiaboudengeri Gobioboriafilifer v Gobiobodanwdicorpa i B (Barbinae) - Acrassocheilusmonticola - .4croswocheiller WmWnEaNlicsfs v B8 Onwrchosrwoaangwastomnara v' - B O,riwosna sirna - A Pe,cihphn p i-. - r -g $plnibarbmuuiumis 4 A Tor evif 4 - - A (Labeonim) Dic@gobJO,WvuWis 4 - B Garapuagl v 4 4 B Sm beoxabls - - Seaiabeoproehila 4 - B Siulab.o premd( 4 - (SchiWmp )

G;.woeisv pawnini - SdiOrax d i 4 4J c Sdkbuhw=a&kWdSdi oppsam iachnew 4 4 - Schi:oihoraxdwui ' 4 4 - C

5W-twhom S ;MW

Sc*ehD1rio*f 4 4 - C

Schi.dmmx %rAwWgi a -C (Cvpininc) Cwar.uladunm 4 4 4 A cirbu cpr,o 4 4 4 A *Prw rabaait 4 4 B HOMALOPTERIDAE (Gumaun# y*nbriic chiainsi . 4 4 mmchvaysfiusbraa 4 4 4 A (HlomaleioUaI) 4 4 4 B Hemb.Wm_-nIon asmnimsabJnira . 4 B Hembmrin saiswi V - -B

Melahomloptera amriensis I v Sinogusfromvonskchacnsz v 4 4 B Siaogasfromnvon:echuanew4 4 SILUP!FORMS SniLW.%E Silurusa&owus A Silnwameridiois oa1 A B AGRIDAE Pchfeobarfalviwdraco 4 4 - A Pelfeaba7nwsvadelwli - A 3-Ifrebagrus niridus - A !.eiormalSLtlonpirUsiOisS'. - A LesorassLicrassiiabrs A Pseudbrus munris5 V i - A Pseudobagrusnrrncana A Ps.dobagras emarianis is A Pseudobaruspratti v A Pseidohatrus brevicatdats - - A IS%UtLsmarpt en- - A A.IBLYaPmClDAE Liobogrits marg;natws2 B Liabagrusk angi 4 B - B Ljoba,grta ni grica-da SISORIDAE Glhpiothoraxfuesisei i B F.ilm.nis kikwshww 4 4 - B Eudchloglanibdavid 4 Y B Pand-litloglanlis sies VI - - B Jpa,'mihiI;g1anisanteanalis 4 _ BB! CYPRINODONTIFORMES

4. ORE~~~~~~ '. ;; ~~~~~~~~~- ; ORYZMDAE Orriw Avo SYNBRANCHFRMES A SYNBRANMC-UDAE MaupfEurIhw i4 4 A-- PERtCIFORME SERRAMW1. * Sialpereachri 4 X SiuipevcebteH v v - Sbnpearw hvert 4 4 4 . A ELEDTRIDAE * ' _psEWIsOIiSJbSoIfS- 4 v - OOBMDAE Ceni oblgSuI v 4 A CtenooDbluSClspopD' v 4 A BELDNOIDAE Mopopdu' - A CHANNDAE Chimawr J A TOTALS 151 100 56 Anne.x2.2: Amphibian Species Found in Yalong River Basin

CAUDATA Hynobiidae I . Barrchupenw pinchoail 2. Benyuawws Salamanliriac 3. Tylototnon taliangensis SALIENTIA Discoglossidae Z. Bnonbinamaxdma Pelobatidae 5. Brachy:arsophryscaruensis 6. Megoph'ys shapingensis 7. M. minor 8. OreoIalotpuxiongensis 9. 0. rugasa IO.Scutigernrbercuatus Bufonidae Il.Bufo andrewsi 12.B.melanosticus 13.B. ciberanus Hvlide 14.Hvla annecrans Ranidae 15.Rana grahami 16.R. japonia chaochiaoensis 17.R. chensinensis I&R. phlrnoides 19.R.pleuraden 20.R. weiningensis 21.Amolopsloloensis

94616 ERTAN BA A.A.mamzorm Microhylidae 2 "-odUka ivemrcasa 24.Calelia ywuneassis Rhacophoridae 2.5Jihacophorusdugritei

94616 , * ERTAN EA Annex 23: RaptleSpecies Found -in Yan Rive sin - . n;- 5:

TESTUDINATA Testudinidac 1. uinemysreevesu Trionichidae 2. SQUTAMATA SAURIA Agamidac 3. Japaluradynondi 4. J. flavicps 5. J. grahwmi 6. J. splendida Gekkonidae 7. Gekkochinesis Scincidae 8. Ewmeceselegans 9. Leiolopismapotanini 1O.Lvgosomaindicum OPHIDIA Colubndae Il.Dinodonntfozonarum I2.EJaphe carinata 13.r. ;raemura '.E. porphvracea ¶5.E.frenarc 16.Lycodonfasc.ious

8.Mlacropis:hodionrndi nmultiprefrontalis 19.Amphiesmaohannts 20.A. oaolineatu

946:CP EltAN'ai 21.Rhcbd.-i- ,- pl 22.R. subiniata 23.R. dgnina eralis -- 24.Pseudoxenodonmacraps sinasis 25.Sibynophisdcinesis 26.Zaoys nig?omaggmahs-; Epidae 27.Ophiophus hwanali 28.Najan. kaouhia Vipezidac 29.Agkhadon blomhoffiibrevicwdus 30. nmeresunusjerdonil 31.T. stejnegeriyuwmnensis

94616 ELAN EA -:: '-- : f 0 -, SS f'

Annex 2.4: Bird SpeciesFuund in YalongRiver Ba-in

PODICIPEDIFORMDES Podicipduiae 1. Podicepsnificollis.poQgei DELECANIFORNMES Phalacrocoracidae 2. Phlaacrcoraxca.bo snernsis CICONI FORIMES Ardeidae 3. Ardeacinerea remrjrostris 4. A.rdoja baochus S. Bubulcusibis cormoradus 6. Egrcaaalba 7 E. garxeno 8. E. intenzadia J'.:Zoirvchiis sinnsis JCO'. cinniar.wmeus .. Baran=us srellaris Thresdiomithidae i '. Plaraocc.kaccorodia ANSERTFORMfES Anacid3^ , ' j ,dorna. t±'rri.gihc'U ,:' .4rza crea= .'. .4.a2ieciIu7yl.drlvnlu_ nr,ri1vncha !. t.lecrmriyncha ;T. Bucep,iwlacangula 18. Meirgus nerganser FALCONIFORMUS Accipitridae

