* EI1I1 The People's Republic of China Public Disclosure Authorized Ertan HydroelectricDevelopment Corporation
Ertan HydroelectricProject
Environmental Assessment and
Public Disclosure Authorized Resettlement
(FINAL REPORT ) Public Disclosure Authorized
December. 1994
:---a E. .ee.-.Corvomany Intera. tional. L.? C..:^ag ;; lUSA C ne.. -, H.a.o_ie;,- r.resr.gar.on and DescignInsait. .- Chengdu. Sichuan. PM(C. Siehuan Pra incial ResettlementAgencN. Chenac1tt. ,.nmuan. PRC ErtaniHvdroelectric DevelopmentCorporadlnil. II'ihiI hua. Sichuan. PRC
Public Disclosure Authorized Chengdu. Sichuan. PR China
'- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~ List of Preparers:
Hasa Engineering Company International, LP.:
Mr. John R. Bizer, PhD, Senior Biologist Mr. AnthonyWhitten, PhD, Senior Biologist
Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute:
Mr. Shi Shuzi Deputy Hed, Planning Department, Sr. Economist Mr. Liu Zheniai Engineer in Charge, Meteorologist Mr. Y Weiqi Head, EnvironmentalSection, Ecologist Mr. Cao Jiang - Head,SedimentSection, SedimentSpecalt Mr. Chen Guochun Deputy Head, HydrologicalSection, Hydro. Specialist Mr. Bai Chunfeng Senior Economist Mr. Rao Zhongli ResentementSpecialist Ms. Shu Zeping EnvironmentalEngineerng Specialist Ms. Wang Xueqin EnvironmentalSpecialist Ms. Rang Hong Envimnmental-hydraulicSpecialist Mr. Liang Ruijing Interpreter
Sichuan Provincial ResettlementAgency:
Mr. Chen Zongyi Head, No.3 Deparment, Senior Engineer Ms. Li Hongmei Engineer, Chemist
Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporation
Mr. Wang Keming Deputy Chief Engineer Mr. Cui Zijun Head, AdminitrationDepartment, Sr. Engineer Mr. Chen Xiumei Senior Engineer Mr. Su Zhou Senior Engineer Mr. Li Renlun Head, Planning Department,Sr. Engineer LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Basic Structure of CommonEnergy Resources in Sichuan Province (1992) 1.4
Table 1.2: Comparisonof Capital Invesment and Annual Opeating Costs of a 2860 MW Thernal Plant with the 3,300 MW Ertan Project 1.5
Table .13: Esimated pollutants generated from buniungof 9.04 million Tons of coal annually at a thewral generatingproject 1.6
Table 1.4 Sistical Comparisonof Ertan Hydroelectric Projects with Comparable Projects Throughout the World 1.8
Table 4.1: Summary of MeteorologicalData Charactrzing the Climate of the Yalong River Catchment. 4.6 Table 4.2: Average and Extreme DischargesMeasured at Yanbian Station on Ganyu River 4.17
Table 4.3: Industrial Water Consumptionand Discharge Rates and Major Pollutantsin Area of Ertan Reservoir 4.22 Table 4.4: Water quality characteristicsof the Yalong River at the Xiaodeshi Gaging Station (1973-1979, 1981) 4.26
Table 4.5: Monthly AverageWater Quality Values at Xiaodeshi Gauging Station in 1989 and 1990 4.29
Table 4.6: Longitudinalprofile of water quality parameters in Yalong River from Gabiao to Tongzilin 4.31
Table 4.7: Summary of water quality data from Jinsha River Upstream and downstream from Yalong confluence 4.34
Table 4.8: Restricted-rangebirds of the broad-leaved 'South Chinese Forests' 4.53
Table 4.9: Survey of Land Uses in Yalong River Basin in Ertan Reservoir Area 4.61
Table 4.10: Trends in Forest Cover, 1960-1980 4.61
Table 4.11: IndustieesLocated in the Ertan Reservoir Area 4.65
Table 4.112: SocioeconomicConditions in 1985 for the Five Counties Affected by the Reservoir 4.68 Table 5.1: Hourly Discharge from Eran Power Stationduring Peaking Operation in Normal, Wet and Dry Years. 5.10
Table 5.2: Schedule of Generationby Hour for Ertan Peaking Opeation. 5.11
Table 5.3: Averge Scour Depth in Yalong River downstreamfrom Ertan Dam 5.19 ,'
Table 5.4: Summaryof submersionlosses in Ertan Reservoir Area. 5.55
Table 5.5: Enumerationof the utilizabe area of the driwdown zone for developmentin the Ganyu Arm of the Ertan Reservoir. 5.58
