VKM Report 2020:02 Assessment of trade in endangered species under the Norwegian CITES Regulation

Scientific opinion of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment

VKM Report 2020: 02

Scientific opinion of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) 2019: 02

ISBN: 978-82-8259-336-6 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway

Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] www.vkm.no www.english.vkm.no

Suggested citation: VKM, Eli K. Rueness, Maria G. Asmyhr, Siobhan Dennison, Anders Endrestøl, Jan Ove Gjershaug, Inger E. Måren (2020) Assessment of trade in endangered species under the Norwegian CITES Regulation. Opinion of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, ISBN: 978-82-8259- 336-6, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Oslo, Norway.

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Assessment of trade in endangered species under the Norwegian CITES Regulation

Note that this report was finalised and submitted to the Norwegian Environment Agency in 2016. With the exception change in CITES-status since 2016, no new data or information published after 2016 has been included in the species assessments.

Authors of the opinion

Eli K. Rueness (chair), Siobhan Dennison (Australian Museum), Anders Endrestøl (NINA) Jan Ove Gjershaug, Inger Elisabeth Måren, Maria G. Asmyhr (VKM staff)

Competence of VKM experts

Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM.

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Table of Contents

Summary ...... 5 Sammendrag på norsk ...... 7 Abbreviations and/or glossary ...... 9 Background as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ...... 11 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ...... 13 1 Introduction ...... 14 Regulation of wildlife trade ...... 14 2 Literature/sources of information ...... 17 3 Species assessments ...... 19 4 Uncertainties ...... 172 5 Data gaps ...... 174 6 References ...... 175 Appendix I ...... 176 Appendix II ...... 179

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Summary

Globally, populations of wild animals and plants are decreasing due to habitat loss and degradation and recent numbers suggest that vertebrate populations have dropped with more than half (58%) since 1970. Another major cause of population decline is overexploitation, such as unsustainable hunting, poaching, and harvesting. The international wildlife trade, both legal and illegal, is estimated to be worth billions of dollars annually and comprises whole animals and plants (dead or alive) as well as parts or derivatives of organisms.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) aims to prevent over-exploitation of species caused by trade across borders. Currently, more than 35,000 species are protected at various levels by listing in the Conventions three appendices (Appendices I, II, III).

So far, 183 countries have acceded the Convention and are thereby bound by CITES. These countries have to adopt a set of regulations to ensure a minimum protection level for species listed under CITES. All import, export, re-export and introduction of species covered by CITES has to be authorized through a licensing system controlled by national CITES management authorities.

The CITES Convention opens for the use of stricter domestic measures. A number of countries, e.g. the EU, which has adjusted their regulations with regards to the Birds and Habitats Directives, are currently practicing stricter CITES regulations than Norway. The NEA has assigned VKM to evaluate the scientific basis for some of the species that are subject to stricter regulation than what is required by CITES. The altogether 123 species assessed include mammals (30), birds (55), reptiles (15), amphibians (1), terrestrial invertebrates (11) and plants (11). Six of these species are established and have breeding populations in Norway: Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), Western-marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), European honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus), Mountain apollo (Parnassius apollo) and Lady´s slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus) and three are extinct: Fen Orchid (Liparis loeselii), Red Kite (Milvus milvus) and Rock Pigeon (Columba livia). Further 25 species have been observed in Norway one or more times. Trade between Norway and other CITES Parties has been registered for 33 of the species since 1975.

VKM has designated a working group comprising participants from the panel on Alien organisms and trade in endangered species (CITES), the panel on Genetically modified organisms, VKM’s secretariat and external experts. The project group has gathered scientific literature and trade data to evaluate the potential impact of trade on the sustainability of these species in the wild. VKM has summarized the material on each species in fact sheets. The fact sheets will form the scientific basis for a national public hearing of the proposed listings and uplistings of species. The species might subsequently be included in the annexes of the regulation.

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Key words: CITES, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild flora and fauna, VKM, Norwegian Scientific committee for food safety, Norwegian Environment Agency.

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Sammendrag på norsk

Ødeleggelse og tap av leveområder fører til rask nedgang i ville bestander av dyr og planter på verdensbasis, og nylig publiserte tall viser at vertebratbestandene er mer enn halvert (58%) siden 1970. Overhøsting er en annen betydelig årsak til reduksjonen i flora og fauna og omfatter både lovlig og ulovlig sanking fra naturen (ved for eksempel hogst, jakt, fiske). Handelen med ville dyr og planter omfatter millioner av levende individer, organismedeler og ulike tilvirkede varer som omsettes for milliarder av kroner årlig på det internasjonale markedet.

CITES-konvensjonen (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) er en internasjonal avtale som overvåker og regulerer at handel med og transport av ville arter ikke er en trussel mot deres overlevelsesevne. Per dags dato har CITES 183 medlemsland. Disse landene er forpliktet til å iverksette ett sett med regler som sørger for at artene som dekkes av Konvensjonen får den beskyttelsen de skal ha. CITES opererer med tre appendiks som gir artene ulikt beskyttelsesnivå på bakgrunn av bevaringsstatus. All import og eksport av CITES-listede arter må autoriseres av nasjonale forvaltningsmyndigheter i medlemslandene. Miljødirektoratet er Norges forvaltningsmyndighet for CITES.

CITES åpner for at medlemsland kan ha strengere nasjonal regulering av arter på CITES- listene. Dette er gjennomført i en rekke land, herunder EU, som blant annet på bakgrunn av sine fugle- og habitatsdirektiv har innført et strengere CITES regelverk enn Norge. Miljødirektoratet har derfor bedt VKM om å vurdere kunnskapsgrunnlaget for strengere listing av en 123 arter på EU-listene. VKM har gjennomgått tilgjengelig informasjon om de aktuelle artenes biologi, populasjonsstruktur, -størrelse og -trender, utbredelsesstatus, bevaringsbehov, bevaringstiltak og handelsstatus (lovlig og ulovlig), og har på grunnlag av denne informasjonen vurdert hvorvidt handel kan påvirke artenes overlevelsesevne.

VKM har vurdert arter eller grupper av arter som tilhører de følgende taksonomiske gruppene: pattedyr (30), fugler (55), reptiler (15), amfibier (1), terrestriske invertebrater (11) og planter (11). Av disse artene har seks etablerte og reproduserende bestander i Norge: hvalross (Odobenus rosmarus), sivhauk (Circus aeruginosus), myrhauk (Circus cyaneus), Vepsevåk (Pernis apivorus), Apollosommerfugl (Parnassius apollo) og Marisko (Cypripedium calceolus) og tre har hatt bestander tidligere: Fettblad (Liparis loeselii) og Glente (Milvus milvus) og Klippedue (Columba livia). Ytterligere 25 arter har blitt observert i Norge en eller flere ganger (se Table 3-1). Det er registrert handel mellom Norge og andre CITES-nasjoner for 33 av artene siden 1975 (trade.cites.org.).

Bakgrunnsinformasjon og overveielse av den mulige effekten av handel er oppsummert i et artsevalueringsark per listeforslag.

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VKM har utnevnt en prosjektgruppe bestående av medlemmer fra faggruppen for fremmede organismer og handel med truede arter (CITES), faggruppen for Genetisk Modifiserte Organismer (GMO), VKMs sekretariat samt eksterne eksperter på de artsgruppene som skal vurderes.

VKM-rapporten danner det vitenskapelige grunnlaget for eventuelle listeendringer (listing/opp-listing) som etter en nasjonal høring vil kunne tas inn i forskriften. Miljødirektoratet vil videre benytte artsevalueringsarkene i sitt arbeid med import- og eksportsøknader av CITES-arter.

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Abbreviations and/or glossary

Abbreviations

CITES: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

NFD: Non-detriment finding.

NGO: Non-governmental organization.

TRAFFIC: the wildlife trade-monitoring network.

UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme.

UNEP-WCMC: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

Glossary

CITES Appendices: Lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization threatening their survival. Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade. In contrast to Appendix I and II, each Party is entitled to make unilateral amendments to Appendix III.

Non-detriment finding: A conclusion by a Scientific Authority that the export of specimens of a particular species will not negatively impact the survival of that species in the wild. The NDF is required before an export or import permit may be issued for a specimen of an Appendix-I species and before an export permit may be granted for a specimen of an Appendix-II species. Biology, management and sustainability of trade are evaluated and the scientific reviews as to whether or not trade endangers a species are the NDFs (Res. Conf.16.7).

Opp-listing: see uplisting.

Range State: Any nation that exercises jurisdiction over any part of the range which a particular species or taxon inhabits.

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Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16): Criteria for amendment of CITES Appendices I and II, as described in the latest revision of the Resolution from Conference of the Parties 16.

Uplisting: The term uplisting is used to describe the action of transfering a species to a species list with a higher level of protection (e.g. from Appendix II to I).

Wildlife trafficking: Defined as international and domestic illegal trade in wild animals and plants and derived products, and closely interlinked offences such as poaching (http://eur- lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0087&from=EN)

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Background as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency

Assessment of trade in endangered species under the Norwegian CITES -Regulation

The Norwegian Environment Agency refer to the letter of assignment to the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) in 2016 and herby ask VKM to assess listing proposals for species to be included in - or uplisted under - the new Norwegian CITES- regulation in accordance with the criteria for non-detrimental findings, cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16).

Background

Control of trade The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is a global convention regulating international trade in endangered species and has 183 Parties (August 2016). The Convention provides a legal framework to be implemented by each Party at the national level.

Appendices The Convention operates with three Appendices (I, II and III). Appendix I (about 1000 species) includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Appendix II (about 33.000 species) includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. The Conference of the Parties (CoP), which is the supreme decision-making body of the Convention and comprises all its member States, has agreed on a set of biological and trade criteria to help determine whether a species should be included in Appendices I or II, cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16). Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade. Changes to Appendix III follow a distinct procedure from changes to Appendices I and II, as each Party’s is entitled to make unilateral amendments to it. This is primarily relevant for countries that are range state for species that have very restricted distribution, i.e. endemic species. CITES is a minimum-convention, which means that the provisions of the convention shall in no way affect the right of Parties to adopt stricter domestic measures regarding the conditions for trade, taking, possession or transport of specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III, or the complete prohibition thereof. Furthermore, the convention doesn’t affect Parties the right to adopt stricter domestic measures for species not included in Appendix I, II or III, cf. Article XIV of the Convention.

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New Norwegian CITES-regulation

A proposal for a revised Norwegian regulation under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was on public hearing 2016 and entered into force 2018 with the Norwegian nature diversity act (2009) as its legal basis. The act provides access to stricter regulation, as increased protection of CITES listed species by listing or uplisting and to regulate domestic trade in CITES-listed species. This presupposes an assessment for the species indicates stating that a listing or uplisting would be advantageous for their conservation status.

The proposed definitions in the new Norwegian CITES-regulation aligns Annex I, list A, B and C to respectively CITES Appendices I, II and III. The difference between the Appendices as under the Convention and the proposed uplisted or added species under the new Norwegian CITES-regulation will be as follows: -Species transferred from CITES Appendix II to Annex I, list A -Species transferred from CITES Appendix III to Annex I, list B

-New species proposed to be included in Annex I, list A or B

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Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency

The Norwegian Environment Agency requests VKM to undertake an assessment according to Res. Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16) and as further specified in annex 1 to the present document, for the proposed species specified in annex 2 to the present document. When adding new species to the lists under the new national regulation, the first review to be undertaken will be a selection of the additional listings under the EU CITES-regulation. The assessment shall cover the evaluation of the biological status and an impact assessment of legal and illegal trade. The assessment shall be presented in the format outlined in Annex 1, and shall be approximately two pages per species. Annex 2 to this assessment includes the proposed changes to the Norwegian CITES species lists. The proposals cover six different species groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, terrestrial invertebrates and plants.

The requested assessment produced by VKM will constitute the scientific basis for the processing of permits and for a public hearing if the results indicated a need to modify the appendixes of the Norwegian CITES-regulation.

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1 Introduction

Regulation of wildlife trade

The Earth´s population of vertebrates have declined by more than half (58%) between 1970 and 2012 (WWF, 2016). The Living Planet Report predicts that by 2020, given a “business as usual” scenario, vertebrate populations will have declined by two thirds since 1970 (WWF, 2016). The amount of data on invertebrates is limited compared to that on vertebrates, it has nevertheless been suggested that the rates of decline in numbers, species extinction, and range contraction among terrestrial invertebrates are at least as severe (Dirzo et al., 2014). Moreover, Pimm and Joppa (2015) argues that, while data deficiency makes it difficult to estimate plant extinction rates it is likely that 27-33% of all plant species are threatened.

After habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation - including unsustainable hunting, poaching and harvesting - is considered the main cause of population decline for the vertebrates analysed in the Living Planet Report (WWF, 2016). Harvesting of wildlife and subsequent trade is diverse, ranging from trade in live animals and plants to a vast array of wildlife products, including timber, food products, medical ingredients, hunting trophies, skins and tourist curios (Broad et al., 2003). While some trade is regulated and legal, wildlife trafficking has become one of the world´s most profitable crimes, estimated to result in profits between € 8 and € 20 billion annually (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0087&from=EN).

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is a global convention between Parties with the purpose of ensuring that international trade with wild animals and plants is not a threat to their survival. Currently, more than 35,000 species are protected at various levels by the Convention. Many of these species are not necessarily endangered today, but international cooperation is essential to safeguard these resources for the future.

The idea behind CITES first emerged in 1963 at an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) meeting. The text of the Convention (https://cites.org/eng/disc/text.php) was agreed upon by representatives of 80 countries in 1973 and entered into force in 1975. Today 183 countries, or Parties, have joined and are thereby bound by the Convention. All import and export of CITES-species has to be authorized through a licensing system and has to be reported annually. Each Party must designate one or more Management Authorities in charge of administering the licensing system as well as one or more Scientific Authorities to advise them on the effects of trade on the status of the species. Parties lacking a sufficient legal framework for protection of CITES-listed species risk being suspended from trade, with certain species or with all CITES-listed species, until their national laws and procedures have been strengthened (https://cites.org/eng/legislation).

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The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they require. Appendix I lists endangered species for which trade is permitted only exceptionally and never for primarily commercial purposes. Permits are required from both the exporting and importing countries. Appendix II lists species that are not in immediate danger of extinction, but where trade has to be controlled in order to ensure further survival. Permits are required only for export. Export permits for species listed in Appendices I or II will only be granted if there has been established through a NDF-analysis that trade is not going to be detrimental to the survival of the species (cf. CITES Resolution Conf. 16.7). Trade quotas, if allowed, are regulated accordingly. Appendix II also includes so called “look-alikes”, which are species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed in Appendix I. Appendix III includes species that are listed because they are regionally threatened, and one of the parties has asked the other CITES parties for assistance in controlling trade (https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php).

CITES provides a baseline level of protection for the species listed under the Convention, however, Parties may adopt stricter measures where considered necessary. This may be relevant in cases where the domestic legislation to protect biodiversity relies on additional regulations. In the EU, the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations together with the EU Habitats and Birds Directives underlies species protection (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/index_en.htm). The Birds Directive aims to protect all wild birds and their most important habitats across the EU (EU, 2014), while the Habitats Directive covers around 1,000 rare, threatened or endemic species of wild animals and plants, as well as 230 rare habitat types (EU, 2014). As a result, some CITES listed species, as well as some species that are not listed under CITES, are offered a higher level for protection in the EU because of their status on the Birds and Habitats Directives (CITES, 2005).

The CITES Convention opens for the use of stricter domestic measures. A number of countries, e.g. the EU, which has adjusted their regulations with regards to the Birds and Habitats Directives, are currently practicing stricter CITES regulations than Norway. The NEA has assigned VKM to evaluate the scientific basis for 123 species that are subject to stricter regulation than what is required by CITES. The species are from six different groups: birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, terrestrial invertebrates and plants.

Trade between Norway and other CITES Parties has been registered for 33 of the species since 1975 (trade.cites.org). Twenty-five species have been observed in Norway (see Table 3-1), and six species are established with breeding populations in Norway: Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), Western-marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), European honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus), Mountain apollo (Parnassius apollo) and Lady´s slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus). Further three are extinct in Norway: Fen Orchid (Liparis loeselii), Red Kite (Milvus milvus) and Rock Pigeon (Columba livia).

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The listing proposals suggested by the NEA were as follows: 112 transferred from Appendix II to Annex A, 3 transferred from Appendix III to Annex A, 20 new inclusions in Annex A and 16 new inclusions in Annex B.

For each species, VKM produced a fact sheet containing information on current conservation status, distribution, habitat and population trends and available data on both legal and illegal trade. Based on the information given in the fact sheets, recommendations were made regarding whether trade could be detrimental to species survival. The fact sheets will constitute the scientific basis for the national public hearing on the 123 proposals of listing/uplisting to Annex 1 of the new Regulation.

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2 Literature/sources of information

Literature search

Biological information for each species was gathered using databases such as that of the IUCN RedList site (http://www.iucnredlist.org) and references within the red list assessments. For species not assessed by IUCN the Catalogue of Life, the most comprehensive global index of species, was checked for data (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/). Searches were further made in both generic databases, such as Google, and scientific databases, including Google Scholar and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), using search terms such as: “organism name” “trade * organism name” “illegal trade* organism name”.

Relevant databases/websites for trade data

All registered trade with CITES-listed species is being archived and is searchable at the CITES Trade Database (http://trade.cites.org/). For species protected by CITES or other multilateral environmental agreements, records of trade can also be found at SPECIES+ (http://speciesplus.net/). This database also includes archives of the history of CITES Appendix listings, quotas and suspensions. As of June 2016, previous CITES documents are also searchable at SPECIES+, these include: previous proposals of the Conference of the Parties to amend the Appendices, Animals and Plants Committee documents relating to the CITES Review of Significant Trade Process, Non-detriment findings and Agenda and Summary of Conclusions of meetings of the EU CITES Scientific Review Group. In addition, SPECIES+ has a tab for the conservation status on Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; http://www.cms.int/), another source of information for migratory species. For species within the EU, data on e.g. distribution and population sizes can also be found at the Birds Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm) and the Habitats Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm). For species present in Norway, data are stored at the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (http://www.biodiversity.no/). The wildlife trade monitoring network, TRAFFIC, is a global NGO working on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. TRAFFIC collects, investigates and broadcasts information on trends and patterns of wildlife trade, including illegal trade. Reports published by TRAFFIC, as well as information published on their webpage (http://www.traffic.org), were used to investigate patterns of illegal trade in some of the species of the current report. For a few of the species that have previously not been CITES-listed, or proposed for CITES- listing, none of the above mentioned resources provided information and additional reports/indications of trade had to be sought (as stated in the pertinent fact sheets).

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Typically, a sudden increase in price for a wildlife product may indicate decreasing supply, which again could reflect a decline of the source population.

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3 Species assessments

Table 3-1 Species assessed in this report. * Species with reproducing populations in Norway. ** Observed in Norway. *** Extinct in Norway. (T) Norwegian trade records exists.

Norwegian name Common Species list A Species list B Proposed name listing/uplisting Gemse Abruzzo Rupicapra Uplisting: II to A chamois pyrenaica ornata (II) Villkatt (T) Wild cat Felis silvestris Uplisting: II to A (II) Irimotekatt Iriomote cat Prionailurus Uplisting: II to A iriomotensis (II) Hvalross* (T) Walrus Odobenus Uplisting: III to B rosmarus (III Canada) Juan Fernandez-pelssel Juan Fernández Arctocephalus Uplisting: II to A fur seal philippii (II) Comoro flying Pteropus Uplisting: II to A fox livingstonii (II) Rodrigues Pteropus Uplisting: II to A flying fox rodricensis (II) Pemba flying Pteropus Uplisting: II to A fox voeltzkowi (II) Tibethest Kiang Equus kiang (II) Uplisting: II to A Sun-tailed Cercopithecus Uplisting: II to A monkey solatus (II) Black colobus Cercopithecus Uplisting: II to A satanas (II) Central African Piliocolobus foai Uplisting: II to A red colobus (II) Uzungwa red Piliocolobus Uplisting: II to A colobus gordonorum (II) Pennant’s red Piliocolobus Uplisting: II to A colobus pennantii (II) Preuss’s red Piliocolobus Uplisting: II to A colobus preussi (II) Ugandan red Piliocolobus Uplisting: II to A colobus tephrosceles (II) Thollon’s red Piliocolobus Uplisting: II to A colobus tholloni (II) Delacour’s Trachypithecus Uplisting: II to A langur delacouri (II)

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Norwegian name Common Species list A Species list B Proposed name listing/uplisting Francois’s Trachypithecus Uplisting: II to A langur francoisi (II) Hatinh langur Trachypithecus Uplisting: II to A hatinhensis (II) Nilgiri langur Trachypithecus Uplisting: II to A jonhii (II) Laotian langur Trachypithecus Uplisting: II to A laotum (II) White-headed Trachypithecus Uplisting: II to A langur poliocephalus (II) Barbara Callicebus Uplisting: II to A Brown’s titi barbarabrownae (II) Coastal Black- Callicebus Uplisting: II to A handed titi melanochir (II) Black-fronted Callicebus Uplisting: II to A titi nigrifrons (II)

Atlantic titi Callicebus Uplisting: II to A personatus (II) Alle arter av Tarsiers Tarsius spp. (II) Uplisting: II to A spøkelsesaper Hulepiggsvin Crested Hystrix cristata Inlcusion: list A porcupine

Alaotraand Madagascar Aythya innotata Inlcusion: list A pochard

Hvitøyeand (T) Ferruginous Aythya nyroca Inlcusion: list A duck Rødhalsgås**(T) Red-breasted Branta ruficollis Uplisting: II to A goose (II) Brasilfiskand Brazilian Mergus Inlcusion: list A merganser octosetaceus Hvithodeand White-headed Oxyura Uplisting: II to A duck leucocephala (II) Koreagravand Crested Tadorna cristata Inclusion: list A shelduck Svartstork**(T) Black stork Ciconia nigra Uplisting: II to A (II) Svartkronestork Storm's stork Ciconia stormi Inclusion: list A

