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STUIIA ISIAIIII(A INDONESIAN Rounr'rnl for Rslamtc Srudtes Volume 11 STUIIA ISIAIIII(A INDONESIAN rounr'rnl FoR rsLAMtc sruDtES Volume 11. Number 1,2004 PoIupOTS, MADRASAHS AND THE PRODUCTION ,ULAME'TN OF MATAYSIA William R. Roff Tug FnaCMENTATION OF RNUCIOUS AUTHORITY: IsTauTC PRINT MBPN IN EARLY 2OTH CENTURY INDONESIA Jajat Burhanudin ON rHr GnNssIs oF INTELLECTUAL CRossRoaos: Eanry FnACUTNTATION IN THE FORITATTON OF MONNNN INPONNSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA Yudi Latif ISSN 0215-0492 $TI]ilIA I$I,AilIIIiA ffi Vol. 11. no. 1.2004 EDITORIAL BOARD: M. Quraish Shihab (UIN lakarta) Taufik Abdullah (LIPI lakarta) Ntu' A. Fadhil LtLbis (IAIN Sumatra Utnra) M.C. Ricklefs (Melbourne Uniaersity ) Martin uan Bruinessen (Utreclt Uniztersity) lohn R. Bozoen (Washington Uniztersity, St. Louis) M. Atln Mudzhar (IAIN Yogyaknrta) M. Kgmal Hasan (International Islamic Uniaersity, Kuala Lumpur) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyumardi Azra EDITORS Saifttl Mujani lamhnri lajat Burhanuddin Fu'ad labali Oman Fathurahman ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS Heni Nuroni ENCLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Lucy Rhydtoen-Marett ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR Nursamad COVER DESIGNER S. Prinka STUDIA ISLAMIKA OSSN 0215-0492) is a journal published by the Center for the Study of lslam and Society @PIM) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, lnknrta (STT DEPPEN No. 129/SI</DITIEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Austrnlia-lndonesia lnstitute (AID. It specializes in lndonesian Islamic studies in particular, and Soltth-east Asinn Islomic SttLdies in general, and is intended to communicate original resurches and cun'ent issues on the subject. This journal zoarmly welcomes contributions f'om scholars of related disciplines. All articles published do not necessarily represent the ztieus of tlrc journal, or otlrcr institutions to whiclt it is affiliated. They are solely the ztietos of tlrc atLthors. Tlu articles contained in this journal lutte been refereed by the Board of Editors. STUDIA ISLAMIKA has been accredited by The Ministry of National EdtLcation, Republic of lndonesin as an academic jownal (SK Dirjen Dikti No. 23a/DIKTI/2004). Yudi Latif On the Genesis of Intellectual Crossroads: Early Fragmentation in the Formation of Modern Indonesian Intelligentsia Abstrak: Artikel ini nrcnghadirknn kajian tentang proses pembentuknn luncnl'Ln sosinl-intelektual di Indonesia aunl nbnd ke-20, di ntam perbedaan dart perterrtnttgnn-atau fragmentnsi-ntulni mengemukn. Kattnt in t e I ekt u oI (clerisy) mtLlni nten ge dep anknn b e rb a g a i or i ent a s i p emikir an, seiring dengnn hndirnya kekuatan bartL, baik dalam relasi lcektLasqan Indonesia nTnupLLn jnringnn internnsiottnl. Hasilnya, tign orientnsi peruikiran ntuncul dalant peta intelektunl Indonesia: mereka yang berorientasi ke Bnrnt (sant itu disebut kntmt terpelajnr), ntereka ynng nusih berpegnng pnda khnznnnh aglLng (katnn tradisionnlis), dan mereka y an g b e rhnlu an p emb ahar tLtu'L ( katffit n n der n is ). Proyek nndernisnsi oleh pemerintah