ERTAN EA

4- 19. Arcuda lewihores 20. M.irus korschur.jinearus 21. Accipiter nnus nisosimilis Z7. Bweo hemilcasius 23. B.uateo burnanicus 24. Cirausaeruginoss spilonows 25. Pandioiihalianas Fplconiudze 26. Fracokmuiwnwwcui irersdncrus GALLIFORMS Tctraonidae Z7. Teimrstecsseveo?wivi Phaosiidae 28. Terraophasisobscurus 29. Francolinusp.inmadeanus 30. Corurnixxoturti iJaportica 31. Bambusico'caj0vchi 32. B. t)horadca 33. ithgirdiscnrenrus geoffro,7r 34. Tragoq,n ienini-nckii 35. Lophwphocnitriwssii 36. Cossopdlon crossonilon 37. Pucrasia macrolopha 38. Phasianuscoildicus e!ega,ns 3.9. C.i,sidqvhus ambersdiae GATFORNIES GCruidae 40. Grus grus lIlfordi 41. G. nigriccilis Rallidae 4. Ainurornisphoenicuris 43. Ratlus aiuuanicuskorejewi 44. Ponana fiuscabakeri 45. Galflinuaddoropusindici

.4616 .~~~~~~4I MffASN EA -~~~ ~ ~, ~ '-. - . ,,, C, w , . S

46. Fuica atra CHARAMDORKMS Charadriidae 47. Vaneilusvanelus 48. V. cinercus 49. Pluvias squatavola 50. P. dominicafidva 51. Chomrdriushiadcuk pladdis 52. C dubiusgerdoni Scolopacdae 53. Tnngaochropus 54. T. gkeola 55. T. hypolcucos 56. CapeUasolita 57. C gaUlinago 58. . Calidrsgmninckii 59..Scolopax nsdcola 60. Ibidorhynchastrwhersii LAREFORMES Laridae 61.Srerma hindo dbegana COLUNBUFORMES Columbidae 62. Treronopicauda 63. T. sphenura 64. Columbaleuconora 65. C. nipesrris 66. C. hodgsonii 67. S:repropeliaoricntalis 68. S. chinensis vacillans 69. Oenopopeiatranquebaica PSITTACFORMES Psitacidae 70. Psittaculahimalayanafinschii

94616 ERTAN EA 71. P. derbtma CUCULIFORMES Cuculidae 72. Cuci miUcppe 73. C sparverioidae 74. C. canonw baked 75. C. polocephalus 76. C. meLndisusqwndus 77. Chakcis macidu 78. Ewdynamysscolpaca chine,ws STRIGIFORMES Stigice 79. Orus bakkamoenaerythrocampe 80. 0. scops 81. Bubo bubo kiamschensis 82. Srix aluco 83. Glaucidiumcucudoiaes whelyi CAPRDMULGIFORKME Capnmulgidae 84. Carprimulgausindicus ADODIFORMES Apodidae 85. CollocaliabreWrosmris 86. Apus pacdficua 87. A. affinissuhfurcarus CORACIIFORMES Alcedinidae 88. Alcedo .aibis bengalensis S9.Halcyon smrnvensis perpulchra 90. H. pileata Meropidae 91. Merops phippi;ns 92. M. orienmaisferrugeiceps Coraciidae

94616 ETAN EA * ~~~~~- ;***.. **,- ; - ~ .9 : T 93. Coraciasbenghaknsis asqinis Upupidae 94. Upupeepops saturva- PICIFORIMES Picidae - ; 95. iynx toruilla chitne:sis 96. Picumnurinnominatus 97. Picus canussordidior 98. Dryocopusjawensisforresd 99. D. mardus 100. Dendrocoposmajor sesemanni 101. D. iyvpennhs 102. D. car.iccpiUusordssus 103. Picoides iridaccylus PASSERIFORMES Alaudidae 104. A4iLrdaugulgula O1)Ag. wigodi (2)o A.g. VCMnai Elirundiridae 40O. Riparia niprianapkiewsis 106. Hlirnundorusaica uwuralis 107. H. daorica gepi7yro 0'(8.Delichon r rbi.cc. caohmriens-is Motaciilidae , 09. Dendronanthu.indicus 11i. Aoruciulafiava angcsurensis 111. Af. .rreola iJ;.. .V. cinerea robuevw 4it. A1.u 45bd '1, M. A. alboides 't,j.U. A. oculo-ris ()) . .A. .eucopsis 1A4. .4nrhusrovaeseelardine richandi

EkTA.NEi. 142. Cissacrythrorhyncha 143.Pica pica sericea 144. Nucwfa caryocaracsmacella 145.Pv pyhro ha n 146. Corvas moneduladauwicus 147.C macrorhynchucolonorum Cinclidae 148.Cncls cincldusPzwaski 149.C. palasii TroglodyWwae 150. Trglodytestroglodytes tal4ufLis Prunelda 151. Prwiellastrophiia- 152. P. montaneUa 153. P. immaculata 154. P. collaris Muascicapidac (t).Turdinae 155. Brachypteryxmontan cnrralis 156. Lusciniacalliops 157. L. brwnmea 158. L. cvane 159. Tarsigercvanurus 160. Cops.ychussaularis Prostzopellus 161. Plzoenicurushodgsoni 162. P. ochruros 163. P. fionralis 164. P. auroreusleucoprerus 165. Rizyacornisfuriginosus 166. Hodgsoniusphoenicuroides 167. Enicurusleschenauli sinensis 168. E. scouleri 169. E. schisraceus 170. Saxicolarorquata przewalsktii

_ T94616 ERTAN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . - - ~-.. ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -

us5..4. campesrrisgoeleskiu 116. A. howisoni yuninamensis 117.A. rseatus- 118. A. qylan., Csmpephagidae 1Y9. Corocinameaschisros avensis 120. Pcrcrvcorusroseus M1. P. etrologus 122. P. br vfroW affinis Pycnonodidae 123.Sipzixos cadfeons 124. P-cnononisxamhorrhous andersoni 125. P. ourigasteriatouchei 126. Hiypsiperesmacdellaidii hokil 127. H. mudagascariensis

-28. Laniustigrnms 129.1. lucionensis 1?0. '. sciwach '3,. . lepirOnowL.s 132.'. L..bCnccercLu Orioiidae

l i.53 CIrio.;11 c;i.;.nelms. Dicruridae' I134.I'icninis macrocerus ccrhoec"- '.35. D. 'eucqi7rlisccus-hapsrm-o d :36. D. Ihouenrunits bre:irvs',n. S-mrnid. :37. Siurnu.usmabw c;s n:cra.-mirus