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Norwegian name Common Species list A Species list B Proposed name listing/uplisting Storadjutant Greater Leptoptilos Inclusion: list A adjutant stork dubius Flamingo (T) Greater Phoenicopterus Uplisting: II to A flamingo ruber (II) Rødkroneibis Bald ibis Geronticus Uplisting: II to A calvus (II) Skjestork**(T) Eurasian Platalea Uplisting: II to A spoonbill leucorodia (II) Kjempeibis Giant ibis Pseudibis Inclusion: list A gigantea Purpurbånddue Purple-winged Claravis Inclusion: list A ground-dove godefrida Klippedue*** Rock pigeon Columba livia Inclusion: list A Grenadadue Grenada dove Leptotila wellsi Inclusion: list A Turteldue** European Streptopelia Inclusion: list A turtle-dove turtur Kamerunturako Bannerman’s Tauraco Uplisting: II to A turaco bannermani (II) Balkanhauk Levant Accipiter Uplisting: II to A sparrowhawk brevipes (II) Storskrikeørn** Greater spotted Aquila clanga Uplisting: II to A eagle (II) Småskrikeørn Lesser spotted Aquila pomarina Uplisting: II to A eagle (II) Ørnvåk** Long-legged Buteo rufinus Uplisting: II to A buzzard (II) Slangeørn**(T) Short-toed Circaetus Uplisting: II to A snake-eagle gallicus (II) Sivhauk*(T) Western Circus Uplisting: II to A marsh-harrier aeruginosus (II) Myrhauk*(T) Northern Circus cyaneus Uplisting: II to A harrier (II) Steppehauk**(T) Pallid harrier Circus Uplisting: II to A macrourus (II) Enghauk** Montagu’s Circus pygargus Uplisting: II to A harrier (II) Svartvingeglente(T) Black-winged Elanus Uplisting: II to A kite caeruleus (II) Tanalaslangehauk Madagascar Eutriorchis astur Uplisting: II to A serpent-eagle (II)

Lammegribb(T) Bearded vulture Gypaetus Uplisting: II to A barbatus (II) Gåsegribb(T) Eurasian griffon Gyps fulvus (II) Uplisting: II to A

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Norwegian name Common Species list A Species list B Proposed name listing/uplisting Haukørn(T) Bonelli’s eagle Hieraaetus Uplisting: II to A fasciatus (II) Dvergørn(T) Booted eagle Hieraaetus Uplisting: II to A pennatus (II) Ecuadorvåk Grey-backed Leucopternis Uplisting: II to A hawk occidentalis (II) Glente(T) Red kite Milvus milvus Uplisting: II to A (II) Åtselsgribb**(T) Egyptian Neophron Uplisting: II to A vulture percnopterus (II) Vepsevåk*(T) European Pernis apivorus Uplisting: II to A honey-buzzard (II) Slagfalk(T) Lanner falcon Falco biarmicus Uplisting: II to A (II) Tartarfalk**(T) Saker falcon Falco cherrug Uplisting: II to A (II) Eleonoras falk(T) Eleonora’s Falco eleonorae Uplisting: II to A falcon (II) Rød falk(T) Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni Uplisting: II to A (II) Aftenfalk**(T) Red-footed Falco Uplisting: II to A falcon vespertinus (II) Blåknopphokko Blue-knobbed Crax alberti (III Uplisting: III to A curassow Colombia) Krøllhokko Bare-faced Crax fasciolata Inclusion: list B Curassow Annamfasan Vietnamese Lophura Inclusion: list B fireback hatinhensis Kragetannvaktel Gorgeted Odontophorus Inclusion: list A wood-quail strophium Hvitbrynehøne Himalayan quail Ophrysia Inclusion: list A superciliosa Stortrappe(T) Great bustard Otis tarda (II) Uplisting: II to A Hindutrappe Lesser florican Sypheotides Uplisting: II to A indicus (II) Dvergtrappe** Little bustard Tetrax tetrax Uplisting: II to A (II) Rodriguessanger Rodrigues Acrocephalus Uplisting: III to A brush-warbler rodericanus (III Mauritius) Kirkeugle**(T) Little owl Athene noctua Uplisting: II to A (II) Sokokeugle Sokoke scops- Otus ireneae Uplisting: II to A owl (II)

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Norwegian name Common Species list A Species list B Proposed name listing/uplisting Dverghornugle(T) Eurasian scops- Otus scops (II) Uplisting: II to A owl Tårnugle**(T) Barn owl Tyto alba (II) Uplisting: II to A Europeisk kamelon (T) European Chamaeleo Uplisting: II to A chameleon chamaeleon (II) Round Island Phelsuma Uplisting: II to A day gecko guentheri (II) Lilfordfirfisle Lilford’s wall Podarcis lilfordi Uplisting: II to A lizard (II) Ibizafirfisle Ibiza wall lizard Podarcis Uplisting: II to A pityusensis (II) Gray’s monitor Varanus Uplisting: II to A olivaceus (II) Sandboa Spotted sand Eryx jaculus (II) Uplisting: II to A boa Klapperslange Aruba Island Crotalus Inclusion: list B rattlesnake durissus unicolor Latifi’s viper Vipera latifi Inclusion: list A Three-striped Batagur Inclusion: list B Batagur borneoensis Three-striped Batagur Inclusion: list B Roofed T. dhongoka Burmese Batagur Inclusion: list B Roofed Turtle trivittata Pannekakeskilpadde(T) Pancake Malacochersus Uplisting: II to A tortoise tornieri (II) Gresk landskilpadde(T) Spur-thighed Testudo graeca Uplisting: II to A tortoise (II) Steppeskilpadde(T) Hermann’s Testudo Uplisting: II to A tortoise hermanni (II) Bredrandet Marginated Testudo Uplisting: II to A landskilpadde tortoise marginata (II) Goliatfrosk Goliath frog Conraua Inclusion: list B goliath Palu swallowtail Atrophaneura Inclusion: list B butterfly palu Apo swallowtail Graphium Inclusion: list B butterfly sandawanum Seram Graphium Inclusion: list B swallowtail stresemanni Papilio Inclusion: list B benguetanus Esperanza Papilio Inclusion: list B swallowtail esperanza

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Norwegian name Common Species list A Species list B Proposed name listing/uplisting Corsican Papilio hospiton Uplisting: II to A swallowtail (II)

Madagascan Papilio Inclusion: list B emperor morondavana swallowtail Papilio Inclusion: list B neumoegeni Fluminense Parides Inclusion: list B swallowtail ascanius Hahnel’s Parides hahneli Inclusion: list B amazonian swallowtail Apollosommerfugl*(T) Mountain apollo Parnassius Uplisting: II to A apollo (II) Euphorbia Uplisting: II to A handiensis (II) Euphorbia Uplisting: II to A lambii (II) Euphorbia Uplisting: II to A stygiana (II) Hooded Cephalanthera Uplisting: II to A helleborine cucullata (II) Marisko*(T) Lady’s slipper Cypripedium Uplisting: II to A orchid calceolus (II) Madeiran Goodyera Uplisting: II to A lady’s-tresses macrophylla (II) Fettblad*** Fen orchid Liparis loeselii Uplisting: II to A (II) Eyed bee Ophrys argolica Uplisting: II to A orchid (II) Crescent Ophrys lunulata Uplisting: II to A ophrys (II) Madeiran Orchis Uplisting: II to A orchid scopulorum (II) Summer lady’s- Spiranthes Uplisting: II to A tresses aestivalis (II)

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Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata Neumann, 1899. Subspecies of Rupicapra pyrenaica Bonaparte, 1845. Common names: Abruzzo Chamois, Apennine Chamois. Norwegian name: Gemse.

Distribution: Italy.

Population trend: Increasing. Numbers of R. p ornata have probably been low for the last few centuries, but as a result of conservation action, including re-introductions and the establishment of two new populations, an increase in three subpopulations was observed (Mari and Lovari, 2006). The current population is estimated at less than 1,500 individuals (Lovari et al., 2010).

Habitat status: The species’ distribution is concentrated in three protected areas, the Gran Sasso- Monti della Laga, Majella and Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Parks (Herrero et al., 2008).

Conservation status: R. pyreneica is listed as IUCN category Least Concern while R. p. ornata is assessed as Vulnerable (D1+2). CITES Appendix II, since 2013. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A, since 1997. Appendix II of the Bern Convention, Annex II* and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive.

Justification: R. p. ornate is vulnerable due to its historically small population size and restricted distribution. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES Was transferred from CITES Appendix I to II at CoP16 (2013), as proposed by Denmark (CoP16 Prop. 1). 3. Relevant literature Disease is currently not a problem for R. p. ornata, but it is the most important threat to the R. pyrenaica populations in France and Spain (Herrero et al., 2008). Given the low genetic variability of the Italian subspecies (Shackleton, 1997) a disease outbreak could be deleterious. 4. Evaluation of trade data Hunting of this species is generally well managed and sustainable. There has been virtually no reported international trade from 1984 and up till 2010 and since then none (trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees R. p. ornata is a specially protected species” under Italian hunting law. The largest population inhabits Abruzzo National Park, and all recent and planned re-introductions and introductions are into protected areas. 6. Recommendations This subspecies of R. pyrenaica is rare, but the numbers are increasing due to conservation actions. The genetic variability is low and disease, that is a major problem for other populations of the species, could be a threat. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survivial of this species.

Denne underarten av gemse er sjelden og med begrenset utbredelse, men vellykkede bevaringstiltak har ført til beatandsvekst. De finnes i dag tre bestander som tilsammen utgjør i underkant av 1500 individer. Det genetiske mangfoldet er blitt påvist som lavt. Sykdommer er per dags dato ikke et problem for den italienske gemsen, men er regnet som den viktigste trusselen for de franske og spanske bestandene og er et potensielt problem. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse.

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7. Literature list Herrero J., Lovari S., Berducou C. (2008) Rupicapra pyrenaica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T19771A9012711. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19771A9012711.en. Lovari S., Artese C., Damiani G., Mari F. (2010) Re-introduction of Apennine chamois to the Gran Sasso-Laga National Park, Abruzzo, Italy, in Soorae, P. S., (ed.), Global Re-introduction Perspectives: Additional case-studies from around the globe. SCC Re-Introduction Specialist Group & Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE. pp. 281-284. Mari F., Lovari S. (2006) The release of Apennine chamois in central Italy: 20 years later. Re- introduction News 25:21-22. Shackleton D.M. (1997) Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae. IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Felis silvestris

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Felis silvestris, Schreber, 1777. Traditionally three subspecies have been recognized: The African wildcat (F. s. lybica Forster, 1780), the Asian Wildcat (F. s. ornata Gray, 1830), and the European Wildcat (F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1775). However, based on results of a phylogeographical analysis four major groups were suggested: European wildcat (F. s. silvestris), Near Eastern wildcat (F. s. lybica), Central Asian wildcat (F. s. ornate), sub Saharan African wildcat (F. s. cafra), Chinese desert cat (F. s. bieti; Driscoll et al. 2007). There is yet no clear consensus on how to relate geographical variation in the morphology and genetics to its taxonomy and systematics (Kitchener and Rees, 2009). Common names: Wild Cat, wildcat. Norwegian name: Villkatt.

Distribution: The wildcat is the world’s most common and widely distributed wild felid and is found over most of Africa, Europe, and southwest and central Asia into India, China, and Mongolia. It is possibly extinct in the Czech Republic and is extinct in the Netherlands.

Population trend: Decreasing. The wildcat is the most common and widely distributed wild felid.

Habitat status: Not fragmented.

Conservation status: IUCN category Least Concern (2008). CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A, since 1997.

Justification: F. silvestris is the ancestor of the domestic cat (F. catus) and the level of introgression has been measured to be high in several localities (Yamaguchi et al., 2015). Probably most (if not all) of the world’s wildcat populations have some history of hybridization with domestic cats. In some parts of its range (e.g. many European countries, for which the most detailed information exists), habitat loss and fragmentation is a threat to the survival of F. silvestris (Yamaguchi et al., 2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the European Union’s imports policies for hunting trophies concluded that most hunting trophies were imported from countries without management plans for F. silvestris and thus did not meet the conditions of the Guidelines for Scientific Authorities (Knapp, 2007). 3. Relevant literature Introgressive hybridization with domestic cats is considered extensive, and taking place across most of the range, potentially resulting in cryptic extirpations of some populations (Nowell and Jackson, 1996; Macdonald et al., 2010).

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4. Evaluation of trade data In the past Asian Wild Cats were trapped in large numbers for their fur. Presently, some trade occurs (mostly of hunting trophies, skulls and skins), particularly from Africa. In 2016 quotas (also including live individuals) were given to Ethiopia, Romania and the United Republic of Tanzania (speciesplus.net). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees F. silvestris is classified as threatened at the national level in many European range states (IUCN 2007). The wildcat is fully protected across most of its range in Europe and Asia, but only some of its African range (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 6. Recommendations The wildcat is very widely distributed and of Least Concern, however, there are still taxonomic uncertainties about for instance whether the African and European subspecies should be considered distinct species. There is a lack of information about the African populations and also lack of management plans for these populations. Due to introgressive hybridization with domestic cats many of the wildcat populations are threatened with cryptic extinction. In parts of the range populations are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

F. silvestris er verdens mest vanlige ville kattedyr og har en utbredelse som dekker store deler av Afrika, Europa og Sørvest- og Sentral-Asia. Den er opphavet til huskatten og hybridisering mellom de to artene er vanlig. Dette er antatt å kunne føre til såkalt kryptisk utryddelse av villkattbestander. Det meste av handel som foregår i disse dager er med jaktroféer fra Afrika. De Afrikanske bestandene av villkatt er lite studert og dårlig forvaltet. Det er også usikkerhet knyttet til hvorvidt den Afrikanske villkatten bør betraktes som en egen art. Handel er ikke blant de nåværende kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Driscoll C.A., Menotti-Raymond M., Roca A.L. Hupe K., Johnson W.E., Geffen E., Harley E.H., Delibes M., Pontier D., Kitchener A.C., Yamaguchi N., O’Brien S.J., Macdonald D.W. (2007) The Near Eastern origin of cat domestication. Science 317:519-523. IUCN. 2007. European Mammal Assessment. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Kitchener A.C., Rees E.E. (2009) Modelling the dynamic biogeography of the wildcat: implications for taxonomy and conservation. Journal of Zoology 279:144-155. Knapp A (2007). A review of the European Union’s import policies for hunting trophies. A TRAFFIC Europe Report for the European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. Macdonald D.W., Yamaguchi N., Kitchener A.C., Daniels M., Kilshaw K., Driscoll, D. (2010) The Scottish wildcat: On the way to cryptic extinction through hybridisation: past history, present problem, and future conservation. In: D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge (eds), Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids, pp. 471-491. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Nowell K. and Jackson P. (1996) Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Yamaguchi N., Kitchener A., Driscoll C., Nussberger B. (2015) Felis silvestris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015:e.T60354712A50652361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015- 2.RLTS.T60354712A50652361.en.

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Prionailurus irimotensis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Prionailurus iriomotensis (Imaizumi, 1967). Synonyms: Felis iriomotensis Imaizumi, 1967, Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis (Kerr, 1792). Common name: Iriomote cat. Based on genetic analysis the Iriomote cat is considered a subspecies of Prionailurus bengalensis (Masuda and Yoshida, 1995; Johnson et al, 1999) with the common name, leopard cat.

Distribution: Japan (Island of Iriomote).

Population trend: Decreasing. The population was estimated at around 100 individuals in 2008 (Izawa et al., 2009).

Habitat status: The Iriomote cat is found only on the small Island of Iriomote (284 km2).

Conservation status: P. bengalensis ssp. Iriomotensis is listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered (2008), while the parent species P. bengalensis is listed as Least Concern. CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A, since 1997.

Justification: The population is small and declining (Izawa and Doi, 2016). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature P. iriomotensis is threatened by habitat loss, traffic accidents and negative effects of invasive animals, e.g. predation by dogs, competition with feral cats, and the possible infection of disease from domestic cats (Izawa et al., 2009). 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade data exists, and there are no known occurrences of Iriomote cats kept in captivity. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees P. iriomotensis is listed as Endangered on Japan's 2012 national Red List. 6. Recommendations The Iriomote cat is critically endangered due to its very small population size and restricted distribution. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survivial of this species.

P. iriomotensis er kritisk truet og det er antatt å finnes kun 100 voksne individer som alle finnes på en liten øy. Bestanden er i nedgang. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Izawa M. and Doi T. (2016) Prionailurus bengalensis ssp. iriomotensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T18151A97215980. Izawa M., Doi, T. Nakanishi N., Teranishi A. (2009) Ecology and conservation of two endangered subspecies of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) on Japanese islands. Biological Conservation 142:1884-1890. Johnson W.E., Ashiki F.S., Menotti R.M., Driscoll C., Leh C., Sunquist M., Johnston L., Bush M., Wildt D., Yuhki N., O'Brien S.J., Wasse S.P. (1999) Molecular genetic characterization of two insular Asian cat species, Bornean Bay cat and Iriomote cat. Evolutionary Theory and Process: Modern

VKM Report 2020: 02 28 perspectives, Papers in Honour of Evivatar Nevo. Kulwer Academic Publisher, pp. 223 Masuda R., Yoshida M.C. (1995) Two Japanese wildcats, the Tsushima cat and the Iriomote cat, show the same mitochondrial DNA lineage as the leopard cat Felis bengalensis. Zoological Science 12:655- 659.

Odobenus rosmarus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Odobenus rosmarus (Linneaus 1958). Common name: Walrus. Norwegian name: Hvalross.

Distribution: Walruses have a discontinuous circumpolar Arctic and sub-Arctic distribution, in the areas outside Canada; Greenland; Russian Federation; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; United States (Alaska) The walrus population is divided in the Pacific and the Atlantic population (Lowry, 2016).

Population trend: Unknown (IUCN; Lowry, 2016). The Pinniped Specialist Group assessed the abundance and trend of the two walrus subspecies as follows: Atlantic walrus- total abundance likely >25,000, some subpopulations increasing but overall trend unknown. Pacific walrus--total abundance likely >200,000, trend unknown. The abundance of the walrus species as a whole is likely >225,000. There is a continuing decline of mature individuals (Lowry, 2016).

Habitat status: Not fragmented, however, the habitat areas are in continuous decline (Lowry, 2016).

Conservation status: Vulnerable A3c (IUCN; Lowry, 2016). Note that there previously have been conducted separate analyses of the Atlantic and Pacific populations (Atlantic: Near Threatened (Kovacs, 2016), Pacific: Data Deficient (Lowry, 2015)). CITES listing: Appendix III (Canada; since 1975), EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list B (since 1.6.1997). The walrus is listed on Appendix II (”Strictly protected fauna species”) of the Bern Convention.

Justification: Drastic habitat changes (melting of sea ice habitat) resulting from climatic warming is expected to cause Walrus populations to decline throughout most of their range (Lowry, 2016). Based on the limited abundance and trend data as well as the certain decline of suitable habitat, the IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group has recommended that the Walrus (both the Pacific and the Atlantic Walrus) is listed as vulnerable under criterion A3c 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Subsistence harvest occurs in Canada, Greenland, Alaska and Russia (Lowry, 2016). Walrus parts and derivatives in international trade are sourced from walrus killed during the subsistence hunt or from the historical commercial harvest (i.e. pre-Convention items; Shadbolt et al., 2014). Shadbolt et al. (2014) present a thorough analysis of international trade and management in Walrus and report the following (verified by CITES.Trade.org): Walrus ivory is the most common walrus product in international trade and it includes the teeth, tusks and skulls (with intact tusks) which are traded in their raw form, carved or used to make handicraft. Illegal trade occurs in the US and while currently neither illegal hunting nor illegal trade appear to be at levels that would cause conservation concern (Shadbolt et al., 2014), there is a lucrative market for ivory and Walrus ivory, which provides an incentive for illegal and unsustainable hunting and trade.

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Atlantic Walruses are protected from harvest in Norway and in Russia (Boltunov et al., 2010) and they listed as Vulnerbale on the Norwegian Red List (Henriksen and Hilmo, 2015). Harvests are quota regulated in Canada and in Greenland, and additionally females are not supposed to be harvested in Greenland (Wiig et al., 2014). Within the USA, the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) generally prohibits taking of Walrus unless it is by an Alaska Native for subsistence or production of handicrafts. Russian legislation prohibits sport hunting of Pacific Walruses, and a variety of types of protection are afforded to major haul out sites along the Russian coast (Garlich-Miller et al., 2011). 6. Recommendations The walrus is considered vulnerable, and it seems safe to say that habitat loss is expected to occur in the future. Shadbolt et al. (2014) highlight the following challenges relating to regulating and securing sustainable trade: i) It is difficult to determine the number of harvested walruses as traded teeth and carvings may originate from one or several individuals; ii) population trend is unknown and there is a lack of precise long-term population estimates; iii) it is almost impossible to determine the age of the ivory products, and thus to determine whether the products are from historic or recent hunting. Furthermore, it is likely that, given the ongoing decline of the elephant and rhino populations, interest and trade in Walrus ivory will increase in the near future. It is therefore imperative to obtain more precise population data in order for trade to be regulated in a sustainable way.

Hvalrossen er sårbar, og har et habitat som er, og vil være utsatt for endringer forårsaket av global oppvarming. En rekke utfordringer er knyttet til bærekraftig regulering av denne arten, blant annet mangel på presise bestandsestimater. Gitt at både elefant og nesehorn bestandene reduseres kontinuerlig er det sannsynlig å tenke at det vil bli økt interesse og handel med hvalross-elfenben. Bedre bestandsestimater vil derfor være en forutsetning for at handel med denne arten kan reguleres på en bærekraftig måte. 7. Literature list Boltunov A.E., Belikov S.E., Gorbunov Y.A., Menis D.T. and Semenova V.S. (2010) The Atlantic walrus in the southeastern Barents Sea and adjacent areas: review of present-day status. WWF-Russia and Marine Mammal Council, Russia. Garlich-Miller J., MacCracken J.G., Snyder J., Meehan R., Myers M., Wilder J.M., Lance E. and Matz A. (2011) Status Review of the Pacific Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK, USA. Henriksen S. and Hilmo O. (eds.) (2015) Norwegian Red List, 2015. Species Databank, Norway. Kovacs K.M. (2016) Odobenus rosmarus ssp. rosmarus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15108A66992323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15108A66992323.en. Kovacs K.M., Moore S., Overland J.E. and Lydersen C. (2011) Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals. Marine Biodiversity 41:181-194. Lowry L. (2015) Odobenus rosmarus ssp. divergens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T61963499A45228901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T61963499A45228901.en Lowry L. (2016) Odobenus rosmarus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15106A45228501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15106A45228501.en. Shadbolt T., Arnbom T. and Cooper E.W.T. (2014) Hauling Out: International Trade and Management of Walrus. TRAFFIC and WWF-Canada. Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Wiig Ø, Born E.W. and Stewart R.E.A. (2014) Management of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the arctic Atlantic. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 9:315-344. speciesplus.net cites.trade.org

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Arctocepahlus phillippi

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Arctocephalus philippii (Peters, 1866). Common names: Juan Fernández Fur Seal. Note that A. philippii has been suggested a subspecies of A. townsendi, however Higdon et al. (2007) argued, based on genetic analyses, that they are separate species.

Distribution: Juan Fernández Fur Seals are native to Chile and Peru and inhabit three islands in the Juan Fernández Archipelago (Alejandro Selkirk, Robinson Crusoe, and Santa Clara Islands) and the San Félix Islands (San Félix and San Ambrosio) located off the coast of Chile (Aurioles-Gamboa, 2015).

