Reactor Physics Characterization of Transmutation Targeting Options in a Sodium Fast Reactor
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Models of the Atomic Nucleus
Models of the Atomic Nucleus Second Edition Norman D. Cook Models of the Atomic Nucleus Unification Through a Lattice of Nucleons Second Edition 123 Prof. Norman D. Cook Kansai University Dept. Informatics 569 Takatsuki, Osaka Japan [email protected] Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com. ISBN 978-3-642-14736-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-14737-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-14737-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010936431 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006, 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface to the Second Edition Already by the 1970s, some theorists had declared that nuclear structure physics was a “closed chapter” in science, but since then it has repeatedly been found necessary to re-open this closed chapter to address old problems and to explain new phenom- ena. -
Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data Iaea, Vienna, 2000 Iaea-Tecdoc-1168 Issn 1011–4289
IAEA-TECDOC-1168 Compilation and evaluation of fission yield nuclear data Final report of a co-ordinated research project 1991–1996 December 2000 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Data Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria COMPILATION AND EVALUATION OF FISSION YIELD NUCLEAR DATA IAEA, VIENNA, 2000 IAEA-TECDOC-1168 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2000 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2000 FOREWORD Fission product yields are required at several stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and are therefore included in all large international data files for reactor calculations and related applications. Such files are maintained and disseminated by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA as a member of an international data centres network. Users of these data are from the fields of reactor design and operation, waste management and nuclear materials safeguards, all of which are essential parts of the IAEA programme. In the 1980s, the number of measured fission yields increased so drastically that the manpower available for evaluating them to meet specific user needs was insufficient. To cope with this task, it was concluded in several meetings on fission product nuclear data, some of them convened by the IAEA, that international co-operation was required, and an IAEA co-ordinated research project (CRP) was recommended. This recommendation was endorsed by the International Nuclear Data Committee, an advisory body for the nuclear data programme of the IAEA. As a consequence, the CRP on the Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data was initiated in 1991, after its scope, objectives and tasks had been defined by a preparatory meeting. -
Wo 2009/108331 A2
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 3 September 2009 (03.09.2009) WO 2009/108331 A2 (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, A61K 38/22 (2006.01) CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, (21) International Application Number: HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, PCT/US2009/001213 KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (22) International Filing Date: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, 25 February 2009 (25.02.2009) NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, (25) Filing Language: English UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 61/066,959 25 February 2008 (25.02.2008) US GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, Not furnished 25 February 2009 (25.02.2009) US ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, (71) Applicant and ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, (72) Inventor: FORSLEY, Lawrence, Parker, Galloway MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), [US/US]; 70 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 1461 1 OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, (US). -
Relative Fission Product Yield Determination in the Usgs
