Lepidium Hyssopifolium

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Lepidium Hyssopifolium National Recovery Plan for the Basalt Peppercress Lepidium hyssopifolium Michelle Tumino Prepared by Michelle Tumino, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria. Published by the Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) Melbourne, July 2010. © State of Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment 2010 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Authorised by the Victorian Government, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne. ISBN 978-1-74242-063-9 This is a Recovery Plan prepared under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, with the assistance of funding provided by the Australian Government. This Recovery Plan has been developed with the involvement and cooperation of a range of stakeholders, but individual stakeholders have not necessarily committed to undertaking specific actions. The attainment of objectives and the provision of funds may be subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved. Proposed actions may be subject to modification over the life of the plan due to changes in knowledge. Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence that may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. An electronic version of this document is available on the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts website www.environment.gov.au For more information contact the DSE Customer Service Centre 136 186 Citation: Tumino, M. 2010. National Recovery Plan for the Basalt Peppercress Lepidium hyssopifolium. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. 1 Contents Summary........................................................................................................... 3 Species Information......................................................................................... 3 Description 3 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 3 Population Information 4 Habitat 4 Decline and Threats ......................................................................................... 5 Recovery Information ...................................................................................... 7 Existing Conservation Measures 7 Recovery Objectives 7 Program Implementation and Evaluation 8 Recovery Actions and Performance Criteria 8 Biodiversity Benefits 9 Management Practices 9 Affected Interests 10 Role and Interests of Indigenous People 10 Social and Economic Impacts 10 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 10 References...................................................................................................... 10 Priority, Feasibility and Estimated Costs of Recovery Actions ................. 11 Figure 1. Former and current distribution of Basalt Peppercress ............................................... 4 Table 1. Population and threat information for the Basalt Peppercress...................................... 5 2 Summary The Basalt Peppercress Lepidium hyssopifolium is a small perennial herb endemic to south- eastern Australia, where it occurs in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. There is little information on the previous distribution and abundance of the species, but its decline almost certainly relates to the widespread degradation and loss of grassland and grassy woodland habitats in south-eastern Australia. The Basalt Peppercress is currently known from about 35 populations containing about 1,700 plants. Current threats include grazing, competition and weed invasion, and habitat disturbance and destruction. The species is listed as Endangered under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. This national Recovery Plan for the Basalt Peppercress is the first recovery plan for the species, and details its distribution, habitat, threats and recovery objectives and actions necessary to ensure its long-term survival. Species Information Description The Basalt Peppercress Lepidium hyssopifolium Desvaux is an erect, many-branched perennial herb growing to 1 m in height and belonging to the Family Brassicaceae. Basal leaves are toothed or pinnately lobed, with hairy, serrated margins. Stem leaves are linear-lanceolate, toothed or entire with hairy serrated margins, 1–4 cm long and 1–3 mm wide. The stems and stem leaves are covered with fine, short, erect hairs. Leaves have an ear-like lobe or appendage at their base. The inflorescence is borne on an elongated raceme, the flowers are tiny, greenish and inconspicuous, the sepals 0.8 mm long and petals reduced or absent. A distinguishing feature