Najib Mahfuz
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
آا ، ا را ا ر ا ادب ا ا ا ، ا دة ا درا : ظ دة درا ا ت ا ة او : اوا ا 1.1 1.2 : (2006 1911 ) 2.1 "# 2.2 $ 2.3 ( 1957 1956 ) " *+ " % &'( 2.4 $ , -& . 2.5 - , 2.6 Naguib Mahfouz: The Voice of Egypt 2.7 ا ة ا : روا " ا واب " " ( 1961 ") / %0' " 3.1 " " / %' " % &'( 3.2 " " / %0' " : $ -& 3.3 1 2 ا ة او : اوا ا 1.1 اوا ادب ا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ernadin de Saint Pierre , A 1892 1885 ( ( ) P , O ( " " Earnest Renan $, 7 " O ( "" .,> " " ( )* 1715 1905 " ( ) Fenelon ' " Q " B6 " " ( ) Jules Verne " 1778 Francois Coppee / , " , I 16 " " ( ) Voltaire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ibb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