139. S. cne.raceus 140. Acridoihzerstrisris Corvidae 14.1.Gamdus glararmis siners:s

Q*16 EMTANEA in7.S. caprala buwmanica 172. S. fenva.enaarng:oni 173. Ouwmarromi&leudocephalus * ~~~~174.Moniicola rufivenmris 176. M. solkraria (1) M. S. Pawaoo r2)Ml. S. philippensis 1 77 Mylophioneuscaendeus eugemt 178. ZootheradawJn auvea 179. Z. moiUssinrna 180. Zdidro, 181. Turaushorulontm 182.T. paslidus obseuus 183. T. mrwuda 184. T. iubroca,nus 187. T. kmoessri 186. T. meawnanu (1) 1. eunomus (2) 1. nauW 187. T. mwpiniensis (S).Timaliinae 188. Pornatorhinuserythrogenys decarlei 189. P. ruficoilissiilis I9. Moupinia poecilods 191. Babax lanceolrats 192. Pnoepvga albi.venrer 193. P. pusilla 194. Goamlax canonrs 195. G. Sarnio comis 196. G. elliori 197. G. albogularis 198. G. davidi 199. G. cineraceus 200. G. lunwdattus

94616 SMrAN EA 702.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~.- G. .aioN . . 20). G. rnarimus 202.0. qfflnis 203.Ldcghrihx lirea 204. Prerurliusfiaviscapis - 'I5. P. xanthochlord 205. Minla cyanuropterawingtel 207. M. strigniayununaensis 208. M. i.gnodinctije;rdoii 209. Alcippe 'irpeYus bier. 210. A. ri{f:apillasordidior 211. A. dubia genestieri 212. A. mordsoniayaownaeniis 213.Hererpholsia melanoleula descodinsi 214. Yahinadiademara 215. Y. occipiralisobscuror 216. Paradoxonis weblianus rick,.mri Pdfir-ronsP. alb.fuci (I1).Sylviinae -18. ceirdaforficepsdivi'na 219. c. anthizoides G. Brndp-prentslurcovrentris 1-..4crocephalus arundinacezu orientalis _'. .4. srenrnreusbniomescewi 2-1:7.Ahimrcgmaricola aedon rnVseC's _Y'. PilvloscnSu.s suboffi7is

_ '; P piia. v.'st

; ~.. " jrnwndii _.'.s P *..i-her

__ . P' :7ie)r1L;rIuS 230. P. proregldus 231.P. macilipcnnis 232. P. magpirostris 233. P. rrodhiloides

4.TANEA 234. P. r-gslo4d* 235. P. conwanr 236 &icercusburktd dlsii'vnw: 237.CisiurcoIjlzncidUrf naaula.- 23:. P.uniu,hodpsoni confuSsa 239. P. subflavaertensicanda 240. P. polychroocar.tida 241. P. atrploqaris (rif.Muscicapinae 242.Ficedula panra aibidlla 243. F. sirophiaea 24'4p.F. hodIsord 245. F. superellicrisaesiigma 246. F. tricolordivra 24,. Niltwv siudara denoratw 248. X ndiecidoidcsglaucicorncns 249. X. poliogneys 250. Aiuscicavasibirca rorhaockidi 2 S.,t1. oa;irostris 252. M. ferngitino 253. M,t. r.ala.ssino 254.:4uiicicama cevionen,sis ca!xihraseo 25S5..IIvp,frl;,Xflhi o7-.ir;eo sivna' 26. *RhiDiduraalb.coli?s 257. It. Iypforan;/lcW ?aidae _.,. I',jra. ma'or sIhlhcIaiLretns - 259. P. munricollasv!nIwcnessi 260. P. ventisluls- .61. P. ate' -!a:. P. nrbidii.entris 263.R palustris 264.P. Prrntanus 265. P. daildi

EkTA.X V. -266.Sylvfpaus modems- 267. Aegithalosconcinnus ralifensis 268. A. iouschiitos Sittidae - 269. Sina magnaligea 270. S. yumanewis 271. S. europoeanonuum 272. Tlchodromamuraria nepdJlesL Cthdae 273. Cerrhichialayana ywmnensis 274. C familiaris Remfzidac 275. Cephalpynaflammicepsolivaccus Dicaeklae 276. Dicaeumlgnrpecnws 277. D. melanozanhum Nectainiidae 278. Aedhopygagouldiae debrgdi Zosteropidae 279. Zosteropsjaponica simplex 280. Z. paopebrosasiamensis Ploceidae 281. Passermontanus saturaius 282.P. nulilansintensior 283.Lonchura striata swirhoe. 284.L. punc:ularayunnanensis Fringillidae 85.Eringlla monrifringiila .86. Carduelissinica 287. C. ambigua 288.Lencosticte branddi walteri 289. Carpadacusvinaceus 290. C erythinusrosearus 291. C. puniceus

94616 ERTAN EA 292. C rhodopepiw 293. C. puicma---w 294. C eos - 295. C tuira 296. C trfascida *297. Propynhudasubh iahada 298.Pynh*da edwc 299. ophonamigrmtorla 300.My mcrobaomh fol. M. 4ffilis 302. Etberiza ekgans eleceuda 303.F. spobocephalasordida 304. E. da ywmanensis 305.E. Jica arcucta 306.E. pusilla 307.Melophus laii

9461o ERTAN EA Arnnex 2.5: MammalSpecies Found linYalong-River Basin..

Mamrmaispecies potentialy occrrnng -- I or aroundthe projectarea, indicatingthose knownto occur (A) adjacent to or above 'die planned reservoir, aid (B) between the damsite and the junction with the Jinsha River. with notes on their ecologyand distribution, and their conservationstatus. Based on Corbetand Hill(1992) and recentsurveys. C 1S = Convention on Trade in EndangeredSpecies. i = no =adeallowed, II - trade under licenceonly. IUCN - VorldConservation Union. E - endangeed,V - vulnerable.R = K insufficiendy knownbut suspz4tedo' beingthreatened; letters in parentheseindicted that the statusapplies to part of the speciesonly. CH!= protectionstatus in Chinaaccording to the list of protected animals issued by the Ministriesof Foresty and Agriculturein 1989, 1 = Grade I (no interferencewithout permnission from national authorities), U = GradeII (nointerference without pernission fromprovincial authorities).