RELATIVE FISSION PRODUCT YIELD DETERMINATION IN THE USGS TRIGA MARK I REACTOR by Michael A. Koehl © Copyright by Michael A. Koehl, 2016 All Rights Reserved A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Nuclear Engineering). Golden, Colorado Date: ____________________ Signed: ________________________ Michael A. Koehl Signed: ________________________ Dr. Jenifer C. Braley Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date: ____________________ Signed: ________________________ Dr. Mark P. Jensen Professor and Director Nuclear Science and Engineering Program ii ABSTRACT Fission product yield data sets are one of the most important and fundamental compilations of basic information in the nuclear industry. This data has a wide range of applications which include nuclear fuel burnup and nonproliferation safeguards. Relative fission yields constitute a major fraction of the reported yield data and reduce the number of required absolute measurements. Radiochemical separations of fission products reduce interferences, facilitate the measurement of low level radionuclides, and are instrumental in the analysis of low-yielding symmetrical fission products. It is especially useful in the measurement of the valley nuclides and those on the extreme wings of the mass yield curve, including lanthanides, where absolute yields have high errors. This overall project was conducted in three stages: characterization of the neutron flux in irradiation positions within the U.S. Geological Survey TRIGA Mark I Reactor (GSTR), determining the mass attenuation coefficients of precipitates used in radiochemical separations, and measuring the relative fission products in the GSTR. Using the Westcott convention, the Westcott flux, ; modified spectral index, ; neutron temperature, ; and gold-based cadmium ratiosφ were determined for various sampling√⁄ positions in the USGS TRIGA Mark I reactor. -
The Electronuclear Conversion of Fertile to Fissile Material
UCRL-52144 THE ELECTRONUCLEAR CONVERSION OF FERTILE TO FISSILE MATERIAL C. M. Van Atta J. D. Lee H. Heckrotto October 11, 1976 Prepared for U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 II\M LAWRENCE lUg LIVERMORE k^tf LABORATORY UnrmsilyotCatftxna/lJvofmofe s$ PC DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENmmT IS UMUMWTED NOTICE Thii npoit WM prepared w u account of wot* •pomond by UM Uiilttd Stalwi GovcmiMM. Nittim Uw United Stain nor the United Statn Energy tUwardi it Development AdrnWrtrtUon, not «y of thei* employee!, nor any of their contricton, •ubcontrecton, or their employe*!, makti any warranty, expreai « Implied, or muMi any toga) liability oc reeponafctUty for the accuracy, completenni or uMfulntat of uy Information, apperatui, product or proem dlecloead, or repreienl. that tu UM would not *nfrkig» prrrtt*)}MWiwd r%hl». NOTICE Reference to a oompmy or product rum don not imply approval or nconm ndatjon of the product by the Untnrtity of California or the US. Energy Research A Devetopnient Administration to the uchvton of others that may be suitable. Printed In the United Stitei or America Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 528S Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price: Printed Copy S : Microfiche $2.25 DMimtic P»t» Ranflt PHca *•#» Rtnft MM 001-025 $ 3.50 326-350 10.00 026-050 4.00 351-375 10.50 051-075 4.50 376-400 10.75 076-100 5.00 401-425 11.00 101-125 5.50 426-450 31.75 126-150 6.00 451-475 12.00 151-175 6.75 476-500 12.50 176-200 7.50 501-525 12.75 201-225 7.75 526-550 13.00 526-250 8.00 551-575 13.50 251-275 9.00 576-600 I3.7S 276-300 9.25 601 -up 301-325 9.75 *Ml J2.50 fot «ch iddltlOMl 100 pip tacmitMt from 601 ID 1,000 flfcK IM 54.50 for eicli iMUknal I0O plfe feenmMI om 1,000 p*o. -
Appendix: Key Concepts and Vocabulary for Nuclear Energy
Appendix: Key Concepts and Vocabulary for Nuclear Energy The likelihood of fission depends on, among other Power Plant things, the energy of the incoming neutron. Some In most power plants around the world, heat, usually nuclei can undergo fission even when hit by a low- produced in the form of steam, is converted to energy neutron. Such elements are called fissile. electricity. The heat could come through the burning The most important fissile nuclides are the uranium of coal or natural gas, in the case of fossil-fueled isotopes, uranium-235 and uranium-233, and the power plants, or the fission of uranium or plutonium plutonium isotope, plutonium-239. Isotopes are nuclei. The rate of electrical power production in variants of the same chemical element that have these power plants is usually measured in megawatts the same number of protons and electrons, but or millions of watts, and a typical large coal or nuclear differ in the number of neutrons. Of these, only power plant today produces electricity at a rate of uranium-235 is found in nature, and it is found about 1,000 megawatts. A much smaller physical only in very low concentrations. Uranium in nature unit, the kilowatt, is a thousand watts, and large contains 0.7 percent uranium-235 and 99.3 percent household appliances use electricity at a rate of a few uranium-238. This more abundant variety is an kilowatts when they are running. The reader will have important example of a nucleus that can be split only heard about the “kilowatt-hour,” which is the amount by a high-energy neutron. -
On the Calculation of the Fast Fission Factor
