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County Line Rd., Johnstown, OH NEW BUSINESS OFFICE SugarcreePHONEk ValleNUMBEy ChapteRr 1-800-736-781President:5 Tom Hornbrook, 4665 Carmont Ave., SW, Navarre, OH TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL In the last issue of the Ohio Archaeologist an article by David Kuhn Editorial by Robert N. Converse 3 (page 43) detailed the provisions of House Bill 429. At the time of publi­ cation neither Dave Kuhn nor I knew that this bill had already been The Missing Portage Along The Portage: A Curious Artifact and passed into law, a fact which was discovered when we communicated Historic Occupations in the Sandusky Bay Region with our legislators. Aside from the embarrassment of your Editor in by Jason M. Koralewski and Michelle L Guckeyson 5 warning against a bill which was in fact already a law, it is disconcerting that most of our officers were unaware of its presentation to the legisla­ Slate Artifacts from the St. Johns End Moraine at St. Johns, ture and subsequent passage. Auglaize County, Ohio by Claude Britt, Jr. 9 Many of us then contacted our representatives, some face to face, Banding Determines Shape by Ken Simper 10 and were told that this bill was formulated and steered through the legis­ lature by the Ohio Archaeological Council and the Ohio Preservation Arlington H. Mallery and The Green-Glazed Rocks of Office in concert with two or three people professing to be "native Ameri­ cans". Ross County, Ohio by Claude Britt, Jr. 11 Apparently neither the Archaeological Council nor the Ohio Preserva­ A Slate Owl Effigy by Jim Miller 14 tion Office considers the Archaeological Society of Ohio, and its nearly 3,000 members, of sufficient importance to be included in the formula­ An Old Ross County Collection by LarHothem 15 tion of a bill which could have serious consequences for avocationalists, surface collectors, farmers and landowners. Hopewell Cache Blades From Jackson County It is interesting to note that the handful of people representing them­ selves to be "native Americans" have much more influence with the Ohio by Tom McCollister 16 Archaeological Council and the Ohio Preservation Office than does The Phillip Kientz Pottery Sherds by Claude Britt, Jr. 18 Archaeological Society of Ohio whose membership outnumbers all the archaeologists and "native Americans" in Ohio ten to one. Small Point: Huge Find at Sheriden Cave (33Wy252) The passage of this bill has caused many of us to reconsider our rela­ by Paul J. Barans, Philip Cossentino, Elaine Dowd, Larry L Morris, tionship with the Ohio Archaeological Council, a group of professional Garry L. Summers, Carl Szafranski, Marcia Willaman, archaeologists, and the Ohio Preservation Office who sponsored this bill. Richard Willaman 21 The relationship of the Archaeological Society of Ohio with OAC and The Paumier-Tussing Mill Site OPO has been understandably less than cordial since we are often char­ acterized as unethical pothunters and looters against whom laws such as by Stephen J. Parker 22 House Bill 429 should be enacted. For example, we have never had a representative of our Society invited to an OAC meeting to discuss our A Large Early Adena Blade by Robert J. Davis 25 differences nor has the Ohio Preservation Office, which one would pre­ Trophy Axe by Elaine Holzapfel 25 sume is supposed to represent all Ohioans, ever given us any more than token recognition. Thus we are excluded from deliberations on proposed Three Artifacts From Western Ohio by Richard Puterbaugh 26 laws which may affect us most. Perhaps those from the OAC and OPO who gave testimony on this bill An Adena Quadriconcave Gorget 27 indicated to the legislature that they speak for, or on the behalf of, the A Chlorite Bannerstone 27 Archaeological Society of Ohio or for the general archaeological public. Let me state unequivocally that they do not represent us and do not The Baker Cache by Charles E. Carroll 28 speak for us. While this bill is promoted as protecting "cemeteries", it has as one of The Flint Ridge Shelter House Project by Bobby Williams 30 its agendas a hidden purpose. Ohio is one of the few states which does not have Indian gambling casinos. A letter from the Indian gaming asso­ An Adams County Birdstone by Randy Van Hoose 31 ciation states that since Ohio has so many mounds and Indian sites it is From Our Old Files by Robert N. Converse 31 only a matter of time until "Indian claims" are recognized and gambling The Newcomerstown High School Site casinos become a reality. House Bill 429, was sponsored by Ohio pro­ fessional archaeologists (most of whom are paid either directly or indi­ by Wayne A. Mortine and Doug Randies 32 rectly by public money), and the Ohio Preservation Office, whose members are appointed by a Governor who is adamantly opposed to Harness Farms 200th Anniversary by Shaune M. Skinner 34 gambling casinos. These two groups have, in concert with so-called "native Americans", opened the door to these insidious and corrupt insti­ An Intrusive Mound Point by Jeff Zemrock 35 tutions. Quartzite Artifact by Elaine Holzapfel 35 In view of the events which are politicizing archaeology it may be time for our Society to look to our own concerns. There are a number of Flint Ridge Knap-In — September 5-6, 1998 hidden problems with professional archaeology in Ohio and the Ohio by Elaine Holzapfel 36 Preservation Office - the non-reporting of excavations paid for with The Dominion Land Company Site Adena Habitation in Central public money - archaeological work paid for with tax money the reports Ohio by D.R. Gehlbach 37 of which are kept secret - the unknown costs to the public of Cultural Resource Management - the fact that while millions of tax dollars are A Dual-Tipped Point From Belmont County by Paul J. Houston ....39 spent on archaeological projects no abstracts or summaries of the Welcome To The Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 39 reports are published or even written and made available to the public who pays for them. A Message From The Treasurer 39 Perhaps our Society should sponsor a law which would require that anyone conducting an archaeological excavation in Ohio involving public money, public property or public employees, file a complete excavation report with all the public libraries in the county in which such work took place within 60 days of completion. These reports would be required to show all objects, artifacts and burials discovered along with the cost of the projects. Such a law would allow public scrutiny of the results, costs, value and efficacy of the millions of dollars of our tax money spent on archaeological work which is now unknown. Front Cover: This Hopewell copper celt was collected by antiquarian James McBride in Hamilton County sometime between Robert N. Converse 1828 and 1843. It is 8'A inches long. Editor The Ohio Archaeologist

3 THE MISSING PORTAGE ALONG THE PORTAGE: A CURIOUS ARTIFACT AND HISTORIC OCCUPATIONS IN THE SANDUSKY BAY REGION by Jason M. Koralewski Michelle L. Guckeyson

The University of Toledo Archaeological Research Program The Black Swamp Chapter, ASO

...You see something shiny, you reach respectively (Abel 1995; see also Stothers this particular occupation several British down, you pick it up and then... wonder et al. 1994). Any remaining portions of the and/or historic Wyandotte artifacts from what is it? As the many collectors, avo- Libben site were decimated by the con­ the Petersen site have been recorded cational archaeologists, and profes­ struction of a golf course and likewise the (Figure 2C). These include a brass sional archaeologists can attest, we remainder of the Petersen site was powder horn or funnel, a gunflint and a sometimes come across objects in the destroyed by the construction of condo­ cache of lead plates that were discovered field that befuddle us. This article is by a local collector in 1977. These 17 lead about one of the most unusual artifacts miniums and an accompanying golf plates found at the Petersen site are sug­ that have graced the labs of archae­ course at the Erie Islands Resort. ology at the University of Toledo in a gested to be the raw material used in the long while... Historical Occupations On and casting of lead shot (Edwards 1989). The Around Petersen third and most recent historic occupation, Introduction Petersen and surrounding sites around is the Historic II component dating to the For the past three decades the Western the lower Portage river area contain mul­ 20th century (Abel 1995: 302-315). The Lake Erie Archaeological Research Pro­ tiple significant historic components (Abel collections from this component includes gram at the University of Toledo has 1995; Edwards 1989). Directly across the 13 artifacts of plow zone and feature focused its efforts on reconstructing the river from Petersen, at the Libben site, a derived provenience. Among these were prehistory and early history of the Western sizable early historic European/historic nails, glazed redware, ferrous sheet metal Basin of Lake Erie. Part of that mission is Wyandotte component is present. This and a bolt. All of the historic nails appear to save and fully excavate sites that are in fact is well known in the Port Clinton area, to be machine cut save for one which danger of destruction from looting, land where local lore abounds with stories of may be square, however due to extreme modification, erosion and other threats burials discovered near the Libben site corrosion and rusting positive identifica­ that can and do impact the scientific value with silver armbands and other fabulous tion is indeterminate. of many archaeological sites. These goals artifacts associated with human burials. have been achieved due to the efforts of Over 100 silver, copper, lead and brass The Brass Disk professional archaeologists and the avo- artifacts have been recovered in over a In the 1994 excavations at the Petersen cational community. Archaeological century of work by local collectors and site a brass disk was uncovered in Area Society of Ohio daughter groups such as archaeologists. Among these artifacts H, Unit 2 at the plow zone interface the Sandusky Bay chapter and the newly are; 71 partial or whole silver brooches, (Figure 2A, B). The disk was not in associ­ resurrected Black Swamp chapter, are of 13 short round tubular white glass beads, ation with any feature in the area. No sim­ paramount importance to this mission. It is 8 silver ear bobs, 4 silver armbands, 2 ilar materials from any of the three through the combined efforts of these silver wristbands, 1 lead pendant, 1 disparate historic occupations were found groups, local community members and copper band, 1 brass kettle fragment, 1 in direct association with this artifact. The the University of Toledo that archaeolog­ silver gorget, 1 brass thimble and 1 silver basic measurements for the disk are as ical sites such as Petersen were partially double cross (Figure 2D; Stothers and follows; a total surface diameter of 5 cen­ saved through excavation before their Walton 1990a; 1990b; 1991; Vietzen 1978). timeters, a thickness of .7 centimeters, a inevitable destruction occurred. These artifacts reside today in a synthesis center hole diameter of .3 centimeters of several private collections and in dis­ and a weight of 118 grams. A beveled Petersen (33-Ot-9) is a large, multicom- play cases housed at the Ottawa County exterior edge is highlighted by nine ponent site near the city of Port Clinton in Historical Museum (Stothers pers. com. trailed, concentric circles on the reverse Ottawa County, Ohio. The primary com­ 1998). These artifacts seem to suggest a side. A small cylinder of rust was located ponents at the Petersen site are Wolf possible British, French or Wyandotte in the center hole of the artifact. This phase (1250 A.D. - 1450 A.D.) and Indian occupation in the area. small fragment of rust disintegrated Hills phase (1550 A.D. - 1643 A.D.) San­ during the cleaning of the artifact. dusky tradition occupations. In addition to The historic occupations at the these two major occupations, a nearly Petersen site are separated into two dis­ The disk "face" is accentuated by four unbroken string of occupation from Paleo tinct historic components and one proto- stamped symbols situated to the four car­ Indian to late Historic times (10,500 B.C. historic component (Abel 1995). In dinal directions. A sword at the north to the 20th Century A.D.) is represented controlled excavations and surface col­ quarter is followed clockwise by a han­ at the Petersen site. A scholarly thesis on lections on the Petersen site, 45 protohis- dled amphora or some other similar this important site was compiled by Tim­ toric and historic artifacts have been vessel. An (oil?) lamp is located at the othy J. Abel (1995) and may, in the near documented. The protohistoric Indian southern portion of the disk, while the last future, become a published report. Hills phase component, which is radio­ symbol is the Greek letter Alpha at the Petersen is situated on the east bank of carbon dated to the late 16th century, is western edge of the disk. The four sym­ the Portage River directly across from the marked by the presence of European bols are bisected by a double lined circle. well publicized Libben/Oak Harbor site trade material in association with San­ The forms were apparently hand (33-Ot-6) (Figure 1; Abel 1995). Petersen dusky tradition ceramics (see Stothers stamped, due to uneven, bowl-like inden­ and the Libben/Oak Harbor site have 1994 for recent overview). The Historic I tations made when the stamp was been excavated almost completely by the component is an estimated 18th century pressed on the heated, softened brass University of Toledo and Kent State occupation. To bolster the existence of (Figure 2A, B).