Population trend: Number of mature individuals is estimated to 16,000 and the population is currently increasing (Aurioles-Gamboa, 2015).

Habitat status: Stable (Aurioles-Gamboa, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN: Least Concern (2015). CITES listing: II, since 04/02/1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A, since 01/06/1997.

Justification: A. philippii is listed as “Least Concern” because it does not meet any of the IUCN criteria for threatened listings. However, while the present geographic range of A. philippii is likely similar to prior to exploitation, the current population is very small in comparison to estimated pre- exploitation levels. A. philippii has limited space for breeding, with no other oceanic islands to colonize nearby (Aurioles-Gamboa, 2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature A. philippii was allegedly very abundant, numbering as many as 4 million prior to sealing which occurred from the late 17th to the late 19th century (Goldsworthy et al. 2000).The species was considered extinct but was rediscovered in 1965 (Bahamonde, 1966; Aurioles-Gamboa, 2015). 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade of dead or alive individuals taken from wild has been recorded in the period 2000-2015 http://trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Hunting of Juan Fernández Fur Seals has been prohibited since 1965 (Aguayo (1979) in Aurioles- Gamboa, 2015). 6. Recommendations Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survivial of the fur seal.

A. philippi har et svært begrenset utbredelsesområde. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Aguayo L.A. (1979) Juan Fernández fur seal. In: Mammals in the Seas, Vol. II: Pinniped species summaries and report on sirenians, pp. 28-30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Aurioles-Gamboa D. (2015) Arctocephalus philippii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T2059A61953525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2059A61953525.en. Bahamonde N. (1966) El Mar y sus recursos. In: Económica de Chile: Primer Apéndice, pp. 81-90. CORFO, Santiago, Chile.

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Goldsworthy S., Francis J., Boness D. and Fleischer R. (2000) Variation in the mitochondrial control region in the Juan Fernandez fur seal. The Journal of Heredity 91(5): 371-377. Higdon J.W., Bininda-Emonds O.R.P., Beck R.M.D. and Ferguson S.H. (2007) Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 216.

Pteropus livingstonii

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Pteropus livingstonii, Gray, 1866. Synonym: Pteropus livingstonei, Andersen 1912. Common names: Livingstone's flying fox, Livingstone’s fruit bat, Comoro black flying fox.

Distribution: P. livingstonii is endemic to the Union of the Comoros, where it is only found on the islands of Anjouan and Mohéli (Sewall et al., 2016).

Population trend: Decreasing. The number of mature individuals is 1,300, with a continuing decline of mature individuals and the population is severely fragmented (Sewall et al., 2016).

Habitat status: Fragmented. P. livingstonii inhabits the Comorian rainforest. The rainforests of the Union of the Comoros face one of the highest rates of deforestations (5.8%) in the world (Sewall et al., 2005).

Conservation status: IUCN: Critically Endangered A2c (2016). CITES listing: II, since 18/01/1990. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A, since 01/06/1997.

Justification: Listed as Critically Endangered because of substantial population decline, most likely resulting from loss/destruction of habitat and reduction in area of occupancy. The species qualifies for CR under the A2c criterion because best estimates indicate habitat loss has exceeded 80% over the past three generations (estimated generation length: 8.1 years/generation). P. livingstonii also meets the Endangered threshold under a second criterion, B1. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data All reported cases of export between the years 2000 and 2015, were for the following purposes: Scientific, Captive Breeding, Zoo, and the majority (with the exception of 7 cases) were sourced from animals bred in captivity (trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The Comorian rainforests, and thus the habitat of P. livingstonii, remain completely unprotected (Sewall et al., 2007) and it is estimated that the country has lost 75% of its remaining forests over the past 20 years (UNDP 2013). P. livingstonii is threatened principally by the continuing degradation, fragmentation, and loss of its forest habitat (Sewall et al., 2007) and has ever since it was first listed on the IUCN red list been classified as Endangered (1988,1990,1994, 2008) or Critically Endangered (1996, 2004, 2016) (IUCN). 6. Recommendations P. livingstonii is critically endangered due to the area of occurrence which is restricted to 1,856 km² and a small and declining population. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survivial of this species.

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P. livingstonii er kritisk truet, artens utbredelse er begrenset til 1,856 km² og bestanden er liten og i nedgang. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Sewall B.J., Young R., Trewhella W.J, Rodríguez-Clark K.M. and Granek E.F. (2016) Pteropus livingstonii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18732A22081502. Sewall B.J., Granek E.F., Moutui M.F.E., Trewhella W.J., Reason P.F., Rodríguez-Clark K.M., Saïd I. Carroll J.B., Masefield W., Toilibou N., Vély M., ben Mohadji, F. Feistner A.T.C. and Wells S. (2007) Conservation Action Plan for Livingstone’s Flying Fox: A Strategy for an Endangered Species, a Diverse Forest, and the Comorian People. Action Comores Anjouan. Union of the Comoros. UNDP (2013) Human Development Report 2013: The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. United Nations Development Programme, New York, USA. Speciesplus.net Trade.cites.org

Pteropus rodricensis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Pteropus rodricensis Dobson 1878. Common name: Rodrigues flying fox.

Distribution: P. rodricensis is confined to the western Indian Ocean island of Rodrigues (Mauritius) (Mickleburgh et al., 2008).

Population trend: Based on an overview presented in Barnes (2013), the P. rodricensis population seem to be increasing. However, it is important to note that the population has been subject to significant population fluctuations in the period from 1955 to 2013 (Barnes, 2013). To mention some numbers, in 1955:1000+ individuals, in 1965:200+, in 1979:70, 1991:800-950, 1995: 550+ and 2013:19185 (from Barnes, 2013).

Habitat status: The habitat of P. rodricensis is subject to deforestation (Mickleburgh et al., 2008).

Conservation status: IUCN: Critically Endangered B1ab (iii)c(iv) (2008). CITES listing: II, since 18/01/1990. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A, since 01/06/1997.

Justification: Listed as Critically Endangered because the global population is restricted to a single location (the Island of Rodrigues), and has an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km², and undergoes extreme fluctuations due to tropical cyclones. Cyclones have devastating long-term effect on number of bats (sometimes causing significant mortality) and remaining areas of the species vulnerable forest habitat (Mickleburgh et al., 2008) 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Between years 2000 and 2015, a limited number of reported trade cases in P.rodricensis was reported to trade.cites.org. With the exceptions of 5 cases, animals in trade were sourced from captive bred populations. Animals were exported for use in zoos, for scientific purposes and for captive breeding. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The combination of deforestation and tropical cyclones is a serious threat to the survival of P.rodricensis. Because of the deforestation of this forest buffer, any remaining patches of forest (and

VKM Report 2020: 02 33 their roosting bats), are now much more susceptible to tropical cyclones. These cyclones can cause significant fluctuations in bat population size and, along with shortage of food and dehydration, are now the major current threat to the species (Powell and Wehnelt, 2003). 6. Recommendations P.rodricensis is critically endangered from loss of habitat, a small and declining population and tropical cyclones. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

P.rodricensis er kritisk truet som følge av tap av leveområder, liten og nedadgående bestand og topiske sykloner. Handel er ikke blant de nåværende kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Barnes P. (2013) Battitude: an assessment of human attitude and behavior towards the critically endangered Pteropus rodricensis. Master of Science thesis, Imperial College London, UK. Mickleburgh S., Hutson A.M. and Bergmans W. (2008) Pteropus rodricensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T18755A8565719.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18755A8565719.en. Powell V.J. and Wehnelt S.C. (2003) A new estimate for the population size of the critically endangered Rodrigues fruit bat Pteropus rodricensis. Oryx 37:353-357. Trade.cites.org Speciesplus.net

Pteropus voelzkowi

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Pteropus voeltzkowi Matschie, 1909. Common name: Pemba flying fox.

Distribution: P. voeltzkowi is endemic to the island of Pemba in Tanzania, where it occurs at elevations from sea level to 45 m asl (Entwistle and Juma, 2016).

Population trend: Increasing (Entwistle and Juma, 2016). Population was estimated to be more than 28,700 individuals in 2011 (DCCFF, 2013 in Entwistle and Juma, 2016).

Habitat status: Much of the natural forest habitat of P. voeltzkowi has been cleared or severely fragmented (Entwistle and Juma, 2016).

Conservation status: IUCN: Vulnerable D2 (2016). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 01/06/1997). CITES Appendix II (since 18/01/1990).

Justification: P. voeltzkowi is restricted to Pemba Island. While ongoing conservation activities have significantly reduced population decline, hunting is still a problem. Human disturbance at roost sites and conflict with local fruit growers are plausible threats increasing that could drive the species to a higher threatened status (Entwistle and Juma, 2016). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data One single case of 3 wild caught individuals being exported for scientific purposes was reported between years 2000 and 2015 (trade.cites.org). For P. voeltzkowi, no evidence of illegal trade was found.

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Fruit bats are long-lived animals with low reproductive rates, thus making them especially vulnerable to catastrophic events such as cyclones, typhoons and overhunting. When subjected to drastic declines, bat populations take several years to recover (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Furthermore, genus Pteropus is primarily an island taxon, with 61.4% of the species being endemic and restricted to single islands or groups of small islands (Mickleburgh et al., 1992), thus putting them at particular risk of extinction (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967). It is important to note that the pacific island species of the genus Pteropus have been subject to high levels of exploitation that has driven several species close to extinction (Wiles et al., 1986). Some of those species are now listed in CITES Appendix I, e.g. P. mariannus, but are still subject to illegal hunting (Allison et al., 2008). 6. Recommendations The population of the endemic P. voeltzkowi has been increasing over the past few decades due to ongoing conservation efforts (Entwistle and Juma, 2016). However, the restricted area of occupancy (the Pemba Island) and clearing/fragmentation of habitat as well as species biology and life history factors make this species vulnerable to catastrophic events. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Som en følge av bevaringstiltak, har det de siste tiårene vært en økning i bestandsstørrelsen til endemiske P. voeltzkowi. Likevel er arten svært sårbar for katastrofer, mye på grunn av begrenset utbredelsesområde, fragmentert eller ødelagt habitat, jakt, og livshistoriestrategier som lav reproduksjonsrate. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse.

7. Literature list Allison A., Bonaccorso F., Helgen K. and James R. (2008) Pteropus mariannus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T18737A8516291.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18737A8516291.en. Department for Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry (2013) Community participation on the conservation of endemic Pemba flying fox in Pemba island, Zanzibar. Unpublished report. DCCFF, Pemba, Tanzania. Entwistle A.C. and Juma J. (2016) Pteropus voeltzkowi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18768A22089205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18768A22089205.en. MacArthur R.H. and Wilson E. O. (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Mickleburgh S.P., Hutson A.M. and Racey P.A. (1992) Old World Fruit-Bats - An Action Plan for their Conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Specisplus.net http://trade.cites.org/

Equus kiang

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Equus kiang Moorcroft, 1841. Common names: Tibetian wild ass or Kiang. Norske navn: Tibetansk villesel, Kiang. Taxonomic note: Recent population genetics research suggests that E. kiang is a subspecies of E. hemionus (Rosenbom et al., 2015). Three subspecies of Equus kiang are commonly recognized Equus k. kiang, E. k. holdereri and E. k. polyodon (Groves and Mazak 1967; Groves, 1974; Shah, 1994;2002; St-Louis and Côté, 2009). These subspecies are known by their geographic range as the Western Kiang, Eastern Kiang and Southern Kiang, respectively (Shah et al., 2015).

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Distribution: E.kiang´s distribution is centred on the Tibetan Plateau at elevations between 2,700 and 5,400 m asl. Most of the distribution is in China, but the species extends into northern parts of Pakistan, India, Nepal and possibly Bhutan (Shah et al., 2015).

Population trend: Stable. Population size of mature individuals is estimated to 60,000-70,000 animals divided into 6 sub-populations (Shah et al., 2015).

Habitat status: Unknown (Shah et al., 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN: Least Concern (2015). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (01/06/1997). CITES Appendix II, with a suspension from India 31/05/1999.

Justification: E. kiang is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, persistence in areas known to be occupied by a large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES CoP2 (19/03/1979), proposal 53 and CoP5 (22/04/1985) proposal 12: India requested transfer of E. kiang from CITES Appendix II to I (withdrawn). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The majority of the registered import/export cases between 2000 and 2015 were captive bred individuals traded for use in zoos. The exceptions were three wild caught individuals exported for scientific purposes in 2011 and in 2014 and two cases of seized/confiscated specimens for medicine purposes. It is however important to note that the closely related E. hemionus is threatened with illegal hunting for meat, hides, fats, which like liver is believed to have apparent medicinal properties (Stubbe et al., 2007). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Then main threats to E. kiang are potential conflicts with humans resulting from livestock grazing, fencing of pastures, mining, hunting and possible disease transfer from domestic animals (Shah et al., 2015). It is however protected in most of its range: In China it receives first class protection; in India it is on Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife, Protection Act of 1972, in Nepal is protected under the National Parks & Wildlife Conservation Act 2029 (1973) and in Pakistan it is conserved under the Northern Areas Wildlife Preservation Act 1975 (Shah et al., 2015). 6. Recommendations There is a lack of relevant information on biology and population trends for this species. While the population of E. kiang (including the suggested sub-species Equus k. kiang, E. k. holdereri and E. k. polyodon) is stable, it is possible that some of the sub-populations are declining (or increasing). Furthermore, some of the sub-populations are very small (e.g. the population in Nepal, 100 individuals) and the pressure from human activities on the E. kiang populations vary greatly between sites (Shah et al., 2015). Furthermore, if considering E. kiang a subspecies of E.hemionus it is likely that it may face some of the same threats such as that of illegal hunting. Regulation of harvest and trade in E. kiang need to take into account the above-mentioned factors to ensure sustainable trade in this species.

Meta-populasjonen til E.kiang ser ut til å være stabil, men det finnes svært lite data for biologi og populasjonstrender i denne arten. Det er stor forskjell på sub-populasjonene, det er også stor forskjell i nivået av trusler fra husdyr og mennesker mellom de ulike populasjonene. Regulering av jakt og handel må ta hensyn til faktorene nevnt over for å sikre bærekraftig handel av E.kiang. 7. Literature list Groves C. and Mazak V.V. (1967) On some taxonomic problems of Asiatic wild asses with the description of a new subspecies (Perissodactyla; Equidae). Z.Saugetierkunde 32: 321-384. Groves C.P. (1974) Horses, Asses and Zebras in the Wild. Ralph Curtis Books, Hollywood, Florida,

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USA. Rosenbom S., Costa V., Chen S., Khalatbari L., Yusefi G.H., Abdukadir A., Yangzom C., Kebede F., Teclai R., Yohannes H., Hagos F., Moehlman P.D. and Beja-Pereira A. (2015) Reassessing the evolutionary history of ass-like equids: insights from patterns of genetic variation in contemporary extant populations. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 85: 88-96 Schaller, G.B. (1998) Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA. Shah N., St. Louis A. and Qureshi Q. (2015) Equus kiang. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T7953A45171635. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7953A45171635.en Shah N. (2002) Status and action plan for the kiang (Equus kiang). In: P. D. Moehlman (ed.), Equids: Zebras, Asses, and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, pp. 72-81. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Shah N.V. (1994) Status survey of southern kiang (Equus kiang polyodon) in Sikkim, India. M.S. University of Baroda, and Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations, Baroda, Gujarat, India and München, Germany Shah N. V. and Huibin Z. (2000) Status of kiang (Equus kiang) in East Arjin Mountain Nature Reserve, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of China. Report (Dec 1999-Jan 2000). China Exploration and Research Society, Hong Kong, China Shah N. V. and Qureshi Q. (2002) Identifying Kiang : Livestock Conflict Zones in East Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir State, India. Funded by Sandiego Zoo, USA. St-Louis A. and Côté S.D. (2009) Equus kiang (Perissodactyla: Equidae). Mamalian Species 835:1-11. Sharma B. D., Clevers J., De Graaf R. and Chapagaln N. R. (2004) Mapping Equus kiang (Tibetan wild ass) habitat in Surkhang, Upper Mustang, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 24:149-156. Stubbe A., Stubbe M. and Batsajchan. (2007) Morphology, reproduction and mortality of Equus hemionus hemionus in Mongolia. Erforschung Biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei (Halle/Saale) 2007(10):117-132. Wang Y., Chen J., Tao S., Wang M., Wang X. and Shah A. (2012) Wildlife Protection Along the Karakorum Highway in Khunjerab National Park. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44:1452-1457. http://trade.cites.org/ Speciesplus.net

Cercopithecus solatus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Cercopithecus solatus Harrison, 1988, listed by IUCN as Allochrocebus solatus (Harrison, 1988). Common names: Sun-tailed monkey, Sun-tailed Guenon.

Distribution: Gabon.

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Unknown. The total range is thought to be in the order of 11,000-12,000 km² (encompassing the unprotected forest, Forêt des Abeilles).

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable (2008). CITES listing: Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A, since 1997. Class B under the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: More detailed studies of its distribution and biology are urgently needed (Oates and Bearder, 2016). There is believed to be a growing impact of hunting (for meat) that could be leading to a continuing decline numbers of individuals. Habitat loss, mainly due to logging (including in the Forêt des Abeilles, which is largely allocated to logging concessions) is also a threat (Brugiere and

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Gautier, 1999). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The hunting pressure is assumed to be relatively low, but commercial hunting is likely to become a growing threat (Brugiere and Gautier, 1999). In 2012 it was recorded in the CITES trade database (http://trade.cites.org) that 87 wild caught specimens were exported to Russia and 21 to France for scientific purposes. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees C. solatus was declared a totally protected species by the Gabonese government in 1994. About 10% of the species' range is in the Lopé National Park, but the highest density of this species is in Forêt des Abeilles (which remains unprotected) and better protection of this forest is needed (Oates and Bearder, 2016). 6. Recommendations The sun-tailed monkey is Vulnerable and has a very restricted distribution and the impact of hunting and habitat loss is unknown. Trade could be detrimental.

C. solatus er sårbar og finnes i et svært begrenset område. Det mangler kunnskap om i hvilken grad arten påvirkes av jakt og minkende habitat. Handel kan sette artens overlevelsesevne i fare. 7. Literature list Brugière D., Gautier J.-P. (1999) Status and conservation of the sun-tailed guenon Cercopithecus solatus, Gabon's endemic monkey. Oryx 33:67-74. Oates J.F., Bearder S. (2016) Allochrocebus solatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T4230A92345868. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4230A92345868.en.

Cercopithecus satanas

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Cercopithecus satanas, listed by IUCN as Colobus satanas Waterhouse, 1838. Two subspecies exists: Colobus satanas ssp. anthracinus (Leconte, 1857) and Colobus satanas ssp. satanas Waterhouse, 1838. Common name: Black colobus.

Distribution: Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon.

Population trend: Decreasing. There are no estimates of the total population size for any of two subspecies of C. satanas.

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. The species is threatened by habitat loss due to logging and forest clearance for agriculture. Its dependence on high-canopy habitats make it particularly susceptible to tree felling (Brugiere, 1998).

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable (2008). CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A, since 1997. Class B under the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: This species is also widely hunted for its meat and skin. The populations on Bioko have been reported to be under considerable pressure with a population decline of 60% since 1986 (Hearn

VKM Report 2020: 02 38 et al., 2006). Further data on the distribution and status of this species are required (Oates et al., 2008). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 300 wild caught specimens were exported from Equatorial Guinea to the US and 5 to Germany in 2011 for scientific purposes, as recorded in the CITES trade data base (http://trade.cites.org) 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Most of the available information concerns Gabon where about 10% of the species' range is within protected areas (Brugiere, 1998). 6. Recommendations The black colobus is Vulnerable, decrasing and under increasing pressure from human activities (logging and hunting). Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survivial of this species.

C. satanas er sårbar og bestanden i nedgang og menneskelige aktiviteter som jakt og skogdrift er en økende belastning. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Brugiere D. (1998) Population size of the black colobus monkey, Colobus satanas, and the impact of logging in Lope Reserve, Central Gabon. Biological Conservation 86:15-20. Hearn G.W., Morra W.A., Butynski T.M. (2006) Monkeys In Trouble: The Rapidly Deteriorating Conservation Status Of The Monkeys On Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (2006). Report prepared by the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program (BBPP). Oates J.F. Kingdon J., Groves C.P., Brugiere D. (2008) Colobus satanas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T5145A11117016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T5145A11117016.en.

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Piliocolobus foai

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Piliocolobus foai (de Pousargues, 1899). Synonyms: Procolobus foai (de Pousargues, 1899), Piliocolobus pennantii foai (Waterhouse, 1838), Piliocolobus badius foai (Kerr, 1792), Piliocolobus oustaleti (Trouessart, 1906). The taxonomy of this species seems to be uncertain. IUCN follows an arrangements of the colobus monkeys dividing the, Piliocolobus (red colobus) and Procolobus (olive Colobus) into two genera (e.g. Groves 2007). Common names: Central African red colobus.

Distribution: Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: Not fragmented.

Conservation status: P. foai has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List, but P. oustaleti is listed as Least Concern. CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997. Listed as Class B of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: The species has a large distribution range in areas with low human population densities (Struhsaker and Oates, 2016). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Restricted import of specimens from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda to the US for scientific purposes took place between 2008 and 2010. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees CITES suspended the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014 (CITES Notif. No. 2014/017) as it was suspected that fake or falsified permits were issued. 6. Recommendations The Central African red colobus has a large range within areas with low human population densities and it is not likely that trade is a threat to its survival. However, its systematics is uncertain and it could possibly be confused with other closely related species that are endangered. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

P. foai er utbredt innen et stort område der tettheten av mennesker er lav og det er tvilsomt at handel er en trussel for dens overlevelse. Det er imidlertid usikkerhet rundt systematikken og en mulighet for at P. foai kan forveksles med nært beslektede, truede arter. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Groves C.P. (2007) The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85:7-34. Struhsaker T., Oates J.F. (2016) Piliocolobus oustaleti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18255A92660114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18255A92660114.en.

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Piliocolobus gordonorum

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name Piliocolobus gordonorum, Matschie, 1900. Synonyms: Procolobus badius ssp. gordonorum (Matschie, 1900), Procolobus gordonorum (Matschie, 1900). IUCN follows an arrangements of the colobus monkeys dividing the, Piliocolobus (red colobus) and Procolobus (Olive Colobus) into two genera (e.g. Groves 2007). Common names: Udzungwa red colobus, Uhehe red colobus. Distribution: United Republic of Tanzania.

Population trend: Decreasing. The total population of this species is unknown and difficult to determine, but clearly in the thousands (Struhsaker et al., 2016).