Table 5.6: Inventory of Vegetadon, Structur and Sanitary Faciliies to be Removed as Part of Reservoir Clearance. 5.67
Table 7.1: Preliminary List of Equipment for Monitoring Program 7.10
Table 7.2: Itemized Costs for EnvironmentalMitigation Programs 7.16
Table 7.3: Itemized Costs for EnvironmentalMonitoring Programs 7.18
Table 7.4: EnvironmentalCosts and Their Year-by-YearAllocation Schedule 7.19
;- Eran Hydrectric Project Envirnmental Assesment and Resettlement (FNAL REPORT) TABLE OF CONTENTS-
EECUTVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION- ...... l.1 1.1. HLitoryofthe Project ...... 1.._ 1.2. Justificationof the Project .1.2 1.3. Analysis of Altenative Energy Sources .1.3 1.4. Comparison withOther MajorIntertional Hydrodectric Projects ... 1.7 1.5. HistoryoftheEnvironmentalAssessment .1.8 1.6. Introduction to This Study ...... 1.9
2. PROJECT DESCRLPItON ...... 2.1 2.1. General Project Description ...... 2.1 2.2. Physical Plant ...... 2.4 2.3. Reservoir ...... 2.10 14. ConstructionMethods ...... 2.11 2.5. Project Operation ...... 2.15 2.6. TransmissionLine and Substations ...... 2.16 2.7. Cost Summary ...... 2.16
3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK ...... 3.1 3.1. EnvironmentalProtection ...... 3.1 3.2. Resettlement ...... 3.8
4. BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 4.1 4.1. Physical Geography...... 4.1 4.2. Biogeography...... 4.7 4.3. The Aquatic System...... 4.9 4.4. Terrestrial Vegetation, Wildlife and Biodiversitv ...... 4.41 4.5. Socio-economicEnvironment ...... 4.55
5. ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ...... 5.1 5.1. EnvironmentalBenefits ...... 5.2 5.2. Aquatic Impacts and Mitigation ...... 5.6 5.3. Terrestrial Impacts and Mitigation...... 5..2.., 5.4. Socio-economicImpacts and Mitigation ...... 5.49 5.5. ConstructionImpacts and Mitigation ...... 5.63 5.6. Transmission Line Effects and Mitigation ...... 5.69
6. RESEITLEMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES...... 6.1 6.1. NationalResettlement Policies. 6.1 6.2. Characteristicsof Resett!zemen:Areas ...... 6.1 6.3. SocioeconomicProfile in Areas to Be Inundated .6.4 6.4. ConsultationProcess ...... 6.5 6.5. InstitutionalArrangements ...... 6.7 7. ENMRONMENTALMONITORING AND TRAINING PROGRAM ...... 7.1 7.1. Overview of The Monitoring Program ...... : 7.1 7.2. TriningPgmm andSpc Activities .. 7.12 7.3. Coss.7.14
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
ANNEX 1 Rferences
ANNEX 2 Species List
ANNEX 3 The I pl.meutation of lwfroi a.utal Protection Measures LTSrOF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Relationshipbetween ntal capacity and cost per kW for 49 proects in SichuanProvince.(CHIDI, 1994). 1.7
Figure 2.1: Lotion of Ertan Hydeect Prqject on Yalong River in SouthwesternSichuan. 2.2
Figure 2.2: Comprehve DevelopmentPlan for Lower Yalong River Involving 11 Hydreectric Prciects. 2.3
Figure 2.3: Layout of Ertan H ic Project Facilities. 2.5
Figure 2.4: Elevation-andLongitudinal Section thrugh Ertan Dam Depicting Dam, Spillways and Plunge Pool. 2.6
Figure 2.5: Section Through UndergroundPower Station for Ertan Project * DepictingIntake, Penstock, Underground Chambers, and Tailrace Tunnels. 2.9
Figure 4.1: The Chang Jiang (Yangtze)River and its tributaries, including the Yalong River Cmbold) and the locations of the Erti and Gezhouba hydroelectricprojects. 4.2
Figure 4.2: Yalong River watershed within Sichuan Province: Drainage area of Ertan Hydroelectric Project. 4.3
Figure 4.3: Relief map of Yalong River Basin in SouthwestSichuan Province, China. 4.4
Figure 4.4: Locationsof Known GeologicFaults in the Vicinity of Ertan Project and Locations of SeismicMonitoring Stations. 4.8
Figure 4.5: Biounitsof western Sichuan. 4.10
Figure 4.6: Locationsof Hydrologic. Watcr Quality and Mecteorological Monitoring Stations in the Yalong River Basin. 4.1l