4 The disk may have had one of several truth. In the Book of Revelations [1:16] a n.d.; Voeglin and Tanner 1974; Tanner possible usages. These possibilities are sword appears out of Christ's mouth. The 1987; Keeler 1908; Frohman 1976, for limited only by an individual's imagination. sword was the Biblical weapon of King further considerations). The authors forward that the most parsi­ David and the Archangel Michael (Figure A third distinct possibility for the origin monious suggestion would be that the 3A). In Catholicism, the two swords repre­ of the sundial may be one of the early object was a sundial. A sundial (Mayall sented the spiritual and temporal planes explorers in the Sandusky Bay region. and Mayall 1973) was a versatile tool and (Biederman 1994). The most notable early traveler in the area no explorer or surveyor would have trav­ The symbol to the eastern quarter of the was Chaussegros DeLery, the first eled without one. Sundials are used in the disk is that of an amphora or vase. A vase explorer to chart the Ohio river with a determination of solar azimuths where the is the most frequently depicted object in compass, thus providing a fairly accurate use of a magnetic compass is impossible. paintings of the Annunciation. The vase is map of the Ohio River Valley (Stevens and The intervention of magnetic gradients often meant to represent purity and more Kent 1940). and the lack of "line of sight" to geo­ specifically, the perfect purity of the Virgin Joseph Gaspard Chaussegros DeLery graphic benchmarks can hinder the per­ Mary (Fergusen 1959: 113). was born in Quebec on July 21, 1721 formance of a magnetic compass. With a At the southern quarter of the disk is a (Stevens and Kent 1940). He was raised sundial you can determine the day of the lamp. Historically, the lamp has repre­ and schooled in Jesuit seminaries until year, the height of the sun and the esti­ sented wisdom and piety because of the the age of 18. At that time he was given mated time of sunrise and sunset. And of light it sheds. The Bible describes the word the position of assistant engineer in course, sundials are used most often to of God as a lamp for the faithful. In the bib­ Quebec. In 1754, at the age of 33, he tell time. The portable versions, were con­ lical parable of the wise and the foolish vir­ joined a French force which traveled from structed to enable the user to tell time at gins, the lamp is used to show the Quebec to Fort Assumption. It was on night by virtue of moonlight or position of presence of wise virgins among a group of this journey that he sketched a detailed certain stars. Portable sundials of less foolish virgins (Fergusen 1959: 109). map of the route from Niagara Falls to the than four inches in diameter were Mississippi river. He also kept a detailed extremely popular from the 15th to 19th Conclusions journal and maps of the expedition centuries. Edgar Allen Poe even immortal­ The stamped symbols, in addition to (Figure 5A). On March 16th, 1755, DeLery ized the nocturnal use of the portable the apparent method of production, may made a journal entry of his encampment sundial in his poem Ulalume. "And now, suggest that this particular item was on the Portage river. as the night was senescent, And star- probably produced in mass quantities. "Walking was very difficult in this dials pointed to morn, As the star-dials The disk appears to be similar, though country, which is full of hot springs, and hinted of morn...". A study of sundials by not identical, to specimens found at Fort when we have to leave the land to walk Mayall and Mayall (1973) notes that not Michilimakinac (Stone 1974:309, fig. 193 on the shore ice, we risked breaking our only were these sundials available to A,B,C). Fort Michilimakinac was con­ legs. The ice was not solid, and often commoners but they were also fashion­ trolled by both French and English troops had no water underneath. We saw a able to use during this period and surpris­ at separate times during the 18th century. great many swans, bustards, ducks and ingly accurate at time keeping. As a Aside from its elusive purpose, one of other game, but so wild we could not get matter of fact, these dials were so accu­ the true puzzles of this object is the iden­ near them. Two of us arrived at the Riv­ rate that they were used to set the tity of its former owner. In all likelihood, it iere du Portage at 3 o'clock in the after­ mechanical clocks available during this is a mystery that will probably never be noon...it was 5 o'clock before I got period (Mayall and Mayall 1973). solved. The presence of Wyandotte across. I went to Lake Sandoske to see These portable sundials were ornately Indians in northern Ohio during historic whether we could cross it in a canoe or decorated in most cases. The Petersen times may suggest that this disk might on the ice...l found the Lake open and 'dial' is no different. The symbols on the have been a rare trade item owned by fired three shots, which was the signal I Petersen sundial may correspond with Wyandotte Indians. There were four had given to the [Wyandotte], who joined early Christian religious themes. The Wyandotte villages all within 70 miles of me at 6:30, without seeing his comrade, western symbol, the 'Alpha', is rich in tra­ the Petersen and Libben sites. Sunye- who did not come that night [sic]. We dition and symbolism (Figure 3B). As the neand was a Wyandotte village which fired our guns several times to make our­ first and the last letters of the Greek was occupied in 1753; Junquiendundeh selves heard by the French traders on alphabet, Alpha (A) and Omega (£2), have was a Wyandotte village which dated to the southeast side of Lake Dotsanduske; historically held great significance to 1754; Anioton dated from 1736? to 1748; there was no response. We had nothing Christians as a symbol for God who rep­ and Canuta/Junundat was occupied from for our supper but a teal. The savage resented the beginning and the end of the 1753-63 (Voegelin and Tanner 1974; who remained behind, was carrying our universe. In the Book of Revelations (1:8), Tanner 1987). A French trading post was provisions" (Stevens and Kent 1940: 95- "the Lord which is and which was and also active in 1754, on the southern 96). which is to come", calls himself, "the shore of Sandusky Bay approximately 35 Referring to DeLery as the (former!) Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and miles from the Petersen/Libben sites owner of this object is a tricky, if not the ending". Coincidentally, the Alpha (Tanner 1987). Several of these trading impossible proposition. First, is the object always adorned his left side, which is the posts were probably active in this area truly a sundial? If it is, an engineer, sur­ spot on the Petersen dial where the Alpha during the middle 18th century and veyor and explorer like DeLery would is located. Christian graves were fre­ almost certainly interacted often with have found it impossible to ply his trade quently engraved with these symbols, local Wyandotte populations. Two his­ without one. Second, are the symbols on and in medieval depictions of Christ he toric forts were erected in the Sandusky the object Christian in nature? If the sym­ was decorated with the Alpha and Omega Bay region. One of these forts was bols are religious, it may suggest that the (Biederman 1994). French (Fort Sanduske) (Figure 4), occu­ owner had a religious background or edu­ The second symbol is the sword, which pied for three years between 1750 and cation. With his extensive training in a is located at the northern quarter of the 1753 and the other was British (Fort San­ Jesuit seminary, DeLery certainly fits this disk. Swords have long been considered dusky), garrisoned in 1761 (Stothers and profile. Most important of all, was DeLery mystical symbols (Rees 1992:96-97). In Abel n.d.: 12). Several conflicting reports ever on the specific plot of land along the general they symbolized vitality, strength are published on the location, dates of Portage river that the Petersen site occu­ or chastity. In Christianity, the sword sym­ construction and owners of these forts pies? It was a crossing heavily trafficked bolized the power of God and of divine and trading posts (see Stothers and Abel in his time, as the wealth of historic mate-

5 rial along both sides of the river suggest. References Cited Stothers, David M. DeLery's own maps show the Portage 1994 Beads, Brass, and Beaver: Archaeolog­ route nearby these two sites (Figure 5B). Abel, Timothy J. ical Reflections of the Protohistoric Is this where early travelers took their 1995 The Petersen Site and New Perspec­ 'Fire Nation' of the Southwestern Lake Erie Drainage Region. Paper Presented boats out of the water and crossed on tives on the Late Prehistory of North­ western Ohio. Unpublished Masters of at the Third Annual Conference of the foot to Sandusky Bay? Port Clinton has a Liberal Studies Thesis. On File The Uni­ Ohio Archaeological Council, landmark within the city limits where versity of Toledo. November 19, 1994. Cinncinatti, Ohio. Delery's portage is purportedly located. Is Paper to be Published In: Cultures Biederman, Hans. this landmark the actual portage, or is Before Contact, R. Genheimer (ed.). Delery's route further upriver? Or could 1994 Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them. Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Abel there have been more than one portage Penguin Books USA. New York, n.d The Impact of Post Pleistecene Lake route in early historic times? New York. Erie Shorleines on the Archaeology of the Southwestern Lake Erie Region. The data available and the authors Brown, Donald A. interpretation of this information is for­ Manuscript on File, The University of 1985 French Occupation of the Lakes Toledo, Department of Archaeology. warded in this paper. We encourage Ontario and Erie Drainage Basins 1650 anyone who might have an item of similar -1760. Northeast Historical Archae­ Stothers, David M. and Jeff S. Walton, make to write either author care of the ology Vol. 14. 1990a Early Historic Trade Items of Probable Native American Cultural Association Black Swamp Chapter, ASO and share Edwards, Gene. from Five Site Locations in Northcentral their information. It is our hope that some­ 1989 Oak Harbor Portage River Lead Plates. where an analogous disk exists and a Ohio. Manuscript on File, The Univer­ Ohio Archaeologist. Vol 39 (2). sity of Toledo, Department of Archae­ better idea of its purpose can be Fergusen, George ology. deduced. Perhaps there are other like 1959 Signs and Symbols in Christian Art. objects out there somewhere and they 1990b A Tabulation and Analysis of Historic Oxford University Press. New York, Wyandotte Artifacts Recovered from a simply have not been discovered yet. New York. Burial and from the Surface at the Frohman, Charles E. Libben Site (33-0T-6) on the Portage Acknowledments 1976 Searching for the Forts and Indian Vil­ River in Northcentral Ohio. Manuscript The authors would like to thank all lages of Sandusky Bay. Hayes Histor­ on File, The University of Toledo, those individuals responsible in many ical Journa/1(1 ):60-68. Department of Archaeology. ways for the information forwarded in this Keeler, Lucy Elliot 1991 A Tabulation of Historic Cultural Arti­ facts from Sixteen Historic Wyandotte paper. We would like to thank first and 1908 Old Fort Sandoski of 1745 and the Components in Northcentral Ohio. foremost, all of the members of the San­ "Sandusky Country". Ohio Archaeolog­ Manuscript on File, The University of dusky Bay and Black Swamp Chapters of ical and Historical Society Publications Toledo, Department of Archaeology. the Archaeological Society of Ohio who 17(Oct.):356-430. Stothers, David M., James R. Graves, Susan aided in the excavations at both Petersen Mayall, R. Newton and Margaret W. Mayall, K. Bechtel, and Timothy J. Abel and the Libben/ Oak Harbor sites. Their 1973 Sundials: How to Know, Use and Make 1994 Current Perspectives on the Late Pre­ efforts in aiding the University of Toledo's Them. Sky Publishing Corporation. history of the Western Lake Erie Region excavation of the Petersen site are greatly Cambridge, Massachusetts. appreciated. Gene Edwards and Gary and a Reply to Murphy and Ferris. Poe, Edgar A. Archaeology of Eastern North America Johannsen are thanked for sharing their 1902 The Complete Works of Edgar Allen 22:135-196. personal collections of these sites with Poe. Vol. 1. Charles F. Richardson, ed. Tanner, Helen Hombeck, the University of Toledo. Without this Fred De Fau and Company. New York. 1987 Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. information, much of the work that was Rees, Elizabeth involved in this paper would have been University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, 1992 Christian Symbols, Ancient Roots. Jes­ Ok:. :ioma. impossible. We would also like to thank sica Kingsley Publishers. Philadelphia. Dr. Sara Schechner Genuth of the Center Various Authors Stevens, Svlvester " and Donald H. Kent, eds. for History of Physics and the National n.d. The Bible: King James Version. Museum of American History at the 1940 Journal of Chaussegross Delery. Penn­ Vietzen, Raymond, sylvania Historical Commission. Harris- 1978 From the Earth They Came. White Smithsonian Institution for her advice on burg, Penn: ania. sundials and portable compasses. Also, Horse Publishers, pg. 226-240. Stone, Lyle M. Dr. David M. Stothers of the University of Voegelin, Erminie W. and Helen H. Tanner, 1974 Fort Michilimacinac 1715-1781: An 1974 Indians of Northern Ohio and South­ Toledo's Western Lake Erie Archaeolog­ Archaeological Perspective on the Rev­ eastern Michigan. Garland Publishing, ical Research Program and Timothy J. olutionary Frontier. Publications of the Inc. New York, New York. Abel of the State University of New York Museum. Michigan State University. at Albany are thanked for their advice and East Lansing, Michigan. guidance given during all phases of this project. Without the efforts of these indi­ viduals and many others, much of what we know of the history and prehistory of the southern shore of Lake Erie would be m greatly diminished.