kolonial, Politik Etis, merupaknn snlah sntu faktor sangnt penting yang nrendororlg nnmclrlnya perubnhnn. Salnh snttmya ynl'Lg terkennLka adalah penfutLknnn sekolnh-sekolah dengnn sietem pendidikan Barst modern. Dirrmcrutg sebagai snlnh sattr strategi b ar u d alrnt'L kolonisasi Indo nesin, sekolslrsekolah t ersebut nrcnghasilkan lultLsnn yang sangat akrab, bnik dengnn gnyn hidtLp perkotann, n'Latrplul pentikirnn modern tentang kemajunn (progress). Berlndapan terutnnm dengnn doninasi kaum priyayi lanm, kaun terpelnjnr ini-ynng ntengisi se junlnh posisi dnlnm birokrtlsi kolonial-tantpil sebagni elit baru dengan sejunilnh ngendn untuk menciptaknn ruatT4( bartL bngi eksistensi merekn di tengah relasi ktLnsa saat ittL. Di sitti, ntereka nrengedepattknn gngnsan kemajunn sebagni salah ssttL istL penting, yang dinsosinsikan dengan pengnlnntnn dutin Bnrat sebngninnnn nterekn pnhnnti di bangktL sekolcfu. Di snnqting nrcnerbitknn media cetak, merekn jrLga gint ntendirifuin nsosinst (c1ub), seperti Mnngkoesoemitro (1882), Lnngen Snntitro (1BBB) di Sentnrnng, Mednn Perd.anuinn di Padnng, dan Abri Projo di StLraknrtn. Asosinsi ini berftLngsi sebngni sattL sarnnn unttLk nrcntbnhns keprihntinan Studin Islnnikn, Vol. 11, No. 1,2401 Yudi LatiJ nlereka tentnng perlunya kemajr'Lan bngi kaum pribttmi, selain tentu saja sosialisasi keberadasn mereka dnlam konstelasi sosial-politik lndonesia. S em ent ar o p r oy ek kol o ni nl nrul ni m el ahirkan knum t er p elaj ar, ke I o mp ok clerisy Inin ynng berbasis di lembaga keagnmnan, khususnya ulama pesantrerL, tengah mengalami proses konsolidnsi. Hal ini didorong terutams oleh terbenttknya jaringan yang semnkin intensif dengan pusat lslam di Tinnr Tengnh, khttsusnya Mekkah. Pembukaan Terus Suez pada 1869, disertai perbaiknn sistent transportnsi laut, telnh memfasilitasi lalu lintrts kswl Muslim untuk datang ke Mekkah nrcInksnnaknn ibadnh hnji. Mnka, pnda pnruh kedua abad ke-19, jaringan lndonesia-Mekkah menyaksiknn jtLntlah jemaah haji yang kian nteningkat, yang pada gilirnnnya mendorong nwkin tersebnrnya pesantren. Hnl ini karena mereka yang berhaji sebnginrt Isesar berasnl dnri institltsi keagnmaan tersebut, Di snntping ittt, hnl terpenting lain dnri jaringan tersebut adalalt terbentuknya konuniitas lawi, mtLkintin asal Indonesirt dnn Asia Tenggarn y an g b el aj nr lsl nm di Mekkrth. Me r eka b er j as n dal nm p r o s e s t r ansntis i Isl nm, yang nrcnjadiknn Mekknh sebngni janttLng dari dinnmiks Islnm di Indonesin. Melalui jaringan ulanu yang terbentuk, diperktLat dengan tersebnrnyn kitab kuning, kaun clerisy ini nrcngalani perkenfinngntx yang nlapan. Merekn selanjutnya ntembentuk satu konnuitas tersendiri yang kennLdian dikennl dengan kaum santri. Proses terskhir ini selanjutnyn diperktLat dengnn kebijnkan politik kolonial yang tidak berpihak pnda Islant, ynttg ntelihat ulnnn sebagai kekuatnn pembangknng terhadnp kekunsnan politik kolonial. Meski demikinn, orientasi baru pada kntmr cletisy keagatnaan iugn ntulai ttnnbtth. HnI irLi berlnngstmg terutamn pada awnl abad ke-20, ketikn proyek ntodern oleh penterintah kolonisl telnh menciptnkan genetasi Muslim baru yang akrnb dengnn gagasan kemnjunt. Hnl irti jugn sejnlan