Figure 4.7: Average Monthly Discharge at Wali, Luning and Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Gauging Stations on Yalong River. 4. I^
Figure 4.8: Flow Regime RepresentingHigh Flow Year in Yalong River (Measuredat Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4.13
Figure 4.9: Flow Reginie Representinga Normal Year in Yalong River (Measuredat Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4.14 Figure 4.10: Flow Reime Representira Low Flow Conditionsin Yalong River (Measuredat Xiaodeshi GagingStation). 4.15
Figure 4.11: Average monthly flow in Ganyi River (Yanbian Gauging Station, 1976-1993). - 4.16
Figure 4.12: Relative average monthly dischargeof Yalongand JIrsha River downstreamfrom confluence. 4.18
Figure 4.13: Monthly aveage wa temperate of Yalong River at Xiaodeshi. Gaging Station (1959 - 1992) 4.24
Figure 4.14: Monthly water temperatureregime of Ganyu River at Yanbian Gaging Station (1978 . 1982) 4.25
Figure 4.15: Distributionsof Three Fish SpeciesFound irnProject Area Representingthe Three Major Distribution/EcologicalTypes: Type A = plains; Type B = Mid-Elevaion;and Type C = High - Elevation. 4.37
Figure 4.16: Photograph of Fish Species Observedin Fishermen's Catch at Mouth of Puwei River on May 28, 1994. 4.39
Figure 4.17: Forestry map (1978) of the lower Yaldngwatershed and surroundings. 4.42
Fi-ure 4.18: Distributionof mature forests in the lower Yalong basin in 1985. 4.43
Figure 4.19: Open, savannah-typevegetation characteristicof the steep slopes of the valley walls within the Ertan Reservoirarea. 4.44
Fivure -. '0 Schematic representationof altitudinalzones of vegetation in the Yalong Vallev. 4.45
Fiiurv :.': Current. Known Distributionof Giant Pandas in Western Sichuan (narrow lines; and Locationsof Nature Reserves (bold-gazetted. hatched-propus.d) (SichuanForstry Department, 1985). 4.50
11-ure. .' Locationsof Reserves in the SouthwestMountains Biounit in Sichuan PTnvince: B12-a- gazetted; white - proposed 4.54
Figure 4.23: Locations of Timber Harvest Areas and Forest ManagementBureaus in Yalong Rlver Basin. 4.58
Figure 4.24: Log Handling F=Iii._s in Y'aong River at Xiaokesh.1 1! km Downstream Fru::, Eix. 4.59
Figuzv 4.25: Adrministrati;e;Thts ir l'L E-rmnReservoir Area. 4.67 '0 ' 2 ' '; ~. '', '.0 . .s.''',' '--; ', -'t-
* Figure 4.26: Yi Woman Herding Goats. 4.70
Figure 4.27: Distributionof SchistosomiasisDisease Vectors in YanbiarsCounty (PanzhihuaHealth Bureau, 1993). 4.74
Figure 5.1: RepresentativeWater Levels in the Ertan Reservoir through Five Yea=sof Opwation (Based on the 1961-1965Flow Regimes). 5.8
- Figur 5.2: Effet of Daily Flow Fluctuation at Six LocationsDownstream froip Ertan Dwa. - 5.12
Figure 5.3: LongitudinalProfile of SedimentAccumulation in Ertan Reservoir 5.15
Figure 5.4: LongitudinalProfile of Sediment Accumulationin Ganyu Arm of Ertan Reservoir 5.16
Figure 5.5: Locationsof proposed fish harvest facilities on Ertan Reservoir and Ganyu Arm. 5.39
Figure 5.6: Schematic diagram of trammel and trap net deploymentfor fish harvest. 5.40
Figure 5.7: Distributionof Drawdown Areas for Developmentin the Ganyu * Arm. 5.57
Figure 6.1: The Hongge Resettlement Area. 6.3
Figure 7.1: Administrativeframework for Ertan EnvironmentalMonitorin, Programn 7.13 Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. History of the Project
The hydropowerpotential of the lower Yalong River was recognizedin the early 1950s, but detailed geologicalinvestigations did not begin until 1973. In 1980, a wide range of studies was initiatedby SichuanProvincial authorities to assess the feasibilityof a hydroelectricdam at Ertan, near the mouthof the Yalong, and in early 1984 a feasibilityreport was submitted to the State Planning Commission. One response to the report was that it was necessary to undertakedetailed planning for the resettlernentof people whose homes and lands were to be inundated.