A B DismitunntwC Con3ervaUon PANGOJANS PROL4DATA

Chinese Par.2clm Marn:spc7wada vmql Widespread in lowiand %nd CITES 11. (Ri it snbmontane areas L2.R%E(CTIVORES 1 5E %7JVORA ,FRINAI'EOAE Chi,aes geaswgui !W4,rn .iJnepn'i Mainl montane amas. 300'700 m: restncted

Lnm-';icj mole Sca-.%rz fa:r.wcauda 2'ao- 4 Cu m. very rstncwi Leme-no.-mole 7nltnet.'.lveiros1ris .G i80G9006rm. re:tnclcd

Cmntnc'c anrcw-mole Ur.nndl..i:,zvrlh 'ZOWD4250m. restnctd

Surev. Anourc.o7r s.pWIIpcs btcnura -hvin-ilJcd Bier;r.ciL quadnratic=:c 2000-3500 m. rcstnctcd

*Himsalakynwater shrew Ch;marrarcde himaalkim. Im Mountain streams. SOO-Sofn m

94616 ERTANEA

-p~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: A 5 unbutton.; Cons'.'atio. Croy shrew Cradharoa.enu Aaa-:rma. Shrew Ctrocdurafuilnowa 4 L1EwlEIdI upto 17' in. widesprd Shrew Croddura gueLeuwdietil l000-2900 m. restricted Elegn wate shrew ?Vraogakdekga 4 900-27,00in Lener striped-backed Soa beie 2 I 0440 sbrcv.. Shrew Soniculushypsibiw - PosdbvWy low;land Shrew SonrtiaLcmul 200-3000m, resticted Shrew SuricmuLsparc. Montue up to 7-00an. rericted TREE SHREWS. SCANDENTIA

NomLemtree shrew Tupeaabelangeri 4 4 Up to 2700en. widespread BATS CHIROPTERA RHINOLWPHIDAE !lurnediate horsehboe Zrinolop-hs affinis vs Mainiy lowlands. bat ewidespread Greaterborsehoc bat RUdnolophwferrunsequiaurnu s Mainly lowlands, very widespread ElI^'s horseshoe oat hiwolopls Lepidr. LowipoidS.widesped Pearson'-hnrmsshoe har Rhinobiophwpen."nnai - *. upU to 330Cini. widcsuread RowC' h'e.-shoe bat Rhinolphyh rouci Mainl' ejwiand.. w.idiespread Tr.d,

Prat'Csicaf-nswed bait Hipposivisruspranti Lo'vlan%6 %IELADEV4A'rIrrAE Greater:.a:sc ;aurc.re Mfc^fzoJenaUr Lowl3dL. wiWOeS3rc'n

VESPrTILIUNIDAE Bsetr 'aItrbasrdlle Beit.rIellu ieuconmw& Lowlamlns,widespread £rcrotin bat .Episicussermlinus i Lowlands,widespread Geae eivreing bat in io Lowlands. rcsni.cred Hardwicke'sforest bat Xerwn harwikci Lowids. widespread

'I~ ERTAN EA

.1;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: Gral beuilwapd hat Miuaopwi maqW e . Lowla, remmr ewd.--' - - . .. Greate tube-nosed bat Murina leuognrer- Lowlands. vwy ~~~widhmpad M~~~~ CbinesKmouse-etd Myoris Wiansr ,' Lowands, widespread bat Waterbitt d Mo Lowlnds, very * ~~~~~widqroad Miousebut Myork mwicolo Lowafds. very wides. -a; Nocttle Jlwalw waule Lowlands, very widespcead Pipistrefl bat ipLUus pawerculu Lowlads, widespread Least pipistele PipkireUusienaw Lowlands. widsprd Harequin bat S&awoanesonmtws Luowlads. widesprd PRMAUTES PRIMATA CERCOPmUKDAE Rhesiusmacaque Macoca mulaua Lowlands CHl Chins stunup-tailed Macea hiberhana 1000-2500.widesprad IUCN K. CHIII

CARNAORES CARNIVORA CANIDAE Wolf Canis lupus Very widespread CI.TE n. JUCN V Red dog Cuon alpinus Ver widespread CITES U. IUCN V. * ~~~~~~CH]1 Racoon-dog lWacreuesproqwonoide 4 Widespread Red fox Vulpes vulpes 4 v 1000-4000m. very widespread URSIDAr Giant panda .-liuropoda melanole; Very restricted CmTS1. IUCN E. CH I A..asmitbl.LJk bcar Ursusthibeipuftr 10004090m. wlde!pread CITESI. IUCN V(E). CH 11 AILLUDWAE Red pandA Ailurusfuiscw '00 S400m. widespread CMS It. IUCNK. CH It .MUSMULDAE (Mustelinae' Beechmarten Manresfoina If 4 Widespread CH U

946!6 ERTA$;LA A B DiltnbuhaOe ConIeub: reiUow-bethdweV1el MW*e RArhrnh IUWllZO 3. relnrI -- : Sibeian wael Mf sf3ibea 4 4 Above 2400 m widesprea (MoMma.) - Hog-badgr Arcrw) cLluk 4 4 Widepred Euaian badger Mde es . Vey widbprd Smll.tootbed ferm MeloUsk musmm 4 4 Widespread badge - (LUtrna) Oruimntlsmall-clawd MAoncdrn Widesrad c S 11,IUCN K, OUlr , CH II Euasian ouer Lur lw 4 4 May mirtae in regiI, CTS , CH -: very wii IVERREIDAE Mased palm civet larva 4fPqmW 4 'Widespread Spouet ling Prodon parolor Widepad CIES I Lag Indian civet Viverraziberha Widespread CH II Small Indian civet 14wmiad indica 4f Very widesped CH 11 FEL,AE- Goldencat Ciuopma rtmincdfi Widespread Cis I, IUCN 1. CH U Jungle cat Feis chaus v Vey widesprd CH 1I LetparJ cat Paoiaelunwbengalewasis 4 Vaerywidespread CITES 1/l UNGULATES ARTIODACTYLA SUIDAE Wild boar Swsswofa 41 4 Very widesprad MOSCHIDAE Chinese forest musk Moscrus berezoskAii 4 4 Widespread CHR dleer' CFRVIrIAE Sdmba I%c: Cecu uniclo1r 4 Very widespread CH ll TulteJ dietr Elephaoduscephalodus 4f Widespread aiark.ni deer ,MlundiacusEnwiruac %/ Vey widespread B'JV1DAE TaiAn Budorcas tazicolo 1504500Ii m. retrtnced CITEs 1. IUCN RfI CH I Chinese gorl Nuaemorheduscaudatrs 4r Widespread CHI

94616 MRANEA * -, 1 I,e.- -; f, I 17X; $st,'. ' *,@

A I D'.srnbuttow Co uw .*n;- Soucherzaserow .MeaeoaVuedu swmartjeagts WIrespred CITES 1, LUCN $E). CH 11 Wild sheep Pse"doisnuqa)r 2600-3SODm. rericted CH 11 RODENTS RODENTIA SCWJRIDAI David'i ruck squirrld SclurmamiatdSvjdianLs Lower montane, wiexpresd N.lias's quirrel &acsduru ea,hrum 4 ir Up to 3600 m. wivdepread Swinhoe's striped Tunmopsswinhoei 4 15O-3500S ms.widespread squirrel Pen:y's Inn.-nosed Dremoam pcnyi 4 4f Up to 3900 m. widespread

PTEROmIAE. Partti-coloued flying vWIopmeredbon.!gwr Montane. widespread squirrel G-e"-heaaed flying Pegnzatrasacanzicps 4 Montane. restricted quirrei lndo-'hinesw flying Peaursta phiippuwsis ' V : Lowland, very widespmd squirm! Complex toothed flyin 7-ogoarpta.-wzrhipcs Lower momane. very squirrel rcuricted NI:UR1DAE I IMu Ii erA