Jason M. Koralewski Michelle L. Guckeyson C/O The Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program Department of Anthropology M Figure 1 (Koralewski I Guckeyson) The University of Toledo Map of the Portage River showing Toledo, Ohio 43606 location of the Petersen (33-Ot-9) and Libben (33-Ot-6) sites. Center of •u Gnomen Dial >^ . HH^^^^^^H Hole (Where all hour jM 9M9& K S(Stylus Used to lines meet) /ffi Bj^Hfflb Cast Shadow >.^* .\>aSfc Placed Here)

I > Jf >'-««» Dial y Plate \, ..jJMj *^ BjP* (Plate Where Hour Sundial Terminology H^ Lines arc Laid Oul) 3 4 5 J

B

0 ^ i. A® - Q®Ml® ^A^ Iff o £®o * ©009 ©© 0

Figure 2 (Koralewski I Guckeyson) A - The Petersen "Sundial"; B - Constituent parts of a sundial demonstrated on the Petersen disk; C - Selected historic artifacts from the Historic I component at the Petersen (33-Ot-9) site; D - Historic artifacts from the Libben (33-Ot-6) site.

7 Man ofihe toft & *i* " built on tfl» Hflh £h°rr

now ahanJoned.

Figure 4 (Koralewski I Guckeyson) Diagram of the French Fort Sandoske.

Figure 3 (Koralewski I Guckeyson) A - The Archangel Michael brandishing a sword. B - Jesus Christ dis­ playing the "Alpha" and "Omega" symbols.

(Kh»-tr-

•4 Figure 5 (Koralewski I Guckeyson) A - DeLery's map of the Sandusky Bay region. B - DeLery's map of the Portage to Sandusky Bay.

8 SLATE ARTIFACTS FROM THE ST. JOHNS END MORAINE AT ST. JOHNS, AUGLAIZE COUNTY, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131

The St. Johns End Moraine in Auglaize to be the trapezoidal type (Fig 1, lower bones were found in "Blackhoof Mound" County is well-known to those who have left). The broken gorget (Fig. 1, upper (not a true mound, rather, a glacial hill) in studied Pleistocene geology. The right) appears to be a rectangular two- the town of St. Johns (Britt, 1985). St. moraine itself is hilly and topographically hole type as illustrated by Converse Johns, Ohio was formerly called "Black- higher than the surrounding land. It con­ (1971:34). hoof Town", having been the home of tains lots of gravel pits. To the southeast Shawnee Chief Blackhoof. By tradition, of the moraine is an area of fresh-water Final Remarks Chief Blackhoof is thought to be buried marshes. This entire area must have somewhere in the village. appealed to prehistoric folks as indicated Of the six slate pieces plus the addi­ by the quantity of artifacts found on tional 12 other artifacts found in the bas­ References farms in the area. kets of rocks in St. Johns, one wonders if Britt, Claude Jr. In the Fall of 1971, an acquaintance they all might have come from the same 1972 An Ohio Double-bitted Axe. Ohio spent the day at garage sales in Auglaize site. The entire St. Johns End Moraine Archaeologist 22(4): 9. County. On his way back home, he area must have appealed to the Indians 1985 Glacial Kame Sites not reported by stopped at one last garage sale in the vil­ because it was higher and better-drained Converse. Ohio Archaeologist 35(1): lage of St. Johns. The lady owner stated than surrounding areas and, also, the 33-35. that she did not have any Indian artifacts, moraine contained lots of gravel for Converse, Robert N. but she did have lots of rocks in her Glacial Kame burials. Many years ago, 1971 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological basement. The person was told to come human skeletons as well as mastodon Society of Ohio. back in about a week if interested in her rocks. A week later the person returned to inspect her rocks, which the elderly lady said had been in her basement for 75 years. Her "rocks" consisted of 6 bushel baskets full of mostly various rocks from the local glacial deposits. The baskets contained glacial rocks of all types, sizes, and shapes. The interested party took all six baskets home with him to see if they contained any geological specimens worth keeping. Upon sorting out the bas­ kets, there were a total of 18 Indian arti­ facts: six slate pendants and gorgets (Fig. 1), a broken pick bannerstone, a worked limonite nodule, one stone ball, one projectile point, three celts, one full- grooved hammerstone, one three- quarter-grooved hammer, two full-grooved axes, and a rare Ohio double-bitted axe. The double-bitted axe was previously illustrated in the Ohio Archaeologist (Britt, 1972:9). I cannot be certain of the provenience of these speci­ mens, but the lady owner stated that they had all been picked up in St. Johns between 1890 and 1900. Shown here (Fig. 1) are the six slate pieces discovered in the baskets of rocks. They are typical of those in local farm collections. These artifacts consist of two two-hole gorgets and four one- hole pendants. One of the slate gorgets is broken at one of the holes. In studying Converse's (1971) book on Ohio Slate Types, these six pieces do not seem characteristic of any particular "type". The two larger pendants (Fig. 1, upper left and upper center) differ from bell- shaped pendants in that the sides are slightly concave. One pendant appears Figure 1 (Britt) Six slate pieces supposedly found in the village of St. Johns, Ohio between 1890 and 1900. BANDING DETERMINES SHAPE by Ken Simper Hamilton, Indiana

This highly banded birdstone was once spacious area for drilling the rear hole. head get smaller and smaller until they pictured in another journal under "a class Moving upward through the central form another black dot on the very crest of odd shaped birds". Actually, it isn't part of the body, the bands get shorter of the bird, just as the tail did. odd at all. The shape is exactly what its and shorter causing the tail to move The beak is wider than most bird- Indian artist wanted. He let the banding inward appearing to be pushed ahead. stones with a short length of 3V2" long create his prized possession. The black rings get very small going caused again by its banding. Starting at the bottom or base, the around the small tail until they form just a This fine artifact was found 3 miles bands are a bit too long, which is why it black dot at the very top point. The south of Lancaster, Fairfield County, appears to jut outward. This allowed a bands going upward and around the Ohio.

Figure 1 (Simper) Banded Slate Birdstone from Fairfield County, Ohio

ERRATA Author of "A Crawford County Expanded Notch" bottom page 31 of Vol. 48, No. 2 was John Myles

10 ARLINGTON H. MALLERY AND THE GREEN-GLAZED ROCKS OF ROSS COUNTY, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131 This article will discuss the alleged one wonders if an engineer in the 1940s describe the stone wall enclosing the top findings and theories of a New York engi­ really had knowledge of archaeological of Spruce Hill. Concerning the wall, with neer, Arlington H. Mallery in Ross techniques and methods and proper alleged furnaces, Mallery makes the County, Ohio in the late 1940s. Because excavation procedures. His excavations statement that of the 10 furnaces he dis­ it has been about 50 years since could have been blotched up. covered, Foster, in 1811, could have Mallery's claims appeared in Ohio news­ Mallery claimed the furnaces at seen six of them. The other four were papers, many members of the society Arledge Mound were used by Vikings under the foundation of the walls. (except Mound City Chapter) may not around AD 1300. He theorized that Squier and Davis (1848) noted signs of know of his highly controversial findings between AD 800 and AD 1100 the Danish having had intense heat on Spruce Hill. in Ross County. Norsemen came into the Ohio Valley and They (Squier and Davis, 1848:12) give the Phil Egan, one of my friends at Mound conquered the Celts who were already in following discussion: City, writes (1998) that there is now a the area!! Mallery states that one of the renewed interest in green-glazed rocks furnaces found in Arledge Mound "is sim­ "...At the gateways, the amount of which often come from Hopewell sites in ilar to one found in Sweden's Assunga stones is more than quadruple the Ross County. Figure 1 shows a rock Parish of Vestergotland". He says the fur­ quantity at other points, constituting specimen with a green glaze which was naces in Ross County were the same broad, mound-shaped heaps. They also given to me by Egan several years ago. It type as used in Europe around AD 1300. exhibit the marks of intense heat, which is typical of such rocks having been sub­ He also notes that "iron found at the has in some instances vitrified their sur­ jected to intense heat found at certain Arledge Mound and abroad contains high faces, and fused them together. Light, sites in the county. I recently dug into my phosphorus content indicating it was porous scoriae are abundant in the cen­ files and found Ohio newspaper clippings smelted before modern methods were tres of some of these piles. Indeed, on Mallery's findings and theories pub­ known". Mallery also makes the state­ strong traces of fire are visible at many lished in 1949 and 1950(7). ment that the furnaces are of the natural- places on the line of the wall, particu­ Hopewell Culture National Historical draft type, and, hence, would date to larly at F, the point commanding the Park in Chillicothe has in their museum before AD 1500 when forced-draft types broadest extent of country. Here are collections (which are in vaults and not came into use. two or three small mounds of stone, available for public inspection) several of Mallery does not mention the green- which seem burned throughout. the green-glazed rocks from a mound glazed rocks from Arledge. However, he Nothing is more certain than that pow­ near Chillicothe. I observed those speci­ mentions lots of slag (the residue from erful fires have been maintained, for mens when helping inventory the collec­ iron smelting). He states that the slag is considerable periods, at numerous tions a few years ago. Those specimens black, gray, or brown and looks like a prominent points; for what purposes, apparently came from the Arledge cinder. unless as alarm signals, it is impossible Mound near Chillicothe. There is no to conjecture". doubt that very intense heat was required Spruce Hill to put a glassy glaze on these rocks, but Back in the mid 1800s, apparently did this vitrification take place in some Mallery also claimed to have found evi­ some people were claiming that the vitri­ sort of furnace as claimed by Mallery? dence of iron furnaces at Spruce Hill near fied rocks on Spruce Hill were due to Mallery, in old newspaper clippings (1949 Bourneville. Much of the following infor­ ancient furnaces. Squier and Davis and 1950?), claims to have found blast mation comes from an article published (1848:12) in a footnote make the fol­ furnaces in Ross County which he says, by the Chillicothe Gazette newspaper lowing statement: "indicates the area was occupied by an (1950?). His theory was that "there was a iron-working race in pre-Christian times". highly civilized, iron-working race occu­ "It has been suggested that perhaps Mallery's excavations, starting in 1948, pying the Paint Creek Valley hundreds of the walls of stone were sustained or were mostly centered in two localities in years before the Christian era". Mallery surmounted by wooden structures of Ross County: (1) Arledge Mound near claims to have uncovered 10 iron fur­ some sort, the destruction of which, in Chillicothe and (2) at the Spruce Hill forti­ naces at Spruce Hill in 1948. It was whole or in part, by fire, caused the fication near Bourneville. These two sites Mallery's theory that these furnaces were appearances noted in the text. The sug­ will be discussed next. built by the Celts, and "iron smelting was gestion that these are the traces of done on Spruce Hill for a long period, 'ancient furnaces', is not to be enter­ Arledge Mound thousands of years before the construc­ tained for an instant"!! tion of the wall". Even if Mallery's finds This mound was located near Chilli­ actually were iron furnaces, his In addition to the so-called furnaces on cothe, Ohio. Some of Mallery's findings chronology seems inaccurate. His work Spruce Hill, Mallery (1950?) also reported were published in The Columbus Citizen was in the days before radiocarbon in the Chillicothe Gazette newspaper that newspaper in 1949. Mallery claimed to dating came into use. he had discovered a "Prehistoric Ross have excavated and found an older and a Possibly the first mention of the Spruce County City" at the base of Spruce Hill. newer iron furnace in the base of the Hill fortification, in the days before Squier Mallery was familiar with the 1811 letter Arledge Mound. Mallery published two and Davis, comes from an 1811 letter written by Foster on a "city" at the base drawings in The Columbus Citizen showing written by James Foster and sent to a of Spruce Hill. As to the alleged "Prehis­ alleged "iron furnaces" in the base of Mr. Gilleland. Foster's letter, dated Nov. toric City" at the bottom of Spruce Hill, Arledge Mound. Those two drawing were 6, 1811, tells of viewing the hill fortifica­ on the southwest side of the hill, Mallery re-drawn to illustrate here (Figs. 2-3). How­ tion and the ruins of a "city" at the base (1950?) claims to have excavated por­ ever, one questions his findings because of Spruce Hill. Foster's letter goes on to tions of the city. According to him, the