The World Bank was approachedby the Chinese governmentin 1987 with a view to solicit a loan for the project. and in May 1988, a Pre-AppraisalMission was conducted by Bank- staff. This mission provided to the Govemment of China guidelinesand suggestionsfor further studies necessary for satisfactory appraisal. The Bank Appraisal Mission was conductedin December 1988. and their report was completed in March 1990. The report was approved by the Governmentof China in April. In July 1991. the Executive Board of the World Bank approved a first-phase loan of S380 million, and two months later the constructioncontractors began moving to the site to initiate constructionactivities. In Julv 1993. the World Bank and the Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporatlon (EHDC) opened discussions on the second-phase loan of S500 million. The World Bank Pre-Appraisal Mission for the second-phase loan was conducted in April 1994, and the Appraisal Mission is scheduled for October 1994.
tAcFA 1.1 In November 1993, the Yalong River was successfully diverted into the two diversion tunnels. The first electricity is expected to be generated in mid-1997, and the project completed in mid-1999.
1.2. Justification of the Project
Sichuan Provir.-e is very rich in hydro power resources and relatively poor in other energy resources, but is severely lacking in geneadng capacity. In 1985, the total installed generatingcapaity in Sichuanwas 2,880 MW (includingboth coal-fired thermal stationsand hydropower stations)providing a firm capacity of 1,500 - 1,600 MW. Demand for energy was estimated at approximately2,000 MW during the dry season each year. Provincial planning for additional industry in Sichuan revealed that by 1995, a maximum system demand of 6,500 MW and by the year 2000, the systemdemand is expected to reach 11,000 MW. To meet these demands, an installed generating capacity of 9,500 MW would be needed by 1995, and 14,000 MW would be needed by the year 2000.
In a report prepared by the Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute (CHIDI) in 1994, these estimates were updated by the CHIDI. According to the report, the demand for electricitv reached 6,900 MW (42,070 CWh) in 1992 and Sichuan Province experiencedan energy shortage of approximately7,000 GWh. Since 1985. the total installed generating capacity in Sichuan increasedto 9,545 MW of which 4.089 MW is derived from hydropower projects and 5.476 is derived from thermal (coal-fired)plants. Total vield from the hydroelectricprojects was 21,940 GWh while thermal plants produces only '0.5 13 G.'h for a total energy production of 41.940 GWh in 1992. Between 1992-and the year '020. the demand for power is expected to increase nearly 10-foldfrom 6.900 MW to 6_.000 MIW with an estimated generating requirement of over 340,000 GWh. Confronted with these projections, the need to develop additionalsources of electric energy is critical to continued economic growth in the Province of Sichuan.
