Tropical Grasslands (2007) Volume 41, 84–91 84
Utilisation of ley legumes as livestock feed in Zimbabwe
C. MAPIYE1, M. MWALE1, J.F. MUPANGWA1, subsistence basis and is severely limited by, inter P. H. MUGABE2, X. POSHIWA3 AND alia, a shortage of inputs, recurrent droughts, lack N. CHIKUMBA3 of draught power and inherent poor soil fertility. 1 Department of Agriculture, Bindura University Ruminant livestock are grazed largely on native of Science Education, Bindura pasture, that is usually in short supply and of poor 2 Department of Animal Science, University of nutritive value during the prolonged dry season Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare (Muchadeyi 1998). Crop stovers make up the 3 Grasslands Research Station, Marondera, bulk of livestock feed during this time. Increasing Zimbabwe rural resettlement has led to a rapid and general decline in the areas of grazing lands available to smallholder farmers (Nyoka et al. 2004). There- Abstract fore, the need to intensify and optimise both live- stock and crop production is the major challenge Rural communities in Zimbabwe rely heavily on being faced by smallholder farmers. integration between crop and livestock activities Technologies aiming at increasing productivity at farm level. This form of agriculture is under of crops and livestock, while enhancing well-being increasing pressure because of land degradation, of farmers and minimising resource degradation, recurrent droughts and increasing human pop- must be developed. One such technology is cul- ulation. Technologies aimed at achieving a bal- tivation of ley legumes, which has the potential ance, whereby crop and livestock can increase in to improve sustainability and productivity of the productivity, while resource degradation is min- smallholder mixed-farming systems by providing imised, must be developed. Cultivation of ley high-quality feed that can boost crop and live- legumes has the potential to improve the sustain- stock production in Zimbabwe. By providing soil ability and productivity of the smallholder mixed- cover, ley legumes reduce soil erosion and runoff, farming systems by providing high-quality feed improve soil organic matter content and compete that can boost crop and livestock production. This with weeds (Foppes 1993). Successful utilisa- paper reviews selection, utilisation and adoption tion of ley legumes depends on the selection of of major ley legumes, and highlights research locally adapted (climate and edaphic) species that gaps, constraints and opportunities for ley legume produce reasonable quantities of quality forage. research in Zimbabwe. This paper reviews research on screening, eval- uation, agronomy, conservation, utilisation and adoption of major ley legumes for the past two Introduction decades and highlights research gaps, constraints to and opportunities for ley legume research in Rural communities in Zimbabwe and Africa, Zimbabwe. in general, rely heavily for their survival on integrated crop and livestock activities at farm level. This form of agriculture is under Screening and evaluation of ley legumes increasing pressure because of land degradation and expanding human population (Francis et al. Screening and evaluation research in Zimbabwe 1997). Crop production is most commonly on a during the past two decades aimed to identify new ley legume varieties that could improve Correspondence: C. Mapiye, Department of Agricul- productivity in crop-livestock farming systems. ture, Bindura University of Science Education, P Bag 1020, Researchers concentrated on identifying ley Bindura, Zimbabwe. E-mail: [email protected]