Habitat status: Severely fragmented. Populations are highly fragmented with limited movement between forest fragments. There is a continuing decline in the species' area of occupancy as its habitat is degraded by logging, agriculture and collection of firewood (Struhsaker et al., 2016).

Conservation status: IUCN category Endangered. CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU list Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997. It is listed as Class A under the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: This species is listed as Endangered because it has an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km². 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data P. gordonorum is hunted locally, particularly in the western and south-western parts of the range (Struhsaker et al., 2013). No trade data exists in the CITES trade database. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees About half of the range of this species is found within protected areas (Struhsaker et al., 2016). 6. Recommendations The Udzungwa red colobus is Endangered and its distribution range is restricted and severly fragmented. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survivial of this species.

P. gordonorum er truet og finnes kun innen et begrenset område. Habitatet er svært fragmentert noe som gjør at bevegelse av individer melllom bestander er begrenset. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Groves C.P. (2007) The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85:7-34. Struhsaker T.T., Grubb P., Siex, K.S. (2013). Procolobus gordonorum Udzungwa Red Colobus. In: T.M. Butynski, J. Kingdon and J. Kalina (eds), The Mammals of Africa. Volume II: Primates. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, pp. 142-151 Struhsaker T., Butynski T.M., Ehardt C. (2016) Piliocolobus gordonorum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T40015A92628901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T40015A92628901.en.

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Piliocolobus pennantii

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name Piliocolobus pennantii (Waterhouse, 1838). Synonym: Colobus pennantii Waterhouse, 1838. This taxon has also been treated as a subspecies of Procolobus badius in the past. IUCN follows an arrangements of the colobus monkeys dividing the, Piliocolobus (red colobus) and Procolobus (olive Colobus) into two genera (e.g. Groves 2007). Common names: Pennant’s red colobus, Boiko red colobus. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island).

Population trend: Decreasing. There are probably less than 5,000 animals remaining (Hearn et al., 2006).

Habitat status: Increasingly degraded.

Conservation status: IUCN category Endangered. CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997. Class B of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: P. pennantii is listed as Endangered as it has a very restricted range on the island of Bioko (less than 500 km²), and is estimated to have undergone a decline of more than 50% over the past 30 years (three generations) due to impact of hunting for bush meat (Oates and Struhsaker, 2008). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 300 wild caught specimens were exported to the US for scientific purposes in 2011, as recorded in the CITES trade database. Trading of bush meat is common on Boiko (Actman, 2016). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Most of the remaining population is found within a reserve, but there is almost no control of hunting (Hearn et al., 2006). 6. Recommendations The Pennant’s red colobus is Endangered and found within a very restricted area where it is threatened by hunting and habitat degradation. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

P. pennantii er truet og finnes kun innen et begrenset område på øyen Boiko der den er utsatt for jakt og ødeleggelser av habitatet. Handel er ikke blant de nåværende kjente truslene mot artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Actman J. (2016) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160404-monkey-bushmeat-bioko- island-equatorial-guinea/ Butynski T.M., Koster S.H. (1994) Distribution and conservation status of primates in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Biodiversity and Conservation 3:893-909. Groves C.P. (2007) The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85:7-34. Hearn G.W., Morra W.A., Butynski T.M. (2006) Monkeys in Trouble: The Rapidly Deteriorating Conservation Status of the Monkeys on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (2006). Report prepared by

VKM Report 2020: 02 42 the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program (BBPP). Oates J.F., Struhsaker T. (2008) Piliocolobus pennantii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T41025A92653137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41025A92653137.en.

Pilicolobus preussi

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name Piliocolobus preussi. Synonyms: Piliocolobus badius preussi (Kerr, 1792), Procolobus preussi (Matschie, 1900). IUCN follows an arrangements of the colobus monkeys dividing the, Piliocolobus (red colobus) and Procolobus (olive Colobus) into two genera (e.g. Groves 2007). Common name: Preuss’s red colobus.

Distribution: Cameroon, Nigeria.

Population trend: Decreasing. It is now mainly confined to the Korup National Park in Cameroon where the population has been estimated at 10,000 to 15,000 individuals (Oates, 1996).

Habitat status: Increasingly degraded.

Conservation status: IUCN category Critically Endangered. CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997. Class B of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: This species is estimated to have undergone a decline of more than 80% over the past three generations (ca. 30 years), due to high levels of hunting and habitat loss. The major threats are hunting (e.g., Dowsett-Lemaire and Dowsett, 2001) and habitat degradation (Oates et al., 2016).

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No data exists in the CITES trade database. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The Preuss’s red colobus is Critically Endangered and even though its stronghold is within a national park it is threatened by hunting and habitat degradation. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

P. preussi er kritisk truet og til tross for at den største bestanden finnes innen en nasjonalpark er den utsatt for jakt og redusert habitat. Handel er ikke blant de nåværende kjent truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Dowsett-Lemaire F., Dowsett R.J. (2001) A new population of gorillas Gorilla gorilla and other endangered primates in western Cameroon. African Primates 5:3–7. Groves C.P. (2007) The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85:7-34. Oates, J.F. (1996) African Primates: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

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Oates J.F., Struhsaker T., Morgan B., Linder J., Ting N. (2016) Piliocolobus preussi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41026A92632162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T41026A92632162.en.

Pilicolobus tephrosceles

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name Piliocolobus tephrosceles. Synonyms: Piliocolobus badius tephrosceles (Kerr, 1792), Procolobus badius ssp. tephrosceles (Elliot, 1907). This taxon was formerly a subspecies of a wider concept of P. rufomitratus, however, IUCN follows an arrangement of the colobus monkeys dividing the, Piliocolobus (red colobus) and Procolobus (olive Colobus) into two genera (e.g. Groves 2007). Common names: Uganda red colobus. Ashy red colobus.

Distribution: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (uncertain), Rwanda (uncertain), Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania.

Population trend: Decreasing. P. tephrosceles has been estimated to number least 20,000 animals, with the largest and most viable population in Uganda (Struhsaker, 2005).

Habitat status: Severely fragmented.

Conservation status: IUCN category Endangered. CITES Annex II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997. Class B of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: Listed as Endangered because the species occurs over less than 5,000 km², the subpopulations are severely fragmented (with no movement between them), and there is a continuing decline in overall numbers. The major threats are predation by chimpanzees within protected areas and habitat loss/degradation outside protected areas (Struhsaker et al., 2016). To some degree, hunting for meat and skins remains a threat (Davenport et al., 2007). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data According to the CITES trade database 2 wild caught specimens were exported from the United Republic of Tanzania to the US for scientific purposes in 2014. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees P. tephrosceles is present in the 766 km² Kibale Forest National Park in Uganda, which may contain the only viable subpopulation (Struhsaker, 2016). 6. Recommendations The Uganda red colobus is Endangered, found within a restricted area that is severly fragmented. The full distribution range of P. tephrosceles is uncertain, but the only subpopulation known to be viable is found within a national park in Uganda where predation by chimpanzees is a major threat. Outside protected areas habitat loss and degradation are major threats and hunting for meat and skins occurs. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

P. tephrosceles er truet, og utbredelsen er begrenset til et område som er svært fragmentert. Det fullstendige utbredelsesområdet er ukjent, men det som antas å være den eneste levedyktige bestanden finnes innen en nasjonalpark i Uganda. Denne bestanden blir jaktet av sjimpanser og er i

VKM Report 2020: 02 44 nedgang, utenfor nasjonalparken er arten truet av ødeleggelser av habitatet på grunn av skogsdrift. Det antas at arten jaktes for skinn og kjøtt noen steder. Handel er på nåværende tidspunkt ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Davenport T.R.B., Mpunga N.E., Machaga S.J. (2007) Census and Conservation Assessment of the Red Colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) on the Ufipa Plateau, Southwest Tanzania: Newly- discovered, Threatened and Extinct Populations. Primate Conservation 22:97-105. Groves C.P. (2007) The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85:7-34. Struhsaker T.T. (2005) Conservation of Red Colobus and their habitats. International Journal of Primatology 26:525-538. Struhsaker T. (2016) Piliocolobus tephrosceles. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18256A92660998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18256A92660998.en.

Pilicolobus tholloni

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Piliocolobus tholloni (Milne-Edwards, 1886). Synonym: Procolobus rufomitratus ssp. Tholloni (Milne Edwards, 1886). This taxon was formerly a subspecies of a wider concept of P. rufomitratus , however, IUCN follows an arrangements of the colobus monkeys dividing the, Piliocolobus (red colobus) and Procolobus (olive Colobus) into two genera (e.g. Groves 2007). Common names: Thollon's red colobus.

Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: The distribution is patchy and not well described. Habitat loss and fragmentation is likely to affect some local populations (Hart et al., 2016).

Conservation status: IUCN category Near Threatened. CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997. Class B of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Justification: This species is listed as Near Threatened as it has undergone a population decline in the order of 20-25% over the last three generations mainly due to intensive pressure from hunting (particularly during the period of the Congo War 1996-2003). The species is more heavily hunted than many of the other primates occurring in the Congo basin (because they are larger and slower) and further research may reveal that this species could qualify as Vulnerable under criterion A. (Hart et al., 2016). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data According to the CITES trade database 29 wild caught specimens were exported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the US for scientific purposes in 2013. The Democratic Republic of the Congo was suspended from all trade by CITES in 2014 due to suspicion of false permits being issued (CITES Notif. No. 2014/017).

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Some of the P. Tholloni population is found within a national park. 6. Recommendations The Thollon's red colobus is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it has been, and probably still is, heavily hunted. It is presently listed as Near Threatened, but could be upgraded to Vulnerable. International trade is not a known threat to the survival of this species.

P. Tholloni finnes kun i Den demokratiske republikken Kongo der bestanden har blitt kraftig redusert (20-25% over tre generasjoner) på grunn av jakt. Den er mere utsatt for jakt enn andre primater som finnes i området da den er større og tregere. Kongo ble suspendert for handel av CITES i 2014 fordi det var mistanke om at falske eksporttillatelser var blitt utstedt. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Groves C.P. (2007) The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85:7-34. Hart J., Oates J.F., Struhsaker T., Thompson J. (2016) Piliocolobus tholloni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T18257A92661917. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T18257A92661917.en.

Trachypithecus delacouri

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Trachypithecus delacouri (Osgood, 1932). The taxon was formerly considered a subspecies of T. francoisi. Common names: Delacour’s langur, White-rumped black langur,

Delacour's leaf monkey. Distribution: Viet Nam.

Population trend: Decreasing. The total population is estimated to be between 200 and 250 individuals, surviving in 19 isolated subpopulations.

Habitat status: Severely fragmented. This species occurs in a very restricted area of north-central Viet Nam that totals about 6,000 km2.

Conservation status: IUCN category Critically Endangered (2008). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: Sixty percent of the total population occurs in subpopulations with fewer than 20 animals. Hunting for the purposes of traditional "medicine" is the primary threat facing this species. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Illegal hunting and trade is known to occur (Nadler et al., 2008). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees T. delacouri is considered 'endangered' in Viet Nam, and is listed as a 'most endangered' species under Annex 1B of Decree 32 (2006). The largest of the surviving subpopulations has increased and totals about 50 individuals in Van Long Nature Reserve, which is the only protected area that is well

VKM Report 2020: 02 46 guarded and relatively inaccessible to people (Nadler, 2004).

6. Recommendations The Delacour’s langur is Critically Endangered and declining. Any trade could be detrimental to its survival.

T. delacouri er kritisk truet. Det er antatt å finnes mindre enn 250 individer som er fordelt på små, fragmenterte bestander. Ulovlig jakt og handel for bruk in tradisjonell medisin forekommer. All handel kan være en trussel for artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Nadler T., Streicher U., Ha Thang Long. (2004) Conservation of primates in Vietnam. Haki Publishing, Hanoi, Vietnam. Nadler T., Xuan Canh L., Ngoc Thanh V., Khac Quyet L. (2008) Trachypithecus delacouri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T22043A9350654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22043A9350654.en.

Trachypithecus francoisi

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Trachypithecus francoisi (Pousargues, 1898). Synonym. Presbytis francoisi (Pousargues, 1898). Common names: François's leaf monkey, Tonkin leaf monkey, François's langur.

Distribution: China, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Viet Nam.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. The species is widespread, but populations are highly fragmented and isolated.

Conservation status: IUCN category Endangered (2008). Listed on CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A since 1997.

Justification: There is reason to believe that the population has declined by at least 50% over the past 36 years (3 generations, given a generation length of 12 years) primarily due to habitat loss and hunting. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES CITES Review of Significant Trade by the Animals Committee in 1993 (AC9) concluded that: “The species is a strong candidate for inclusion in Appendix I of CITES. It is so severely threatened that any trade permitted under an Appendix II listing may be detrimental”. 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Francois’s langurs are hunted for traditional medicine. In China the threat is extremely severe, due to the illegal production of “black ape wine”, which is made specifically from this species. Animals are also imported illegally from Viet Nam for this purpose (Bleisch et al., 2008). Some international trade with wild caught live animals and specimens was recorded up to 2003 (http://trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees In China T. francoisi been listed as a Category I species under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1989 and is found in 21 protected areas. In Lao PDR it was declared a “prohibited” animal in 1989. In Viet Nam it

VKM Report 2020: 02 47 occurs in several protected areas, including two national parks.

6. Recommendations The Francois’s langur is Endangered and the remaining populations are small and isolated. Illegal hunting and trade, in particular for traditional medicine, still takes place. Trade could be detrimental to its survival.

T. francoisi er truet og de gjenværende bestandene er små og isolerte. Det forekommer ulovlig jakt og handel med arten som benyttes i tradisjonell kinesisk medisin. Handel kan være en trussel for artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Bleisch B., Manh Ha N., Khat Quyet L., Yongcheng L. (2008) Trachypithecus francoisi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T39853A10277000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39853A10277000.en.

Trachypithecus hatinhensis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions Species name: Trachypithecus hatinhensis (Dao, 1970). Synonyms: Trachypithecus ebenus (Brandon-Jones, 1995), Trachypithecus francoisi hatinhensis (Pousargues, 1898). It is not clearly defined from Trachypithecus laotum (Thomas, 1911) although the two species are genetically differentiated. Common names: Hatinh langur, Stripe-headed black langur.

Distribution: Viet Nam.

Population trend: Decreasing. No reliable population estimate exists.

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented.

Conservation status: IUCN category Endangered (2008). Listed on CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: There is no reliable population estimate available for this species, but it is likely to have undergone a decline of more than 50% over the last three generations (36 years, given a generation length of 12 years) due to the ongoing loss and decline of habitat and effects of hunting. There is a need for further survey and taxonomic research to resolve the status of this species relative to T. laotum and T. ebenus, and to determine the current population status of this species with more accuracy (Xuan Canh et al., 2008). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The main threat to this species is hunting, as shooting of primates is quite common throughout its range. The animals are killed for meat, as well as for traditional “medicine” and the wildlife trade (Nadler et al., 2003). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees T. hatinhensis is found in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Viet Nam and small numbers are present as well in Nakai Nam Theun National Biodiversity Conservation Area (Nadler et al., 2003).

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6. Recommendations The Hatinh langur is Endangered and declining. It is hunted and traded for meat and traditional medicine. Trade could be detrimental to its survival.

T. hatinhensis er truet og i nedgang (det totale antallet er uvisst). Arten jaktes for kjøtt og til tradisjonell kinesisk medisin. Handel kan være en trussel for artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Nadler T., Momberg F., Nguyen Xuan Dang, Lormée N. (2003) Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2002. Part 2: Leaf Monkeys. Fauna and Flora International- Vietnam Program and Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi, Vietnam. Xuan Canh L., Khac Quyet L., Thanh Hai D., Timmins R.J. (2008) Trachypithecus hatinhensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T40789A10354744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40789A10354744.en

Trachypithecus jonhii

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Trachypithecus johnii (J. Fischer, 1829). Synonym: Presbytis johnii (J. Fischer, 1829). The taxon is sometimes considered to be in the genus Semnopithecus. Common names: Nilgiri langur, Nilgiri black langur, Indian hooded leaf monkey, John's langur, Hooded leaf monkey, Black leaf monkey, Nilgiri leaf monkey.

Distribution: India.

Population trend: Decreasing. The number of mature individuals is less than 10,000 (Molur et al., 2003).

Habitat status: Severely fragmented.

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable (2008). Listed on CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A, since 1997.

Justification: The number of mature individuals is less than 10,000 across many, severely fragmented locations, with continuing decline in habitat quality and with no subpopulation containing more than 1,000 mature individuals. According to Molur et al. (2003), past and present threats include habitat loss due to crop plantations, mining, dams, fragmentation, human settlement, hunting, road kills, deliberate fires, storms/flooding, landslides, and local trade for pets. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data This species is hunted for its skin, which is used for making drums, as well as for other parts of the body, which are used for meat as well as in traditional “medicine” (Roonwal and Mohnot, 1977). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Schedule I, Part I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 amended up to 2002 (Molur et al., 2003). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas (Singh et al., 2008).

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6. Recommendations The Nilgiri langur is Vulnerable and declining. It is hunted locally for skins meat and traditional medicine.International trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Trachypithecus johnii er sårbar og i nedgang. Den jaktes for skinn, kjøtt og til tradisjonell medisin. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Molur S., Brandon-Jones D., Dittus W., Eudey A., Kumar A., Singh M., Feeroz M. M., Chalise M., Priya P., Walker S. (2003) Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Managment Plan Report. Workshop Report, 2003. Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, India. Roonwal M. and Mohnot S. (1977) Primates of South Asia: Ecology, Sociobiology and Behavior. Cambridge, UK. Singh M., Kumar A., Molur S. (2008) Trachypithecus johnii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T44694A10927987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en.

Trachypithecus laotum

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Trachypithecus laotum (Thomas, 1911). Synonym: Trachypithecus francoisi laotum (Pousargues, 1898). It is not clearly defined from Trachypithecus hatinhensis (Dao, 1970), although the two species are genetically differentiated. Common names: Laotian langur, Lao langur, Lao leaf monkey.

Distribution: Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Population trend: Decreasing. There is no reliable information on the population status of this species.

Habitat status: T. laotum is common in suitable habitat throughout its range, which is estimated at between 500-2,000 km2 (Timmins and Boonratana, 2008). Habitat loss is likely to be a threat in the long-term, although at present it is unlikely to be significantly influencing population trends.

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable (2008). Listed on CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: This species is listed as Vulnerable, since it is projected to undergo a decline of more than 30% over the next 3 generations (36 years, given a generation length of 12 years) due to the ongoing loss and decline of habitat and, primarily, the effects of hunting. The look-alike species T. hatinhensis is listed as Endangered by IUCN (Xuan Canh et al., 2008). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The major threat to the species is hunting for food and medicine. No trade is registered on trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees T. laotum is known to occur in 2 protected areas (Timmins and Boonratana, 2008).

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6. Recommendations The Laotian langur is Vulnerable and declining. It is hunted locally for skins, meat and traditional medicine. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

T. laotum er sårbar og i nedgang. Den jaktes for skinn, kjøtt og til tradisjonell medisin. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Timmins R.J., Boonratan R. (2008) Trachypithecus laotum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T22044A9350930. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22044A9350930.en. Xuan Canh L., Khac Quyet L., Thanh Hai D.,Timmins R.J. (2008) Trachypithecus hatinhensis. The

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T40789A10354744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40789A10354744.en.

Trachypithecus poliocephalus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions Species name: Trachypithecus poliocephalus (Pousargues, 1898). Synonym: Trachypithecus francoisi poliocephalus (Pousargues, 1898). Two subspecies: Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. poliocephalus with the common names: Cat Ba langur, Golden-headed langur, and Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. leucocephalus with the common name: White-headed langur.

Distribution: China, Viet Nam.

Population trend: Decreasing. The number of mature individuals has been estimated at 700-800 (Bleisch et al., 2008a).

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented for T. p. Leucocephalus that is found in a few isolated areas of southern China and the population is declining due to habitat destruction and poaching (Bleisch et al., 2008b) T. p. poliocephalus is confined to the Cat Ba Island in Viet Nam and the latest population count was 64 individuals (Bleisch et al., 2008c).

Conservation status: IUCN category Critically Endangered, the two subspecies has also been assessed individually as Critically Endangered (2008). Listed on CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A since 1997.

Justification: Listed as Critically Endangered as there is reason to believe the species has declined by at least 80% over the past three generations (36 years, given a generation length of 12 years) due primarily to hunting and habitat loss.

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Poaching, both for meat and traditional "medicine", has been recognized as the most severe threat to Cat Ba langurs, and the reason for the precipitous decline in their population over the past couple of decades. In 2018, 19 specimens from the wild were importen from Viet Nam to Germany for scientific purposes. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Some national conservation efforts exist both in Viet Nam and China.

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6. Recommendations The Cat Ba langur is Critically Endangered and declining. It is hunted locally for meat and traditional medicine. International trade is not a known threat to the survival of this species in the wild.

T.poliocephalus er kritisk truet og i nedgang. Ulovlig jakt er en viktig årsak til at bestanden synker. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Bleisch B., Xuan Canh L., Covert B., Yongcheng, L. (2008a) Trachypithecus poliocephalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T22045A9351127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22045A9351127.en. Bleisch B., Xuan Canh L., Covert B., Yongcheng L. (2008b) Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. leucocephalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T39872A10278150.

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39872A10278150.en. Bleisch B., Xuan Canh L., Covert B., Yongcheng L. (2008c) Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. poliocephalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T39871A10278002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39871A10278002.en.

Callicebus barbarabrownae

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Callicebus barbarabrownae, Hershkovitz, 1990. Considered a subspecies of Callicebus personatus until 1999 (Kobayashi and Langguth, 1999). Common names: Northern Bahian blond titi, Barbara Brown's titi.

Distribution: Brazil.

Population trend: Decreasing. The population size has been estimated to 260 mature individuals in the wild (Printes, 2007).

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. The population is severely fragmented and none of the subpopulations exceeds 50 mature individuals. The population is continuing to decline due to extensive ongoing deforestation (Veiga et al., 2008).

Conservation status: IUCN: Critically Endangered (2008). CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: The species is listed as Critically Endangered due to its small population size. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 5 wild caught specimens were exported to the US for scientific purposes in 2014, as recorded in the CITES trade database (http://trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species is not found in any officially protected area. 6. Recommendations The Northern Bahian blond titi is critically endangered due to its very small population size, its habitat is increasingly fragmented and the population continuing to decrease. Trade is currently not among

VKM Report 2020: 02 52 the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

C. barbarabrownae er kritisk truet og det er antatt å finnes kun 260 voksne individer. Bestanden er i nedgang og det gjenværende habitatet blir stadig mere fragmentert. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Kobayashi S, Langguth A. (1999) A new species of titi monkeys, Callicebus Thomas, from north- eastern Brazil (Primates, Cebidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 16:531-551. Printes R.C. (2007) Avaliação taxonômica, distribuição e status do guigó-da-Caatinga Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz, 1990 (Primates: Pitheciidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Veiga L.M., Printe, R.C., Rylands A.B., Kierulff C.M., de Oliveira M.M., Mendes, S.L. (2008) Callicebus barbarabrownae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T39929A10291470. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39929A10291470.en

Callicebus melanochir

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Callicebus melanochir, Wied-Neuwied, 1820. Synonyms: Callicebus personatus melanochir (É. Geoffroy, 1812), Callicebus personatus ssp. melanochir Wied-Neuwied, 1820. Common names: Coastal black-handed titi, southern Bahian masked titi.