Stsrred fieldmouse Apvidemaiaq. arise: Verv widespread C.avncrc. hIeWdmnouse .4pode:tsa.dw.riert , 1800-300 in. restricted i-tell in;uic .4podm.'n=tricio M!ontAuc.iAidesprcdd -- IJ mouse Ae-drmutle.hro'tr 27004000 m. restricted Fieid nouse 4.'emitnus r.,mvCis Up :1 3400 m. restricted Lai :- ud1:uiCoo:--31 Bat,diceri' imAir .' Ver; widespread &nBe,-arns l s'Irsi DO00-2100m. widespread &r!n.uns n;in:spusw r Lower montane, restnrted

' . fi|-UL;:;a .a.: ra: LcaVowoa..m. Zmix jLadr_ LoDer. montane. widespread

4ar'._4 . ms'.g : vYnt'us L'ouland. very widespread

Rouse mnaLtae Mus neN s:Uhm v- Lowlands. verv

wiLdespread

Sikki Mrnmause Maus ;pahari v . i500-2000 m. widespread

.Amwon's rat ANhitit ..er anderio, Hi 16 00-300 m. restricted

ERTAN EA A B DitnbuOae Coo.,w o- Dramams rMt NitWvWe brhAm 20 m vey fre aed Cnficuas fat NMiva,r coufidamw 4 4 Very widespread Rat Mvi rexceasor 2300-3000m. very . -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~v"tesde- Himalaya rat Rn mid4 Lowlas wid Norwayrat Ran. orgisw 4 J Very wieprd Pof fat Ramarmnp 4t 4USLvery widesprid Very's clmbinf, Vermyafalva 2100-2700 msvery mm restrictd

Ct.an chins; mkor Myospalfur frdevil Resticted (Pltmpnlbomyiaas) Typblomys 7phomy ciww Restrictod

Vole Eothenomys nurQs 4 2700-3900 m. v-r resbitted Vole Eoth.om s meiogaruer 4 1000-3000 m. widesprad Vole Eahu5nwmysprodkor 4 200-4200 m, very * . ricted Vole Eothnom, miletus 2500-0 m, very

Vole Eodaonr chine,sis 1800-3000M. vuy reicted Volt Pk"Wmuikk,mnes 2700-4000M. restricted (Rhizomyidae) Hoary bamboo mw Rhiomvs prainaosw I100W-4000 m. widespread

- Chinesebamboo rat RhUon siwisi 2000-3000M. restricted HYSTItCIDAE Shon-tlaJiaporcupine hysinsxbra chvura 4 v Very widesread HAM LAGOMORPHA LEPORIDA. Yum haft Lepus como" f 4 IS00-2500m. resticted OCHOroNDAS Chmewspika Ochona,uj'mwn About 3000 m. very resticted Tibetanpika Ochoronarhibezana 2400+, very restrict

946E6 ERTAN IA ANNEX3 The ImplementaIonof EnvironmentalProtection Measurms

1. Introduclion

The impltiecnaliaonor cnvironmcntalprolection has been conducting fmir threc years. Some jobs have becn completed,and the other are heing conductedsmoothly. The works completed in recent three years and implementedin fritimresanid their design are summarized below.

2. Works Completedin RecentThree Years

During pasi threc years, since the start of constuiction or Erian Ilydrocicciric Projccl. EIIDX haspaid much attentionto the environmnital protection.and cond"ctccl it positivelyaccording to thcStarr Appraisal Rcporl of the World Bank(Jimc. 1991)and the designof CHIDI as well as national legal frameworks.lip lo dalc. EHDC hasnot only rull-timestaff mcmberson cnvironnientalmanagemcnt or the project with rocus on environmental stratCgies'study. rcview or pr posedprograms, contract negotiations and thcir management.but alsnan cnvironmentalprotecion teamwilh morc than 20(X personson hydrology. mcicorology, seismicity, ecology and sn on. In addition.an cconomicmanagement lool, i.e. contract,is adoptedto dealwith various cnviron'menalprograms, and social expertiseor vatious research. designinstiluics. cnvironmentaland sanitationorganizations will he applied fur the environmentalprotectinn of Ertanproject. The works done at earlicr staecare descrihed as fiollnws.

2.1 1lydrological and Mcteorological Monitoring Systcmils

For normalconsitiction and safety of the projectduring flood seasons,4 gatugingstations. 7 -ater level observationstations, 16 precipitationstations. and 3 meteorologicalstations are establishedto observe and prcdict hydrologicalregime variation by CHIDI andSichuan Hydrological and Water Resourceslnvcsligaitin Burcau and Panzhihua Meteorological Bureau jointly.

These systcmsslartcd lo onperatein May 1991,89 technicalpersonnel work in the field to observc.manage and maintain the systems,and compile the dataobtained according to relevantcodes and specifications of Ministries. andservc for the projectas nccd. The cost or capitalconstruction- and equipmcnt amounts to 4.00 million Yuan . andIlic operalinnand management co6t is about10.1W) million Yuan.

2.2 ScsimicMonitoring System -

Radin-Iclemeteringmethod is usedfor naturalseismicily and carlhquakc possiblyinduced by the reservoirin future.A monitoringcenter at Fangjiagou (Headquatcr)and R substationsaround reservoir are set up.

This joh is leing donc by SichuanSeismic Bureauand Anti-carlhquake ResearchInstitute of Scicntific RescarchInstitute or Watcr Rcsourceand Hydropoweror China.

Thc work startedin August1989 to preparesites, purchasc.install and testequipmcnt and instruments. On July 1, 1992,the systemstarted to nperate. Sinceoperation starting, there has had a staff with 10 personnelworking in the field to maintainand manage the system,to observeand compile the data obtained.and predict.

The cxpendilureis 4.55 million Yuans.

2.3 Jinlong Mt. Slope DeformationMonitoring System

Accordingto the designof CHIDI, for the sysleni. three stagesarc identified.

First stagewas organizcdand implementedby CHIDI andthe Chcngdu Branchof Acadcmyof Sciencesof China.Since September 1991. land survcy. establishmcntor nctwork, mon4oringdrilling holes and monitoringadits as well as their cicaranceand cnforcement has been complced. and monitoring instrumenhshavc bccn purchased, installed, tested and put into opcration.

Sincethe start of operationof the system,there are 12 professionaland technicalpcrsnnncl working in the field to manageand maintain the svstem. observe.predict and order the date.

The cxpenditureof the first stageis 3.25 Million Yuan.