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legumes that would be ideal for cereal-legume digestibility, in vivo degradability and effects on intercropping systems. Substantial evidence milk yield, reproduction and growth rates. has been accumulated to show that ley farming Grasslands Research Station in Marondera is both feasible and potentially very benefi cial identifi ed Lablab purpureus cvv. Rongai and for Zimbabwe (Muchadeyi 1998; Jiri 2003; Highworth and ILCA Acc. 11642 as appropriate Maasdorp et al. 2004). However, there are few legumes for intercropping in the high-potential examples of legume-based ley farming systems agro-ecological communal areas of Zimbabwe that have been readily adopted by farmers in (Manyawu et al. 1993; Manyawu 1998). Grown Zimbabwe. Three species, namely: Lablab pur- alone, Rongai and Jhansi gave the highest forage pureus (lablab), Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) yields (5.9 and 5.85 t/ha DM) and were ideal and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), have been suc- for use as annual or bi-annual fodder banks cessfully established, mainly to feed dairy cattle (Manyawu et al. 1993; Jingura et al. 2001). How- under different climatic and management con- ever, Highworth produced the highest grain and ditions (Majee and Chikumba 1995; Muchadeyi forage yields in semi-arid agro-ecological zones 1998; Nyoka et al. 2004) (Table 1). Crotalaria of Zimbabwe (Mutisi et al. 1994). In order to juncea (sunnhemp), Glycine max (soybean) realise full benefi ts from lablab, there is a need to Vicia sativa (vetch), Pisum sativum (pea) and control diseases and pests (aphids and cutworms) Lupinus albus (white lupin) have been used to (Manyawu et al. 1993). Therefore, it is important a lesser extent, and research on these species to select lablab accessions for resistance to not in Zimbabwe is limited. Despite little attention only bacterial and fungal diseases but also pest being given to the afore-mentioned species, they attack. have shown a lot of potential in other tropical Preliminary fi ndings from on-farm research in countries (Muchadeyi 1998). Hence, there is need Chihota communal lands and Makaholi Research to broaden the research agenda to include selec- Station indicated that Mucuna pruriens and Vigna tion of these species, especially in smallholder unguiculata produced high yields in warmer and areas of low agricultural potential. medium-high rainfall areas with poor soil fer- The following attributes were used for tility in Zimbabwe (Majee and Chikumba 1995; screen ing and evaluation: ease of establishment Jiri 2003) (Table 1). Vigna unguiculata accession (high seed-production potential); ease of re- 121688 gave the highest forage dry matter yield establishment (high soil-seed-reserve potential, (2.38 t/ha) after one season’s growth in studies hardseededness); longevity; ease of control during conducted in Hwedza (Manyawu 1998; Muring- the crop phase; high nitrogen-fi xation potential (a weni et al. 2004). function of plant productivity and soil adaptation); Selection of tropical legumes for leys has con- drought tolerance; tolerance of diseases and pests; centrated largely on the three above-mentioned chemical composition; and animal production (a species rather than on systematic screening of function of plant production and nutritive value) large germplasm collections for suitability as (Clatworthy and Madakadze 1988; Mutisi et al. leys. Thus, it is suggested that screening and 1994). The selection criteria should be extended evaluation programs should be expanded to to include important parameters such as: nutrient include accessions/cultivars of legumes that are uptake effi ciency; species complementarity (asso- more effi cient and require fewer establishment ciative ability); economics of ley legume produc- and management inputs than existing species and tion; and animal production factors such as in vivo cultivars. Different germplasm options should
Table 1. Climatic and edaphic attributes of common ley legume species and cultivars used in crop-livestock systems in Zimbabwe.
Species Common name Common cultivars Soil type Rainfall (mm) Temperature (°C)
Lablab purpureus Lablab Rongai, Highworth Deep sands to heavy clays <500 18–30 and Jhansi Mucuna pruriens Velvet bean Utilis Well drained, medium to <600 19–27 high fertility soils Vigna unguiculata Cowpea — Sandy to heavy soils <500 25–35
Source: Majee and Chikumba 1995; Muchadeyi 1998; Nyoka et al. 2004.