11 city was in ruins, but "the cellars and the Arledge Mound. I've seen none of it. It If the Arledge Mound actually contained stone foundations of the houses still was the consensus of some of us at two furnaces, with 10 additional furnaces remain". He also stated that the streets Chillicothe that if some of the features on Spruce Hill, and a partially-excavated "are in regular squares". Another news­ really were furnaces, as Mallery claimed, "prehistoric city with paved streets" at paper article (date unknown) about then they may have been in use during the base of Spruce Hill, as claimed by Mallery's excavation of the "prehistoric early Pioneer times and had nothing to Mallery, it seems strange that there is no city" states that the streets were paved!! do with the Celts or Vikings. But one mention of him or his claims in the 844- Those claims were made about 50 years thing which is still puzzling is why the so- page book, The Oxford Companion to ago, and it seems strange that Ross called furnaces and glazed rocks are Archaeology (1996). County archeologists do not have knowl­ often associated with Hopewell sites. edge of such a site. One possibility that might account for Acknowledgements As for Mallery's alleged excavations at some glazed rocks will be mentioned. the "prehistoric city complete with paved Lightening strikes on rocks would cer­ I wish to thank Phil Egan, an employee streets", the first concrete street in tainly generate intense heat, but would at Mound City, for sparking my interest in America was Court Avenue in Belle- the heat be sustained long enough to the green-glazed rocks often found in fontaine, Ohio, built in 1891. However, form a glassy surface? It is a known fact Hopewell sites. Several years ago, Egan brick streets date back earlier. But that lightening strikes on sand will vitrify gave me a little collection of geological Mallery did not say what the streets in and fuse the sand into glassy globs. I specimens, including a green-glazed the "city" below Spruce Hill were paved have observed this. Even if lightening rock from the area (Fig. 1). That was my with. Was it Blacktop, brick, concrete, or strikes could account for some of the introduction to the subject. his own imagination? It appears to me glazed rocks, many of the rocks are Also, thanks to Hester (my wife) for that Mallery was trying to make a name buried at a depth below the surface out proofreading this article. for himself as an Ohio archeologist when of the reach of lightening. Lightening actually he was an engineer from another strikes are just a speculation. Probably References: state! had nothing to do with the glazed rocks otherwise they would also be found in Egan, Phil other localities. 1998 Letter to Claude Britt dated May 25, Summary and Conclusions 1998. Fagan, Brian M. (Ed) Aside from Mallery's "discovery" of a Final Note 1996 The Oxford Companion to Archae­ "prehistoric city" at the base of Spruce ology. Oxford Univ. Press. 844 pages. Hill, which has never been verified by Around 1990 I saw a book floating Foster, James archeologists, the other issue in this around in Chillicothe about Mallery's the­ 1811 Letter written to a Mr. Gilleland. Ross article is whether or not there actually ories. Apparently, Mallery's family had County Hist. Soc. were iron furnaces at Arledge Mound and published a book from his journals and Mallery, A.H. Spruce Hill. In 1848, Squier and Davis writings thru a private publishing com­ 1949 Engineer asks Ohioans to check on slag findings (Ancient furnaces found in thought furnaces were nonsense. There pany. I'm not sure of the title of the book, but I think it had a sub-title something Ohio hills). The Columbus Citizen, 5A, can be no doubt that intense heat vitri­ Dec. 4, 1949. fied a glassy surface on some rocks in like, "The Iron Age in Ohio". The book 1950? Capt. Mallery reports discovery of Pre­ Ross County. But what produced this was supposedly still in print, but I historic Ross County 'city'. Chillicothe heat? Mallery was of the opinion that couldn't find out where to obtain a copy. Gazette. Exact date of publication only blast furnaces could have produced I wrote to the publishing company (with unknown. that much heat. I do not know what tem­ my Mound City address) to order a copy, Squier, E. G. and E.H. Davis perature is required to put a glaze on but I never even heard back from them. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi rocks, nor do I have any references on it Perhaps the publisher didn't want an Valley Comprising the results of exten­ in my files. In addition to the green- archeologist to see such a book! sive original surveys and explorations. Vol. 1, Smithsonian Contributions to glazed rocks of Ross County, Mallery I know of no professional archeologists knowledge. also claimed to have found slag at who give credence to Mallery's theories.

M Figure 1 (Britt) A green-glazed rock showing evidence of having been subjected to intense heat at sometime in the past. From a Hopewell site in Ross County, Ohio.

12 ft Iron Bilift ^} F1 Fill 4 Alternate layers of loa Hard floor under mound and red Ore Hard red burned furnace floor IV + Over cobblestones bedded in lime mortar

Figure 2 (Britt) Alleged iron furnaces claimed to have been found by A.H. Mallery in Arledge Mound near Chillicothe in 1948. Redrawn from an illustration by Mallery which appeared in The Columbus Citizen, December 4, 1949.

Cobblestone Base Older Furnace Under Both Furnaces

Holes in Floor to admit air

Solid hard-burned bog iron ore floor Cobblestone wall at end of furnace to admit air Iron billet in flue about one foot below floor

Flue opening in furnace floor Solid Floor Bog iron ore furnace walls.

Bog iron ore arch over flue

and working platform — Newer Furnace

Figure 3 (Britt) Plan view of Arledge Mound showing Mallery's alleged "furnaces". Redrawn from an illustration by Mallery which appeared in The Columbus Citizen December 4, 1949.

13 A SLATE OWL EFFIGY by Jim Miller 1221 Cleveland Hts. Blvd. Cleveland Hts. Ohio 44121

After over 25 years of surface picked up the first rock I saw. It was forms to some slate lizard effigies. It is hunting I finally found a very excep­ covered with mud and I almost threw not finished but has been smoothed tional artifact. While on my way to it down. But I remembered what my down. Both I and Jeff May, who has Port Clinton on July 24, 1998, I friend Jeff May said about the site hunted the site for over 30 years and stopped at Muddy Creek Site in San­ "always look over each piece you has some of his finds from the site dusky County. I knew the site had find". I went to a pool of water and pictured, concur that it is a finished been plowed and it had rained the washed it off, and to my delight a piece and probably is from the San­ night before. To my dismay the site banded slate owl effigy appeared in dusky Tradition time period. (600AD - had soybeans planted and was my hand. It is 1 V long and 1Va" 1400AD) Needless to say this is the flooded. There was a small bit of across. The banding conforms to the finest artifact I have found. ground still showing on the eastern eyes, the beak, and the neck of the edge of the field. I walked in and object. The back of the piece con­

14 AN OLD ROSS COUNTY COLLECTION by Lar Hothem Box 458 Lancaster, OH

A collection put together in the early In addition to the four artifacts shown Clean, honest old collections are some­ 1900s came from one of Ohio's richest here, there were also stone tools and much thing of a rarity anymore, and they are archaeological areas, Ross County. The flint, with one winged banner and several especially worthwhile from a region with artifacts were picked up by the McCalla broken slate pieces. Of interest was a such a meaningful prehistoric past. family on several farms south and west of fluted tube bannerstone in banded slate, Chillicothe. No additions were made to 53/a inches long, with drilling just started. the original collection, which represents There were two bar amulet ends made of all of the state's prehistoric periods gneiss, and a comparison indicates they except Intrusive Mound. were from two different artifacts.

Figure 2 (Hothem) This knife, possibly Paleo, has a single steeply angled edge and a bifacially chipped edge. It is 4% inches long and made of black Zaleski flint. Ross County. Private collection.

•< Figure 1 (Hothem) Early Archaic expanded-notch blade, with beveled and serrated edge and a needle tip. it is 23A inches long and made of highly translu­ cent multi-colored Ftintridge with touches of orange. Ross County. Private collection.

Figure 4 (Hothem) Early Archaic T-drill, it was made from a large beveled blade. This fine example is 4'/w inches long. The tip is not broken but was chipped in the rounded configuration. One of the better Ohio drills, it is made of mottled blue Upper Mercer. Ross County. Private collection.

•< Figure 3 (Hothem) Clovis fluted point, Early Paleo, 25A inches long. Material is Flintridge in blue-gray and cream, with a dark amber base. Ross County. Private collection.

15 HOPEWELL CACHE BLADES FROM JACKSON COUNTY by Tom McCollister Zanesville, Ohio

The Hopewell culture existed in Ohio "Perhaps the most important find in the bottom. The top of the pile was during the middle Woodland period from the county was the collection of flints about ten inches beneath the surface... 200 B.C. to 600 A.D. Hopewell mounds discovered in April, 1898, near the Similar deposits have heretofore occasionally yield cache blades, which Catholic cemetery. The following been found in this county, notably one have also been found in isolated groups account was written at the time by F.E. in the city cemetery, but none nearly so or as single specimens. Hopewell caches Bingman, a local archaeologist: A dis­ large as this." are the rarest of all cache types and date covery that is of more than usual from approximately 100 B.C. to 500 A.D. interest to those who are archaeologi- REFERENCES Over a period of several months in 1994 I cally inclined, was made by Mr. George Converse, Robert N. obtained 34 Hopewell cache blades from Goddard, one day last week. 1994 Ohio Flint Types, Page 124 The Kendall Saunders. These blades are While engaged in plowing a piece of Archaeological Society of Ohio made of Flint Ridge material with the ground belonging to P. O'Malley, just Holzapfel, Elaine largest 3 inches long by VA inches wide, south of the new Catholic cemetery, he 1994 Ohio Archaeologist Spring 1994, Page the smallest being 2% inches long by VA noticed in the dead furrow several 26 The Archaeological Society of Ohio implements of flint. His curiosity being inches wide. These blades are typical Williams, D.W. examples, somewhat triangular in shape excited, he made a further and careful 1900 A History of Jackson County, Ohio with a slightly convex base. The blades examination, with the result of finding Volume I, Page 25, 26 exhibit well controlled percussion and carefully stowed away the large number pressure flaking. of 314 implements. These blades were originally in the col­ As near as could be determined by an lection of F.E. Bingman and were men­ examination made afterward, the flints tioned in a 1900 publication entitled A were placed in a hole about fifteen History of Jackson County, Ohio by D.W. inches across, and eighteen inches Williams. Williams writes: deep, the hole slightly narrowing toward

Figure 1 (McCollister) Five of the finer examples of flint ridge material in the 34 cache blades shown in Figure 2.