During preliminary studies leading to the selection of the Ertan Dam, the total energy potentialof the Yalong River was estimatedat over 20,000 MW. Developmentof potential
112 1.2 generating capaity in the Yalong Basin, therefore, became a prime altenative for meeting the growng demand for power in SichuanProvince. Preliminarystudies of the development of hydropower resources in the Yalong Basin were conductedby CHIDI. Results of these studies indicaed thatXte hydropower resources of the Yalong River could be developedin two phases. The fis phase will consist of the constructionof 11 projects in the lower Yalong River. The second phase will complete the development of the hydroelectric resourcesin the basinand will indude an additional 10 projects upstream from the first phase dams. Based on the results of this study, the Ertan Hydroeectric Project was selectedas the first of the 11 phase one projects to be constructed. The Ertan Pmject is designed to contribute 3,300 MW of installed generating capacity, and more than 1,000 MW of firm capacity, to the Sichuan electric distributionsystem.
In addition to the direct contribution of over 1,000 MW of firm capacity to the Sichuan Power System, the regulation of the river resultingfrom the Ertan Project will increasethe system-widefinn capacity by 142 MW at the GezhoubaHydroelectric Project and by 230 MW at the (planned)Three Gorges Project on the YangatzeRiver in western Hubei Province and eastern Sichuan Province, respectively. This increase in firm capacity is derived primarily from the increase flow during the dry monthsattributable to the limited storage capacity in tile Ertan Reservoir.
1.3. Analvsis of Alternative Energy Sources
The provincialgovernment decision to pursue hydroelectricdevelopment in SichuanProvince was based on a comprehensiveanalysis of availableenergy resourceswithin the province and an economicanalvsis to find the most efficientsource of energy to meet the growing demand for power as Sichuandevelops into the modern world. These analyses focusedon available energy resources in Sichuan Province: water, coal, gas, and oil. Additionally,the economic benefits of constructingfewer large scale projects vs
many small projects was evaluated. Results of these analyses are presented in a report prepared by CHDI ir. 1994 and are briefly summarizedbelow.
SL1_2 ERA A CHIi 1.3 Table 1.1: Basic Structureof Common Energy Resources in Sichuan Province (1992)
Exploimable Processed Coal Percent of Fner3y Sn,irt". Rpervec Fptivalent TWA1 (Mt) Water Power 515,291x100(year) 22364 75.6 GWh Coal 9,591 Mt 6848 23.3 Gas 181,787-Mm3 224 0.8 oil Negligible - - Total 29436 100
As shownin Table 1. 1, potentialwater power developmentscomprise over 75 percent of the availableenergy reservesin SichuanProvince with availablecoal reserves accountingfor less than 25 percent of the exploitable energy resources. In direct comparison, continued developmentof coal resourcesto generate electricity would ultimately lead a requirement for importingcoal from outside the province. As a matter of Provincial policy, available natural gas reserves are targeted for industrial and domestic use (displacingurban coal use) rather than for the generationof electric power. Therefore, from this perspectivealone, the decision to pursue development of hydropower resources to meet the growing energy shortage in SichuanProvince appears to be a highly desirable alternative.
From an economicstandpoint. development of hvdropowerresources appears to be the most viable alternative for Sichuan Province. This economic factor is illustrated bv direct comparisonof the estimated costs for the 3,300 MW Ertan Project with those for a 2860 MW coal-fired thermal project. each project providing a firm generating capacity of apprcxinately 1.000 %IW. The capital and operatingcosts for these two energy sources are summarizedin Table 1.2. All costs estimated are based on the value of the Chinese yuan in 1991 (5.45 RMB M = Sl.00 US). Clearly the initial capital investment required to construct either of these two projects favors a coal fired generating facility. However, this advantage decreases markedly once the projects begin generating. A quick calculation indicates that the economic difference between a coal-fired plant and the Ertan Project
31 12 1.4 FrTAN EA CHI14 disappearswithin 5 years of operation. The differencebetween the capital costs is 3,350 x 106 fi whereas costs for .5veyears of hydro operationare 3,685 x 106 V.
Over 20 years of operation (the approximate expected life of a coal-fired project) the total costs (capital and operating expenses in 1991 RMB V) clearly favors the hydroelectric project with an estimated cost savings of over 18 billion RMB ' (this differencedoes not account for financingor escalation costs).