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be considered, including those developed for that it is best to harvest lablab once (May–June) different environments in terms of soil, climate for optimum herbage yield (Manyawu 1998). and production systems. In addition to a wider Results of intercropping research over the past species range, evaluation of legumes should be two decades favoured the simultaneous planting based on an intra-specifi c variability as broad as of ley legumes (velvet bean, cowpea and lablab) possible. with maize, napier/bana grass, millet or sorghum, Longevity of the species is another important except where the legume can be too vigorous for consideration. Although the concept of a short- the companion crop (Muchadeyi 1998; Nyoka term ley almost implies that the respective legume et al. 2004). Intercropping with legumes increased is short-lived, persistent legume banks or mixed herbage yield by 40–60%, although the cereal pastures with high legume content should also be grain yields were depressed by up to 20%. When considered. In comparison with annuals, longer- velvet bean is mixed with grasses or cereals, the lived legumes will have an important advantage yield of cereals is naturally depressed to below during the dry season. In this context, a potential 10 t/ha. However, the total yields depend on plant option that should be researched is that of mix- populations, quality of the season and the man- tures of complementary legume species. Possible agement systems employed (Muza 1998). Lablab topics for future research are as follows: charac- should be sown about 28 days after the maize terisation of the potential of soil seed reserves crop has been planted to avoid severe depression and seedling recruitment; breaking of pest and in cereal crop yield from competition. Where disease cycles through legume leys; and measure- lablab precedes maize in a rotation, nitrogen fer- ment of animal production on legume leys (very tiliser application can be reduced to 75% of the limited data currently available). recommended levels in the subsequent maize crop (Muchadeyi 1998). In on-farm trials in the Hwedza communal area of Zimbabwe, varieties Agronomy of ley legumes of velvet bean and lablab were found to improve the maize crop in the following year by up to Ley legume experiments were conducted to pro- 3 t/ha, compared with a ‘weed fallow’ before vide additional information on the management sowing the maize (Jiri 2003). Future research on of new pasture species that would have suc- the economics (costs and benefi ts) of using ley ceeded in evaluation trials. At Grasslands, it was legumes is essential to allow farmers to make established that lablab, cowpea and velvet bean informed decisions relating to input costs and should be planted with the fi rst rains in October– production benefi ts. November in order to maximise herbage yield. Velvet bean, cowpea and lablab are best sown into a well prepared, fallowed seedbed that has a Conservation and utilisation of ley legumes good depth of subsoil moisture (at least 60 cm). Seed should be sown at a depth of 5–10 cm into Velvet bean moist soil with good seed-soil contact. For pure stands, the inter-row and intra-row spacings Feeding value. In Zimbabwe, velvet bean is used should range from 60–100 cm and 20–75 cm, as green manure and for cattle feed, as mature respectively. The average seeding rates for velvet pods, hay, ensilage with molasses, maize-Mucuna bean, cowpea and lablab are 20–30, 10–20 and silage or grazing (Jiri 2003). Dry matter (DM) pro- 15–25 kg/ha, respectively. Normally, one seed duction is high, reaching 9–12 t/ha in a 900 mm per station is allowed, because the germination rainfall region in Zimbabwe (Muchadeyi 1998). rate is very good (75–95%) for seed, which has Fresh velvet bean is of good quality (Table 2) been less than 18 months in storage. These ley with an average of 23% crude protein (CP) and legumes are inoculated with cowpea rhizobium, 82% total digestible nutrients (TDN) (Topps and and lime is applied at a rate of 500–1000 kg/ Oliver 1993; Muchadeyi 1998). Maasdorp and Tit- ha before planting. Basal applications of single terton (1997) reported CP concentration of 182 g/ superphosphate at a rate of 150–300 kg/ha and kg DM in Mucuna forage in Zimbabwe at peak potassium (K) as muriate of potash at a rate of biomass yield (also peak digestible dry matter 40–200 mg/kg before or at planting are recom- yield) at the early green pod stage. These results mended (Muchadeyi 1998). It was also shown were comparable with those for lablab (164 g/kg)