Distribution: Brazil.

Population trend: Decreasing. The population size is unknown.

Habitat status: Fragmented. C. melanochir inhabits the most developed and populous region of Brazil. The region has suffered from extensive habitat loss and fragmentation and the remaining forest cover is estimated from between 5% to 10% (Veiga et al., 2008).

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable (2008). CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997.

Justification: This species is listed as Vulnerable as a result of a continuing decline exceeding 30% over the past 24 years (3 generations). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The hunting pressure is probably negligible to moderate given the small body size. (Veiga et al., 2008). 4 wild caught specimens were exported to the US for scientific purposes in 2014 (trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species occurs in several protected areas in Brazil (Veiga et al., 2008). 6. Recommendations The coastal black-handed titi is vulnerable, decreasing and its remaining habitat is severely fragmented. Trade is not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

C. melanochir er sårbar og bestanden i nedgang, dens gjenværende habitatet er svært fragmentert.

VKM Report 2020: 02 53

Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse.

7. Literature list Veiga L.M., Printes R.C., Ferrari S.F., Kierulff C.M., de Oliveira M.M., Mendes S.L. (2008) Callicebus melanochir. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39930A10292634. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39930A10292634.en.

Callicebus nigrifrons

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Callicebus nigrifrons (Spix, 1823). Synonyms: Callicebus personatus nigrifrons (É. Geoffroy, 1812), Callicebus personatus ssp. nigrifrons (Spix, 1823). Common names: Black-fronted titi, black-fronted titi monkey.

Distribution: Brazil.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. The species is relatively widely distributed in southeastern Brazil, but populations have been locally or regionally extirpated in many places. C. nigrifrons inhabits the most developed and populous region of Brazil, and has suffered extensive habitat loss and extreme fragmentation due to urbanization, expanding agriculture and logging practices.

Conservation status: IUCN category: Near Threatened (2008). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997.

Justification: The species is listed as Near Threatened as it most likely has undergone a decline of 20-25% over the past 25 years (3 generations). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 20 wild caught specimens were exported to the US for scientific purposes in 2014 (trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species occurs in several protected areas in Brazil (Veiga et al., 2008). 6. Recommendations The black-fronted titi is Near Threatened, decreasing and its remaining habitat is increasingly fragmented. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

C. nigrifrons er nær truet, i nedgang og det gjenværende habitatet stadig mere fragmentert. andel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Veiga L.M., Kierulff C.M., de Oliveira M.M., Mendes S.L. (2008) Callicebus nigrifrons. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T39943A10294282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39943A10294282.en.

Callicebus personatus

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1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Callicebus personatus (É. Geoffroy, 1812). Synonyms: Callicebus personatus ssp. personatus (É. Geoffroy, 1812). Common names: Atlantic titi, masked titi, northern masked titi.

Distribution: Brazil.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. C. personatus has a relatively small geographic range that coincides with the most densely populated region of Brazil, and conversion of forest habitat to agriculture has reduced the forest cover (estimated from between 5 to 10%). The remaining small, isolated populations of Titis are exposed to demographic and genetic risks (Veiga et al., 2008).

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable (2008). CITES Appendix II, since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997.

Justification: This species is listed as Vulnerable due decline exceeding 30% in the past 24 years (3 generations) inferred from. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 5 wild caught specimens were exported to the US for scientific purposes in 2014 (trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The largest proportion of the remaining population is found within reserves (Veiga et al., 2008). 6. Recommendations The Atlantic titi is Near Threatened, decreasing and its remaining habitat increasingly fragmented. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

C. personatus er nær truet, i nedgang og det gjenværende habitatet stadig mere fragmentert. Handel kan sette artens overlevelsesevne i fare. 7. Literature list Veiga L.M., Ferrari S.F., Kierulff C.M., de Oliveira M.M., Mendes S.L. (2008) Callicebus personatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T3555A9940882. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3555A9940882.en.

Tarsisus spp.

VKM Report 2020: 02 55

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Cephalopachus bancanus (previously Tarsius bancanus) Horsfield, 1821. Synonym: Tarsius natunensis Chasen, 1940. Note that C. bancanus is further divided in four subspecies (Tarsius bancanus ssp. Bancanus, bancanus ssp. bancanus, Tarsiu bancanus ssp. borneanus, Tarsius bancanus ssp. natunensis, Tarsius bancanus ssp. saltator). Common name: Western tarsier. Tarsius dentatus, Miller and Hollister, 1921. Synonym: Tarsius dianae Niemitz, Nietsch, Warter & Rumpler, 1991. Common name: Dians´s tarsier. Tarsius lariang, Merker and Groves, 2006. Common name: Larian tarsier. Tarsius pelengensis, Sody, 1949. Common name: Peleng tarsier. Tarsius pumilus Miller & Hollister, 1921.Common name: Sulawesi Mountain Tarsier. Tarsius sangirensis, Meyer, 1897. Common name: Great Sangihe tarsier. Carlito syrichta (previously Tarsius syrichta) (Linnaeus, 1758). Synonyms: Tarsius carbonarius Heude, 1898, Tarsius fraterculus Miller, 1911, Tarsius philippinensis Meyer, 1894. Common name: Phillipine tarsier. Tarsius tumpara, Shekelle, Groves, Merker and Supriatna (2010). Common name: Siau Island tarsier. Tarsius wallacei Merker et al., 2010. Common name: Wallace´s tarsier. Tarsius tarsier (Erxleben, 1777). Common name: Selayar tarsier. Tarsius fuscus, Fischer, 1804. Common name: Makassar tarsier.

Distribution: Islands of Southeast Asia.

Population trend: Decreasing for all species (IUCN).

Habitat status: Habitat loss is listed as a major threat for all species (IUCN).

Conservation status: C. bancanus: Vulnerable (IUCN, 2008); T. dentatus: Vulnerable (IUCN, 2008); T. lariang: Data Deficient (IUCN, 2008); T. pelengensis: Endangered (IUCN, 2008); T. pumilus: Data Deficient (IUCN, 2008): T.sangirensis: Endangered; C. syrichta: Near Threatened (IUCN, 2008); T. tumpara: Critically Endangered (IUCN, 2011); Tarsius wallacei: Data Deficient (IUCN, 2011); T.tarsier: Vulnerable (IUCN, 2008). The Genus Tarsius is listed on Annex A, EU Wildlife Regulations since 01/06/1997 and on CITES Appendix II since 04/02/1977.

Justification: C. bancanus, T. dentatus, C. syrichta, T.tarsier: Over the last 20 years (approximately three generations), at least 30% of the habitat has been lost. Furthermore, C. bancanus, C. syrichta are regionally exploited for pet trade. T. pelengensis: Known to occur only on Peleng Island and the population is fragmented. T.sangirensis: Known to occur only from Sangihe Island (547 km²), population is severly fragmented and there is an ongoing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES C. syrichta was included in CITES review of significant trade reports (01/03/1992 and 06/09/1993, by the Phillipines) and a proposal (by the Phillipines) was made (withdrawn) to include the species on CITES Appendix I (CoP8, 02/03/1992) (speciesplus.net). Trade inT. lariang is reviewed, among other Indonesian species, in a review concerning trade in CITES listed species published by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC, 2007). Only a few incidences of trade were reported. 3. Relevant literature All species of tarsiers were previously included in the genus Tarsius. Recent taxonomic work has divided Tarsius and a couple of species are now part of the genera Carlito (Carlito syrichta) and Cephalopachus (C. bancanus) (Groves and Shekelle, 2010). Note that these changes have not been implemented in the CITES and EU Appendices. 4. Evaluation of trade data For Tarsius spp. there are 3 cases of reported trade between years 2000 and 2015 (in 2006, 2010, 2013) of several hundred wild caught individuals exported for scientific purposes (trade.cites.org). For single species the numbers are variable, however, based on the data from trade.cites.org, legal trade is in these species is not very common. There is however, a growing illegal trade in tarsiers as pets

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(Schwitzer et al., 2015).

5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees C. syrichta is listed as one of the 25 most endangered primates of 2014-2016 (Schwitzer et al., 2015). The Near Threatened listing by IUCN was accorded to the metapopulation of C. syrichta on all islands. Recent genetic analysis has revealed that C. syrichta is a group of three distinct genetic lineages: the Bohol-Samar-Leyte lineage, the Dinagat-Caraga lineage and the Mindanao-Zamboanga lineage (Brown et al., 2014).These distinct genetic lineages do not match three possible subspecies, T. syrichta syrichta from Leyte and Samar, T. s. carbonarius from Mindanao, and T. s. fraterculus from Bohol creating a very uncertain situation in which some populations might be threatened with extinction (Schwitzer et al., 2015). 6. Recommendations All species of tarsiers inhabit vulnerable habitats that are subject to ongoing degradation and fragmentation. In addition, their taxonomy is uncertain and there may be subspecies that are currently not recognized. All species are thought to be declining and the tarsiers do not thrive nor breed very well in captivity. Trade could be detrimental to the survival of these species.

Kontinuerlig degradering og ødeleggelse av habitat er et felles problem for alle arter av spøkelsesaper. I tillegg er det mye usikkerhet rundt deres taksonomi, det er nedadgående trend i bestandsstørrelsene for alle arter og de trives ikke i fangenskap og dermed vil nok handel kunne være ødeleggende for spøkelsesapenes videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Groves C. and Shekelle M. (2010) The Genera and Species of Tarsiidae. International Journal of Primatology 31:1071-1082. Schwitzer C., Mittenmeier R.A., Rylands A.B., Chiozza F., Williamson E.A., Wallis J. and Cotton A. (eds.) Primates in Peril: The world`s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2014-2016. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA, iv+93pp. Firtch-Snyder H.M. (2003) History of Captive Conservation of Tarsiers. In Tarsiers: Past, Present and Furture. (Wright P.C., Simons E.L. and Gursky S. eds). Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London. Shekelle M. and Salim A. (2008) Tarsius pumilus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T21490A9288636.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21490A9288636.en Shekelle M. and Yustian, I. (2008) Tarsius bancanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T21488A9286601.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21488A9286601.en Shekelle M., Salim A. and Merker S. (2008) Tarsius dentatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T21489A9286921.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21489A9286921.en Shekelle M., Merker S. and Salim, A. (2008) Tarsius lariang. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136319A4273932.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136319A4273932.e Shekelle M., Salim A., Groves C.P. and Indrawan, M. (2008) Tarsius pelengensis. The IUCN Red list of Threatened Species 2008: e.T21494A9290015.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21494A9290015.en. Shekelle M. and Salim A. (2011) Tarsius sangirensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011e.T21493A9289573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T21493A9289573.en. Shekelle M. and Arboleda I. (2008) Tarsius syrichta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T21492A9289252.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21492A9289252.en Shekelle M, Salim A. (2011) Tarsius tumpara. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T179234A7636582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T179234A7636582.en. Merker S. (2011) Tarsius wallacei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T195277A8954009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T195277A8954009.en. Shekelle M. and Salim A. (2008) Tarsius tarsier. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T21491A9288932.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21491A9288932.en

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Hystrix cristata

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758. Common names: Crested Porcupine, North African Crested Porcupine. Norwegian name: Hulepiggsvin

Distribution: The Crested Porcupine is found in Italy, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. In the Mediterranean, it is known from mainland Italy and the island of Sicily. The countries of occurrence are: Algeria; Angola (Angola); Benin; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Côte d'Ivoire; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau; Italy; Kenya; Liberia; Libya; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Tunisia; Uganda (Amori and de Smet, 2016).

Population trend: European population was considered stable in 2007 (Amori et al., 2007), while for the global population the trend is uknown (Amori and de Smet, 2016).

Habitat status: No information about habitat status, but given the wide distribution of H. cristata the state of its habitats will vary among countries and regions of occurrence.

Conservation status: IUCN: Least Concern (2016). Currently not listed under CITES (Has previously been listed on Appendix III (by Mauritania, Egypt, Somalia, Djibouti, Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Guinea Bussau), EU Wildlife trade regulation Annex A (since 01/06/1997).

Justification: Listed as Least Concern because it is widespread. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Reported trade in H. cristata is divided into: trophies, quills, derivatives, live animals, bodies, skeleton, skins, quills, hair, horn pieces and the majority of cases are wild caught individuals (trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees H. cristata is illegally hunted for meat in both Europe and Africa and is considered a pest species sometimes illegally controlled with poison baits (Macdonald and Barrett, 1993). In Morocco, as well as other parts of Africa, it is widely used for traditional medicine/witchcraft, and sold very commonly in local markets (Amori and de Smet, 2016; Sodeinde and Sowewu, 1999) as well as trough the illegal international bushmeat trade (Chaber et al., 2010). H. cristata is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. It is protected in several areas throughout its range, under Italian national law since 1974, and listed as endangered in Morocco (Amori and de Smet, 2016). 6. Recommendations H. cristata is widespread, and is globally not considered an endangered species. However, it is important that trade is regulated in a way that takes into account the regional differences in population size and level of threats.

Hulepiggsvinet har et stort utbredelsesområdet og er, globalt sett, ikke en truet art. Men det er viktig at ved en eventuell regulering av handel at det tas hensyn til regionale forskjeller i bestandsstørrelse og trusselnivå. 7. Literature list Amori G. and De Smet K. (2016) Hystrix cristata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:

VKM Report 2020: 02 58 e.T10746A22232484 Amori G., Bertolino S. and Lovari S. (2007) Hystrix cristata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T10746A3211920. Chaber A-L., Allebone-Webb S., Lignereux Y., Cunningham A.A. and Rowcliffe J. M. (2010) The scale of illegal meat importation from Africa to Europe via Paris. Conservation Letters 3 (5):317-321. 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00121.x Macdonald, D.W. and Barrett, P. (1993) Mammals of Britain and Europe. Collins, London, UK. Sodeinde O.A. and Sowewu D.A. (1999) Pilto Study of the Traditional Medicine Trade in Nigeria: With reference to wild fauna. Traffic Bullentin 18(1):35-40. Speciesplus.net. Trade.cites.org.

Aythya innotata

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Aythya innotata (Salvadori, 1894). Common name: Madagascar pochard. Norwegian name: Alaotraand.

Distribution: Restricted to the Banemavka area of northwestern Madagascar. The last record from its historical area around Lake Alaotra was in 1991 (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014).

Population trend: This species was rediscovered in 2006 following the last sighting in 1991. It is currently known from a single location where 29 mature individuals were seen in 2011 and 21 in 2012. The trend is currently considered stable (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: Previous declines have been attributed to the widespread loss of habitat through siltation and conversion to agriculture. Lake Alaotra, one of the very few unconverted central plateau wetlands, is under considerable and increasing pressure, as the area is one of Madagascar’s major rice producers. Soil erosion from deforested hillsides and more intensive agricultural practices have diminished the water quality of the lake (Pidgeon, 1996, BirdLife International 2016).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International 2015). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A since 1997.

Justification: The population is extremely small and thus faces significant risk from stochastic events and genetic factors, particularly inbreeding depression. . 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No records of trade on http://trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. The site of rediscovery is currently permanently guarded. Some birds have been hatched in captivity since 2009 and a conservation breeding facility has been built by the government of Madagascar with support of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust and the Mitsubishi Corporation Fund for Europe and Africa, The Malagasy government has ratified the Ramsar Convention, and Lake Alaotra became a Ramsar Site in 2003 (BirdLife International, 2015). 6. Recommendations: The wild population of Madagascar pochard is critically endangered and extremely small. Trade is not

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among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Alaotraand er kritisk truet og den ville bestanden ekstremt liten. Den er derfor utsatt for tilfeldige hendelser og negative følger av innavl. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Aythya innotata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22680380A78323327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22680380A78323327.en. del Hoyo J., Collar N. J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Pidgeon M. (1996) Summary: an ecological survey of Lake Alaotra and selected wetlands of central and eastern Madagascar in analyzing the demise of Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata. Working Group on Birds in the Madagascar region Newsletter 6:17-19.

Aythya nyroca

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770). Common names: Ferruginous duck, white-eyed pochard, ferruginous pochard. Norwegian name: Hvitøyeand.

Distribution: A. nyroca breeds principally in south-western Asia (east to China and south to Pakistan and India), central and eastern Europe, and north Africa. The wintering range overlaps with the breeding range and extends to the Middle East, north-east and West Africa (mainly Mali and Nigeria and South-East Asia (BirdLife International, 2015). According to Species+ the distribution is uncertain in Cameroon, Kenya, Togo and Western Sahara.

Population trend: Decreasing. The population and its extent of occurrence are declining (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of well-vegetated shallow pools and other wetland habitats (BirdLife International 2016).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Near Threatened ver 3.1 (BirdLife International 2015). EU wildlife Trade Regulations A (2014). Annex I on the EU Directive on the Conservation of Wild Bird, Appendix III on Bern Convention, Annex I of the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds, Appendices I and II of the Bonn Convention.

Justification: Given that the species’s range may fluctuate considerably from year to year, particularly in Asia, owing to changes in water levels, it is very hard to estimate the global population trends. There have been rapid declines in Europe where it is classified as Vulnerable. Evidence of rapid declines in the larger Asian populations is sparse, but would qualify the species for uplisting to Vulnerable. (BirdLife International, 2015). 2. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. 3. Relevant literature An International Single Species Action Plan has been adopted by the Bern Convention, CMS and AEWA, which lays out a framework for conservation action throughout the specie's range (Robinson and Hughes 2005). 4.Evaluation of trade data 10 wild caught live birds were exported from Guinea to Portugal in 2000 and one wild caught dead bird from Denmark to Norway in 2009 for commercial purposes (trade.cites.org.)

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. The species is fully protected in Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland, and is protected from hunting in Austria, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Turkey and Ukraine (BirdLife International, 2015). 6.Recommendations The ferruginous duck is widely distributed but declining. In Europe it is classified as vulnerable and protected in most countries. The extent of the decline in Asia is not known. Trade is currently not among the known threats to this species.

Hvitøyeand har et stort utbredelsesområde, men er i nedgang. Den er listet som sårbar i Europa og beskyttes der i de fleste land. I Asia finnes det ikke gode mål for graden av nedgang. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International. (2015) Aythya nyroca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22680373A85003885. Robinson J.A., Hughes B. (Compilers). (2005) International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca. CMS & AEWA. http://www.cms.int/

Branta ruficollis

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769). Common name: Red-breasted goose. Norwegian name: Rødhalsgås.

Distribution: The species is native to Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Islamic Republic Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro; Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine, but most of the population breeds on the Taymyr Peninsula (70%) and the Gydan and Yamal Peninsulas (Russian Federation). Most of the population is wintering on the Black sea coast of Bulgaria and Romania (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014). The species is vagrant in a number of central Asian (and China) and European countries.

Population trend: Decreasing. Population decline of more than 50% has been estimated since the late 1990s (BirdLife International, 2016). Variation in survey intensity and coverage historically makes determination of trends difficult.

Habitat status: The quality of roosting areas has decreased. In addition, the low profitability of agriculture has reduced the area under winter wheat cultivation, which, together with conversion to other crops, has decreased the availability of food (BirdLife International 2016).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2015). It is listed in CITES Appendix II (01/07/1975) and the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations List A since 1997. Annex I on Birds Directive, Appendix II on Bern Convention and Appendix I and II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).

Justification: This species has a moderately small population, which appears to be declining over a short time period. The reasons for this decline are largely unknown. Deliberate hunting of birds occurs in Russia and Kazakhstan and results from a recent tagging study suggest mortality owing to hunting could be very high (BirdLife International 2016).

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2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A quota of 5 live, wild caught birds were provided by CITES to Uzbekistan in 2016. 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Only 2 wild caught specimens were traded in the period 2000-2016, while a large number of captive- bred birds were traded (http://trade.cites.org). There could be an illegal marked for wild-hunted birds claimed to be captive bred. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. B. ruficollis is listed in the (national and regional) Red Book of Russia and Red Books of Kazakhstan and Bulgaria (BirdLife International, 2015). An international single species action plan for B.ruficollis was published in 2012 (Cranwick et al., 2012). 6. Recommendations: The red-breasted goose is vulnerable and declining rapidly. There is considerable trade in captive bred birds. International trade is not a known threat to the survival of this species in the wild.

Rødhalsgås er sårbar og en nedgang i bestanden på mer enn 50% har vært observert siden slutten av 1990-tallet. Omsetningen av oppdrettsfugler er ganske stor og det kan forekomme ulovlig handel også med individer som er fanget vilt. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Branta ruficollis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22679954A84085554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22679954A84085554.en. Cranswick P.A., Raducescu L ., Hilton G.M., Petkov N. (2012) International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Red-breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis). AEWA Technical Series No. 46. del Hoyo J., Collar N. J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Mergus octocetaceus

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Mergus octosetaceus Bieillot, 1817. Common name: Brazilian merganser. Norwegian name: Brasilfiskand.

Distribution: The species is native to Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (last record in 1984). Most of the current population exists in isolated populations in southeastern Brazil (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014).

Population trend: Decreasing. The population was estimated at 250 individuals in 1992, and is currently considered to be within the band 50-249 mature individuals. The population is suspected to have declined rapidly over the last 20 years (three generations; BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: Increasingly degraded.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2015). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations List A since 1997.

Justification: The population is suspected to have declined rapidly over the last 20 years (three generations in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range, owing to the expansion of

VKM Report 2020: 02 62 hydroelectric power schemes, soy bean cultivation and mining operations. Perturbation and pollution of rivers results largely from deforestation, agricultural expansion are major threats. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No data available on trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. The species is legally protected in all three range states and occurs in three Brazilian national parks (BirdLife International, 2015). 6. Recommendations: The Brazilian merganser is critically endangered, and the population is small and declining. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Brasilfiskand er kritisk truet og den lille gjenværende bestanden er i nedgang. Den er mest sannsynlig utryddet fra Paraguay. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Mergus octosetaceus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22680482A78309117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22680482A78309117.en. del Hoyo J. and Collar N. J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Oxyura leucocephala

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769). Common name: White-headed duck. Norwegian name: Hvithodeand.

Distribution: Breeds from the soutwestern Mediterranean Basin east to northwestern China and Mongolia. The main breeding populations are found in South Russia and Kazakhstan (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014). O. leucocephala is exinct in Hungary and Italy (Species+).