AE-27 On the Calculation of the w < Fast Fission Factor B. Almgren AKTIEBOLAGET ATOMENERGI STOCKHOLM • SWEDEN • I960 AE-27 ON THE CALCULATION OF THE FAST FISSION FACTOR E. Almgren Summary: Definitions of the fast fission factor e ars discussed. Different methods of calculation of e are compared. Group constants for one -, two- and three- group calculations have been evaluated using the best obtainable basic data. The effects of back-scattering, coupling and (n, 2n)-reactions are discussed. Completion of manuscript in June 1960 Printed and distributed in November 1960 LIST OF CONTENTS Page 1. Definitions 3 2. Formulas for the fast fission factor e and the fast fission ratio R 3 3. Calculation of group constants 7 4. Collision probabilities 10 5. Numerical results 12 6. Discussion 12 7. Acknowledgements 13 Preferences 14 On the calculation of the fast fission factor. 1. Definitions The fast fission factor e may be defined in different ways. Carlvik and Pershagen (3) have defined e as "the number of neutrons which are either slowed down below 0, 1 MeV in the fuel or leave the fuel, per primary neu- tron from thermal fission". This definition has been used in Sweden, since it was proposed (1956). Another commonly used definition is due to Spinrad (2) "the number of neutrons making first collision with moderator per neutron arising from thermal fission". The choice of definition must be consistent with the definition of the resonance escape probability. The above-mentioned definitions include in e some of the capture below the fast fission threshold. However, they do not include the effects of (n, 2n)-reactions or capture of high energy neutrons in the moderator. -
Atomic Engery Education Volume Four.Pdf
~ t a t e of ~ ofua 1952 SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF ATOMIC ENERGY (A Source Book /or General Use in Colleges) Volume IV The Iowa Plan for Atomic Energy Education Issu ed by the D epartment of Public Instruction J essie M. Parker Superintendent Des Moines, Iowa Published by the State .of Iowa ''The release of atomic energy on a large scale is practical. It is reasonable to anticipate that this new source of energy will cause profound changes in our present way of life." - Quoted from the Copyright 1952 Atomic Energy Act of 1946. by The State of Iowa "Unless the people have the essential facts about atonuc energy, they cannot act wisely nor can they act democratically."-. -David I Lilienthal, formerly chairman of the Atomic Energy Com.mission. IOWA PLAN FOR ATOMIC ENERGY EDUCATION FOREWORD Central Planning Committee About five years ago the Iowa State Department of Public Instruction became impressed with the need for promoting Atomic Energy Education throughout the state. Following a series of Glenn Hohnes, Iowa State Col1ege, Ames, General Chairman conferences, in which responsible educators and laymen shared their views on this problem, Emil C. Miller, Luther College, Decorah plans were made to develop material for use at the elementary, high school, college, and Barton Morgan, Iowa State College, Ames adult education levels. This volume is a resource hook for use with and by college students. M. J. Nelson, Iowa State Teachers College, Cedar Falls Actually, many of the materials in this volume have their origin in the Atomic Energy Day Hew Roberts, State University of Iowa, Iowa City programs which were sponsored by Cornell College and Luther College two or three years L. -
Module01 Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory
Module I Nuclear physics and reactor theory International Atomic Energy Agency, May 2015 v1.0 Background In 1991, the General Conference (GC) in its resolution RES/552 requested the Director General to prepare 'a comprehensive proposal for education and training in both radiation protection and in nuclear safety' for consideration by the following GC in 1992. In 1992, the proposal was made by the Secretariat and after considering this proposal the General Conference requested the Director General to prepare a report on a possible programme of activities on education and training in radiological protection and nuclear safety in its resolution RES1584. In response to this request and as a first step, the Secretariat prepared a Standard Syllabus for the Post- graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection. Subsequently, planning of specialised training courses and workshops in different areas of Standard Syllabus were also made. A similar approach was taken to develop basic professional training in nuclear safety. In January 1997, Programme Performance Assessment System (PPAS) recommended the preparation of a standard syllabus for nuclear safety based on Agency Safely Standard Series Documents and any other internationally accepted practices. A draft Standard Syllabus for Basic Professional Training Course in Nuclear Safety (BPTC) was prepared by a group of consultants in November 1997 and the syllabus was finalised in July 1998 in the second consultants meeting. The Basic Professional Training Course on Nuclear Safety was offered for the first time at the end of 1999, in English, in Saclay, France, in cooperation with Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires/Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (INSTN/CEA). -