Table 1.2: Comparisonof Capital InVestmentand AnnualOperating Costs of a 2860 MW ThermalPlant with the 3,300 MW ErtanProject CoalPlant ErtanHydro Component (Million !) (MillionM) Investment(Capital) ConstructionCost 7.150 10.500 (includingenvironmental cost) Operating Costs (Annual) Maintenance/Repair 257 420
Fuel 1.176 -- Transmission 214 315
Total Annual Costs 1.647 735
From an overall environmentalperspective, the selectionof hydropowergeneration over coal-. fired thermal generation becomeseven more obvious. Water is a renewableresource is in abundant supply. Coal. on the other hand, is a finite, non-renewableresource. From a purely physical-presenceperspective, hydropower clearly requires commitmentof relatively large tracts of land resources. However. once a hydropower project is constructed. the impoundmentcan be exploited to provide additionalbenefits to the project (in the form of fisheries, transportation, recreation, and water supply). Establishment of effective environmentalsafeguards and implementation of appropriateresource managementtechniques (in compliancewith national regulationsand policies)can prowideconsiderable opporturity to preserve and restore natural and cultural resources within a buffer zone around the impoundment. In contrast, while a coal-fired plant will occupy a smaller land area for the physical plant, additional land resources must be committedto mines, mining wastes.
r411r _I aTAN LA Ch * i.5 transport, and ash disposal. In addition, burning of coal contributes significandy to air pollutionin the form of particulates,carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen compoundsand benzo [a] pyrene. Annual producdon of these byproductsof coal are summarizedin Table 1.3. Efforts to control disperal of ftese pollutants into the environment is costly and not necessarilyeffective.
Constructionof a single large project, such as Ertan, also provides an economy of scale relative to the constructionof a number of smaller projects. The relationship between the capital investmentand size of a hydroelctric project is depicted in Figure 1.1. Data used for this figure are derived from design and feasibilitystudies of 49 hydroelectricprojects at various stages of development in SichuanProvince.
Table 1.3: Estimated pollutants generated from burning of 9.04 million Tons of coal annually at a thermal generang project Annual Production PoDlutants (Tons) Residue and Ash 1.416 X 106 Dust and Suspended Particulates 0.105 X 106 Carbon Monoxide 1,421.2 Carbon Dioxide 25.4 X 106 Sulfurcompounds D.214 X 106 Nitrogen Compounds 0.08 X 106 Benzo [a] Pyrene 2,289 kIg
1.4. Comparison with Other Major International Hydroelectric Projects
"112 EWMFA CHI 1.6 7000
eee. A
A~~~~ _v A
2600
100
0 1.00 2000 3000 4000 5000 XInatalL.d Capacity CM4)
Figure 1.1: Relationshipbetween installed capacityand cost per kW for 49 projects in Sichuan Province.(CHIDI, 1994)
At a maximumgenerating capacity of 3,300 MW, the Ertan Hydr--Ietric Project ranks as one of the major hydroelectricprojects in the world in terms of instaled generatingcapacity. In comparisonwith other world-class hydroelectricproject, Ertan is at the top in relation to the least area inundatedper MW and fewest number of human displacements(oustees) per MW. A summary of available information for other projects throughout the world is presented in Table 1.4.
"d1121. ERTA FA CHI 1,7 Table14 StatisticalComparison of ErtanHydrelectric Project with ComparableProjects Throughoutthe World.