is the presence of two stamens. Silicula are elliptic to ovate, 3–5 mm long and 2–3 mm wide. Fruit are sometimes hairy with narrow wings and are borne on hairy, terete pedicels 3–5 mm long. The spreading fruit stalks are slightly curved, circular in cross section and covered with short hairs (description from Cropper 1993; Entwisle 1996). The Basalt Peppercress is a prolific seed producer and seed can remain viable in the soil for at least two years (possibly substantially longer), although the large seed size means dispersal away from the parent plant is limited (Cropper 1987, 1993). The species requires disturbance for seed germination and seedling recruitment (Cropper 1993). Taxonomy Prior to a review in 1982, the name Lepidium hyssopifolium was misapplied to three separate species: Lepidium africanum (an introduced weed species), Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium and Lepidium pseudotasmanicum. Lepidium hyssopifolium can be distinguished from similar native and introduced species by the presence of two stamens, some auriculate leaves, a lack of lobed or dissected upper stem leaves, and minute, soft, erect hairs on pedicels, fruits and stems. Lepidium hyssopifolium contains several segregates that are recognised but not described. The species is in the process of being redefined, and is likely to be split into several taxa (N. Scarlett pers. comm.1999). Until official determinations, classifications and identification keys have been prepared, all populations currently known as L. hyssopifolium are included here. Distribution The Basalt Peppercress is endemic to south-eastern Australia, where it is widely but patchily distributed from south-eastern New South Wales through Victoria to eastern Tasmania (Figure 1). In New South Wales the species is currently known from near Bathurst and Bungendore, in the South Eastern Highlands IBRA bioregion (sensu DEH 2000), and there is an old record from near Armidale in the New England Tablelands bioregion. In Victoria, the species occurs mostly west of Melbourne, in the Victorian Midlands and Victorian Volcanic Plain bioregions. In Tasmania, it is confined to the east of the State, in the Tasmanian South East, Tasmanian Northern Midlands, Ben Lomond and Flinders bioregions, and formerly occurred in the Freycinet and Tasmanian Midlands bioregions. Maps showing the distribution of the Basalt Peppercress are available from each State nature conservation agency. 3 Former distribution Current distribution Known Former Occurrences Present Occurrences Figure 1. Former and current distribution of Basalt Peppercress Population Information The Basalt Peppercress is currently known from about 35 populations containing about 1,700 plants (Table 1), most of which occur in Tasmania. There are three populations containing about 40 plants in New South Wales and seven populations containing about 500 plants in Victoria. There are about 27 populations in Tasmania containing about 1,200 plants, distributed across the east of the State. The largest populations are at Tunbridge (~500 plants), Wyldes Plain (~200 plants) and Oatlands (~130 plants), while most other sites have fewer than 40 plants (DPIWE 2003). Adequate site information for most of the Tasmanian populations was unavailable and hence determination of the most important populations in Tasmania will be actioned through this Recovery Plan. Habitat The original habitat in which the Basalt Peppercress occurred is not precisely known, but was probably eucalypt and/or Allocasuarina woodland with a grassy understorey, and native temperate grasslands (Leigh et al. 1984). Almost all remaining populations of Basalt Peppercress occur in heavily modified, non-natural environments, usually amongst exotic pasture grasses and weed species, sometimes with an overstorey of introduced tree species. Soils are light to heavy, often friable, clay loams. Most sites are on roadsides, on fringes of developed agricultural land or occur in small reserves within an agricultural landscape. The population at Tunbridge (TAS) occurs at a site with reasonable native vegetation cover, in this case Eucalyptus amygdalina and Acacia mearnsii woodland (Kirkpatrick & Gilfedder 1998), while the Gib TSR site (NSW), despite a long history of periodic disturbance, still has a floristically diverse native grassland. Microsite conditions appear to be important for the establishment and persistence of Basalt Peppercress. Plants appear to establish on relatively open bare ground where there is limited competition from other plants (both native and introduced species), rather than in areas with 4 thick ground cover.