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and cowpea (200 g/kg). However, velvet bean is three kilograms of maize bran daily (Juma et al. unpalatable to most livestock, despite an average 2006). digestibility of about 65%. Since Mucuna has Grazing. For dairy cows grazing on pasture grass high nutritive value, it would seem desirable to in the communal areas of Zimbabwe (1200 mm embark on research to improve its palatability. rainfall), Mucuna proved to be the best annual Table 2. Nutritive value of velvet bean. legume for late summer and autumn grazing (mid- February to mid-May) in order to reduce concen- trate feed requirements (Murungweni et al. 2004). Component Nutrient Concentration If not grazed too heavily, Mucuna grew back suf- Seed meal Crude protein (%) 23.0 fi ciently well to provide a second grazing one Digestible protein (%) 19.0 month later. Smallholder farmers favour delaying Seed meal hay Crude protein (%) 23.5 ADF (%) 10.7 the grazing of Mucuna until after seed collection, Hay Crude protein (%) 14–21 rather than using the biomass earlier, when it is ADF (%) 36.3 more nutritious (Maasdorp and Titterton 1997). Seed Protein (%) 25.5 Digestible protein (%) 21.1 Total digestible nutrients (%) 91.1 Hay. Small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe are reluc- Fibre (%) 12–15 tant to cut Mucuna for hay, as that would mean ME (MJ/kg at 90% DM) 12.1 foregoing seed harvest. Mucuna is seldom used Whole pod Protein (%) 20.0 Digestible protein (%) 14.4 for hay, as it is diffi cult to handle because of Total digestible nutrients (%) 82.2 entangled vines, and needs to be cut early to Fibre (%) 13.0 ME (MJ/kg at 90% DM) 11.0 avoid the prolonged periods required for drying of the thick fl eshy pods, with resultant leaf loss Source: Muchadeyi 1998; Topps and Oliver 1993. (Jiri 2003). A few large-scale commercial farmers intercrop maize with Mucuna, cut and store it in Both whole and ground pods are unpalatable small stacks at maturity, then mill and feed it to (Topps and Oliver 1993), though grinding tends to cattle as required during the dry season. improve palatability (D’Mello 1995). Since pods act as a potent laxative, the quantity fed should Silage. Although many dairy farmers in be limited (e.g. 2 kg/d). Where grinding proves Zimbabwe currently make silage, it is predom- inconvenient, seeds or pods should be soaked for inantly maize silage, with a CP content of only 24 hours before feeding (Topps and Oliver 1993). about 6–8%. Intercropping silage maize with Although cooking Mucuna can reduce its toxicity Mucuna improves its nutritive value (Jiri 2003). and increase its digestibility (D’Mello 1995), Titterton and Maasdorp (1997) compared mixed Topps and Oliver (1993) warn against feeding it silages (50:50 v/v) made from maize and 15 leg- to pigs and poultry. It can cause acute vomiting umes. Fermentation of the maize-Mucuna mix- and diarrhoea on account of the L-Dopa content ture in terms of NH3:N ratio proved successful, (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine), and can inhibit as it did not exceed the 10–15% upper limit for growth and reduce egg production in chickens. legume silages (Mahanna 1994). While CP con- centration of the maize-Mucuna silage (138 g/kg Animal production. Velvet bean hay has been DM) was second only to forage soybean (153 g/kg), successfully substituted for dairy concentrates the maize-Mucuna silage was otherwise of only in Zimbabwe without decline in milk yield or moderate nutritive value. Its digestibility and quality and has been recommended for this pur- metabolisable energy content were 50% and pose (Murungweni et al. 2004). In other tropical 8.0 MJ/kg, respectively (Mahanna 1994). Har- countries, it has been used mainly for protein vesting Mucuna earlier, and wilting it before supplementation in bovines, sheep and goats. As ensiling, could improve the quality of silage from an example, providing velvet bean as a supple- the maize-Mucuna mixture (Jiri 2003). Maize- ment for sheep resulted in a daily liveweight gain Mucuna silage is useful forage for dairy cattle and of 60 g/animal compared with 44 g/d when com- other productive animals. When given to cattle at mercial concentrates were fed (Maasdorp et al. the rate of 5 kg per 100 kg body mass (25–30% 2004). In Kenya, cows fed Mucuna yielded 15% DM), silage from a maize-Mucuna intercrop pro- more milk than those fed the control diet alone, vides enough nutrients for body maintenance which consisted of maize stover ad libitum plus (Maasdorp and Titterton 1997).