.Nameof dma O lnE KW Q) bhul e KIClmatINe KWlh NOW Three Gorses Chum 1.000.00 13.000 110,0 0.1 13 .118 planmng haipu Brazil 12.600 13S.000 93 Pay Tucumi Brzil 30.000 7,600 243.000 1.1 233 31 1933 BabBqu razil 6,600 _ 600,000 I - Gun Veneuel 6.000 32S.000 1l Lauia Chin 73n,0 5.400 37.000 0.5 74 148 eanltio law 1990s? ChandinFas C 5,225 5,000 8 Paulo Alibuso I-IV B' 'i1 3.914 1600 2490 ERTAN .Y cum 35,010 3300 10.100 0.3 94 326 cmpltio late 1990 Jinping Sge l-Y China 5769 3,000 9.500 1.6 .520 315 plamwed Aswan High Egpt 120.000 2.100 400.000 3.3 17 5 completed 1970 Xiaolanedi Chins 171.000 1.300 27.200 0.2 la 66 compltion mid 1990s Jiqping Stage 2-Y China 0 3.200 160 am c 0.000 planed Gundoi-Y China I80 1.600 8.189 planned Kauiba Zamnbia 57.000 1.500 510.000 8.9 26 3 1959 Zimbabwe AkosombolVoka Ghana 80.000 333 S41t'00 10.6 10 0.9 completed 1965 Piluemhe Chile 500 400 12SO Toneilin-Y China 41 440 6 0.15 10.731 n.3ao completionlate 1990s Anmu Nepa 401 43 9325 Kibansi Tananis 153 30 5100 OwenFalls Uganda 0 150 1* em c a apchirs Maawi 125 200 625 Sobradinho zazlI 55.000 1050 421.400 7.7 19 2 completed 1981 ShuskouI & U Chim 67.000 1500 22 completed 1990 Yafynesa Praguay/ 50.000 8.000 160.000 3.2 160 50 completion aid 1990s
* The hedwateir for theOwen Fals Pojcct is LAc Victtma.
1.5. History of the EnvironmentalAssessment
Studies to support the environmental impacts assessment (EA) of the Ertan Hvdroelectric Proiect began in 1980 concurrent with other feasibility studies. Most of the investigations and literature searches were conductedbetween 1980 and 1985by the CHIDI. in cooperation with relevant scientific institutes.professional universities and colleges. The draft of the EA met stautory requirements and was submitted to the National Environmental Protection Agencyin August 1985. In March 1986, the report was reviewed by a group of 78 domestic experts, engineers, and environmentaladministrators at the invitation of the Construction Committeeof Sichuan Province. This group agreed with the conclusionsof the EA, and
9%EA0 1.8 recognizedthe huge economic benefitsof the project, the physicalappropriateness of the site, the lack of sepage, the economicpotentials, and the lack of additionalthreats to endangered wildlife. The full text of the EA was translatedinto English for the use during the World Bank Appaisal Mission in May 1988.
1.6. Introduction to this Study - _
The 1989 version of the Ertan EnvironmentalAssessment (EA) was reviewed during the Pre-Appraisalmission of the Worfd-Bank for the second phase loan in April 1994. The World Bank concluded-that, since global standards for such reports had been raised substantiallyduring the previous decade, it was necessary to review the information and revisE the conclusions contained in the 1989 report to comply more closely with present requirements of the World Bank.
In parallel with the preparation of this document and preparation for the World Bank Appraisal Mission in October 1994, an environmentalassessment of the transmission line system to distribute power generated at Ertan was prepared by the Sichuan Electric Power Associationto supporta request for funding from the World Bank to construct the facilities. The TransniissioraLine EA is presented separately (SEPA. 1994). Consequently, the environmentalimpacts associated with the transmissionline are not addressed in the main body of this EA and the reader is referred to the TransmissionLine EA for discussionof the anticipated impact.
The informationcontained in this documentaddresses the environment.potential impacts and mitigation measures associated with the constructionand operation of the Ertan Dam and HydroelectricFacilities. A summaryof the ResettlementAction Plan is also provided within the text of this document. The revised, detailed ResettlementAction Plan is presented as a separate document in support of the applicationfor the secondphase loan from the World Bank.
EnA2 EA CHI 1.9 To accomplish the revision and update of cne Ertn Environmental Assessment, EHDC contracted with Ham EngineeringInternational, LP (USA) for two environmentalspecialiss (Drs John R. Bizer, Harza; and Anthony Whitten, Diversity Matters) to work with EHDC, CHIDI, and Sichuan ProvincialResetlement Agencypersonnel. The draft EA was reviewed by EHDC, CHIDI and was given a preliminary review by the World Bank. Commentsof these groups were incorporated into this final document by Dr. Bizer, who completed the document in September1994.