Recommended publications
  • Survey of Roadside Alien Plants in Hawai`I Volcanoes National Park and Adjacent Residential Areas 2001–2005
    Technical Report HCSU-032 SURVEY OF ROADSIDE ALIEN PLANts IN HAWAI`I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK AND ADJACENT RESIDENTIAL AREAS 2001–2005 Linda W. Pratt1 Keali`i F. Bio2 James D. Jacobi1 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kilauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 2 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, P.O. Box 44, Hawai‘i National Park, HI 96718 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai‘i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 September 2012 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement CA03WRAG0036 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. Technical Report HCSU-032 SURVEY OF ROADSIDE ALIEN PLANTS IN HAWAI`I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK AND ADJACENT RESIDENTIAL AREAS 2001–2005 1 2 1 LINDA W. PRATT , KEALI`I F. BIO , AND JAMES D. JACOBI 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kīlauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, HI 96718 2 Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai`i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 September 2012 This article has been peer reviewed and approved for publication consistent with USGS Fundamental Science Practices ( http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1367/ ). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Composition, Life Form and Chorology of Plant Life at Al-Saoda, Asir Region, South-Western Saudi Arabia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.4, No.26, 2014 Floristic Composition, Life Form and Chorology of Plant Life at Al-Saoda, Asir Region, South-Western Saudi Arabia Saadiya S. Seraj 1, Rahma N. Jrais 2 and, Sakeena K. Ayyad. 1 1, Assistant Prof. of plant ecology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid university. 2, Lecturer of plant Taxonomy, Faculty of Science, King Khalid university. Email: [email protected] Abstract Asir highlands constitute a major part of south-western Saudi Arabia, and have a temperate climate at elevations above 2500 m a.s.l. This area has a complicated topography. The variations in elevation and topography have resulted in distinctive vegetational zones. Floristic composition, life form and chorology of plant life at Al- Saoda region south – western Saudi Arabia was studied. Three major wadis (sites) were investigated , every site was represented by three localities representing up-stream , mid-stream and down-stream portions of each site. Nine field trips were carried out during 18 months .Vegetation of three localities ( Wadi Tahlal , Wadi Al- Moght and Beni Mazen ) was studied . Results revealed that the region considers a hot-spot in the Kingdom in term of plant diversity and more diverse compared with other well studied regions in Saudi Arabia. A total of 103 plant species belonging to 40 families were recorded in study area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Naturalized Vascular Plants of Western Australia 1
    12 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Distribution in IBRA Regions Western Australia is divided into 26 The naturalized vascular plants of Western Australia natural regions (Figure 1) that are used for 1: Checklist, environmental weeds and distribution in bioregional planning. Weeds are unevenly distributed in these regions, generally IBRA regions those with the greatest amount of land disturbance and population have the high- Greg Keighery and Vanda Longman, Department of Conservation and Land est number of weeds (Table 4). For exam- Management, WA Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, Western ple in the tropical Kimberley, VB, which Australia 6946, Australia. contains the Ord irrigation area, the major cropping area, has the greatest number of weeds. However, the ‘weediest regions’ are the Swan Coastal Plain (801) and the Abstract naturalized, but are no longer considered adjacent Jarrah Forest (705) which contain There are 1233 naturalized vascular plant naturalized and those taxa recorded as the capital Perth, several other large towns taxa recorded for Western Australia, com- garden escapes. and most of the intensive horticulture of posed of 12 Ferns, 15 Gymnosperms, 345 A second paper will rank the impor- the State. Monocotyledons and 861 Dicotyledons. tance of environmental weeds in each Most of the desert has low numbers of Of these, 677 taxa (55%) are environmen- IBRA region. weeds, ranging from five recorded for the tal weeds, recorded from natural bush- Gibson Desert to 135 for the Carnarvon land areas. Another 94 taxa are listed as Results (containing the horticultural centre of semi-naturalized garden escapes. Most Total naturalized flora Carnarvon).