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Lablab through the use of velvet bean (Maasdorp and Titterton 1997; Murungweni et al. 2004). Lablab is a dual-purpose legume used as a fodder for grazing and conservation in Zimbabwe, as Table 3. Chemical composition of lablab. well as green manure or cover crop and in cut- and-carry systems and as a concentrate feed Nutrient Whole Leaf Stem (Mutisi et al. 1994). It can be incorporated into plant
cereal cropping systems as a ley legume to Ash (%) 10.1 address the decline in soil fertility and is inter- Digestible organic matter (%) 60.2 cropped with maize to provide better legume/ Crude protein (%) 15.9 22 10 Neutral detergent fi bre (%) 46.6 stover feed quality (Muza 1998; Jiri 2003). When Acid detergent fi bre (%) 33.1 22 38 used for forage in large areas, lablab is often Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (%) 0.23 ME (MJ/kg DM) – 11.2 8.5 sown with annual grass/cereals such as napier/ Calcium (mg/kg) 9.6 bana grass, maize, sorghums and millets. In Phosphorus (mg/kg) 2.1 smallholder systems, lablab can be intercropped Sources: Jingura et al. 2001; Mutisi et al. 1994; with maize (Muchadeyi 1998). Topps and Oliver 1993. Feeding value. Seasonal yields of 2 t/ha leaf or 4 t/ha stem and leaf are common in the subhumid Silage. Research at Matopos and Henderson subtropics (Jingura et al. 2001). Leaf has CP con- demonstrated that lablab and cowpea herbage, centration of 21–38%, while levels are 20–28% mixed with maize or sorghum forage, could be for grain and 7–20% for stem (Table 3). Digesti- successfully ensiled to provide high quality fodder bility ranges from 55–76%, commonly exceeding during the dry season (Maasdorp and Titterton 60% (leaves) (Muchadeyi 1998). Grain con- 1997). Well preserved silages of up to 3.8 pH and tains tannins, and phytate and trypsin inhibitors, 12% CP were obtained without the use of addi- but soaking or cooking reduces the activity tives (Titterton and Maasdorp 1997). of these compounds (Topps and Oliver 1993; D’Mello 1995). Cowpea Animal production. Supplementing the diet of sheep and goats with lablab in Zimbabwe can improve Cowpea is one of the most important tropical condition of does and ewes, and increase birth dual-purpose legumes in Zimbabwe, being used weights and growth rates of kids as well as milk for vegetables (leaves and fl owers), grain, fresh yields (Mutisi et al. 1994; Ndlovu and Sibanda cut-and-carry forage and hay and silage. The 1996; Titterton and Maasdorp 1997). In Brazil, zebu cattle grazing maize stalks, dry grass and species has high potential as a green manure for green lablab gained 350 g/hd/d over a 3-month soil enhancement (Jiri 2003). period, while cattle without lablab lost weight. In Feeding value. Cowpea can produce 3–10 t/ha south Africa, on rotation pastures with lablab and DM in 8–12 weeks, with grain production of grasses, 50 bulls gained an average of 40 kg/hd in 250–4000 kg/ha (Manyawu et al. 1993). It has 63 days and 9–13 L milk/head/day were obtained high nutritive value: CP in green foliage 14–21%, from cows grazing pure lablab. In subtropical Aus- in crop residues 6–8%, and in grain 18–26%; tralia, cattle gains have ranged from 0.09–1.04 kg/ plus in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) hd/d, depending on the feeding conditions (Mucha- of foliage >80%. In vitro dry matter digestibility deyi 1998). In summer and autumn, when grass of residues after grain harvest is 55–65% (Topps forage crops and lablab were the predominant feeds and Oliver 1993; Muchadeyi 1998). Few studies for dairy cows, milk production from these for- are available where it was fed as a supplement. ages on 12 farms ranged from 6.5 to 10.5 kg/cow/d It is non-toxic for ruminants; however, for mono- (Chataway et al. 1992). gastrics, trypsin inhibitors and the presence of Hay. Trials in Zimbabwe have demonstrated that tannins need to be taken into account, although the use of a lablab hay supplement resulted in milk heat treatment reduces trypsin inhibitors (Topps yield increases slightly less than those obtained and Oliver 1993; D’Mello 1995).