16 ft ...

m

*Al figure 2 (McCollister) Hopewell cache blades from Jackson County, Ohio. Blades are part of an original cache of 314 blades, all made of Flint Ridge material found by George Goddard in April of 1898.

M PHILLIP KIENTZ POTTERY SHERDS by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131

Kuhn (1997) has illustrated bone, shell, Archaeologist, Vol. 47, No. 2, p. 13). I Kientz dug them in 1937. Some of the and flint artifacts found at Fort Ancient have owned for more than 40 years a box more distinctive sherds are illustrated sites in southern Ohio by the late Phil of about 50 sherds excavated at the here (Figs. 1-2) Kientz in the 1930s and 1940s (See Ohio Feurt Village Site. Old labels indicate that

^fcL' ^^rfTV^^L

,v : 1PSr>' >HSftN*8^

'.''•JAMM^'-'I e

Figure 1 (Britt) An assortment of pottery sherds from the Feurt Village Site excavated by Phil Kientz in 1937.

18 Figure 2 (Britt) More sherds excavated by Phil Kientz at the Feurt Site in Scioto County in 1937.

19 Figure 1 (Barans, Cossentino, Dowd, Morris, Summers, Szafranski, Willaman & Willaman) A triple exposure of the split-bone foreshaft from Sheriden Cave (33Wy252). The hair-like appendage is the vegetative part of an unidentified fungus (Mycelium). Photo courtesy of Peter A. Bostrom of the Lithic Casting Lab and World Lithics Institute.

20 SMALL POINT: HUGE FIND AT SHERIDEN CAVE (33Wy252) by Paul J. Barans, Philip Cossentino, Elaine Dowd, Larry L. Morris, Garry L. Summers, Carl Szafranski, Marcia Willaman, Richard Willaman

On July 19 at approximately 1:30 p.m., The site was originally investigated as a Ford, K. M., A. R. Bair, and J. A. Holman Paul J. Barans exposed a fluted-point in paleontology locality by Dr. H. Gregory 1996 Late Pleistocene Fishes from Sheriden situ (see Fig. 2) in the late Pleistocene McDonald now of the National Park Ser­ Pit, Northwestern Ohio. deposits of Sheriden Cave (33Wy252), vice (Ford 1996; Hanson 1992a; Hanson Michigan Academician 28:135-145. Wyandot County, Ohio. The point was 1992b; Holman 1997; McDonald 1992; Hanson., N. C. discovered at a depth of 26.6 cm (distal McDonald 1994). The initial archaeological 1992a Indian Trail Caverns: A Window on tip) to 28.0 cm (proximal end) in the late documentation of the site was by Dr. Ohio's Pleistocene Bestiary. Pleistocene strata and approximately 10 Jonathan E. (Jeb) Bowen (Bowen 1995). Ohio Geology Spring, pp. 1-3. meters below the present surface. It was Excavations at Sheriden Cave are ongoing Hanson, N. C. recovered from the same excavation unit under the direction of Dr. Kenneth B. 1992b Bestiary of Pleistocene Vertebrates of that produced a cut snapping turtle neck Tankersley of Kent State University and Dr. Ohio. Ohio Geology Winter, pp. 1-6. vertebra and a beveled, crosshachured, Brian G. Redmond and Barbara Banish of Holman, J. A. bone foreshaft, at a horizontal distance of The Cleveland Museum of Natural History 1997 Amphibians and Reptiles from the 70 cm. Interestingly, the fluted point was (Tankersley 1997a; Tankersley et al. Pleistocene of Sheriden Pit Cave, found in the same compass orientation as 1997b; Tankersley 1997c). The excavators Northwestern Ohio. the foreshaft. A plethora of extinct, extir­ Michigan Academician 29: 1-20. are graduate and undergraduate anthro­ McDonald, H. G. pated (i.e., survived extinction but are no pology students, members of the Nobles 1992 A Pleistocene Fauna from the Sheriden longer native), and extant (i.e., still living in Pond Volunteer Force and various mem­ Pit, Indian Trail Caverns, Wyandot Ohio) species have been recovered from bers and officers of The Archaeological County, Ohio and its Relationship to this unit including flat-headed and long- Society of Ohio. The project is funded in the Late Wisconsin Deglaciation of nosed peccary, stag moose, giant beaver, part by a grant to Dr. Tankersley from the Ohio. Rocky Mountain Section of the short-faced bear, caribou, white-tailed National Science Foundation. Geological Society of American Abstracts with Programs No. 16284. deer, black bear, raccoon, and turkey. The site is owned and operated in part Twenty radiocarbon dates place the by the estate of the late Richard Hen­ McDonald, H. G. stratum sometime between 10,500 and dricks. Dick (see Fig. 3) became enamored 1994 The Late Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna 11,000 uncalibrated radiocarbon years in Ohio: Coinhabitants with Ohio's by the caves as a boy and was eventually Paleoindians. The First Discovery of B.P. This is the first fluted point discov­ able to purchase a partial interest in the ered in Ohio from stratified, radiocarbon America, edited by William S. Dancey, site. He operated the caves as a tourist pp. 23-41. The Ohio Archaeological dated, late Pleistocene contexts, con­ attraction until his death a few months taining the remains of extinct species. It is Council, Inc., Columbus ago. Dick's faith in the importance of the Tankersley, K. B. one of only a handful of such discoveries site never wavered in spite of being locally in eastern North America. 1997a Sheriden: A Clovis Site in Eastern North known as the "crazy old cave man." His America. Geoarchaeology: An Interna­ faith was vindicated with what is to date tional Journal 12:1-12. The point measurements are as follows: the most important Palaeo discovery in the Tankersley, K. B., K. M. Ford, H. G. McDonald, history of Ohio archaeology. R. A. Genheimer, and R. Hendricks Maximum length 36.2 mm 1997b Late Pleistocene Archaeology of Maximum width 16.5 mm REFERENCES CITED Sheriden Cave, Wyandot County, Ohio. Maximum flute length 17.2 mm Current Research in the Pleistocene Depth of basal concavity 3.0 mm Bowen, J. E. 14:81-83. Basal width 15.5 mm 1995 Terminal Pleistocene Fluted/Knife Tankersley, K. B. Flute width 7.5 and 5.5 (obverse) Spearpoint from an 18,000 Square 1997c Archaeology of Sheriden Cave, USA. Kilometer Portion of Northcentral and Proceedings of the 12th International 5.0 and 6.0 (reverse) Westcentral Ohio: 9,000 BC. Sandusky Congress Speleogy, The Seminary of Flute thickness 4.0 mm Valley Chapter, Archaeological Society Prehistory, University of Neuchatel Maximum thickness 4.5 mm of Ohio, Upper Sandusky. Switzerland Vol. 3, pp. 75-77.

fig. 2 (In situ fluted point exposed in late Pleistocene (i.e., Ice Age) geological con­ text from Sheriden Cave (33Wy252). Photo courtesy of Phil Cossentino.

Fig. 3 The late Richard (Dick) Hendricks. Photo \ courtesy of In Camera.

21 THE PAUMIER-TUSSING MILL SITE by Stephen J. Parker 1859 Frank Drive Lancaster, Ohio

This is a report of an ongoing investiga­ water powered sawmill on his farm dence of any stone or masonry being tion of what I believe to be the remains of on Poplar Creek. The saw was well used in the structure. There are several an old mill which is located on Poplar secured to the barn for some pur­ boards laying crosswise under the big tim­ Creek, Liberty Township, Fairfield County, pose or probably would not have bers on the clay shelf (Figure 2). These Ohio. Because new information is continu­ remained there so long". cross members put me to mind of the ally being revealed, this report describes (B) "Hewed timbers still remaining of white oak cross timbers used in the con­ the investigation through August 31,1998. this dam could still be seen in 1918 struction of the bottom of canal locks. I'm In January of 1996, I read an article in and probably later. Nothing not sure if this is the same principle or not. the Lancaster Eagle-Gazette concerning a remained of the timbers on The husk frame is basically put family who had discovered a large struc­ Howard's last visit to the dam site". together with notches, mortises, tenons ture being washed out of a creek bank. In (C) "Have you ever located the 'Mill and pegs. So far, I have found 7 nails, April, I contacted Bernard and Jane Pau- Race' mentioned in Christian one spike and two other iron pieces in the mier to inquire about what they had found Tussing's papers...I had known of structure. One of the iron pieces is a 5 out about the structure. They had several this Mill Race for Christian inch large staple which was called a visitors and done a lot of research, but Tussing's water powered sawmill "dog" in early mill construction, and the had found no hard evidence of what the and where the water dam was, for other piece of iron is a 7" X 9" end band structure was. many years." for a timber (Figure 3). Friends, neighbors and other interested To the west of the husk frame is a parties such as the Fairfield County Soil I first visited the site in April of 1996. series of boards which were held together and Water Conservation and the Ohio The "site" was a "sight" to behold (pun with three rows of pegs (Figure 1). There Historic Preservation Office visited the intended). Huge timbers sticking out of seems to be two layers of boards, so I site. No one knew what it was, but all the bank were covered with 8 to 10 feet assume that the bottom layer was a floor agreed that it might be the remains of an of dirt. I could see the end of a 19" X and the top layer is either a wall that old mill. 22"timber peeking out of the creek bank. caved in or possibly the ceiling fell straight down. I don't think it is either of The Paumiers showed me the records To get a perspective of the size of that the side walls, as the pegs do not align and history of the property which they had timber - it's approximately four times the with the holes in earlier discovered partial been able to gather. Anyone who has ever size of the page you are reading. Another side walls. done any genealogy work knows how dif­ timber was 11" X 13" X approximately 20' ficult, exasperating, time consuming and, before it disappeared into the bank. Later, I have located a board with a 7 inch at times, rewarding that can be. Locating this beam got washed about 300 feet semi-circular notch cut into it (Figure 4). I and interpreting old maps can also be down stream during a flood. It got hung believe this is where the shaft or axle of a confusing. The Paumiers have 4 or 5 old up in some trees and the Paumiers were waterwheel entered the structure. It can maps; only one of which is dated and able to retrieve it. It is a hand hewn walnut be seen where some type of sleeve or another one that is ". . .it has to be after beam, 27' 4" long. bearing was set in the notch at one time. such and such a year, because . . ." None The Paumiers gave me permission to The wood in the notch is scorched black of the maps show a mill or anything else excavate what I could of the site. So far, I from the heat caused by friction as the at the site location. A church map shows have done very little excavating. Mother shaft turned in the sleeve. There may a mill which was located about one fourth Nature with her winds, rains, floods, and have been a similar board on top holding mile upstream. shifting creek bed is doing most of the the shaft down. Twenty inches behind this notched board is another feature We have searched through Lancaster's work. Most of my work has been consisting of a large board with a much local historian Charles Goslins' books and removing the 8 - 10 feet of soil from the larger curve cut out of it with small boards notes at the Lancaster Branch of Ohio top of the bank to keep it stepped to nailed to the curve. The curve is consider­ University; county histories in the Fairfield avoid overhangs and cave-ins. I have ably larger than the curve in the front County District Library; the State Library done some excavating to uncover con­ notched board, and the two lay directly of Ohio; the Baltimore, Ohio Museum; struction details so I can get photos and behind one and other. [ADDENDUM: The Fairfield County Tax Duplicates; and the drawings of the structure. board is 3" thick and the curve is 23" Ohio Historical Society Library. So far, we The site extends some 50 feet East and across and 13" inches deep. The small have found no record or concrete evi­ West and 12 feet North and South where boards are nailed to only one half of the dence of what this structure was. it enters the creek bank. curve (Figure 5)]. Very interesting and For the lack of a better term at this point What little evidence we have of a pos­ mysterious. sible mill being located on the property in time, I refer to the main part of the came from a history of the Tussing family structure as a husk frame. In his book, I think the structure is a very early (pos­ written by Howard Roshon. Christian Water Wheels and Millstones, D. W. sibly pre-dating 1850) grist mill. The tim­ Tussing purchased 160 acres of land in Garber describes a husk frame as "... a bers seem to be too large to be a saw 1810 and an additional 40 acres in 1824. heavy frame built of large timbers used to mill. I can't conceive a saw mill needing The site is located in this 40 acre plot. support the millstones, solidly footed and such a large and solid framework. It took many years to cover the structure with 10 The references by Roshon are: free from vibration which might result from feet of soil. The present topography of the (A) "In this barn as late as 1918 there a jar or movement in the mill." The husk land leads me to believe that years of was a heavy thick straight saw. frame (Figure 1) is made up of very large flooding was not the cause of the struc­ This saw was not like an ordinary timbers which rest on a clay shelf located ture being buried so deeply. I think the saw. It was told that this saw was in the creek bed. The exposed portion of mill was built into a hillside and, after the used by Christian Tussing on his the frame is 12 feet long. There is no evi­