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Establishing the Foundation of Impatiens Walleriana As a Nectar Model System Andrew M. Cox, M.S. Mentor: Christopher
    ABSTRACT Establishing the Foundation of Impatiens walleriana as a Nectar Model System Andrew M. Cox, M.S. Mentor: Christopher Kearney, Ph.D. Rapid proliferation of mosquito‐vectored viruses require affordable and effective methods are necessary in poor, urbanized tropical regions. Designing a plant‐based drug‐delivery system would provide this technology. Impatiens walleriana is ideal to establish a nectar‐model system for testing drug‐delivery targeting mosquitoes. Detailed in this thesis, are three building blocks for engineering impatiens to combat mosquito‐borne diseases. First, a highly produced nectar protein was identified, iwPHYL21. It is highly expressed, antimicrobial, and may serve as a fusion partner in heterologous protein expression. Second, an impatiens nectar promoter was identified, which may optimize heterologous protein expression in nectar. Finally, promoters from Arabidopsis were utilized to express the marker protein GUS in nectaries and nectar, demonstrating the potential for impatiens to deliver toxins to insects. This work will serve to increase the efficiency and utility of the impatiens model‐system, bringing us closer to effective, non‐pesticide‐based control of mosquito‐transmitted diseases in the field. Establishing the Foundations of Impatiens walleriana as a Nectar Model System by Andrew M. Cox, B.S. A Thesis Approved by the Department of Biology Dwayne D. Simmons, Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Approved by the Thesis Committee Chris Kearney, Ph.D., Chairperson Cheolho Sim, Ph.D. Sung Joon Kim, Ph.D. Accepted by the Graduate School December 2016 J. Larry Lyon, Ph.D., Dean Page bearing signatures is kept on file in the Graduate School.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Impacts of Chilean Needle Grass Nassella Neesiana on Australia’S Indigenous Grasslands
    Biodiversity impacts of Chilean needle grass Nassella neesiana on Australia’s indigenous grasslands Ian Guthrie Faithfull, B.Sc. (Hons.) School of Engineering and Science Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria, Australia A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2012 i STA THESIS Faithfull, Ian Guthrie Biodiversity impacts of Chilean needle grass Nassella neesiana on Australia’s indigenous grasslands ii Abstract The exotic invasive Chilean needle grass Nassella. neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth has been recognised as a major threat to biodiversity in the endangered natural grasslands of south-eastern Australia. Research was undertaken in Canberra and Melbourne grasslands to examine mechanisms by which N. neesiana invades native grasslands, the impacts of invasion on vascular plant and invertebrate biodiversity and mechanisms of impact. Time series analysis of historical aerial photographs demonstrated that invasion was absent or very slow when infestations abutted healthy grassland, but grasslands in poor condition experienced linear infestation expansion rates >5 m per year. A field experiment demonstrated that major disturbance (death of the native grasses) was required for N. neesiana recruitment from panicle seeds and that intact grassland was not invaded, even with high propagule pressure. Gaps of c. 1 m (as opposed to 10-30 cm) were required for establishment. Pin transect sampling demonstrated that increased senescence of Themeda triandra swards correlated with greater invasion. Nassella neesiana was found to deplete soil water in spring compared to T. triandra, a likely mechanism of biodiversity impact. Areas occupied by N. neesiana in three disparate grasslands were found to have significantly reduced native vascular plant diversity (species m-2).
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas William Ernst
    The Impact of Clubroot Resistant Canola Cultivars on Plasmodiophora brassicae Resting Spore Concentrations in the Soil by Thomas William Ernst A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Science Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta © Thomas William Ernst, 2016 Abstract The soilborne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, causal agent of clubroot of canola (Brassica napus L.), is difficult to manage due to the longevity of its resting spores, its ability to produce large amounts of inoculum, and the prohibitive costs of effective fungicides. The cropping of clubroot resistant (CR) canola cultivars is one of the few effective strategies for clubroot management. This study evaluated the impact of the cultivation of CR canola on P. brassicae resting spore concentrations in commercial cropping systems in Alberta, Canada. Soil was sampled pre-seeding and post-harvest at multiple geo-referenced locations within 17 P. brassicae-infested fields over