6112 RTfAN EA CAI 1.10 Chapter 2 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. GeneralProject Description
Ertan HydroelectricProject is locatedin PanzhihuaMunicipality on the lower reaches of the Yalong River in south-western Sichuan Province (Figure 2.1). It is a comprehensive development with power generation as its primary objective. It is planned to be the penultimatedam in a cascade of eleven dams along the Yalong River (Figure 2.2). These damnscomprise the first stage in the developmentof hydro resources of the Yalong River. Ultimately, ten additional sites in the upper Yalong have also been identified and may be developedas part of a second stage deveopment program. WhenaU of the 21 sites are developed, the total installedcapacity in the Yalong River Basin will be 22,650 MW.
Constructionof Ertan is expected to tak-eten years from the start of construction to the commissioningof the first of six power units in 1998. T'he Ertan project will supply electricity to the Sichuanand Yunnan power systemsvia a 500 kIVtransmission line system currently under design and construction (see SEPA 1994 for EA and project description). The system will provide energy to load centers in Zigong, Chengdu, Yibin Xichang, Chongquin.and numeroussmaller load centers along the transmissioncorridors. Panzhihua and Xichangwill also be supplied with electricity for the smeltingof vanadiumand titanium.
The Yalong River is a lar=e tributarv of the linsha River, which rises in Yushu Countv of Qinrhai Province. From its origin. the river generallyflows southward as it passes through the western portion of Sichuan to its confluencewith the Jinsha River near Panzhihua City. The Yalong valley is at the eastern extreme of the Himalayan Range. The geology and topographyof this anreais characteristic of very young mountainranges in geological terms .vith geologic folding and movement continuing. The geology of the valley is varied, comprisedof old Permianbasalt, youngerintrusive granites. and young sedimentarymarl and shale. The total length of the Yalong River mainstem is 1500 km, with a total catchment
MAJN E Ca 2.1 YANYUAN- G
' ^ yYA~NBIANs,> gMYI
PA.N'HIHUA | Figure 2. 1: Locationof Ertan Hydroelezri.-Project on Yalong,River in SouthwesternSichuan.
'AiNYE ANCIC Y2.. Figuire2.2: CoiiiprelhensiveDevelopment Plan for Lower Yalong River Involving 11 a " HJydroelectricProjects
0 10 -,9
I z VIF
4~~~~4 ~~~Tongzilin
700 600 500 400 300 -32'00 100 0 DISTANCE(kin) 2 area of 130,000 Icn - somewhatlarger OhanNew York State in the US, slightly smallerthan Nepal, and more than half the area of Great Britain. The catchment area comprises 27.5 percent of the Jinsha catchment. The mean flow at the mouth of the Yalong River is 1800 m3/sec, and the mean runoff is 56.8 x 109 m3. The length of the river above the Ertan damsite is about 1470 km and encompassessome 90 percent of the catchment. The power station is just over 40 km from Panzhihua City and 18 km upstream from Tongzilin Station on the Chengdu-KunmingRailway line.
2.2. Physical Plant
2.2.1. Dam and Spillway
The dam area is located in a 1 km-longgorge between the Jinlong and Zhongtan Streamson the lower Yalong River (Figure 2.3). The valley is V-shapedwith left and right bank-slopes of 25-40a and 30W450respectively. The Ertan damsite is characterized by a narrow river channel with a high discharge. The bedrock within the dam site is composed of Permian basalt. svenite intruding into basalt. and altered basalt formed bv the intrusion.
The dam will be a double curvature arch dam with a maximum heiaht of 240 m, and a maximum static height of 188 m. The dam will impound a reservoir that will extend approximately 143 km upstream from the dam site, have a surface area of 10.100 ha. and a normal maximumoperating level of 1200 m above mean sea level.
The dam is equipped with four sets of spillway structures to facilitate release or excess dischargeand to enableevacuation of the reservoir underemergency conditions (Figure 2.4- Three of the spillwaysare integral with the dam. The upper spillway, with crest elevation at 1188.5 m. consistsof 7 gates each with a hydrauliccapacity of 900 m3/s. The secondset of spillwraygates, with crest elevation at 1120 m, consists of 6 gates each with a hydraulic capacitv of 1160 m3/s. Both of these spillways will be used during the wet season when inflowto the reservoir is greater than the hydrauliccapacity of the 6 turbine/generatorunits. The two spillwaysare designedto act in coordinationto partially dissipate the energy as the
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