22 mill was abandoned, the remaining part of some ideas on how/what to do. She also References the hill eroded and slid down covering the let me look at a preliminary report of a mill Garber, D.W. structure. in Knox County, Ohio. 1970 Water Wheels and Millstones Getting information on how to excavate The big question I have been asked is, A History of Ohio Gristmills and Milling, a historical site is hard to come by. The "What are you going to do with it after it is Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, OH colleges and universities in Ohio that I uncovered?" That is a big concern of Lancaster Eagle-Gazette contacted could provide little help. Most mine and the Paumiers. It is a good ques­ 1996 February 21, 1996 of them do not even teach any courses in tion, to which I do not have a good Macaulay, David historic archaeology. Some of the Eastern answer. However, my reply is, "What's 1983 Mill. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston Mass. States are big on historic archaeology, going to happen to it if I don't uncover Roshon, Howard but Ohio is not. it?" In one case it will just wash down 1982 A Historical Sketch of I was very disappointed with my inquiry stream. In the other case we will salvage Some Ohio Tussings. to the Ohio Historic Preservation Office. as much as we reasonably can. Skinner, Shaune Although a member of their staff did visit It is still hoped that someone some­ 1995 Gallatin Sawmill The Eberhart Grist the site, their response was to the effect where will come forward with a photo or that unless we could prove who built it, or Mill, Dam and Gallatin Sawmill. ASC other information on this old structure. Group, Inc., Report to U.S. Army that it was ever in production it has no My sincere thanks to Bernie and Jane Corps of Engineers. historical significance. That was, and Paumier for giving me permission to 1996 Personal communication still is, very discouraging. I am certainly excavate this historic site. Their enthu­ Tonetti, Alan glad that pre-historic archaeology does siasm and research has been invaluable. 1996 Personal communication not consider post molds that way. Post Nearly all the historical records of the molds are very significant; yet we don't property, the land owners, and the site know the name of the Indian who placed were gathered and researched by the the now disintegrated post there. Paumiers. I did contact Shaune Skinner of ASC So, the structure can just set there until Group, Inc. who excavated a mill in it gets washed down stream or I can keep Fayette County, Pennsylvania for the US an eye on it and record what I can Army Corps of Engineers. I thank Shaune through notes, drawings and photos. It for letting me look at the report which has been an exciting excavation and I will proved to be quite helpful and gave me make every effort to record what I can.

Figure 1 (Parker) Large timbers make up the husk frame. It is 12' long, including the two 19" X 22" timbers sticking out of the creek bank. To the right of the husk frame is a series of boards held together by three rows of pegs.

23 •4 Figure 2 (Parker) Several boards were laid crosswise under the huge timbers of the husk frame. Reminiscent of how the bot­ toms of canal locks were constructed.

M Figure 3 (Parker) A large spike and the end band for a timber are two iron pieces found at the site.

•4 Figure 4 (Parker) Notched board. The notch is charred black. Note the outline and chiseled out area where a sleeve or bearing used to be. This is probably where the axle of a water wheel entered the mill.

M Figure 5 (Parker) Drawing of board with large curve cut out of it and small boards nailed to only one half of the curve.

24 A LARGE EARLY ADENA BLADE by Robert J. Davis 6918 Edith St. Cincinnati, Ohio

I found this classic and large example of an Early Woodland Adena blade in Batavia Township. Clermont Co. Ohio. It is made from heavily patinated and creek- stained Flint Ridge flint that measures 6%" long, 1V wide, and %" thick. It was dis­ covered in a gravel bar in a small creek on July 3rd, 1998.

figure 1 (Davis) Large Clermont County Blade

TROPHY AXE by Elaine Holzapfel Greenville, Ohio

Harold Brumfield of Mt. Sterling dis­ played this trophy axe at a recent meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Mr. Brumfield bought the artifact from a garage sale from E.M. Hundley, whose father recovered the axe while he was farming with horses in 1920. The prove­ nience is the east side of the Scioto River, just north of Circleville, Pickaway County, Ohio. Mr. Brumfield explained that part of the poll of the axe has been restored.

25 THREE ARTIFACTS FROM WESTERN OHIO by Richard Puterbaugh Greenville, Ohio

The winged bannerstone at the top of This banded slate bannerstone measures old Harrod farm west of Verona, Ohio, on 7 the page was found by my grandfather, 2 /a inches by 1V? inches. Millerfork Rood in Preble County, Ohio, Carl Harrod, around 1910. He was The hornstone blade on the left (4 by my uncle, Larry Harrod. walking along a freshly-graveled road and inches long) and the Coshocton flint the banner was lying in the new gravel. lanceolate on the right were found on the

Figure 1 (Puterbaugh) Artifacts, clockwise from top, slate bannerstone, lanceolate of Coshocton flint, and blade of Indiana hornstone.

26 AN ADENA QUADRICONCAVE GORGET

This fine slate Adena Gorget was found in Champaign County, Ohio. Made of mottled tan slate, it is in the collection of Jim Stephan, Darke County, Ohio.

A CHLORITE BANNERSTONE

Apple-green chlorite was sometimes imported into Ohio during frie Archaic Period. This chlorite bannerstone was found in Summit County.

27 THE BAKER CACHE by Charles E. Carroll Defiance, Ohio 43512

On August 3, 1961 Darl E. Baker dis­ colorful flint ridge blades as well as sixty- submerged under water or buried above covered a cache of 288 flint blanks and eight (68) Flint Ridge chalcedony blades. water in prehistoric times. Several Ohio preforms under 3 inches of water along The colorful Flint Ridge is what Baker caches have been determined to have the west bank of the Auglaize River, six described as "colorful flint- red, blue, been placed under water and this may miles upstream from Defiance, Ohio. He striped and mottled". The chalcedony he well be the case with this cache. In was washing his car near a spot which is described as "blue-gray or white flint". Archaic times the site was swampy and normally under 3-4 feet of water caused There are six (6) Upper Mercer flint surrounded by water at the very least. by a nearby power dam. Baker saw 2 flint blades which he described as "black and In following years, Mr. Baker returned blades laying on the riverbank and upon brown specimens". I also cataloged thirty- to the site and found a half dozen pol­ closer examination spotted 4 more under four (34) Logan County chert (Cedarville- ishing stones and hammerstones while water on the riverbed. Suspecting that Guelph) blades in this cache. surface hunting the islet. The area is there were more blades, he took two The mixture of the variety of flints and strewn with worked flint which may be blades and began digging into the wet chert from various source locations is an indicative of a work site. It is possible that clay when he discovered the cache. It unusual aspect of this cache and has the cache was buried for safekeeping was solidly packed in an area 10 to 12 rarely been documented in caches. The shortly after being roughed out from quar­ inches in diameter and about "waste- highest quality Flint Ridge blanks were ried flint from sources over 100 miles paper basket deep". found intermingled with lower grade chert away. In later cultures, the connecting rivers system were known trade highways Mr. Baker published the cache dis­ and black Upper Mercer flint blanks. as well. covery in the January 1962 OHIO Dozens of the Flint Ridge blades are ARCHAEOLOGIST and the cache received uniform in color which is indicative of Darl Baker did well in reporting and local press coverage the day after the find. being chipped from the same flint blocks. publishing this cache find which I named It has been a well known cache to local The largest blade is 5>B" and the smallest in his honor. He did an immense service collectors and historians and has been is 25V'. The mean (average) is about 3.5 in preserving the cache. He stored the documented in local histories. inches in length. None show signs of cache away for safekeeping for three and half decades. It is now back in the sun­ For 35 years this cache was stored in having been heat treated. Many of the light and being protected for future gener­ Mr. Bakers' basement in tomato hampers blades have the edges ground off. It is ations as a buried treasure from Ohio's and a peanut butter jar. Mr. Baker gave believed this was done to prevent them historical soil. two of the blanks to old time collector from puncturing the sacks in which they were transported in from the quarries. Garrot Zuber of Antwerp, Ohio. Don References Eberle of Napoleon, Ohio later obtained Mr. Baker believed the cache was Baker, D.E. most of the Zuber collection and he Adena in origin but most blank caches 1962 Ohio Archaeologist Volume 12 "Cache returned the two cache blades to Darl are associated with Ohio Archaic. Several of 288 Blades discovered" Baker in order to keep the cache intact. of the better formed blades do have Defiance (Ohio) Crescent-News Friday In January 1997, I acquired the intact rounded bases which is diagnostic of August 4, 1961 "Defiance man finds cache from the Baker estate. While cata­ Adena cache blades, but most are simply many Indian relics" roughed and unpolished blanks and knife loging the cache, I discovered addi­ Holzapfel, Elaine tional information and felt an updating is preforms. 1993 Ohio Archaeologist Volume 43 "A study needed to the original report for the accu­ The Baker cache has been attributed of Prehistoric Flint Caches in the Ohio racy of the historical record. as a Defiance County find. A correction is Area" In his 1962 report, Mr. Baker described needed in that the cache site was located Simonis, Louis A. some of the cache blades as being "well on the tip of a finger shaped islet in 1979 Maumee River 1835 shaped and fashioned from the most col­ Auglaize Township in Paulding county on The Defiance County Historical Society orful flint-red, blue, striped and mottled — private property. Years ago, Mr. Baker Converse, Robert N. as well as some black and brown showed Don Eberle the site and Don gra­ 1994 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological specimens". He described other blades ciously passed it on to me. Most of the Society of Ohio as consisting of "mostly blue-gray or year, the site is under water. In late Waldorf, D.C white flint". summer, the water is down and the site is Waldorf, Val Although a local collector for over transformed into mud flats. The region 1987 Story in Stone, Mound Builder Books 40 years, access to reference material was once part of the Great Black swamp Branson, Missouri was not as readily available to collectors until drained in the latter half of the nine­ Eberle, Donald Napoleon, Ohio and non-professionals as it is today. teenth century. The site is also an ancient 1997 Personal Communications Based on information available at the lake bed. The site has been pho­ Carroll, Earl W. Defiance, Ohio tographed and documented for posterity. time, his report was as well written as 1990 Personal Communications Due to the dam changing the depth and could be expected. Kinder, Wendi width of the river in modern times, it is not In cataloging this cache, I found that 1997 Defiance, Ohio possible to determine if the cache was there are one hundred and eighty (180) Personal Communications

28 •^ figure 1 (Carroll) This photograph of 34 cache blanks, shows the variety of Flint Ridge, Flint Ridge Chalcedony, Black Upper Mercer flint and Logan County chert which were used in this cache. The 2 Flint Ridge Chalcedony blades at the bottom of the photo were once in the Garrot Zuber Collection and still have his catalog labels attached.

figure 2 (Carroll) The entire 288 blade Baker Cache. It was found on august 3, 1961 in Paulding County, Ohio by Darl Baker of Defiance, Ohio. A local collector, he recognized the significance of seeing the first blanks grouped together on the surface. Defiance Man Finds Many Indian Relics

M Figure 3 (Carroll) Newspaper article printed in 1961.