2.4 Sediment MonitoringSystem

The purposcof seting up sedimentmonitoring system is to monitor the sedimentationvariation of Ihe Yalong River without/with Ertan project, accordingto requirementsof design.At earlystage, 14 permanentsediment

2 '-- ' .' ; . ' . ' * ' 5 i.,- ., cross-sccionsarc requiredalong lhe YalongRiver channel with a lengtho' 31 km abovcthe dam.

This job is doneby CHIDI. During March- June, 1994, 14 monitoring sectionremarks and relevantsmall blocksof concretefor observationwerc setup,and layout of sectionsand cross-sectiondrawings with tablesor data andnotes were nresenied.

Thc expcnditurcis 165,000Yuan.

2.5 WatcrQuality Monitoring in ReservoirArea

Somc8 samplingsites arc selectedfor waterquality monitoring.During 1993,Water sampics wcrc takenin differentseasons (dry, nond andnormal seasons)at various sies, and detectedwith all water quality parameters specified in the EnvironmcntalQuality Standardfor Surface Waler and depositedmaterials by Pan.hihuaEnviromnental Proteclion Research Instihute accordingto rclevantmonitoring specificationsand standards.Monitoring rcsultswcre presented.

This job costed34.378 Yuan.

2.6 Aquatic Lifc Surveys/Monitoring Before Closurc of the Coffcrdam

SomeR samplingor monitoringsites are selected, same as thosefor water quality. One-year(1993, thrce seasons)surveys of plankton. water weeds. henthosand fish wcre conductedby CHIDI, anda report, fishessamples and photoswerc precented to FHDC.

The expcndittircis M(UM(0Yuan.

2.7 Investigation of Environmental Conditions and Mountainous Harms in RcscrvoirRegion

A completcinvestigation of the backgroundconditions or the reservoir (including polluiionsources and their discharges,land use, useof pesticides and fertilizer. vcgetation,social-economic conditions, climate and distribution of landslidesand muddy flows. etc.) wasconducted by .XichangHydrological andWater ResourcesInvestigation Institute and Chengdu Branch of Academy of Sciencesof China with the beginningin June, 1993, and a report was submittedin AprU, 1994.About 40 professionaland technical personnel were involved.

3 Thc cxpcnditurcor this work is 198,000Yuan.

2.8 EnvironmcntallProteclion of ConstructionArea

Accordingto intemationalpractices and relevantarticles of the contracts for the projcct. it is Ihe contractors'responsibility to follow lhc rclcvantlaws andregulations or linc Governmentsof P.R. Chinato dealwith environmental protectionor the consiructionareas with die methodsand tools agrcedby the projecl owner. to mcet IhC reasonablerequirements of the owner, and to receivemonitoring and supervisionof line governmentsor China and the owner.

At prcsent.wastc malerials are collected and stored in specialareas. waste water from concretcplant and equipment washing is transferredinto sediment basin.and then discharged after deposition. Drinking water for workcrs is mainly pumpedfrom deep wells, and delectedperiodically. It mustmeet relevant standards before drinking use. Sevcral first-aid stationsare established.The hospitalset up by the HydroelectricConstruction Bureau No. 8 of China has relatively complete profes,sionalsections and medical equipment to treatgeneral health problems. Underground construction environment should meet the relevant regulationsof the labor proicctionspecifications of China.The concentrations of suspendedparticlec. CO andfrT.e SiO 2 weredetcted at the working faces of the right and lcft divcrsiontunnels by PanzhihuaSanitation and Anti- epidemicStation with contractwith EHDC in November1992. a hygicnic evaluationand somc recommcndationsfor enforcinglabor protectionwerc presented.

In April 1993.Panzhihua Environmental Protection Agency reviewed the environmcntalprotection- work of the constructionarea pursuant to Laws, and requcsiedthc contractorsto rcport their pollution discharges.and defined periods for pollution Ircamcnt for the contractorswhom dischargedwastes excecdingrcelvant standards.

2.9 Training and Study Tour

In order to cnhancethe environmentalmanagement of Ertan project. EHDC haspaid attentionto staff training.

4 March- April, 1993,3 stalf memberson environmentalmanagement weresent In SinoNorwlon TrainingCenter for three-weektraining

April - July, 1993,one staff memberwas trainedfor 3 monthsat a waterpowermonitoring and management class held by theMinistry or Electric Power.

April - May, 1994, four staff membersconducted a studytour to Xinganjinngand Gezhouha hydropower stations for 20)days.

May - June.1994, two staffmembers visited to Geheyan.Shuiknu and GuangzhouPumping Storage Power Station to learntheir experiences.

2.10 EnvironmentalEvaluation Panel

The EnvironmentalEvaluation Panel has sarted its works,according to an 1.86 million Yuan contractsigned with SichuanUnion University's Departmcntor EnvironmentalSciences in November1994. The Panelhas beenresponsiblc mr supervisingthe whole package of environmenialcontracts from 1994through 2000. by- ten proftssionalstaff underthe directionor Professor7hang Shisen. Wang Bin and Di.ig Sanglan.

3. Works under Implementation

3.1 The General Design for Environmental Prolection of Ertan Hydroproject

TheGcncral Dcsign for EnvironmentalProtection of Ertanllydroprmject hasbeen compicecd. which is in printingand publishing. The measures includedin theGcneral Design will beimplemented after the design examined andapproved hy the Hydraulicand HydropowerPlanning Institute of Ihe Ministryof ElecricPower.

The designwas responded by CHIDI. The representativesare Mr. Shi Shuzi.Mr. Liu Zhcnhaiand Mr. Yu Weiqi.

Theexpcndilure is includedin the designree of the ErtanHydropower Station.

3.2 EnvironmentalMonitoring Station r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Five monitoringstations will be establishedat Yumen. Shengli. Gubuno. 5. Daluo and the damsitc. The monitoring items involve in waler quality. sediment, mcteorology, biology, hydrology, water level and water lcmperaturc. CIc.

This works will tc exccuted by the SichusnInslilulc of Mcietrologg Science.Mr. ZhangYong is responsiblefor the task(totally 61 staff involvcd).

The expenditure (including house and buildings, insirumenis nnd equipmcntloperation and management)is 12.35million Yuans.and 1.215 million Yuanhas been spcnt for Ihe earlystage work.

The preparation for Ilie negotiallon has been conipleted. The implemcnatinonis planied to heginat Iheend of the May 195. Thesestatiois will get readyto aperalc at thc endor this year.

3.3 Thc hiodivcrsity Evaluation

The IbiodiversityEvaluation is scheduledto be completedin Spring 1995 by the SichuanNormal Collcgc.The represenlativeis Mr. Yu Zhiwei. An internationallywell-known specialist will paricipatein this program,and the invitationletIcr hasalready heen send out.

Thc cxpcnditureis US$40.XX)0(intcrnational funding) and 256.63(0Yuan (domesticfunding).