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Animal production. Very few studies are avail- and maintenance, inaccessibility of research able in Zimbabwe, but in other countries, feeding results by end users and lack of appreciation of cowpea as a supplement produced a 10–20% the value of ley legumes by farmers (Mupangwa increase in milk yield (Colombia) and 50% higher 1994; Chigariro 2004; Maasdorp et al. 2004)). animal liveweight gain (67 g/d with sheep) (West In this context, the importance of developing Africa). In some trials on cowpeas in Australia, functional seed and inoculant delivery systems lambs gained 197 g/hd/d over a 30-day grazing cannot be over-emphasised. The rate of adoption period. First-cross lambs grazing cowpeas gained of available ley legume technologies, however, 198 g/hd/d during the fi rst month with a decline besides being affected by traditional thinking to 159 g/hd/d over the last 30 days (Muchadeyi and farming practices, seems to be determined 1998). In a pen feeding study in north Queens- mainly by economics. Benefi ts from the system land, steers fed green chop cowpea gained must be substantially higher than the ley estab- 0.64 kg/d (Thurbon and Winks 1970). Rate of lishment and maintenance costs. In this context, gain increased to 0.91 kg/d when molasses was important factors to be considered are: the extent added to the ration at 24% of the DM on offer. of soil degradation due to continuous cropping Hay. Excellent hay can be made from cowpea, (usually farmers fail to see any urgent need to especially in mixtures with maize, forage restore soil fertility); prices of alternative ferti- sorghum or millet (Jiri 2003). Information on the lisers required for the arable crop; labour and fer- utilisation of cowpea hay in Zimbabwe is inade- tiliser requirements to establish ley legumes; and quate and this aspect warrants investigation. prices of crop and livestock products (Pengelly et al. 2004). Use of these ley legumes has been shown to increase profi ts by over 300% in small- Adoption of ley legume technology holder dairy systems (Murungweni et al. 2004). In a participatory action research program on the Ley legumes play an important role in sustaining use of forage legumes in cropping systems in the livelihoods of small- and medium-scale some parts of Zimbabwe, the keys to successful farmers throughout the tropics, mainly as a result forage legume adoption in rural communities of their positive effects on crop and livestock pro- were seen as: the emerging market for livestock duction, and contribution to economic and envi- products; a motivated and educated extension ronmental sustainability (Francis et al. 1997). service working with a range of research special- However, in Zimbabwe and many other regions ists; and the opportunities for benefi cial synergies of the tropics, the potential of forage legumes to be exploited from a mixed crop-livestock pro- for sustainable development is largely untapped duction system (Chigariro 2004). and adoption of ley legumes, in particular, has so A participatory approach that has been devel- far been limited. Prior to independence in 1980, oped for tree/shrub legumes in Zimbabwe ley legume research in Zimbabwe had targeted enhanced both the development of forage legume only large-scale commercial dairy and inten- technology and its scaling out to new areas sive (pen-fattening) beef producers, with limited (Pengelly et al. 2004) and this approach should work on small-scale and smallholder producers be adopted and adapted for ley legume forages. (Mupangwa 1994). Consequently, this led to the The future challenge is to strengthen this partic- widespread adoption of ley legume technologies ipatory approach in the development of forage by commercial farmers in high- potential areas, technologies, especially in the process of scaling rather than marginal areas, where the majority of out such technologies. This approach should small-scale and smallholder farmers are found. recognise the diversity of farmers’ needs and be Recent research has shown that velvet bean, accompanied by awareness campaigns in order lablab and cowpea are promising protein sources to get long-term and widespread adoption of for small-scale and smallholder dairy farmers, forage technologies in Zimbabwe It is important especially those in low-potential agro-ecological to develop effective linkages among researchers, zones of Zimbabwe (Murungweni et al. 2004; extension workers, decision-makers, farmers and Ngongoni et al. 2006). other stakeholders, who have a complex knowl- The major factors limiting adoption of ley edge base and widely dispersed expertise for both legumes include the scarcity and high cost of the development and diffusion of improved multi- seed, diffi culties associated with establishment purpose legume species. Therefore, continuous