Population trend: Decreasing. A very rapid decline has been estimated for the last ten years, and the decline is expected to be rapid over the next ten years (BirdLife International, 2012).

Habitat status: The species is continuously declining in area of occupancy and number of locations (BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES Appendix II (29/07/1983). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A since 1997. Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).

Justification: Despite uncertainty about the possible large-scale inter-year movement of birds between wintering sites, mid-winter counts indicate that the population of this species has undergone a very rapid decline, which qualifies it as Endangered. The greatest long-term threat to the species survival is thought to be competition and introgressive hybridization with the non-native North American Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis (e.g. Munoz-Fuentes et al., 2007) 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES

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CoP4, prop. 24 (1983) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland suggested inclusion in Appendix II, which was accepted. 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Some trade in captive bred birds occurs (http://trade.cites.org.). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. The species is legally protected in many range countries, and occurs in a number of protected areas. A conservation programme in Spain has resulted in a significant population increase (BirdLife International, 2012). A European action plan was published in 2006 (Hughes et al., 2006) 6. Recommendations: The white-headed duck is endangered and in decline. International trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Hvithodeand er truet og i nedgang. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Oxyura leucocephala. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22679814A37963345. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22679814A37963345.en. del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Munoz-Fuentes V., Vila C., Green A. J., Negro J. J., Sorenson M. (2007) Hybridization between White- headed Duck and introduced Ruddy Duck in Spain. Molecular Ecology 16(3):629-638. Hughes B., Robinson J.A., Green A.J., Li Z.W.D., Mundkur T. (2006) International single species action plan for the conservation of the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala. CMS/AEWA, Bonn, Germany.

Tadorna cristata

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Tadorna cristata (Kuroda, 1917). Common name: Crested shelduck. Norwegian name: Koreagravand.

Distribution: Known from few records in northeastern China, Russian Federation, Japan (Hokkaido) and South Korea. Uncertain in Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Population trend: Unknown. The latest confirmed record is from 1964 (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014).

Habitat status: Several of the historical localities are close to the area affected by the implementation of the large-scale Tumangan Development Project (BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations list A since 1997.

Justification: If it still survives, its numbers are likely to be so low that it would be susceptible to chance or accidental extinction. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature

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NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No records of trade on http://trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. Several campaigns have been undertaken in the range states to search for the species. 6. Recommendations: The crested shelduck is extinct or remains at very low numbers. Trade is not among the common threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Hvis koreagravand ikke er utryddet, er forekomsten svært lav. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Tadorna cristata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22680021A37848922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22680021A37848922.en. del Hoyo J., Collar N. J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Ciconia nigra

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758). Common name: Black stork. Norwegian name: Svartstork.

Distribution: The species is widespread in Africa, Asia and Europe.

Population trend: Unknown. The overall population trend is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, while others are increasing, stable or have unknown trends (BirdLife International, 2012).

Habitat status: The main threat to this species is habitat degradation. The area of suitable habitat available for breeding is being reduced in Russia and eastern Europe through deforestation, particularly the destruction of large traditional nesting trees. The species’s wetland wintering habitats in Africa are further threatened by conversion, agricultural intensification, desertification and pollution caused by the concentration of pesticides and other chemicals (BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES Appendix II since 1975. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1979).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range and although the population trend is unknown the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of C. nigra in annex I:”The European breeding population is estimated about 500 pairs. Destruction and degradation of breeding habitats and disturbance at breeding and feeding sites are the major problems. Other possible threats include collision with powerlines and collectors.”

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(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/c/ciconia_nigra_en.htm).

3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Wild caught live birds were traded for commercial purposes and zoos up until 2004 and there is still some trade in live captive bred birds (trade.cites.org.). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The black stork is widely distributed, but the population trend is unknown and habitat degradation is a threat. International trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Svartstork har stor utbredelse, men utviklingen av bestanden er ukjent og tap av habitat er en trussel. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Ciconia nigra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22697669A40235605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697669A40235605.en.

Ciconia stormi

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Ciconia stormi (Blasius, 1896). Common name: Storm's stork. Norwegian name: Svartkronestork.

Distribution: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Population trend: Decreasing. The number of mature individuals has been estimated to 260- 330 and the population is suspected to have decreased very rapidly.

Habitat status: The main threats are forest loss and fragmentation as a result of logging and dam construction and conversion to oil-palm plantations, combined with associated increases in disturbance.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: This stork is listed as Endangered because it has a very small, fragmented population which is very rapidly declining, owing to destruction of lowland forest through logging, dam construction and conversion to oil-palm plantations. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 40 wild caught live individuals with unknown origin were imported to Quatar from Sudan in 2011 (trade.cites.org.).

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees C. stormi is legally protected in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia and has been recorded in numerous protected areas. 6. Recommendations Storm's stork is endangered and in decline. International trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Svartkronestork er truet og i nedgang. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Ciconia stormi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22697685A37859303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697685A37859303.en.

Leptoptilos dubius

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Leptoptilos dubius (Gmelin, 1789). Common name: Greater adjutant. Norwegian name: Storadjutant.

Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Thailand and Viet Nam. Possibly extinct: Lao People's Democratic Republic and Myanmar. Extinct: Pakistan.

Population trend: Decreasing. The total population is estimated to number 800-1,200 mature individuals and is suspected to be decreasing very rapidly (BirdLife International 2013). The estimate is based on estimates of 650-800 birds in Assam, India, plus 150-200 birds in Cambodia, as well as at least 156birds in Bihar state, India, which may have dispersed from the Assam population.

Habitat status: While breeding in the dry season (October-May/June) it inhabits wetlands, nesting in tall trees, bamboo plantations and historically on cliffs. In north-east India, it occurs close to urban areas, feeding around wetlands in the breeding season, and dispersing to scavenge at rubbish dumps, abattoirs and burial grounds at other times. In Cambodia, it breeds in freshwater flooded forest and areas of dry forest with ephemeral pools, otherwise dispersing to seasonally inundated forest, carcass dumps, tall wet grassland, mangroves and intertidal flats.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2013). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: The population is characterized by an acute restriction in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100 km2) or in the number of locations (typically less than five). The cloud forest is restricted in extent and vulnerable to human interference. This is supported by Almaraz-Almaraz et al. (2013) who reinvented former localities of P. esperanza without finding the species, and commented that may areas had undergone severe habitat modifications. The best-known site, which happens to be close to a road, has seen a decrease in population because of poaching (Tyler et al., 1994). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data One wild caught specimen was traded from Cambodia to Great Britain for scientific purposes in 2012

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(http://trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Since 1991, there have been conservation awareness programmes in Assam where L. Dubius occurs in three National Parks. It is included in water bird conservation awareness material in Laos and Cambodia. In Cambodia it breeds within the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve. 6. Recommendations The greater adjutant is endangered and in rapid decline. International trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Storadjutant er truet og bestanden i rask nedgang. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Leptoptilos dubius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22697721A48055015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22697721A48055015.en.

Phoenicopterus ruber

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions Species name: Phoenicopterus ruber, Linnaeus, 1758. Common names: American flamingo, Caribbean famingo. Norsk navn: Flamingo.

Species name: Phoenicopterus roseus, Pallas, 1811. Common name: Greater Flamingo. Norsk navn: Flamingo. Note that Phoenicopterus ruber has been split into P. roseus and P. ruber following Knox et al. (2002). P. ruber and P. roseus have been subject to separate assessments by the IUCN (2012 and 2015 respectively) and P. roseus is listed as a synonym of P. ruber on speciesplus.net.

Distribution: Both species have extremely wide distributions. P. ruber: Aruba; Bahamas; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba; Brazil; Colombia; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; French Guiana; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; Mexico; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; United States; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of In addition, it is reintroduced to the British Virgin Islands. P. roseus: This species is regularly seen from West Africa eastward throughout the Mediterranean to South West and South Asia, and throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

Population trend: P. ruber: Increasing and number of mature individuals is estimated to between 260,000 and 300,000 (BirdLife International, 2012). P. roseus: Increasing and total population size is estimated to be > 500,000 (Birdlife International, 2015)

Habitat status: Neither Birdlife International or IUCN have included notes on habitat status for P. ruber and P. roseus, but given the very wide occurrence of both species, habitat status is expected to vary tremendously among regions and countries.

Conservation status: Both species are listed as Least Concern (IUCN, 2012 and 2015). The family Phoenicopteridae has been listed in CITES Appendix II since 29/07/1983 and on Annex A of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation since 01/06/1997. Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1983).

Justification: Both P. ruber and P. roseus are Listed as Least Concern because of their widespread range of occurrence combined with large and apparently increasing population sizes (Birdlife International, 2012/2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and listing proposals under CITES Proposal (36) submitted to CoP2, 19/03/1979, by UK and Northern Ireland, for inclusion of

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Phornicopterus ruber ruber to Appendix II and proposal (38) submitted to CoP4, 19/04/1983, for the inclusion of Phornicopteridae spp. in Appendix II. Both proposals were accepted. 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Only P. ruber is listed at the speciesplus.net site, while P.roseus is listed as a synonym of P.ruber. In the trade.cites.org database, trade is registered for P.ruber, and sometimes for P. ruber rueber. Again, P. roseus does only appear when searching for “P.ruber (P.roseus)”. A search for registered trade between years 2000 and 2015 revealed that P.ruber (and thus most likely P. roseus) are traded on a regular basis, the majority of cases are for commercial and zoo purposes, and both wild caught and captive bred/ranched animals are traded. An annual export quota of 1,600 individuals of P.ruber has been granted to the United Republic of Tanzania since 1997 (speciesplus.net). Illegal trade in flamingoes seem to comprise a substantial and unknown level of trade. For example, Barnard et al. (2011) reported that the trade of flamingoes is the third largest trade after drugs/arms trafficking in Colombia. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations American flamingo is distributed widespread and the overall population is reported to be increasing. The same can be said for the greater flamingo. Following the suggested changes in taxonomy, splitting P.ruber into two sub-species does not seem to change the overall status for this species (increasing and widespread). While levels of reported legal trade seem to be well within a sustainable level (based on population size) it is important to consider that there are significant regional and local differences in population size, trends, habitat status and level of threats for this species. Furthermore, illegal trade is also common. The above-mentioned factors must be taken into account when regulating trade in this species.

Flamingoarten (P. ruber) har bred utbredelse og totalt sett økende populasjonsstørrelse. Det samme gjelder P.roseus, og hvis man følger de foreslåtte endringene i taksonomi, med en splitting av P.ruber til to underarter så ser ikke dette ut til å påvirke hovedtrendene (økende populasjonsstørrelse og bred utbredelse). Men, med bred utbredelse følger store regionale og lokale forskjeller i habitat status, populasjonstrend og størrelse samt nivå av trusler. I tillegg er det store mørketall med illegal handel for denne arten. Disse faktorene må tas med i betraktningen ved regulering av handel. 7. Literature list Barnard M., Curvelo J., Harbison C. (2011). Exploitation of Rare Species: Recommendations for the Peace Corps Food Security Summit. BirdLife International (2012) Phoenicopterus ruber. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22729706A40701539. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22729706A40701539.en. BirdLife International (2015) Phoenicopterus roseus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22697360A84723594.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22697360A84723594.en. del Hoyo J., Collar N.J., Christie D.A., Elliott A., Fishpool L.D.C. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International. Knox A.G., Collinson M., Helbig A.J., Parkin D.T., Sangster G. (2002) Taxonomic recommendations for British birds. Ibis 144:707-710.

Geronticus calvus

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1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Geronticus calvus (Boddaert, 1783). Common names: Bald ibis, southern bald ibis. Norwegian name: Rødkroneibis.

Distribution: Restricted to highlands of northeastern South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho.

Population trend: Decrasing. Overall, the species’s population is suspected to have decreased at a moderate rate because of habitat loss and degradation. Rapid population decline is projected to occur in the future if current rates of habitat loss continue (BirdLife International 2015).

Habitat status: Increasingly degraded. Threats include human interference with breeding colonies and habitat loss through commercial afforestation, intensive crop farming, open-cast mining, acid rain and dense human settlement. (BirdLife International, 2015). G. Calvus’ habit of using electricity pylons as roost sites in certain areas results in some mortality from collisions with powerlines (van Rooyen 2005).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Vulnerable (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A (1997).

Justification: This species is listed as Vulnerable because it has a small population, which is believed to be declining owing to habitat loss and degradation, with current rates of habitat loss leading to the projection of rapid population declines in the future. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 13 individuals (dead and alive) taken from wild have been traded in the period 2000-2015 http://trade.cites.org. G. calvis is being exploited for traditional medicinal/ceremonial purposes in Lesotho (BirdLife International, 2015). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees G. calvus has full legal protection in South Africa where it breeds in several protected areas. In Swaziland, Malolotja Nature Reserve holds a breeding colony. In Lesotho, it is recorded from Setlabathebe National Park. 6. Recommendations The bald ibis is vulnerable, and a rapid population decline is expected in the future due to habitat loss. International trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Rødkroneibis er sårbar, og det er forventet at bestanden kommer til å ha sterk nedgang på grunn av tap av habitat. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Geronticus calvus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22697496A84674517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22697496A84674517.en. van Rooyen C. (2005) Bald Ibis: interactions with powerlines. Endangered Wildlife 54:47-48.

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Platalea leucorodia

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758. Common names: Eurasian spoonbill, European spoonbill, spoonbill. Norwegian name: Skjestork.

Distribution: The species is widespread in Africa, Asia and Europe.

Population trend: Unknown. The global population is estimated to number c.66,000-140,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), but the population sizes are low in some of the range states. The overall population trend is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, while others are increasing or stable.

Habitat status: The species is threatened by habitat degradation through drainage and pollution. It is especially affected by the disappearance of reed swamps due to agriculture and hydroelectric development (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International 2015). CITES Appendix II (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1979). Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds, (AEWA) Column A of Table I.

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and a large population and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of P. leucorodia in annex I:” The EU breeding population totals 1,500 pairs and is slightly increasing. The main threat is loss of nesting and feeding habitat. Other problems, which may be less important for this species are egg-collecting, pesticides and botulism.” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/p/platalea_leucorodia_en .htm). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 96 individuals (dead and alive) taken from wild have been traded in the period 2000-2015 (http://trade.cites.org). Human exploitation of eggs and nestlings for food has threatened the species in the past (BirdLife International, 2015). The Pannonian population is still subject to heavy illegal hunting pressure (Triplet at al., 2008). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees An International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian spoonbill has been developed by the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA; Triplet et al., 2008). 6. Recommendations The available trade data and information on the status and trend of the wild populations of Eurasian spoonbill does not indicate that trade is currently detrimental to its survival.

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Skjestork er vidt utbredt og finnes i stort antall, men noen bestander er små og noen er utsatt for ulovlig jakt. Tilgjengelige handelsdata tyder ikke på at internasjonal handel er blant truslene mot artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Platalea leucorodia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015:. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22697555/0. Triplet P., Overdijk O., Smart M., Nagy S., Schneider-Jacoby M., Karauz E.S., Pigniczki Cs., Baha El Din S., Kralj J., Sandor A., Navedo J.G. (Compilers) (2008) International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia. AEWA Technical Series No. 35. Bonn, Germany.

Pseudibis gigantea

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Pseudibis gigantea (Oustalet, 1877). Synonym: Thaumatibis gigantea (Oustalet, 1877). Common name: Giant ibis. Norwegian name: Kjempeibis.

Distribution: Once widespread in Indochina, range now much reduced, mostly confined to Cambodia and extreme southern part of Lao People's Democratic Republic. It was considered extinct, but recently recorded in Vietnam and extinct in Thailand.

Population trend: Decreasing. The population was estimated at a minimum of 194 mature individuals, which is equivalent to approximately 290 individuals in total (Loveridge and Ty, 2015).

Habitat status: Increasingly degraded due to wetland drainage for agriculture and deforestation (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2015). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: T. gigantea has an extremely small population, which has undergone rapid decline as a result of hunting, disturbance and lowland deforestation. It is likely to continue to decline extremely rapidly owing to on-going deforestation and human disturbance. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data There are no records in the CITES trade database (http://trade.cites.org.), but hunting and egg collecting are main causes of the decline (BirdLife International, 2015) 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species was listed as Critically Endangered in Cambodia by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in 2007 and hunting of the species was prohibited in Cambodia in 1994. A 10-year Giant Ibis National Action Plan was published in 2015 (Loveridge and Ty, 2015). 6. Recommendations The giant ibis is critically endangered, extremely rare and in rapid decline, however, international trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Kjempeibis er kritisk truet, svært sjelden og i rask nedgang. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de

VKM Report 2020: 02 72 kjente truslene mot denne artes overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Thaumatibis gigantea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22697536A79113862. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22697536A79113862.en Loveridge R., Ty, S. (2015) Ten-year species action plan for the Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea in Cambodia. 2015-2025. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Claravis godefrida

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Claravis godefrida (Temminck, 1811). Synonym: Claravis geoffroyi (Temminck, 1811). Common name: Purple-winged ground-dove. Norwegian name: Purpurbånddue.

Distribution: Fragmented range in southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014).

Population trend: Decreasing. The population is estimated to consist of 50-249 mature individuals. The population is suspected to be declining at a rate of 1-19% over ten years, in line with habitat loss within its highly fragmented range (BirdLife International, 2012).

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. The clearance and fragmentation of Atlantic forest for colonization and the expansion of plantation agriculture have increased the physical and temporal distances between bamboo flowerings. Given its apparently highly specialized requirements, it is not inconceivable that this fragmentation is already too extensive to ensure the long-term survival of the species (BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). Listed under EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: The population is estimated to consist of 50-249 mature individuals. The population is suspected to be declining at a rate of 1-19% over ten years (BirdLife International, 2012). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No records on http://trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. C. geoffroyi is protected by Brazilian law, and has been recorded in a number of protected areas in Brazil, including the Floresta Estadual do Palmito (Paraná), the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve (Espirito Santo), and several sites in the Serra do Mar. It is also reported from Iguazú National Park, Argentina. 6. Recommendations: The purple-winged ground-dove is critically endangered, the population size small and in decline, however, international trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Purpurbånddue er kritisk truet, bestanden liten og i nedgang. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International. (2012) Claravis geoffroyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012:

VKM Report 2020: 02 73 e.T22690819A37885204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22690819A37885204.en. del Hoyo J., Collar N. J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Columba livia

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Columba livia, Gmelin, 1789. Common names: Rock pigeon, rock dove, common pigeon, Norwegian name: Klippedue.

Distribution: This species has an extremely large native range in Africa, Asia and Eurasia and has been introduced to countries worldwide.

Population trend: Decreasing. The global population has been estimated to number c. 260 million individuals (Rich et al., 2004). The population size is suspected to be decreasing owing to interbreeding with escaped domestic (feral) pigeons (BirdLife International 2012).

Habitat status: This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation; BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2012). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997.

Justification: Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations; BirdLife International, 2012). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The trade with captive bred birds is considerable, for instance are thousands of live birds exported from Spain to Morocco for commercial purposes annually. The trade with wild caught specimens is limited, but 3,900 live individuals were exported from Pakistan to Qatar for commercial purposes in 2003 (http://trade.cites.org). It can be very difficult to distinguish wild rock pigeon from feral pigeons (domestic form). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. NA 6. Recommendations: The rock pigeon is distributed extremely widespread and is numerous, but in decline mainly due to interbreeding with feral pigeons. The trade with wild birds is limited, but for captive bred specimens extensive commercial exchange takes place internationally. The wild and domestic form can be difficult to distinguish.

Klippedue har et enormt utbredelsesområde, den er fortsatt tallrik, men i nedgang. Hybridisering med forvillede tam-duer er en av de viktigste truslene. Det handles ikke mye med ville duer, men de er til forveksling like tam-duene som har høy omsetning internasjonalt.

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7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Columba livia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22690066A39192247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22690066A39192247.en. Rich T.D., Beardmore C.J., Berlanga H., Blancher P.J., Bradstreet M.S.W., Butcher G.S., Demarest D.W., Dunn E.H., Hunter W.C., Inigo-Elias E.E., Martell A.M., Panjabi A.O., Pashley D.N., Rosenberg K.V., Rustay C.M., Wendt J.S., Will T.C. (2004) Partners in flight: North American landbird conservation plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Leptotila wellsi

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Leptotila wellsi (Lawrence, 1884). Common name: Grenada dove. Norwegian name: Grenadadue.

Distribution: Grenada in the Lesser Antilles (BirdLife International, 2015).

Population trend: Decreasing. The population has been estimated to be c. 160 individuals, roughly equivalent to 110 mature individuals (Rivera-Milán et al., 2015). The population is thought to be undergoing a continued decline, estimated to be 1-19% over 13 years (three generations).

Habitat status: Fragmented. Habitat loss due to clearing for small plantations and charcoal production has been replaced in recent years with chronic and continuing habitat loss for residential housing, roads and other development (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2015). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997.

Justification: The extreme small population is thought to be undergoing a continued decline, estimated to be 1-19% over 13 years (three generations; BirdLife International, 2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No records on http://trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. L. wellsi is the national bird of Grenada and several recovery plans and conservation measures have been made (e.g. Rusk, 2011). Habitat protection, restoration and predator removal should be priorities for conservation of this species (Rivera-Milán et al., 2015). 6. Recommendations: The Grenada dove is critically endangered and has an extremely small and fragmented population, however, trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of the species.

Granadaduen er kritisk truet og bestanden svært liten og fragmentert. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Leptotila wellsi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22690874A78597701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22690874A78597701.en.

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Rivera-Milán F.F., Bertuol P., Simal F., Rusk, B.L. (2015) Distance sampling survey and abundance estimation of the critically endangered Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi). The Condor 117:87-93. Rusk B. L. (2011) Saving Grenada's national bird.

Streptopelia turtur

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Streptopelia turtur (Linnaeus, 1758). Common names: Turtle dove, European turtle- dove. Norwegian name: Turteldue.

Distribution: The species is a widespread migrant breeder across much of central and southern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, wintering mainly in the Sahel zone of Africa (Baptista et al., 2015).

Population trend: Decreasing: The population is suspected to be in decline. The European population is estimated at 3,150,000-5,940,000 pairs, which equates to 6,310,000-11,900,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International, 2015). Europe forms 25-49% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 19,300,000-71,400,000 individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. In Europe the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 30-49% in three generations (16 years). The formerly large population in European Russia has crashed by > 80% since 2000 and by > 90% since 1980 (BirdLife International, 2015a).

Habitat status: Declines are thought to be driven by a number of factors including loss of foraging and nesting sites as well as disease and hunting along its migration. Transformation of agricultural land, including destruction of hedges, is thought to be an important factor in the decline of the species as well as the loss of semi-natural habitats (BirdLife International, 2015a).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2015a), regional assessment for Europe, also Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2015b). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A (2014). The subspecies S. t. turtur is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).