29 THE FLINT RIDGE SHELTER HOUSE PROJECT by Bobby Williams 138 Margery Dr. Newark, Ohio

I'm pleased to announce the comple­ Historical Society architect George Kane archaeology and the generosity to share it. So many of you have given a lot of "wind­ tion of the shelter house at Flint Ridge, went well beyond his duties to help. We shield time" to and from our meetings out August 13,1998. A project of the Flint had a special visit to the site by Governor of sheer kindness. You all deserve much Ridge Chapter of The Archaeological Voinovich who was with a group touring more than "Thank You" and the travel Society of Ohio, this multi-year effort points of interest in Ohio. He commended expenses that you may get and often turn resulted in a well-built and beautiful struc­ us for the shelter house and expressed down. You have built something money ture which will last for many years. The his appreciation on behalf of the OHS. can't buy. The officers that have served, following is a list of chapter members and We finished before our deadline despite scrambling in the eleventh hour to get a chapter friends and organizations who many problems. This leads to my personal "underlying speaker, doing paperwork in the wee assisted with hammer, trowel, pen, back, hours, the members proudly displaying money and mind. motive" for a project of this magnitude. I have been a part of several different finds and sharing sites and stories, your "civic" organizations in the past, but kindness and generosity got me involved Jim Hahn Jerry Maines never at all with a caliber of good, gen­ in taking this on. Folks, YOU built this Brian Curry Laurie Pahdopony uine people in the The Flint Ridge shelter house and You Deserve It. I hope Dana Ellis Fritz Rector Chapter, and all of The A.S.O., for that my involvement in this project will in some Dwayne Ellis Jim Kingery matter. I was astounded at the quality of way thank each and every one of you for James Bush Kieth Oakleaf presentations right here in Newark, Ohio! all you have shared with me. Don Flowers Bill Pickard My objective was to find a way to let Editors note: This ambitious project Bob Converse Don and Theresa Scheetz others in the community know of what a could not have been completed without Jeff Hauck Jeff Yingling great thing these monthly meetings are, the unstinting work of Bobby Williams. He Joe Kinser Joel Embrey because the bulk of the general public unselfishly spent countless hours raising Tom Debolt Greg Moore doesn't know The A.S.O. or The Flint money and talking to prospective donors Ray King Fred Winegardner Ridge Chapter. Then Jim Hahn comes up as well as organizing the entire project. with this "bright idea" for the shelter Special thanks are extended to Jim Hahn house, and the rest is history. who provided his construction expertise My feeling is, that we will become more and the frame of Flint Ridge flint for the dedication plaque. There were "friends of the chapter" visible, credible, and respected doing involved as well something like this in Dave Nolan, & Floyd Peck of Lancaster, addition to the many Roy Miller, from Dundee, other events we're Terry Yerian of Newark involved in. It won't Steve Henthorn, O.H.S. happen over night, but Of significant help with the last minute it's a good start. I mean unexpected problems were Jim Kingery, it with all sincerity that The Flint Ridge Chapter. A.S.O. this organization is chapter member and Site Manager of The Archaeological Society of Ohio Flint Ridge and his staff — Jerry, Don, blessed with some of the best minds in Cecil M2DgcrCh«rittbteTraM Dottie and Joan - to mention a few. Ohio The Business Link Owens Coining Toe Licking County Commissioners Office The Hopewell Township Trustees Gatridge Efectrfc Museum Exhibits *od Design Tamarack Farms Dairy Safety Kfeeo Corpora ties ' Ecolab Foundation The Thomas 1. Evans Foundation * The Licking County Foundation

^

figures 1 & 2 (Williams) Flint Ridge members Bobby Willams, Jim Kingery and Jim Hahn at the Flint Ridge Shelter House dedication. Inset shows bronze dedication plaque.

30 AN ADAMS COUNTY BIRDSTONE by Randy Van Hoose Box 7226, Rt. 781 Peebles, Ohio 45660

This bust type birdstone was found April 12 1998, on Turkey Creek in Meigs Township, Adams County, Ohio. It is 9 made of tan hardstone and is 2 /i6 inches 1 long, 1^16 inches wide and 1 /6 inches high. The front portion of the base has prehistoric damage. The site is a flat field except for a small rise about twenty yards long and twelve yards wide. It lies along Turkey Creek and has produced several flint and stone artifacts. The site was last plowed in the 1960s although it had been mowed for hay and cosmetic purposes. It is one of the few birdstones seen from Adams County. figure 1 (Van Hoose) Popeyed bust type birdstone found in Adams County.

FROM OUR OLD FILES by Robert N. Converse

Shown are five birdstones once in the collection of John Zaccucia, Youngstown, Ohio. Zaccucia at one time had over thirty birdstones.

figure 1 (Converse) Five birdstones from the old Zaccucia collection.

31 THE NEWCOMERSTOWN HIGH SCHOOL SITE by Wayne A. Mortine Newcomerstown, Ohio and Doug Randies Warsaw, Ohio The Newcomerstown High School site the base and averaged from 22 to 29 tion as coming from this location. The is located within the present-day corpora­ mm thick (Figure 4). various phases within the Early Wood­ tion limits of the village of Newcomer­ The particles of the grit temper were land period are characterized by distinc­ stown, Ohio (Figure 1). The site is situated coarse with some pieces measuring 3 to tive projectile point styles (see Figure 5), on the 800 foot terrace in the bottoms of 5 mm in diameter. We were able to match and often the presence of projectile the Tuscarawas River. The present 33 pieces of the pottery. This is an indica­ points on these early pottery sites have channel of the river is three-tenths of a tion that most of the sherds were prob­ enabled us to pinpoint the time of their mile south of the site. ably recovered from a single pit feature. occupation a little more precisely. Such was not the case with the Newcomer­ This report is based on an assortment stown High School Site, however. of prehistoric pottery sherds that were Observations acquired from the estate of the late Jim Thick-walled, coarse grit-tempered This article is the first in a series of Tish (1912-1997) of Newcomerstown. pottery vessels with lug handles have reports we plan to publish which will doc­ These sherds had been glued to a board been radiocarbon dated as early as ca. ument the presence of Early Woodland and then placed in a glass-enclosed 1200 B.C. in the Muskingum Valley peoples in the Tuscarawas River Valley frame. With the frame was a label that (Carskadden 1989), and these vessels near Newcomerstown, Ohio. stated: "Every piece of Indian pottery in may have been manufactured as late as this case was found where the present 200 B.C. or 150 B.C. This period spans Acknowledgments Newcomerstown, Ohio, High School now not only Early Adena, but also extends The authors would like to thank Jeff stands at the corner of Oak and Beaver back in time through the pre-Adena Carskadden for allowing us to reproduce streets." The label implies that the pottery Kramer Phase (ca. 450-750 B.C.) and the the chart in Figure 5, which depicts a pro­ was found before the construction of the Cogswell Phase (ca. 750-1250 B.C.). It posed Early Woodland culture chronology present high school in 1966. A credible has been shown that the vessel wall for the Muskingum Valley. This informa­ scenario is that Tish, while surface thickness of Early Woodland pottery in tion is from an unpublished paper written hunting, found a recently plowed out pit the Muskingum Valley becomes thinner by him for the proceedings of the "Adena feature and collected the sherds. through time; Cogswell Phase vessels, conference" held at Chillicothe in May 1997 (Carskadden n.d.). The pottery was in a very friable or for example can measure 11 to 13 mm in crumbly condition. We were able to thickness, whereas Late Adena vessels References remove from the board 139 pieces. can be less than 7 mm in thickness Carskadden, Jeff These sherds were all thick, grit tem­ (Carskadden n.d.). From the data pre­ 1989 Excavation of Mound D at the Philo Mound Group, Muskingum County, pered, poorly fired, tan to light brown in sented in Figure 5, it is apparent that the pottery found by Tish at the Newcomer­ Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 39(1):4-8. color, and all had smoothed surfaces. n.d. Some Observations on the Early Wood­ Six sherds were rim sections that repre­ stown High School site, with an average vessel wall thickness of 11.3 mm, prob­ land Culture Landscape in the Central sented two vessels. The rims are straight Muskingum Valley of Eastern Ohio. with rounded lips (Figures 2 and 3). ably dates between ca. 1200 B.C. and Paper submitted for publication in the There was one body sherd with a dam­ 150 B.C. proceedings of "The Early Woodland aged lug handle (Figure 3). The average It is unfortunate that Tish did not find and Adena Prehistory of the Ohio thickness of the body sherds is 11.3 any projectile points or other lithic arti­ Area," a conference held in Chillicothe, mm, and the average rim thickness is facts at the High School site; at least Ohio, May 1997 and sponsored by the 10.9 mm. The thickest sherds were at none have been identified in his collec­ Ohio Archaeological Council.

•< figure 1 (Mortine and Randies): Aerial photo taken ca. 1967 showing the Newcomerstown High School. The location where Tish recovered the pottery is marked with the letter "a". The Tuscarawas River, situated three tenths of a mile south of the site, is marked with the letter "b".

32 Figure 2 (Mortine and Randies): A section of one of the vessel rims found by Figure 3 (Mortine and Handles): On the left is another rim sherd from the Tish at the Newcomerstown High School site. Newcomerstown High School site. The sherd on the right from the same site shows the scar from a damaged lug handle.

4 Figure 4 (Mortine and Randies): Two thick basal sherds from the Newcomerstown High School site.

Muskingum Valley Early Woodland Chronology

CERAMIC TRAITS

APPENDAGE

6.5 Incised. 8.2 Incised Buckmeyer 7.1.7.4.7.5 Buckmeyer Straight 4.2 Incised. 6.8, 7.1,8.3 Phllo C 6.3, 7.4 LATE Thickened Phllo E ADENA 7.6, 8.2 Duncan Falls ROBIHNR 7.2 PHASE Naahport Mound *" Unn7

C, Merry's Cave C-l, Merry's Cave C-l/2. Merry's Cave ^ !f C-2, Merry's Cave \ 95 C-2/3, Merry's Cave ' \ 9 3 C-3. Merry's Cave •

EARLY ADENA CRESAP D-l. Merry's Cave PHASE 350 B.C. D-2, Merry's Cave Stilts Run Mound 400 B.C. Gay Mound

PRE Smooth D-3. Merry's Cave ADENA KRAMER > °J, 4 Grit > Straight > Lugs S Phllo Area C PHASE 10.8 Munson Spring 10.8 Linn 2 PRE- 11.0 Phllo Area D ADBNA Cogswell , 12.1 COGSWELL Wade > Straight ; i Stockdale Shelter PHASE t Mollry | 13.0Cordmarked D-3. Merry's Cave • No diagnostic ilthlcs. -4 Figure 5 (Mortine and Randies): Chart showing the pro­ •• Average rather than mean. posed Early Woodland cultural chronology for the Musk­ ingum Valley, reproduced from Carskadden (n.d.).