Chapter 8. the Atomic Nucleus
Chapter 8. The Atomic Nucleus Notes: • Most of the material in this chapter is taken from Thornton and Rex, Chapters 12 and 13. 8.1 Nuclear Properties Atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which are referred to as nucleons. Although both types of particles are not fundamental or elementary, they can still be considered as basic constituents for the purpose of understanding the atomic nucleus. Protons and neutrons have many characteristics in common. For example, their masses are very similar with 1.0072765 u (938.272 MeV) for the proton and 1.0086649 u (939.566 MeV) for the neutron. The symbol ‘u’ stands for the atomic mass unit defined has one twelfth of the mass of the main isotope of carbon (i.e., 12 C ), which is known to contain six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus. We thus have that 1 u = 1.66054 ×10−27 kg (8.1) = 931.49 MeV/c2 . Protons and neutrons also both have the same intrinsic spin, but different magnetic moments (see below). Their main difference, however, pertains to their electrical charges: the proton, as we know, has a charge of +e , while the neutron has none, as its name implies. Atomic nuclei are designated using the symbol A Z XN , (8.2) with Z, N and A the number of protons (atomic element number), the number of neutrons, and the atomic mass number ( A = Z + N ), respectively, while X is the chemical element symbol. It is often the case that Z and N are omitted, when there is no chance of confusion. -
Chapter 2 the Atomic Nucleus
Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Chapter 2 The Atomic Nucleus Searching for the ultimate building blocks of the physical world has always been a central theme in the history of scientific research. Many acclaimed ancient philosophers from very different cultures have pondered the consequences of subdividing regular, tangible objects into their smaller and smaller, invisible constituents. Many of them believed that eventually there would exist a final, inseparable fundamental entity of matter, as emphasized by the use of the ancient Greek word, atoos (atom), which means “not divisible.” Were these atoms really the long sought-after, indivisible, structureless building blocks of the physical world? The Atom By the early 20th century, there was rather compelling evidence that matter could be described by an atomic theory. That is, matter is composed of relatively few building blocks that we refer to as atoms. This theory provided a consistent and unified picture for all known chemical processes at that time. However, some mysteries could not be explained by this atomic theory. In 1896, A.H. Becquerel discovered penetrating radiation. In 1897, J.J. Thomson showed that electrons have negative electric charge and come from ordinary matter. For matter to be electrically neutral, there must also be positive charges lurking somewhere. Where are and what carries these positive charges? A monumental breakthrough came in 1911 when Ernest Rutherford and his coworkers conducted an experiment intended to determine the angles through which a beam of alpha particles (helium nuclei) would scatter after passing through a thin foil of gold. -
Neutron Fission of Pu-239
., & ,_. i!)e -o At&&i ...I k LA-3383 .S$+#a-v’- “ Errata Sh& 4%3● 1;1 J LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY of the University of California LOS ALAMOS ● NEW MEXICO Fission Product Yields from Fast (-1MeV) Neutron Fission of Pu-239 .,., I UNITEDSTATES ATOMIC ENERGYCOMMISSION CONTRACTW-7405-ENG. 36 .4 ‘- . ~LE GAL NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United u Statea, nor the Commission, nor any person acttng on behalf of the Commission: A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu- racy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in thts report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process dtsclosed in tbts report may not infringe privately owned rights; or B. Aasumea any liabilities wtth respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in thts report. As used in the above, “person acttng on behalf of the Commission” includes any em- ployee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, disseminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to MS employment or contract with the Commission, or his employment wtth such contractor. This report expresses the opinions of the author or authors and does not necessarily reflect the opiniorts or views of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Printed in USA. Price $2.00. Available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, National Bureau of Standards, United st2tiS Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia *’” UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY (CONTRACT W-7405-ENG36) P.