3.4 SchistosomiasisControl

Thc govcrnmentnr China attach importanceto schistosnmiasisconitil. The prevenlitinand treatment of schistosomiasisare incorporatedinto local governments'olbjectives. In the schistosomiasisinrected area. the control lask is carryingan smonthlyby the local healthagencies. In YanhianCounty. Ihc instrurnentsand equipmcnt bought by the WorldBank loan (24.160 US dollars) arc ready to use. EIIDC is making arrangernentswith the local healtil agencicsto find a way to rcinforcethe prevcntionand trcatmcnt of this disease.

3.5 ConservationManagement Zone (Btiffer Zone)

The areaor conservationmanagement zone is about1489 ha. The executive agencyis SichuanScientific lnstitjte for Forest.Mr. Yang Yubo is the person responsible.

6 .. -.-t-i-, hTC* ...... x

The expenditureis 1.933million Yuna. Now the planand designarc finished.AAer tilc plan and deign ae examinedand approved. they will be executed.

4. Other Works

Othermiigalion and measures will beexecuted under the corpomtion and managementof EIIDC. aner the General Design being exatmined and approved.

S. The EnvironmeninilMitigaion and MeasuresImplementation Schelule

7 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

______I '. Ift e I99 1992 299 999 199 Iw Tod c .o E mw

------1

L~~~~ .l - . -eE - - - - -_c7 ______

______mm c i i boomw Awn p§ 312ROWMrNh R.S Rs _ _ IW 4W 20 In O4 ediZW 1. _ taUI^ dS -II __ 131 _ F_Rw ___ _ IW la_ _ -iZb

[4 _ . _ _ 1X IW IW _ I U~~~~~~~I 1_ _oui" .,ct __4 to . Z t S- _Z_ E

______I__ _ _ _ H_ _t __Sh ( ______IC W2. 2 4W57 I _

e~~ -_ -__ - a -" - - - -ly nt~ _ ~ - - - - -b -ov - UdMTd mb- - -015W 17 7-1 _ wK - 49Rwmft & dIp M 121 -I - -- cdzjm ba c-qmvt m 0) Rwv thfm c___o._5w 1 t!; 3 ______I_-_____I__ ___ad____ IllSe.S 6 _ 5W I 2I lad _0 £ {41H_&H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lc Is liw 177 los ini Si_

1 cdt. _ et_ S__| I I'spa at aqnd IS 21 63 IX soat ------z ar -oa_C 261 mPA'a L A W k k-

ub-TOS l Ih69 2SE lot0 U3 16s 1479r4 IN 3962

Wea -V -3 -17 : ~ ~~ a 5 a 6 a v a .Esxilelwtlbhl>c./aae~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~443m 26 . _ _

______1. F.ncamulu MueamI2lZJl - _ .7~gouca27f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2727d a_____ 2 2 0 2KI IMA i_tk