33 HARNESS FARMS 200TH ANNIVERSARY by Shaune M. Skinner ASC Group, Inc. On July 18, 1998, I was honored to tion of prehistoric Indian artifacts dating I would guess that there were 500 per­ attend the celebration for the 200th from the Paleo Indian to the Protohistoric sons in attendance at the celebration. anniversary of the Harness Farms in Ross period. The ceremony was supposed to Bob tried to speak to everyone, but he County, Ohio. The Harnesses were begin with a welcome from the patriarch kept drifting back to the archaeologists in deeded land in 1798 by President Jef­ of the farm, Bob Harness, but at the time attendance to discuss one of his greatest ferson. Since that time the farm has of the commencement he could not be treasures — the archaeology of the Har­ varied in acreage, but portions of the orig­ found. He was of course hovering over ness Farms. Bob has been a member of inal farm have always been owned by a his collection inside and explaining to an the ASO for over 30 years and is a Mound Harness. It is on this farm that Robert attentive crowd what he had found where City Chapter member. Harness has amassed his amazing collec- and in what field.

Figure 1 (Skinner) Bob and Dr. N'omi Greber, Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

Figure 5 (Skinner) Bill Pickard, member of several ASO Chapters, pre­ sented Bob with a framed aerial photograph of the Harness Farms.

Figure 2 (Skinner) Bob with Elsie Immel-Blei, ASC Group, Inc., and Ann Cramer, U.S. Forest Service.

Figure 6 (Skinner) Bob speaks before the crowd.

Figure 3 (Skinner) Archaeologists Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, N'omi Greber, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Ann Cramer, U.S. Forest Service, Frank Otto, member of several ASO chapters, and Shaune Skinner, ASC Group, Inc.

Figure 4 (Skinner) Bill Pickard and Laurie Pahdopony, both members of Figure 7 (Skinner) Debbie King and Elsie Immel-Blei, ASC Group, Inc., several ASO chapters, and David Towell, Mound City Chapter of the ASO. at the Old Harness Homestead.

34 AN INTRUSIVE MOUND POINT by Jeff Zemrock 903 Green Township Road 2850 Perrysville, Ohio 44864

The intrusive mound point pictured was ' .1 a personal find from Wayne County near Wooster, Ohio in 1986. It was found in the woods on a logging path after hard rain. This piece is an example of an uncommon point in rare condition, being completely intact and not resharpened. It is made of blue-black Upper Mercer flint, and measures VA inches long by VA inches wide, and is quite thin, which is typical. It has an extremely sharp tip.

References: Converse, Robert N. Ohio Flint Types Hothem, Lar Indian Flints of Ohio Justice, Noel D. Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points

Figure 1 (Zemrock) Intrusive Mound Point

QUARTZITE ARTIFACT by Elaine Holzapfel 418 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331

Ken Robbins of Sterling, Ohio, found this yellow quartzite artifact in 1998. It measures 4 inches long, is roughly egg- shaped, and has two deep grooves which are not as patinated as the rest of the stone. This is a unique find from Wayne County, Ohio. Has anyone else ever seen a similar piece?

nqure 1 (Holzapfel) Two views of grooved quartzite pebble from Wayne County, Ohio.

35 FLINT RIDGE KNAP-IN — SEPTEMBER 5-6, 1998 Sponsored by the Ohio Historical Society — Hosted by the Flint Ridge Chapter of the A.S.O. by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Dr. Michael Gramley with book display. Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Carl Smith and friends.

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Flint Knapper from Oregon. Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Robert Converse and friend.

Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Flint Ridge expert Jim Hahn points out a little Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Florida Knapper with agatized coral. known Hopewell debris dump. Jim Hahn is Ohio's most knowledge­ able student of the Flint Ridge area.

36 THE DOMINION LAND COMPANY SITE ADENA HABITATION IN CENTRAL OHIO by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio The Dominion Land Company site was dered Adena points. large vessels were recovered from the purchased by a Columbus, Ohio, develop­ Mound 2, also constructed of yellow surface area of the circular structure and ment company in 1953 for a housing sub­ clay and fire-cracked rock, proved to be from sub-surface pits. Two of the vessels division. The property is located in the the most interesting and produced patterns were restored and the example shown in Clintonville area of north Columbus close of a ground level structure. Artifacts were Fig. 1 is on display at The Ohio Historical to the intersection of Glenmont and Indi- found just above the mound floor and Center in Columbus. The uniqueness of anola avenues. The location was the site included quantities of diagnostic Adena these pots is their style and other fea­ of two conical mounds situated within a potsherds, lug handle fragments, and tures which include round bases (versus circular earthwork about 400 feet in diam­ parts of a large thick-walled barrel- the flat bases present in most Adena eter. The walls of the once prominent shaped reddish tan vessel. Also discov­ Early Woodland pottery), deep basin earthwork were several feet high and as ered were turkey bone fragments, several barrel shape (versus the shallow basin much as 17 feet in width and enclosed strong and weak-shouldered stemmed profile in most Adena pottery), and the nearly three acres. Both mounds were points, bladelets, bifaces, a sandstone riveted lug handles. badly pitted from digging by curiosity roller pestle and the upside down base of Other diagnostic Adena household seekers and much damage had been another vessel - all located within an materials recovered include the five done by uncontrolled bulldozing of the site almost perfect circle of 48 postmolds sur­ beveled-mouthpiece tubular pipes, the to remove brush and trees. The site was rounding 12 postmolds in a ditched circle. 102.8 mm long sandstone roller pestle, excavated by the Ohio Historical Society The postmold evidence indicated a sub­ four hammerstones - three limestone and under the direction of Raymond Baby. stantial covered structure over which one sandstone. Raw materials used in At the beginning of the four month long Mound 2 was constructed. Within the the weak-shouldered stemmed points excavation beginning on May 11,1953, inside postmold pattern were several spe­ included Upper Mercer, Van Port (Flint Baby and his crew discovered that cially prepared pits containing portions of Ridge), glacial, Kanawha and cream and Mound 1 had been seriously leveled with several more large barrel-shaped lugged gray banded Wyandot flint - all of which only its two foot high eastern portion pots of the same material and coloration are consistent with Early Adena. remaining. Mound 2, 300 feet north of as the earlier finds. The pits also included Only one burial was found in Mound 2 Mound 1, was 6 feet high and 60 feet in square stemmed Adena points, scrapers, but it was in very fragmentary condition. diameter. The bulldozing had also cores, flakes, hammerstones, clay tubular A broken Adena banded slate gorget was removed part of this mound especially pipe fragments representing at least five also found on the surface of the same the western portion which had been specimens, turkey, deer, rodent and car­ mound. removed to just above its baseline. It is nivore bones and shell fragments. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of interesting to note that the City of The pottery was most distinctive and this salvage excavation was the presence Columbus had intended to acquire and represented the best sampling of what of numerous domestic features and arti­ preserve this archaeological site as a Baby termed Dominion Thick Adena facts beneath an Adena mortuary mound. park but neighboring residents objected utility pottery - a type rarely found in cen­ While the circular postmold pattern is to outside intrusion and potential traffic tral Ohio. Distinctive vessel features diagnostic of what is usually described as problems and the plan was abandoned. include thick walls, barrel-shaped profile, a charnel or burial house, the domestic Despite this unfortunate failure to pre­ circular base, opposing lug handles riv­ paraphernalia including large lugged utility serve an important archaeological site, eted through vessel walls from the exte­ vessels is unusual for such sites. The the salvage excavation of the Dominion rior, and no definable neck area. The lugs absence of burned areas, specially pre­ Land Company site provided a wealth of were slanted upward toward the rim. pared tomb structures, and the paucity of data on the once prominent Early Wood­ Close examination revealed that each pot inhumations suggest an earlier domestic land Adena people in central Ohio. was made in sections with no evidence use for the so-called charnel house. Mound 1 was comprised primarily of of coiling. The base was one unit with The Dominion Land Company site, dense yellow clay interspersed with fire- additional sections added as single units. which overlooks the Olentangy River one cracked rock and produced the least The tempering material was primarily half mile west, was radiocarbon dated at diagnostic material. Among the artifacts crushed granite. Vessel wall thicknesses 450 BC and yielded important evidence recovered were a three-quarter grooved averaged 15.03 mm and the bases 20.37 of Early Adena domestic and ceremonial granite axe, pitted hammerstone, flint mm. The vessels were almost perfectly activity in central Ohio. Photographs are drill, numerous scrapers, and several circular and were 230 mm in diameter courtesy of The Ohio Historical Society. classic square-based and weak-shoul- and 400 mm high. At least six of these

37 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Enormous Dominion thick lugged pottery utility vessel.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Sampling of Adena weak and strong shouldered points.

Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Examples of "riveted" lug han­ dles from utility vessels.

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) sandstone Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Sampling of stone tool fragments. "Roller" pestle.

38 A DUAL-TIPPED POINT FROM BELMONT COUNTY by Paul J. Houston P.O. Box 7 Bethesda, Ohio 43719 This dual-tipped point was found in the spring of 1992 by my son Chad in Bel­ mont County, Ohio. It is made of pink Flint Ridge flint and is well-chipped. Such points are rare in Ohio and we wanted to record its discovery. It is now in the Paul and Chad Houston father-son collection.

Figure 1 (Houston) Obverse and reverse views of a dual-tipped point found in Belmont County, Ohio.

Welcome to the JOHNSON-HUMRICKHOUSE MUSEUM Historical Notes The Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum originated from a possible the construction of a new facility. Roscoe Village was bequest by David M. and John H. Johnson to the city of the site selected as an ideal location in which the extensive Coshocton as a memorial to their Johnson and Humrickhouse collections could be seen by larger audiences. The JHM ancestors. These native-born bachelor brothers settled on the opened to the public in July, 1979. west coast. The Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum is administered by The original museum opened in 1931 in an old school the Board of Trustees of the Coshocton Public Library. building and contained collections from the Johnson brothers' worldwide travels. Additional contributions followed, including The Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum local pioneer and American Indian artifacts. 300 Whitewoman Street The museum was first accredited in 1973. Late in 1977, a Coshocton, Ohio 43812 grant, major gifts, and a successful subscription drive made 740-622-8710 A MESSAGE FROM THE TREASURER Many times officers of the Society are contacted about problems you will receive all back issues of The Ohio Archaeologist. The most of which could be solved by calling our Business Office. membership will then expire on December 31 of the current year. When renewing your membership, when you need books or other Because of steadily increasing meeting expenses we are going items for sale by the Society, please contact our Business Office 1 - to make a modest charge for vendors' tables at state meetings, 800-736-7815. Although any officer will be happy to help you, it will the cost of which now exceeds $2,200 per meeting. Hopefully greatly expedite things if you call our Business Manager directly. this will help defer the raising of yearly dues. Those who simply The Treasurer's Office, for example, is charged with paying the display at these meetings do not have to pay. bills, managing the budget, overseeing the investments, and other­ All displayers must have a current membership card on their wise looking after the money of the Society. table. One of the problems with memberships is that unless you Remember, the November meeting would be a good time to specify otherwise, all payments are for the current year for which renew your membership for 1999.

Gary Kapusta, Treasurer

Back Cover: A bear effigy of compact sandstone. This unique artifact was included in a household goods sale in Delaware, Ohio. Depicting a crouching bear, it probably served as a special purpose pestle. It is 3 inches long and 3 inches high.

39 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.