Justification: S. turtur has undergone rapid declines in much of its European range whilst in Russia and Central Asia it is thought to have experienced more severe declines. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES Management Plan for Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) 2007-2009. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/turtle_dove.pdf 3. Relevant literature Proposals for amendment of CMS Appendices: COP7 II/20, Inclusion of the European turtle-dove (Streptopelia turtur turtur) in Appendix II, by Senegal: http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/II_20_Streptopelia_turtur_turtur_SEN_F_Eng.pdf 4. Evaluation of trade data The species is heavily hunted (see COP7 II/20). A large number of wild caught specimens have been traded over the last decade as recorded on http://trade.cites.org. Most noteworthy, Bulgaria has exported thousands of specimens to Italy and Greece as hunting trophies and for personal purposes 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. In the U.K. it is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985. A management plan for the species was published in 2007 (see 2.). It was proposed that restrictions on hunting to avoid affecting late breeding birds and birds during

VKM Report 2020: 02 76 spring migration should be introduced and enforced. And that annual national bag statistics where hunting takes place must be collected in order to develop a level of hunting which is sustainable. 6. Recommendations: The turtle dove is vulnerable, the population is still large, but in rapid decline. However, international trade does not seem to be a significant threat to the survival of this species.

Turteldue er sårbar og selv om bestanden fortsatt er stor er den i nedgang. International handel virker ikke å være en viktig trussel mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Baptista L.F., Trail P.W., Horblit H.M., Boesman P., Sharpe C.J. (2015) European Turtle-dove (Streptopelia turtur). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. BirdLife International (2015a) Streptopelia turtur. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22690419A82781167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22690419A82781167.en. BirdLife International (2015b). Streptopelia turtur. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22690419A60008772.

Tauraco bannermani

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Tauraco bannermani (Bates, 1923). Common name: Bannerman’s turaco. Norwegian name: Kamerunturako.

Distribution: Cameroon (Bamenda-Banso Highlands).

Population trend: Decreasing. The total population has been estimated in the range 2,500-10,000 individuals (based on data from 2001). The population is suspected to be decreasing rapidly, in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range (BirdLife International, 2013).

Habitat status: Fragmented. The greatest threat to the species is habitat loss. The kilum-Ijin forest halved in area between 1963 and 1986, and the rates of habitat loss and degradation have increased after that. Forest fires are responsible for the greatest proportion of the habitat loss (BirdLife International, 2013).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International 2013). CITES Appendix II (1995). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997.

Justification: T. bannermani has a very small range, which is severely fragmented and suffering a continuing decline owing to pressure from human use on its montane forest habitat. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES T. bannermani was included in CITES Appendix II as part of the family Musophagidae at the CoP9 in 1995 (CoP9-prop.40). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The species is hunted for its feathers, which are given as awards in local ceremonies (BirdLife International, 2013). No international trade is recorded on http://trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. Local communities are actively engaged in conserving montane forest, with support from the Kilum-

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Ijim Forest Project (BirdLife International, 2013). 6. Recommendations: Bannerman’s turaco is endangered and in rapid decline due to habitat degradation and loss. International trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Kamerunturakoen er truet og i rask nedgang på grunn av tapt habitat. Internasjonal handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Tauraco bannermani. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22688340A48109030. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22688340A48109030.en.

Accipiter brevipes

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Accipiter brevipes (Severtsov, 1850). Common name: Levant sparrowhawk. Norwegian name: Balkanhauk.

Distribution: This species has an extremely large range, from eastern Europe to the Middle East and northern Africa. Europe forms approximately 75-94% of the global range (BirdLife International, 2004). The species is a migrant, likely wintering in sub-Saharan Africa.

Population trend: Stable. The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for

any declines or substantial threats. In Europe the population trend is unknown (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: Unknown. It inhabits woody plains, often near water. Deciduous forests in riparian zones appear to be the optimal habitat for the species (del Hoyo et al., 1994). It is highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy development (Strix, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International 2015). CITES, Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A (1997). Annex I on Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and a large and stable population and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of A. brevipes is unfavorable and that the species should be considered vulnerable in Europe (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion in annex I: ”The EU breeding population is estimated to be not over 1,000 pairs. The agricultural and recreational development of river valleys affects the species' nesting and hunting habitats. This important, especially in view of the species' small population and its rather particular habitats requirements. Sharp declines in lizard populations, caused for example, by extremely low winter or spring temperatures, may also diminish the number of breeding pairs.” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/a/accipiter_brevipes_en.h tm).

3. Relevant literature

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The species is considered undesirable for falconry in Georgia, and many are killed after being captured by falconers who are attempting to catch other, more desirable species (Orta and Marks, 2014). 4. Evaluation of trade data Only a few wild-sourced birds have been recorded traded since 2002 (http://trade.cites.org). Remarkably, 25 live wild specimens were exported from Togo to Japan for commercial purposes in 2007, as the species is not known to occur in Togo. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations Levant sparrowhawk has a very wide distribution and is still numerous, however, there seems to be uncertainties regarding both the population trend and habitat status. Trade is currently not among the known threat to the survival of this species.

Balkanhauken er vidt utbredt og fortsatt tallrik, men det er usikkerhet angående både bestandens og habitatets tilstand. Handel virker ikke å være en av truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International (2015) Accipiter brevipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695499A80221557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22695499A80221557.en. del Hoyo J., Elliott A., Sargatal J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Orta J., Marks J.S. (2014) Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes), in: del Hoyo J., Elliott A., Sargatal J., Christie D.A., de Juana E. (Eds.), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. STRIX (2012) Developing and testing the methodology for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of migratory birds to wind energy development. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.

Aquila clanga

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Aquila clanga (Pallas, 1811). Synonym: Clanga clanga (Pallas, 1811). Common name: Greater spotted eagle. Norwegian name: Storskrikeørn.

Distribution: Occupies a fragmented range, breeding in Estonia, Poland, Belarus, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, mainland China and Mongolia, and apparently regularly in tiny numbers in Pakistan and north-west India, with some individuals possibly still breeding in Finland, Latvia and Lithuania Passage or wintering birds occur in small numbers over a vast area, including central and eastern Europe, North Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, the Arabian peninsula, the Indian Subcontinent, south Asia and South-East Asia. Wintering birds have also been reported in Hong Kong (BirdLife International, 2013).

Population trend: Decreasing. The European population is probably no more than 900 pairs (with c.150 pairs in Belarus). Numbers appear to have declined in the western half of its range and in some parts of its Asian range. However, long-term trends are difficult to assess owing to identification problems (BirdLife International, 2013).

Habitat status: Increasingly degraded. It inhabits lowland forests near wetlands. Habitats have been

VKM Report 2020: 02 79 lost as a result of afforestation and wetland drainage. In eastern Europe, agricultural intensification and the abandonment of traditional floodplain management have reduced habitat quality. Birds are intolerant of permanent human presence in their territories. Forestry operations are a major cause of disturbance. Shooting is a threat in Russia, the Mediterranean, South-East Asia and Africa, together with deliberate and accidental poisoning across much of its range. In Israel, poisoning and electrocution are major causes for casualties of wintering population (BirdLife International, 2013).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Vulnerable (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES, Appendix II (2013). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A since 1997. Annex I on Birds Directive, and Appendix I on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1997).

Justification: The species has a small population, which appears to be declining owing to extensive habitat loss and degradation throughout its breeding and wintering ranges, together with the effects of disturbance, persecution and competition with other predators. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A. clanga is listed in CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. The Bird Directive has the following reason for inclusion of A. clanga in annex I:”The species is clearly threatened in the EU where it breeds occasionally (0-2 pairs). The greater spotted eagle is very intolerant of permanent human presence within its breeding or hunting habitats, and consequently birds abandon their territories once people start to live or work nearby. It is also sensible to habitat alteration as well as occasional shooting” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/a/aquila_clanga_en.htm). A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of A. clanga is unfavorable, that the species should be considered endangered in Europe and that the African population trend is unknown (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). 3. Relevant literature There is strong evidence of hybridization between this species and the lesser spotted eagle, Aquila pomarina. In some European countries, mixed pairs can constitute about 50% of the greater spotted eagle pairs (e.g. Väli, 2010). 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild-sourced birds is limited (http://trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. A. clanga is legally protected in Belarus, Estonia, France, Greece, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Russia and nominally in Thailand. Site protection measures have been initiated at key Belarusian, Polish and Estonian sites, including restricting forestry activities at nest sites during the breeding season. An European species action plan A. clanga was published in 1997: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/aquila_clanga.pdf. 6. Recommendations Greater spotted eagle is Vulnerable and in decline, it is threatened by habitat loss human disturbance and hybridization with the lesser spotted eagle. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Storskrikeørnen er sårbar og bestanden i nedgang. Den trues av tapt habitat, menneskelige forstyrrelser i hekkeområdene og av hybridisering med småskrikeørn. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International. 2013. Clanga clanga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22696027A40759511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696027A40759511.en. Väli Ä., Dombrovski V., Treinys R., Bergmanis U., Daraczi S., Dravecky M., Ivanovsky V., Lontkowski J., Maciorowski G., Meyburg B.U., Mizera T., Zeitz R., Ellegren H. (2010) Wide-spread hybridization between the Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga and the Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina

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(Aves: Accipitriformes) in Europe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 100:725-736.

Aquila pomarina

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Aquila pomarina Brehm, 1831. Synonym: Clanga pomarina (Brehm, 1831). Has been split into A. pomarina and A. hastata (Indian Spotted Eagle) following Parry et al. (2002). Common name: Lesser spotted eagle. Norwegian name: Småskrikeørn.

Distribution: Distributed from central and eastern Europe through Turkey and Caucasus to southern Caspian lowlands (Meyburg et al., 2014).

Population trend: Stable. The population is suspected to have undergone a decline, but annual counts in Israel suggest the population has recovered to some extent in recent years. In Europe, which supports approximately 73% of the global population, the population size is estimated to be stable (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: The main threats for the species are habitat loss through draining of wet forests and meadows, and deforestation (BirdLife International, 2015). It is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (2013). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997. Annex I on Birds Directive, Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and a large and stable population and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. The main threats are habitat loss and hunting.

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of A. pomarina is unfavorable and that the species is in decline in Africa and Europe. (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). The Bird Directive has the following reason for inclusion of A. pomarina in annex I ”The EU breeding population is small and restricted (about 200 pairs), though currently stable. The lesser spotted eagle is vulnerable to clearance of its mature forest breeding habitat, cultivation or vegetational succession of open feeding habitats. Human disturbance during the breeding period is also a problem, especially due to forestry operations”. (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/a/aquila_pomarina_en.ht m). 3. Relevant literature Thousands of birds have been reported shot annually in Syria and Lebanon (del Hoyo et al., 1994). There is strong evidence of hybridization between this species and the Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga (e.g. Väli, 2010). 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild caught birds on http://trade.cites.org. is limited, but in the years 1999- 2001, 17 live specimens were reported traded between the Czech Republic and Slovakia for the purpose of circus or travelling exhibition. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees

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An European species action plan A. pomarina was published in 1997: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/aquila_pomarina.p df. 6. Recommendations The population of lesser spotted eagle is believed to be stable after previous declines, but vulnerable to habitat loss, human disturbance and hybridization with the greater spotted eagle. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Småskrikeørnen er nå antatt å ha en stabil bestand etter å tidligere ha vært i nedgang. Den er sårbar for tap av habitat, menneskelige forstyrrelser og hybridisering med storskrikeørn. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International. (2015) Clanga pomarina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696022A80345459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22696022A80345459.en. del Hoyo J. Elliott A. Sargatal J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Meyburg B. U., Boesman P., Marks J.S. (2014) Lesser Spotted Eagle (Clanga pomerina). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., de Juana, E. (eds). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Parry S.J., Clark W.S., Prakash V. (2002) On the taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata. Ibis 144:665-675. STRIX (2012) Developing and testing the methodology for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of migratory birds to wind energy development. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. Väli Ä., Dombrovski V., Treinys R., Bergmanis U., Daraczi S., Dravecky M., Ivanovsky V., Lontkowski J., Maciorowski G., Meyburg B.U., Mizera T., Zeitz R., Ellegren H. (2010) Wide-spread hybridization between the Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga and the Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina (Aves: Accipitriformes) in Europe. Biological Journal of the Linnenan Society 100:725-736.

Buteo rufinus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1829). Common name: Long-legged buzzard. Norwegian name: Ørnvåk.

Distribution: The species has a very wide range from eastern Europe to northwestern China, Pakistan and India and several African countries. Breeding has recently been recorded in Spain and Italy (BirdLife International, 2015).

Population trend: The European trend is currently estimated to be increasing, however,

accounting for fluctuations the global population trend is estimated to be stable (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. The species is threatened by habitat destruction through agricultural intensification which may also reduce prey species (BirdLife International, 2015). It is highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy development (Strix, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range with a large and stable population and does

VKM Report 2020: 02 82 not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable.

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of B. rufinus is unfavorable, that the species should be considered vulnerable in Europe, and that the population trends in Africa, Asia and the Middle East are unknown (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of B. rufinus in annex I:” The breeding population in the EU is about 60 pairs. The major threats are the species' small population, the loss and deterioration of feeding and breeding habitat and disturbances at nesting sites. Furthermore, visible nests in isolated trees are often destroyed by local people” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/b/buteo_rufinus_en.htm). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild-caught birds is limited (http://trade.cites.org). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The long-legged buzzard population trend is considered stable by the IUCN and the registered trade is limited, but there seems to be uncertainties regarding the status and development of the species. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of the species.

Ørnvåken har stor utbredelse og er regnet som stabil av IUCN, men det er usikkerhet rundt status og utvikling av bestanden. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Buteo rufinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22736562A80336186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22736562A80336186.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. STRIX (2012) Developing and testing the methodology for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of migratory birds to wind energy development. BirdLife International, Cambridge,U.K.

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Circaetus gallicus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788). Common name: Short-toed snake-eagle. Norwegian name: Slangeørn.

Distribution: Northwestern Africa and southwestern Europe east to China and Mongolia, and south from Asia Minor to the Indian Subcontinent and the Lesser Sundas.

Population trend: The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats. The European population is considered stable (BirdLife International, 2015). However, declines have been reported in West Africa (Thiollay, 2007).

Habitat status: In Europe, changes in agriculture and land use have reduced the extent of suitable hunting habitat (BirdLife International, 2016). C. gallicus is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I on Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and a large and stable population and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. The main threats are habitat loss and hunting (BirdLife International, 2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows the IUCN status of C. gallicus to be unfavorable, that the species should be considered rare in Europe, and that the population trends in Africa, Asia and the Middle East are unknown (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of C. gallicus in annex I: “The Short-toed Eagle has suffered a steep decline in numbers and range in Europe and is now rare and still decreasing in several countries due to changes in agriculture and land-use” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/c/circaetus_gallicus_en.ht m). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild-caught birds is limited (http://trade.cites.org). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species is legally protected in almost all countries within its European range (Tucker and Heath, 1994). 6. Recommendations The short-toed snake-eagle population trend is considered stable by the IUCN and the registered trade is limited, but there seems to be uncertainties regarding the status and development of the species. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of the species.

Slangeørnen har stor utbredelse og er regnet som stabil av IUCN, men det er usikkerhet rundt status og utvikling av bestanden. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse.

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7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Circaetus gallicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22734216A80165019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22734216A80165019.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. STRIX (2012) Developing and testing the methodology for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of migratory birds to wind energy development. BirdLife International, Cambridge. Thiollay J. M. (2007) Raptor population decline in West Africa. Ostrich 78(2):405-413. Tucker G.M., Heath M.F. (1994) Birds in Europe: their conservation status. Cambridge, U.K: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 3). Speciesplus.net Trade.cites.org

Circus aerigunosus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758). Common names: Western marsh-harrier, Eurasian marsh-harrier, marsh-harrier. Norwegian name: Sivhauk.

Distribution: The species has a large range in Africa, Asia and Europe (48% of the range). It is extinct in Ireland. Population trend: Increasing. In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 99,300- 184,000 breeding females, which equates to 199,000-367,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).

Habitat status: Major threats include wetland desiccation and drainage; persecution by shooting; pollution, especially from excessive pesticide use in and around wetlands. The species is also highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix, 2012). In its West African range, the species is vulnerable to habitat degradation through wood harvesting and overgrazing as well as exposure to pesticides (Thiollay, 2007).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range and do to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International, 2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of B. rufinus in annex I: ” The marsh-harrier has suffered a steep decline between 1970 and 1990. The main threats for the species are the loss of wetlands and burning of surrounding vegetation as well as hunting and water pollution.” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/c/circus_aeruginosus_en. htm). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild-caught specimens for commercial purposes is limited (trade.cites.org). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa.

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Norwegian red list (Henriksen and Hilmo, 2015). 6. Recommendations The population of western marsh-harrier is presumably currently in increase, however, it has been through steep declines and is threatened by loss of wetlands. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Sivhauken er nå antatt å være i vekst, men den har tidligere hatt kraftig nedgang og er utsatt for tap av våtmarker. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Circus aeruginosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695344A80169858. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22695344A80169858.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. Henriksen S. and Hilmo O. (eds.) (2015) Norwegian Red List, 2015. Species Databank, Norway. STRIX (2012) Developing and testing the methodology for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of migratory birds to wind energy development. BirdLife International, Cambridge. Thiollay, J.-M. (2007) Raptor population decline in West Africa. Ostrich 78:405-413.

Circus cyaneus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766). Common names: Northern harrier, hen harrier, Marsh Hawk. Norwegian name: Myrhauk.

Distribution: This species has an extremely large range in Eurasia, North Africa and North America.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: The current main threat is the transformation of habitat owing to intensified agriculture, disappearance of marshes and reafforestation (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (2013). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and the population decline is not steep enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable.

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The North American population was deleted from CITES Appendix II in 1979 after proposal by the USA (CoP2 Prop. 75). A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of C. cyaneus is unfavorable, that the species should be considered depleted in Europe, and that the population trend in Asia is unknown (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). The Bird Directive has the following reason for inclusion of C. cyeaneus in annex I: “The widespread loss of breeding habitats and the occurrence of localized persecution and destruction of nests are considered to be the major

VKM Report 2020: 02 86 causes of the Hen Harrier's population decline”.

3. Relevant literature NA 4. 4. Evaluation of trade data Very little trade is registered on the CITES trade database. Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees C. cyaneus is on the red-list of birds of conservation concern the United Kingdom where a Conservation Framework for hen harriers exist and the government has identified it as a high priority species in terms of combating wildlife crime (http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/jncc441.pdf). The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Norwegian red list (Henriksen and Hilmo, 2015). 6. Recommendations The northern harrier has been assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN and the registered trade is limited, but there seems to be uncertainties regarding the status and development of the species. Trade does not appear to be a threat to the survival of this species.

Myrhauken er klassifisert som Least Concern av IUCN, har stor utbredelse og det er lite handelsdata registrert, men det er usikkerhet rundt utviklingen av bestanden. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne arten. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Circus cyaneus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22727733A80213525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22727733A80213525.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. Henriksen S. and Hilmo O. (eds.) (2015) Norwegian Red List, 2015. Species Databank, Norway.

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Circus macrourus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Circus macrourus (Gmelin, 1770). Common names: Pallid harrier, pale harrier. Norwegian name: Steppehauk.

Distribution: C. macrourus primarily breeds in Asiatic Russia, Kazakhstan and north-west China. Small populations breed in Azerbaijan, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. A minority winter in south-east and central Europe, north Africa and the Middle East but most migrate to the Afrotropics and the Indian subcontinent. Possibly extinct in Uzbekistan.

Population trend: Decrasing. This species is known to be undergoing steep population decline in Europe, numbers in its Asiatic strongholds are thought to be more stable.

Habitat status: The breeding ranges of C. macrourus are threatened by destruction and degradation of steppe grasslands through conversion to arable agriculture, burning of vegetation, intensive grazing of wet pastures and the clearance of shrubs and tall weeds (Galushin et al., 2003).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Near Threatened (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, Annex II on Bern Convention and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species is judged to be in moderately rapid decline overall, based on results from population surveys (BirdLine International, 2015).

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of C. macrourus is unfavorable, that the species should be considered endangered in Europe, and that the population trend in Asia is unknown. The Bird Directive has the following reason for inclusion of C. macrourus in annex I:” The world population is not more than 20,000 pairs. It is threatened by the wide-scale transformation of virgin steppe grassland to arable agriculture and by overgrazing of wet pastures. It is also possible that the species is sensitive to pesticides” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/c/circus_macrourus_en.h tm)

3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Very little trade is registered on the CITES trade database. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees An International Action Plan encourages full legal protection and education in countries on migration routes and in the winter range (Galushin et al., 2003). C. macrourus is listed in the Red Data Books of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey and occurs in five state nature reserves in Russia and two in Kazakhstan (Galushin et al., 2003). 6. Recommendations The pallid harrier is near threatened and in decline. Registered trade is limited but there seems to be uncertainties regarding the status and development of the species. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species.

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Steppehauken er nær truet og i nedgang, samt at det er usikkerhet rundt status og utvikling av bestanden. Det er lite handelsdata registrert, og handel virker på nåværende tidspunkt ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne arten. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Circus macrourus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695396A85143601. Galushin V., Clarke R., Davygora A. (2003) International Action Plan for the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus).

Circus pygargus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758). Common name: Montagu’s harrier. Norwegian name: Enghauk.

Distribution: The species has an extremely large range in Africa and Eurasia.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: The population is thought to be decreasing owing to over-use of pesticides, agricultural intensification and destruction of nests by farm machinery and loss of prey species due to changing agricultural practices (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and the population decline is not steep enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable.

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of C. pygargus in annex I: “There has been a marked decline in recent years. The major factors limiting the species are nest destruction through cereal's harvest, hunting and loss of habitat. The birds nest frequently between fields of cereal, but advanced harvest due to modern farming practices takes place when chicks did not yet leave the nest” http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/c/circus_pygargus_en.htm ). 3. Relevant literature Arroyo et al. (2002) suggests that the long-term sustainability of the Montagu's harrier depends on conservation measures. 4. Evaluation of trade data Very little trade is registered on the CITES trade database. Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations Montagu’s harrier has been assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN, but the population is in decline. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

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Enghauk er klassifisert som Least Concern av IUCN, men bestanden er i nedgang. Handel er ikke på nåværende tidspunkt blant de kjente truslene mot denne arten. 7. Literature list Arroyo B., García J.T., Bretagnolle V. (2002) Conservation of the Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) in agricultural areas. Animal Conservation 5:283-290. BirdLife International (2015) Circus pygargus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695405A80215722. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22695405A80215722.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514.

Elanus caeruleus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789). Common names: Black-winged kite, black- shouldered kite. Norwegian name: Svartvingeglente.