periods of up to four years in length. Resting spore concentrations were measured by quantitative PCR analysis, with a subset of samples also evaluated in greenhouse bioassays with a susceptible host. The cultivation of CR canola in soil with quantifiable levels of P. brassicae DNA resulted in increased inoculum loads. There was a notable lag in the release of inoculum after harvest, and quantifiable P. brassicae inoculum peaked in the spring following years when resistant canola was cultivated. Rotations that included a ≥2-year break from P. brassicae hosts resulted in significant declines in soil resting spore concentrations. A strong positive relationship was found between the bioassays and qPCR-based estimates of soil infestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species of the Sperrgebiet (Diamond Area 1)
    DINTERIA No. 29:79-109 Windhoek, Namibia – May 2004 Plant species of the Sperrgebiet (Diamond Area 1) Antje Burke1 & Coleen Mannheimer2 1P.O. Box 90230, Klein Windhoek, Namibia, Tel: +264-61-223739, Fax: +264-61-227906, e-mail: [email protected] 2National Botanical Research Institute of Namibia, P/Bag 13184, Windhoek, Namibia, Tel: +264-61-2022012, email: [email protected] Abstract Based on specimen records, published sources and own observations, an updated list of plant species is presented for the Sperrgebiet, the southwestern corner of Namibia. This area is in the transitional zone of winter and summer rainfall in Namibia and a remarkable 1038 species of flowering plants, 13 ferns and 22 mosses and their relatives occur. This comprises nearly 25% of the entire flora of vascular plants in Namibia and some 21% of the plant diversity of the Succulent Karoo Biome. We conclude that the Sperrgebiet is undoubtedly one of Namibia’s prime plant diversity hotspots. Zusammenfassung Wir stellen hier eine neue Liste von Pflanzen vor, die im Sperrgebiet, dem südwestlichen Teil Namibias vorkommen. Diese Liste basiert auf Herbariumbelegen, veröffentlichter Literatur und unseren eigenen Beobachtungen. Eine bemerkenswerte Vielfalt von Arten – 1038 Blütenpflanzen, 13 Farne und 22 Moose und verwandte Arten – kommen in diesem Übergangsgebiet von Sommer- und Winterregen vor. Das sind beinah 25% der gesamten Flora des Landes und machen das Sperrgebiet damit eindeutig zu einem Diversitätszentrum von Pflanzen in Namibia. Keywords: Mesembryanthemaceae, Namibia, species diversity, southern Namib, Succulent Karoo Biome Introduction The Sperrgebiet (Diamond Area 1) comprises Namibia’s section of the Succulent Karoo Biome (Rutherford 1997), a biodiversity hotspot of global significance (Myers et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression Analyses of Flower Developmental Genes in Eschscholzia Californica
    Expression analyses of flower developmental genes in Eschscholzia californica Expressionsanalyse von Entwicklungsgenen in Eschscholzia californica Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Dem Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Svetlana Orashakova Bremen 2011 Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Annette Becker Evolutionary Developmental Genetics University of Bremen Prof. Dr. Uwe Nehls Section of Botany, Department of Ecology University of Bremen Examiner: Prof. Ulrich Fischer Department of Marine Microbiology University of Bremen Dr. Andrea Krause Department of Micobe-Plant Interactions University of Bremen Staff: Sabrina Lange University of Bremen Student: Nils Engelke University of Bremen 2 Danksagungen Ich möchte mich bei Prof. Dr. Annette Becker bedanken, dass sie mir die Möglichkeit gegeben hat meine Dissertation in ihrer Arbeitsgruppe zu machen. Ich möchte Prof. Dr. Uwe Nehls danken, dass er das Zweigutachten meiner Dissertation übernommen hat. Ebenfalls bedanke ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Ulrich Fischer and bei Dr. Andrea Krause, dass sie eingewilligt haben, als Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission an meinem Dissertationskolloquium teilzunehmen. Bedanken möchte ich mich insbesondere bei den Mitgliedern der AG Becker für die gute Zusammenarbeit, die Unterstützung und die hilfreichen Diskussionen im Laufe meiner Doktorarbeit. Ich danke Matthias, Sabrina, Aravinda and Robert für die angenehme Arbeitsatmosphäre, Hilfsbereitschaft und Freundschaft während unserer gemeinsamen Zeit. Ich bedanke mich auch bei Anna, Dawit, Amey, Kai und Tina. Insbesondere möchte ich mich bei Matthias bedanken für seine volle Unterstützung und Aufmunterung. Ich danke ihm außerdem für die langen und interessanten Diskussionen zur denen er immer bereit ist. Ich möchte mich auch bei meiner Familie und insbesondere bei meiner Mutter bedanken, die mich immer unterstützt haben.