dengnn proses perubnhnn di lingktLngnn konntnitns lnui, di nnnn nrcreka nntlai berkiblat ke al-Azhar di Kniro, Mesir, ptLsat gerakan pernbaharuan Islant oleh MtLhanunnd 'AbdtLh dan Rsshtd Rida. lnringan Indonesin- Kn ir o, y a n g b erken tb nn g p a d a'1 9 2 0 - n n, t el ah nt el nhirkan kel o ntp ok Mt L slint bnrrL, katnn nrcdernis. Mereka, berbedn dnri kawn ulamn pesnntren, ntengedepnnkan ngerLdn baru untuk mertLmtrckan kenfuali ajarnn Islnnt yang senni dengnn semangat bnru. Mnkn, di snmping mendiriknn lentbaga pendidiknn nrodern dan menerbitksn nrcdin cetnk, nrcrekn jtLgn nrcngusutg isu kemnjunn, seperti lulnya kaum terpelajnr. Dentikinttlah, ketiga kelontpok clerisy ini terus ttunbuh dan berkem' bnng, Mereka secara bernrti meuarnni perkenfuangall T-L)ncnrLa sosinl' intelekttLnl Indonesin. Perbednnn serta pertentnngan kernp ntenjadi cit'i penting ntereka. Studin Islanika, Val. 11, No. 1, 2404 YudiLatif On the Genesis of Intellectual Crossroads: Early Fragmentation in the Formation of Modern Indonesian Intelligentsia A,c\, a-,eL-:*Yl a-tyx) ajt"Il 0i.," \f,il\ .,.>\-oj.b Jl u-& Jy ,-er 4,-l{ i^- g;)Ul J,";,)\ ,Jlt JlJi .3 t -+:*! o*Ut_r oLat+Yr ,-bJs o j'*..t/;:lt i+ -rA t jrt lt, -r)\-:-)r ,ra-b atLJL. JJ,r- L=i el'-;+r>;-* 4.>Ab grJt cirt e \fdl ,.:Lot4l aDU a(*:Jr A \fr ,J^;; a2-jl) i!;-rJt Ci !:-+/l + i,rya.ft & y-s .t+Yl Jt;.6r :.r*i;.i;)l K;Jt aL,-r ot4Yi: f dr"bttll a$t'1lt +b y."s t'al-i:Jt Gt-lt o1,4Yl iu.61 .o-r.-tr-)l ,4e y^'-J g+lJt 4,-JL.':"!1 a'rKtt al g-E d;Jl .!-J-.Jl f Spol5 -r.;J, tr#lt l-r* L-6- )\,Le t:yrVt a-L- it-41 U;tYJ "|** * g, c.11.-uJ-t *41 #t ,tb -b ,,1-r. ..:i L:A,I,-U,, * r- Ji j a;r;-,)t JLti .r-Jt c"r<a.r:* gr,.,,lrl .51 rrt i?J -t+!l .+_rp'Li: J"*F u"r[Il elb ,.x;i -r,a; ,q,*;J1;! JL.,i-l os4 rp-t;:Jl Jr .i--r.J-t ,.$.;ltt odtt ;+l +Lt o:l'-l{ JiJl- c)LJt ,-* ar--tiJl cslJt ar*^ a, +-l VJ sa-^l ,\p tl -Lei -al,\^-**"yr ar.Klt tA.-A ,---aLIt _,o i).r-c a--L*- P 6.1--r- lhh; f-6-', Ok o-r,--r* A,'--5 Jli,all J*-'- \^AJ tc,.rjl d,U! 6 .:t}|Jl L*1 n^>g; .rS) 6-r,--r- Ur qr=+ G_b.-r Uf / dt ^-4:*3 ./'+ritr ,C>U "-!e!r t-ii., ;elit j lr t-l U;, +t4 "r!, ^-t)-\)t,uil a;- 3;r b.lS, ol";jl * t>ti ;,re,-r- tils +t"LJl Ft-rl .*-.I-r-,.;t ,taY-f c \ AAY .,t' (Mangkoesoemitroi;f*c"L;K4t- ab.l, J, dl+J c \ (Langen AAA ,) _(Semarang)6J1-,L."-t Samitro) ),ku (AbriProjo) _f JJ €1.\S @adang) e lrfr (MedanPerdamaian) rllt 1:l . (Surakarta) \i )t{l ) J.-r 55 Studia Islamika, Vol. 1,1, No. 1, 2004 66 Yuili Latif ,JP). r-c/1.31 jlJ) 41.-J )J+ (y L'.\))l ojr .:;tf1 A Wl} d*; t if +t* +t-,:*It a *tA ,JP,\ i*;e ift^bYl ,>Gtrdt bs ^,,r, "Ol fiSi?trd a,r{Jt ? st* ,} :*a" -l-*:Jl I i* ,;;Jl -i_ll 4: ;r+It ;*]3t ,Z qfl ";;Ib c^;tf ry eli) t-'L^':-)t +-i J* + iilll -r,"L*!t / hr LcwJ qtJl ?t*Tl J! u-rVi;;ir, |e; aK;',p ,i 9Yt.,r4;* ,.*1 p a\ A11 {*, , r--r)l ;L" p",Ji^; ta"fll 45.J. uWJ "^;.,-.,tr'r\ I K- J1 ;I^ilJr ,sr-,k'x qv)"t J',tJl -fjLJ rf; gip' f',6-lJ' o *Jl '* ,'rlil .'-4:Jl ,f^i Ci i,. e t6lt c3;)r +;-!r J\t a.*!l :-d +r] &r a*;rt!r a(*lr -,ia; ;rt-; oryl ;1,.:l-lll oY .+Ft o-F\s ^;l-ll "r-^l.'ll ru*l Ji a.srrr ;.r 6 * fld, i* flir5i'"3ic;"i-;#''o e.h J;:t ;:nt k\;* '*fir a<r.
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