- - - . - aRtm- - is M k-

~~~4)W. ,lda :9 t" .~~ ~ - - -T^*NI - - - - - ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U

SIkI. ldm H'rw S *: -- -F ______i-rn~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... iftTA%Ii~~~~~~~~~~A~~~%I%d*~~~~~~ 1..4 E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

. -. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C O o.ulVn_ u~ tO T u R |3 1993 _ _ _ _ _ R______. _ _ _

______c_ z ______r q Y.po Skham, t'ie V'm n S______

12 RmurwFrah Remt wi RwcA.wir .hoe Viml sikuat t'rmo LMat tI);n S m _

I9 Yuhs F.w Rmammdou _'m XuNm SkhwumWOon uLgitaivn rA_ S___ 9 Cdfa PFoply Poan kn (luuiqiu Skimut'.nn tA.yu* DugS m _amV %b :,.:

79&HsauM Rrv*AM1 oSa Aua L,UnionlConr Die Sa_lem_ YV d u _ _

v an_nov mA Ceuywim m o .4u : . ln____D__ Skiu CDo gnwn Sl . g * ido: '' ___1111_11_ _ )AC.uwS ' Lainba&oAM) Skbumt:den Viu*y t S m __ _d SG y i Pe_owa C vI_ 5kght rdon :dxed DbSr 1_uld°l, Som _ ,d ; £9 Rmoir Cl_u- SmatL DiIouM'* Di___S_ _ _ W 3..a kA

.~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ;, !,

Fmu~I~~8.S. 1MS LWuy .:. :; .) .k. IgMUt-slam_ U Sk&i UM. IMD.* Oft s wan______3 ) IIW _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1-UY_- Ukt'dl" DWoS_0 1 t_ *_UsR , ii da ' bwd WwLu~Y~ l.f~uinu YSkbmum - Si Uu'di _Di e Se 3XR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~111ala_S;dIWs 19J 1111M es i_ 7 Yaw Swan 11,4...11d w* D .spsry t9 ! j - )Kumma _u Skom L .L'Mu*i . _a_ ;_

YOJM. S,ih Mmu. m LmmanW* Dfq Sag . ______

e M _ D- C _ . ' !*; ;)4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- EaWmmmoWI .,owf c _

J3)Aqu R_I 11.141<4. t u/ hon Sihua. l.bn I nontuy lg Salem 3 mu paw UXiiumm _ 1_b______i

.) won QmAity %toatonm %Lb) %..Pd .gdIan I mnaun hag minm 3wlmp a o. in _rn *ur

5)PAus HeUdMMonOw IReun' 1 1 %holubI"h kmmuu I mm I at 1g isavm _ __ Fdu__ii

F.RtAE.%iAA%'%XI f |* - 'I~~~~~~~~~~~ I

1I tJ UllD 1 j1gg4111 1t11

IS a H A 10E i.3 I

1~~~ . - . . S - - -…..J 1 a.

I ---- - 1~~~½. ft. . .3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

haw~~~~~~~ l'~~JAS l'4S 399 1996 199 99 1999 2000 lai11 Coamdo Emafte Amcn

6GW'ue U. e 1uIf1 _ 7 -. 7 120 1 1 1 46. 716.a E4GI

i7 lwNi4 Wl1*U1sAd Verfm . _ _10 I a i a dCdp

3I~~~~~~dL~~~~~M.~~~~~wft.~~~~6 I U RcW= Sih Rih mM ______IIlM I 31 7 7 59 . 4 . ______

Sd_._t* ___-,_ _.___ It s lie 74S7a 7X 597" _ _74.

I;~ ad - - -

t.5uffttiI - -5 - - - I Ikn

. II Sdv | (2g7;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Vtoiu_ -HN -_ 4o 30 401 =s x o i _ui- .b~ -

SII4tel3duiX.dIy -a -o 7inu,.UatRuemkAwa304 -- t 7.p : :,~~ .~d .wI __I _-______.:

:.'__ _ __ . a _~ - . _ :

- - ~~~ -0. - - -24 -iX aH -_ -, .;tr ' (ItF.zw AounsW1MI a lineS 1111 321 321 3. 3 3. 3: 20 Li m::, .u.

3.~~.. . .,laa.(amu :. -. ,; i.. 7. .o Bi_ I41-4-S.61 M 1*3' 5239J. 4507.16 731 _ 37 3219.4 14704 235916.1 .

(II .om7. teitto__JI_5VA1_ M 1 413 529C.3 4507! 3.7306 37 3.19.4 1470.4 23596..... __ .: - . C . 121er&w v I 12 14 SU, 451 373 37 322 34 S-1. .

1n E ; _nl 11994leOI) 16.1 1l19.3 146.4 1592.1 193. 234.4 1094. 9493.A _ _

I -Few T e t_, 126 179 M97.93 64210 1 46 6130 575.74 2712.1N435447.b - . . , . _

._ _. _ . . __ . _ _ _ tr

.S flwd~a1eai.iM au ._ _ _ _ .:;.. f @ . lw'n .~eWolwilheebiiil~ _32 U X'_ n.j.. '-.

I*TA 91RAAA 'tE% I 16.4 . t J3 liii A

- -. J - -

4 ii'.II III - j: - - - *1 I' Iiij Ji

- Ad

- k I 1. I j I

Ii... - - - - I------ nj III ii I. £1 £1 I I---- I a I ill II I III II I .a I I j. I; W A A

ii

N g - - D £ - .. uuu - I

p

Ii :1 - I

- I IA -. - 5 ii Ii II -. a I III.. . iii-'I;:! - - w - - I - E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

_ba Anu.Afth SuWi t1a FVuhTTOWn | 6tt | A __1_ _

E6lWateAsWet.SNi md ArM *JAhtolet toiutwAd 199 2001 i agwd.we Ule ._1_Pilw .Skll__L___ _ I 171Terll WMde ad meaut*n sauw d chu 1W'| 201tW awduu* -I I ____-9____S_I

II Laid Uwe%atanurnt Ju andNW es 1995 lt20 camnk inudw er anm Ch _geSi

1 c4fte B!~~~~~~ 199G 199ll acrdwdmso Kbo&uU IPMW Skk=______

iI Sm& Tow to a'adc iM**Ptqlu _ t__ 1994 0 eoeduw. Scomle - ______21GeTt_IWBic_ t 5 * Arcs

subX7ieII Dkid*Ttseu Ma uotAeur,Ifuts WA _md 1995 20tSS6 aardmnce idh Imcd e Aic&Sk;_

hrnnv wwmepuj1Isd for vataq ca(gkmeat V11*11K. in accatdare16iIh Ulteivil Cliqaukilelma ______

j;-l t Kl OU tl n g (4 \t,I t.______t____t n eo d cesi d _ C ______.___ _ _-______*m. ninean l h_ltutnio lR e I""!i 2001 a ^:c su ea- Shapdat .S.kho.-

(2 . aay nc l( ______-- ______.. ',# ''

|.I L GIIZbnme nulhftm ste 11m l'9421 n 31 ______*______EscLacsktacmof Ilomeat,. F'und.:-,, I;I§aatt CC mn i I9hnepm md _;-

Is lJnLAc lItI lt .an J &'4m l. .iupianp

t." 6:.4* *~~~~%~It,; at f-1 '0 4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~l 4

E.A. INIPEENTATON' SCHEDULE

-~r

Sub-1.4*1M * 21"7. - _ 2199? ___J _=

IC (Mud 1aud(Vamaaf3So91_C ~ 22SI 179 6917.93 61210 59 6130.9 575.74 27121457444. _

Suffl - - -rf - -9-

IiLaui1'Fauu Expe - -0- - -i- - - 1. SutT4., luuu _ __1.i ______20TdjubIn Fauu !u'1u1 -3.11 3 333. 261 6.1113m130.______- -6-3261. 3 s

2 k duaPu__do(iw.* ______. , tu I.. '. bemFSei|sElbsts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2( _ 40 X _brm .mdWq

3. Eb*m"w H tlumms Yfoang Cakhmnt 67.2 -7_ Lim. U D.X_

J. ushum ELqua&aehk i-; 9 91 JS. 21IDC' IJXb

5.; Casudwt .dh Wormle LP - _- - ______._.

Ii Cm7 in 993Fcl. - -3 233 15 =-. -:

111bEakds hen 41994-2CxU1i1 I*.5 7.1 19.1

I,T.4d CooIau~ Wo ss, * 3432 767.4 Si TOWCost (fn 31131491lMVI _ 1517* 2037.31 10864 _

.~~ ~~ - ... - - __.____ - : iwm21etdluald* UgiR. 3 * _ii -23.33 17s69 109151 343363 6762.l 630.1 5575.7* 273132712.14640163.6_ _1______1_3165_7__7__

. . . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3Rt7A%LAA%NEA4 '16-44 E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEUL

.ian _npuwbIs _ uwm~. AaIC' PaemR|pmk Fm|pmQ tain IS _ __ __D_CA i

* 2)woS.bidc Mqi 'm &ss SKa Uc wu. PEWo I0.9m______*3) 1 NWmd bm WPds_ad Stwcs Sh Vifu sltha WonUiu of S . -I--.; I _i

4) WM&TiimM_ _ 4_ __ N"w Tan Y _ ;wnU -

.. - . _ = _wmd

. ~ ~ __ ~ ~ ~ ______* d,w 10. md( dF.ID_(10' USISIUS . iVmRtUB; bIz#KlW|4VX. Tnui SU - . . . ___ :______...

1. LmUbyae'Kpn (I tImyFaFpxpf IkeU. hai~ _4. V~S ______-: ; S.hLMUM f .- : ^'

I1T i"V F .*i U*ANS' O Sgct ium ha tur."mu P ______.______

51S bulamhmuada Sfad* To. S.m LkmU k i _ __ * . b&ana~,ndPa~aiia.V. ZN.ei 1.5mmLimo. LW~u _BEoAuu~I ______C.

3. E1_ aeAid M_& fX V Catk IuI uI S:tnSh__Lw Ln tra ______

4. o". Lquiwnu& V ki Cui Zun S.cheLnnUmunL Smcm _u .* N1 :- A.I

C.mukd. ithW ..oM H,, . ,:, t0uaInC'si IM UX Hnls ,,

* ~ ~ .Iofqd ______.___._._____

1 TOWCo_d VS$) __ .,

.1 TOU nDoudCaS _._s*l - _ ___; kSw luedC(Ihi NhUIV* _I

EfRTMNCIA%* ,. IA%%% - . , : . :r:I

D ii ii 0' 0'

| C{ g I ----- sI J J a~~~~~~~~~i* Ix ' ST SS

W~ ~~~~~~~~~*;

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. i~~~~~~~~~~~~