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selection of ley legumes should proceed in collab- Pengelly, B.C. (eds) Tropical Legumes for Sustainable Farming Systems in Southern Africa and Australia. Aus- oration with stakeholders in numerous locations tralian Centre for International Research (ACIAR) Proceed- within a range of utilisation systems, using farmer ings No. 115, pp. 12–17. participatory methods to ensure long-term and CLATWORTHY, J.N. and MADAKADZE, C. (1988) Some thoughts on the collection, introduction and evaluation of pasture widespread adoption of ley legume technologies. legumes in Zimbabwe. In: Dzowela, B.H. (ed.) African Plant Genetic Resources, Evaluation on Forage Germplasm and Extensive Livestock Production Systems. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 21–26:
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intercropped with maize for dry season fodder supplementa- NGONGONI, N.T., MAPIYE, C., MWALE, M. and MUPETA, B. (2006) tion. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Zimbabwe, Harare. Factors affecting milk production in the smallholder dairy MUPANGWA, J.F. (1994) Fodder production in small-scale and sector in Zimbabwe. Livestock Research for Rural Develop- communal sectors of Zimbabwe. In: Mutisi, C., Madsen, J., ment (18) 05. Hvlepund, T. and Gomez, M. (eds) Proceedings of the Work- NYOKA, R., CHIKUMBA, N., CHAKOMA, I., MAZAIWANA, P., shop on Integrated Livestock/Crop Production in the Small- MUKOMBE, N. and MAGWENZI, N. (2004) Evaluation and Scale and Communal Farming Systems in Zimbabwe held at Faculty of Agriculture Hall, University of Zimbabwe, Jan- screening of forage legumes for sustainable integration uary 26–28, 1994. pp. 19–21. into Crop–Livestock farming systems of Wedza District. MURUNGWENI, C., MABUKU, O. and MANYAWU, G.J. In: Whitbread, A. and Pengelly, B.C. (eds) Tropical Leg- (2004) Mucuna, Lablab and Paprika calyx as substitutes umes for Sustainable Farming Systems in Southern Africa for commercial protein sources used in dairy and pen- and Australia. Australian Centre for International Research fattening diets by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. In: (ACIAR) Proceedings No. 115, pp. 58–64. Whitbread, A. and Pengelly, B.C. (eds) Tropical Legumes PENGELLY, B.C., WHITBREAD, A., MAZAIWANA, P.R. and for Sustainable Farming Systems in Southern Africa and MUKOMBE, N. (2004) Tropical Research for the Future Australia. Australian Centre for International Research — Better Use of Research Resources to Deliver Adoption (ACIAR) Proceedings 115 No. , pp. 126–135. and Benefi ts to Farmers. In: Whitbread, A. and Peng- MUTISI, C., MADSEN, J., HVLEPUND, T. and GOMEZ, M. (1994) Tropical Legumes for Sustainable Farming Establishment and screening of grass and legume species in elly, B.C. (eds) the communal areas of Zimbabwe. In: Mutisi, C., Madsen, Systems in Southern Africa and Australia. Australian Centre J., Hvlepund, T. and Gomez, M. (eds) Proceedings of the for International Research (ACIAR) Proceedings No. 115, Workshop on Integrated Livestock/Crop Production in the pp. 28–37. Small-scale and Communal Farming Systems in Zimbabwe THURBON, P.N. and WINKS, L. (1970) The effect of substi- held at Faculty of Agriculture Hall, University of Zimbabwe, tuting molasses for grain in high legume roughage rations January 26–28, 1994. pp. 51–56. for fattening cattle. Proceedings of the Australian Society of MUZA, L. (1998) Selecting green manure legumes for relay Animal Production, 8, 237–242. and intercropping systems with maize on sandy soils in TITTERTON, M. and MAASDORP, B.V. (1997) Nutritional improve-
Zimbabwe. In: Buckles, D., Eteka, A., Osiname, O., Galiba, ment of maize silage for dairying: mixed crop silages from M. and Galiano, G. (eds) Cover crops in West Africa: Con- sole and intercropped legumes and a long season variety tributing to sustainable agriculture. pp. 251–257. (IDRC: Ottawa, Canada). of maize. 2. Ensilage. Journal of Animal Feed Science and NDLOVU, L.R. and SIBANDA, L.M. (1996) Potential of dolichos Technology, 69, 263–270. lablab (Lablab purpureus) and Acacia tortilis pods in TOPPS, J.H. and OLIVER. J. (1993) Animal Foods of Central smallholder goat kid feeding systems in semi-arid areas of Africa. Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal, Technical Bulletin Southern Africa. Small Ruminant Research, 21, 273–276. No. 2, Harare. pp. 76–105.
(Received for publication March 27, 2006; accepted August 29, 2006)
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