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Aberdare Ranges Forest, a Part of Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 149: 1–88 (2020) A checklist of vascular plants of Aberdare Ranges forest 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.149.48042 CHECKLIST http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Aberdare Ranges Forest, a part of Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot Solomon Kipkoech1,2,4, David Kimutai Melly1,2,4, Benjamin Watuma Muema1,2,4, Neng Wei1,2,3, Peris Kamau4, Paul Muigai Kirika4, Qingfeng Wang1,2,3, Guangwan Hu1,2,3 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Bei- jing 100049, China 3 Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hu- bei, China 4 East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 45166 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Corresponding author: Guangwan Hu ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Almeida | Received 5 November 2019 | Accepted 12 April 2020 | Published 3 June 2020 Citation: Kipkoech S, Melly DK, Muema BW, Wei N, Kamau P, Kirika PM, Wang Q, Hu G (2020) An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Aberdare Ranges Forest, a part of Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot. PhytoKeys 149: 1–88. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.149.48042 Abstract The Aberdare Ranges Forest, located in the Central highlands of Kenya, is an isolated volcanic mountain in the East African Rift Valley with unique flora. Despite its refugial importance to rare and endemic plant species, the diversity of plants in the Aberdare Ranges Forest remains poorly understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds
    Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds Jack Dekker Weed Biology Laboratory Agronomy Department Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50010 USA EMail: [email protected] WWW URL: www.public.iastate.edu/~jdekker 2011 ClassUse Version Copyright 1.1.11 Jack Dekker 1 Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds 2011 SHORT TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF WEEDS 13 1 The nature of weeds 14 1.1 What is a weed? 1.2 The definition of a weed 1.3 Weeds and human nature 1.4 Weedy traits 1.5 The origins of weeds 1.6 World origins and centers of agriculture, crop domestication and cultivation 1.7 World crop-weed species groups UNIT 2: THE EVOLUTION OF WEED POPULATIONS 45 2 Evolution, natural selection and weedy adaptation 47 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Evolution 2.3 Natural selection and elimination 2.4 The process of natural selection 2.5 Adaptation 3 Formation of the local weed population (deme): Precondition to natural selection 55 3.1 Introduction: opportunity and the formation of the local deme 3.2 The structure of local weedy opportunity 3.3 Habitat heterogeneity and dynamics 3.4 Limiting resources and pervasive conditions in local opportunity 3.5 The nature of plant invasions of local opportunity 4 Generation of genotypic and phenotypic variation: First process of natural selection 79 4.1 Genotypes and phenotypes 4.2 Generate genetic variation 4.3 Generate phenotypic variation 5 Survival, reproduction and inheritance: Second process of natural selection 97 5.1 Survive, Avoid Mortality 5.2 Reproduce the fittest, eliminate the others 5.3 Inheritance:
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: a Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`I and Hawai`I's Ferns and Fern Allies
    HAWAIIAN VASCULAR PLANT UPDATES: A SUPPLEMENT TO THE MANUAL OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF HAWAI`I AND HAWAI`I'S FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Version 1.3 [12 April 2012] Warren L. Wagner Derral R. Herbst Nancy Khan Tim Flynn INTRODUCTION The information provided here in compressed tablular form provides updates to the two volume book on flowering plants [Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai`i, revised edition with supplement by Wagner, W. L. and D. R. Herbst. University of Hawaii Press, 1919 pp. in 2 volumes. (Bishop Museum Special Publication 97)], and to the similar volume on ferns [Palmer, D.D. 2003. Hawai`i's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu]. The tables provide all corrections and additions with relevant literature through February 2012. The intent of this supplement is to summarize the numerous changes published in the Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey and other literature on Hawaiian vascular plants, including other research papers currently in press or soon to be submitted for publication. In a few cases a specialist provided information or identifications (listed as “pers. comm.”) for which there is no current or planned publication. Not all records reported as naturalized have been accepted by us as naturalized as many appear to represent adventive collections and are so noted. Similarly, some taxonomic changes are not always accepted, and if they are not an explanatory statement is given. The information, presented in tabular form, comprises an abbreviated
    [Show full text]