Distribution: The species has an extremely large range in Africa and Eurasia.

Population trend: The population trend appears to be stable (BirdLife International, 2013).

Habitat status: The species is likely to be threatened by the use of rodenticides and pesticides within its range (BirdLife International, 2013).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and a large and stable population and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of E. caeruleus in annex I: “The European breeding range of the Black-winged Kite expanded between 1970 and 1990. However, the species remains rare and the breeding population is estimated to number less than 2,000 pairs. The intensification of agriculture through the introduction of new crops and irrigation and the abandonment of less productive areas are all affecting the species” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/e/elanus_caeruleus_en.ht m). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Wild caught live specimens were traded for commercial purposes from Togo to Japan in 2001 (25) 2002 (35), 2003 (14) 2007 (60), and from Pakistan to Bahrain in 2008 (10), as recorded in the CITES trade database (trade.cites.org.). There are discrepancies between the numbers reported by the importers and exporters. Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA

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6. Recommendations The black-winged kite is widely distributed, and the population considered stable, it could however be affected by agricultural development. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Svartvingeglenten har stor utbredelse og bestanden er antatt å være stabil, den kan imidlertid påvirkes negativt av økt landbruk innen utbredelsesområdet. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Elanus caeruleus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22695028A40841763. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22695028A40841763.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514.

Eurtriorchis astur

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Eutriorchis astur (Sharpe, 1875). Common name: Madagascar serpent-eagle. Norwegian name: Tanalaslangehauk.

Distribution: Madagascar.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: Its forest habitat is being reduced by extensive clearance for agriculture and commercial logging. Other threats include uncontrolled bush fires and poor mining practices.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has a very small population, which is suspected to be undergoing a continuing decline as a result of the increasing destruction and fragmentation of its habitat through deforestation. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Virtually no trade is registered on trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species has been found in several protected areas on Madagascar. 6. Recommendations This endangered species is endemic to Madagascar, the population small and in decline. Trade does not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Denne truede arten finnes kun på Madagaskar der bestanden er liten og i nedgang. Handel virker ikke

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å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevels. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Eutriorchis astur. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22695336A38184521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22695336A38184521.en.

Gypaetus barbatus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Gypaetus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Common names: Lammergeier, bearded vulture. Norwegian name: Lammegribb.

Distribution: G. barbatus is widely and disjunctly distributed across the Palearctic, Afrotropical and Indomalayan regions.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: The main causes of on-going declines appear to be non-target poisoning, direct persecution, habitat degradation, disturbance of breeding birds, inadequate food availability, changes in livestock-rearing practices and collisions with powerlines and wind turbines

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Near Threatened (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: This species is declining throughout its range with the exception of northern Spain, where the population has increased since 1986 (BirdLife International, 2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES G. barbatus was included in CITES Appendix II in 1977 after proposal by Switzerland (CoP1 Prop. 158). A proposal to transfer the species to Appendix I, submitted by India in 1979, was withdrawn (CoP Prop. 76). The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of G. barbatus in annex I: “The Lammergeier is a very rare European species. In the EU the numbers of breeding pairs are not over 90 pairs. The extinction of the species from many countries is thought to have resulted from direct persecution by man and the wide use of different kinds of poisons. Today, the main threats are habitat alterations related to the opening of new roads and tracks, and human disturbance caused by tourist, hunters, climbers, parachuters and photographers” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/g/gypaetus_barbatus_en. htm). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data In 2016 Uzbekistan has a quota for trade of six wild caught individuals. Little trade with wild caught specimens is recorded on trade.cites.org. Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa.

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees In Europe, captive breeding and reintroduction programs have been carried out in the Austrian, French, Italian and Swiss Alps (BirdLife International, 2015). A EU species action plan was published in 1997: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/gypaetus_ barbatus.pdf. 6. Recommendations This bearded vulture is near threatened and in decline. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Lammegribben er nær truet og i nedgang. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Gypaetus barbatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695174A85029739. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514.

Gyps fulvus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783). Common names: Eurasian griffon, Griffon vulture. Norwegian name: Gåsegribb.

Distribution: The species is widely, but patchily distributed in Eurasia, the Middle East and North Africa.

Population trend: Increasing. G. fulvus declined markedly throughout the 19th–20th centuries in much of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, mainly due to direct persecution and "by-catch" from the poisoned carcasses set for livestock predators.

Habitat status: The population is increasing in its European range (BirdLife International 2015) and re-introductions have taken place in France. The central Asian population is suspected to be stable. Populations in North Africa and Turkey are suspected to be in decline due to persecution, and loss of food sources owing to changing farming practices.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: Currently, the overall population trend is suspected to be increasing. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES G. fulvus was included in CITES Appendix II in 1977 after proposal by Switzerland (CoP1 Prop. 180). According to a review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) are the population trends of G. fulvus in Africa and the Middle East unknown (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of G. fulvus in annex I: “The Giffon Vulture's European population is

VKM Report 2020: 02 93 currently recovering in recent years. The important population in Spain almost doubled between 1979 and 1989. The eradication of the use of poison and the maintenance and promotion of non-intensive livestock systems are necessary to ensure a widespread recovery. 3. Relevant literature NA 4. 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild-caught birds is limited (http://trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The griffon vulture is widespread and increasing. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Gåsegribben har stor utbredelse og er i vekst (etter kraftig nedgang i løpet av 1800 og 1900 tallet). Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Gyps fulvus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695219A80159120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22695219A80159120.en.

Hieraatus fasciatus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieillot, 1822). Synonym: Aquila fasciata (Vieillot, 1822). Common name: Bonelli’s eagle. Norwegian name: Haukørn.

Distribution: The species is widely distributed in Eurasia, the Middle East and North Africa.

Population trend: Decrasing. Since the 1950’s the species has declined throughout its range. It was affected by pesticide use in the mid-20th Century, and since then populations have not recovered. The species is persecuted by hunters and pigeon-fanciers in the west of its range and juveniles suffer high mortality from collisions with power lines (Rollan et al., 2010).

Habitat status: Declining prey availability, increasing human disturbance and poaching at nest sites, and agricultural intensification are thought to be key factors in the species’ decline (BirdLife International, 2013).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and the population decline is not steep enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of H.fasciatus in annex I: “Bonelli's Eagle is considered as "endangered" in the EU and its breeding population is unlikely to exceed 800 pairs. There appear to be several causes for the decline of the species: direct persecution, a decline in the availability of prey, disturbance around nesting areas due to quarries, forest roads, etc and electrocution by electric powerlines”

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(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/h/hieraaetus_fasciatus_e n.htm).

3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data In 2007, 25 wild caught live specimens were traded from Togo to Japan for commercial purposes. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Guidelines for the conservation of the Bonelli's eagle on the Iberian Peninsula have recently been published (Rollan et al., 2016). 6. Recommendations Bonelli’s eagle has been assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Haukørnen har stor utbredelse. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Aquila fasciata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22696076A40846782. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696076A40846782.en. Rollan A. Real J. Bosch R. Tintó A. Hernández-Matías A. (2010) Modelling the risk of collision with power lines in Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus and its conservation implication. Bird Conservation International 20:279-294. Rollan À., Hernández-Matías A., Real J. (2016) Guidelines for the conservation of Bonelli's eagle populations. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/69446

Hieraatus pennatus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788). Synonym: Falco pennatus Gmelin, 1788. Common name: Booted eagle. Norwegian name: Dvergørn.

Distribution: The species has an extremely large range in Africa and Eurasia.

Population trend: Unknown. This species is declining locally owing to forest destruction, human disturbance and persecution and reduction in prey species. In Europe the population size is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International 2015). Overall the population trend is considered unknown.

Habitat status: Threats affecting the species include habitat degradation, direct persecution and human disturbance, each causing some decline in parts of Europe. In its West African range, the species may be vulnerable to habitat degradation through wood harvesting, overgrazing, and burning as well as exposure to pesticides (Thiollay 2007).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and the population decline is not steep enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable.

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2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of H. pennatus is unfavorable, that the species should be considered rare in Europe, and that the population trend in Asia is unknown (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate- raptors-status.pdf). The Birds Directive has the following reason for including of H. pennatus in annex I: “Although, the EU breeding population is mostly stable, many of its populations are declining in size and range. Extensive clear-felling of forests for agriculture, construction of reservoirs and fire may account for the observed declines” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/h/hieraaetus_pennatus_e n.htm). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild-caught birds is limited (http://trade.cites.org). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The booted eagle is listed as Least Concern by IUCN, and the registered trade is limited, however, the population trend is unknown and there seems to be uncertainties regarding the status of the species. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Dvergørn har stor utbredelse og internasjonal handel er begrenset, det er imidlertid usikkerhet knyttet til status og utvikling av den totale bestanden. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International. 2015. Hieraaetus pennatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696092A80368884. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22696092A80368884.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. Thiollay, J.-M. 2007. Raptor population decline in West Africa. Ostrich 78(2): 405-413.

Leucopternis occidentalis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Leucopternis occidentalis (Salvin, 1876). Synonym: Pseudastur occidentalis (Salvin, 1876). Common name: Grey-backed hawk. Norwegian name: Ecuadorvåk.

Distribution: Ecuador and Peru.

Population trend: Decreasing.

Habitat status: Increasingly fragmented. There has been extensive habitat destruction and fragmentation throughout its range, with over 90% of west Ecuador now deforested (BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES

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Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: This species has a very small population, which is declining rapidly in response to continuing habitat destruction. Remaining populations are now highly fragmented, and most subpopulations are probably extremely small.

2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade for commercial purposes is recorded on trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species exists within national parks in both Ecuador and Peru. 6. Recommendations The endangered grey-backed hawk has a small and rapidly declining population, however, trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Den truede Ecuadorvåken finnes kun i Ecuador og Peru der den gjenværende bestanden minker raskt, men handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Pseudastur occidentalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22695789A37892000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22695789A37892000.en

Milvus milvus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Milvus milvus (Linnaeus, 1758). Common name: Red kite. Norwegian name: Glente.

Distribution: The species is found in the Mediterranean area and Eastern Europe. It is possibly extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Greece and Tunisia.

Population trend: Decreasing. Although the Red Kite declined globally until the 1970s, since then some populations have recovered or stabilised (BirdLife International, 2013).

Habitat status: The most pertinent threat to this species is illegal direct poisoning to kill predators of livestock and game animals and indirect poisoning from pesticides and secondary poisoning from consumption of poisoned rodents by rodenticides spread on farmland in the wintering ranges in France and Spain (BirdLife International, 2013).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Near Threatened (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES Appendix II since 1977. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: This species is experiencing a moderately rapid population decline, mostly due to poisoning from pesticides and persecution as well as changes in land-use.

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2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of M. milvus is unfavorable, that the species should be considered depleted in Europe, and that the African population is rare or depleted. (http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate- raptors-status.pdf). The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of B. rufinus in annex I:” The Red Kite world range is restricted practically to Europe. Outside the EU, the species is confined to very located sites in east Europe and in south-east Russia. Human persecution, hunting, poisoning and deterioration of habitats are the main threats. Collision with, and electrocution by, power lines is a less important problem” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/m/milvus_milvus_en.htm ). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Live wild caught specimens (62) have been exported from Switzerland to Italy during the years 2007- 2013, and 53 from the UK to Ireland in 2008, for the purpose of reintroduction into the wild. 1 wild caught specimen was imported to Norway from Switzerland for commercial purposes in 2011. Some commercial trade with captive bred birds occurs (trade.cites.org). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees National species action plans are in place in Germany, France, the Balearic Islands and Denmark, and a draft national action plan is in place in Portugal. Several reintroduction projects are aiming to re- establish M. milvus in Italy and Ireland. A species action plan for M. milvus in the EU was published in 2009 (Knott et al., 2009). 6. Recommendations The red kite is near threatened and in overall decline although some populations are currently recovering. There seems to be uncertainties regarding the status and development of the species, however, trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species, int the wild.

Glenten er i nedgang, selv om noen populasjoner er i ferd med å ta seg opp. Det er usikkerhet knyttet til status og utvikling av arten, men handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Milvus milvus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22695072A40741496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22695072A40741496.en. Knott J., Newbery P., Barov B. (2009). Action plan for the red kite Milvus milvus in the European Union, 55 p.

Neophron percnopterus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758). Common names: Egyptian vulture, Egyptian eagle. Norwegian name: Åtselgribb.

Distribution: The species has a very large range in Africa and Eurasia. It is considered extinct in South Africa and its presence in China, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau and Uganda is uncertain.

Population trend: Decreasing. The species is declining in virtually all parts of its range, apparently for a number of different reasons. In India, it has declined by >90% in the last decade; European

VKM Report 2020: 02 98 populations have declined by >50% over the last three generations, and West, East and southern African populations also appear to have declined significantly, as do Arabian populations (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: This species faces a number of threats across its range e. g. Direct or indirect poisoning, electrocution (by powerlines), collisions with wind turbines, reduced food availability, human disturbances and habitat change (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix I on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 2009).

Justification: This species has experienced a recent and extremely rapid population decline in India (presumably resulting from poisoning) combined with severe long-term declines in Europe (>50% over the last three generations or 42 years) and West Africa, plus ongoing declines through much of the rest of its African range. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of N. percnopterus in annex I: ”The Egyptian Vulture is a very rare European species. The EU breeding population is not over 1,800 pairs. The direct persecution of the Egyptian Vulture through hunting and poisoning has been the main reason for its decline in Europe. Furthermore, the illegal hunting of birds on migration continues at some places. Disturbances at nesting sites is other problem for the birds” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/n/neophron_percnopteru s_en.htm). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Some trade with both wild caught and captive bred birds for commercial purposes occurs (trade.cites.org). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees N. percnopterus occurs within a number of protected areas across its range. An International species action plan for the species was published in 2008 (Iñigo et al. 2008). National species action plans are in place in France, Bulgaria and Italy, and the species is included in the Balkan Vulture Action Plan (BVAP). 6. Recommendations The Egyptian vulture in endangered and in rapid decline, however, trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Åtselgribben er truet og i rask nedgang, men handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Neophron percnopterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695180A85062680. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. Iñigo A., Barov B., Orhun C., Gallo-Orsi U. (2008) Action plan for the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the European Union. BirdLife International for the European Commission.

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Pernis apivorus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus, 1758). Common names: European honey -buzzard, honey buzzard. Norwegian name: Vepsevåk.

Distribution: The species has a very large range in Africa and Eurasia. Population trend: Decreasing. The population is suspected to be decreasing. In Europe the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 35.4 years (three generations; BirdLife International 2015).

Habitat status: Many migrating birds are shot in Italy, Malta and Lebanon. Population declines in northern Europe are caused by deforestation, forest conversion, shooting and human disturbance. Although pesticide use has not had significant impacts in Europe (as the species living in woodland and feeding on wasps), it may do in Africa, where there are fewer restrictions on usage and the species may be poisoned through its locust prey. P. apivorus is very highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the order listing Falconiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and the population decline is not steep enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of B. rufinus in annex I:” There are a number of threats: hunting, especially during migration, deterioration of habitat and declining prey stock due to pesticides and climate changes” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/p/pernis_apivorus_en.ht m). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The registered trade with wild-caught birds is limited (http://trade.cites.org). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species is listed as Near Threathened on the Norwegian red list (Henriksen and Hilmo, 2015).

6. Recommendations The European honey-buzzard is widely distributed, but is in decline. However, trade does not currently appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Vepsevåken har vid utbredelse men er i nedgang. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse.

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7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Pernis apivorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22694989A80089296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015- 4.RLTS.T22694989A80089296.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. Henriksen S. and Hilmo O. (eds.) (2015) Norwegian Red List, 2015. Species Databank, Norway. STRIX (2012) Developing and testing the methodology for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of migratory birds to wind energy development. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.

Falco biarmicus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825. Common name: Lanner falcon. Norwegian name: Slagfalk.

Distribution: The species has a very large range in Africa and some populations in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East.

Population trend: Increasing. Europe forms a very small proportion of the global range (approximately 1%). The species has suffered slight declines locally owing to persecution and collecting of eggs and chicks for falconry. It also suffers from human disturbance, such as rock- climbers, pesticides, electrical powerlines and interspecific competition with Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: F. biarmicus inhabits a wide variety of habitats, from lowland deserts to forested mountains, and is recorded up to 5,000 m (del Hoyo et al. 1994). In Europe, habitat loss through urbanisation, modification of agricultural practices, construction of roads, open-cast mining, agricultural expansion into steppe and grassland and afforestation has caused a reduction in hunting areas and prey species (BirdLife International, 2015). Similar issues are probably common throughout the species range, but given the wide range of occurrence and variety of habitats, habitat status will be highly variable.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the family listing Falconidae spp. (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, a large population that appears to be increasing and therefore does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of F. biarmicus is unfavorable, that the species should be considered vulnerable in Europe and that the African population is declining. The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of F. biarmicus in annex I:”The status in EU of the Lanner is "endangered" and the breeding population is unlikely to exceed 200 pairs. The decline is due primarily to the taking of nestling for falconry over the whole European range. Unintentional human disturbance during the breeding season is responsible for some breeding failures” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/f/falco_biarmicus_en.ht m).

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3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data In large number (hundreds) of wild caught live birds have been exported to Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Qatar since 2011 and there are several discrepancies between the import and export records (trade.cites.org.). There is also some registered trade with birds bred in captivity for commercial purposes. Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees An International action plan for the Lanner falcon was published in 1999: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/falco_biarmicus.p df

6. Recommendations Even though the population trend for the lanner falcon is considered increasing by IUCN and the registered trade is limited, there seems to be uncertainties regarding the status and population development of the species as well as the level of trade.

Slagfalken har stor utbredelse og er regnet som i vekst av IUCN, men det er usikkerhet rundt status og utvikling av bestanden samt nivået av handel. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Falco biarmicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696487A80459298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015- 4.RLTS.T22696487A80459298.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. del Hoyo J., Elliott A., Sargatal J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Falco cherrug

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Falco cherrug Gray, 1834. Common name: Saker falcon. Norwegian name: Tartarfalk.

Distribution: F. cherrug occurs in a wide range across the Palearctic region from eastern Europe to western China. It breeds in eastern Europe and Central Asia and possibly India. Wintering and passage populations are found in the Mediterranean area, the Middle East and Africa. It is possibly extinct in Germany.

Population trend: Decreasing. Given the substantial degree of uncertainty over the estimates used, the population trend is best placed precautionarily in the band for a 50-79% decline over three generations.

Habitat status: In Europe, this species has suffered mainly from the loss and degradation of steppes and dry grasslands through agricultural intensification, plantation establishment and declines in sheep pastoralism, causing a decline in key prey species; offtake for falconry is a serious problem, which has caused local extinctions (BirdLife, 2015).

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Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the family listing Falconidae spp. (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Appendix I (excluding Mongolia) on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 2012).

Justification: This species has been uplisted to Endangered because a revised population trend analysis indicates that it may be undergoing a very rapid decline. This negative trend is a result of unsustainable capture for the falconry trade, as well as habitat degradation and the impacts of agrochemicals, and the rate of decline appears to be particularly severe in the species's central Asian breeding grounds. This classification is highly uncertain and may be revised when new information becomes available. Surveys are urgently needed to produce more robust and less uncertain population estimates, in particular for China, Russia and Mongolia. Further research to monitor key populations and to clarify the extent of the threat from trapping and its effect on population trends is vital. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES Animals Committee 2011, NDF for Mongolia (AC25 Doc. 9.7). A NDF case study of F. cherrug import to United Arab Emirates in 2008 (WG 6 – CASE STUDY 5). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data A huge number of wild-sourced birds are traded between different countries (trade.cites.org.). In addition, many captive-bred falcons are traded (Dixon, 2012). CITES export quota 2016, Uzbekistan 4 live, wild-taken. The annually number of trapped birds for the Middle East falconers has been estimated at 4,000 in Saudi Arabia, 1,000 in Qatar and 500-1,000 in each of Bahrain, Kuwait and UAE, which allowing for a 5% mortality prior to receipt, indicates an annual consumption of 6825- 8400 birds (Fox 2002, ERWDA 2003). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees This is a protected and red-listed species in many range states, particularly in the western parts of its range. An European Single Species Action Plan was published in 2006 (Nagy and Demeter, 2006). 6. Recommendations The saker falcon is endangered, in rapid decline and the trade for falconry is among the major threats. Trade can be detrimental to the survival of this species.

Tartarfalken er truet og i kraftig nedgang både grunnet tap av habitat og at ville fugler fanges og omsettes for falkejakt. Handel kan være en trussel for artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Falco cherrug. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696495A84623947. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22696495A84623947.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. Dixon A. (2012) Conservation of the Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and the use of hybrids for falconary. Aquila 119:9-19. ERWDA (2003) The status of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and assessment of trade. Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Fox, N. (2002) The conservation of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and the role of CITES in UAE 2002. Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Nagy S., Demeter I. (2006). Saker Falcon: European Single Species Action Plan. https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetIma ge=1815316&SecMode=1&DocId=1436816&Usage=2.

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Falco eleonorae

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Falco eleonorae (Géné, 1839). Common name: Eleonora’s falcon. Norwegian name: Eleonorafalk.

Distribution: The species is widely distributed in Europe (which covers >95% of the breeding range) and North Africa.

Population trend: Increasing. The species has historically suffered from exploitation and persecution by local people, in Europe the population is estimated at 14,300-14,500 pairs, which equates to 28,700-29,100 mature individuals (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: The species is vulnerable to human disturbances assosicated with tourism development (Martínez et al., 2002), the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES Appendix II as part of the family listing Falconidae spp. (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (since 1997). Annex I of Birds Directive and Appendix II on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1994).

Justification: In Europe, which holds a large proportion of the global population, the population size is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International, 2015). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of F. eleonorae is unfavorable and that the species should be considered declining in Europe. The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of F. eleonorae in annex I:”The population seems to be stable but being restricted to so few breeding sites the species is extremely vulnerable. Further threats are egg-collecting, illegal hunting and disturbance through tourism” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/f/falco_eleonorae_en.ht m). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. 4. Evaluation of trade data Only four individuals (live and dead) taken from wild were traded in the period 2000-2015, some trade in captive birds occurs (trade.cites.org.). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees An international species action plan for the Eleonora’s falcon was published in 1999: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/falco_eleonorae.p df. 6. Recommendations Eleonora’s falcon is widespread, but there seems to be uncertainty regarding the status and trend of the population in Europe. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Det er usikkerhet forbundet med Eleonorafalkens status og utvikling i Europa (der over 95% reproduserer). Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list

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BirdLife International (2015) Falco eleonorae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696442A80385285. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015- 4.RLTS.T22696442A80385285.en. Martínez-Abrain A., Oro D., Ferrís V., Belenguer R. (2002) Is growing tourist activity affecting the distribution or number of breeding pairs in a small colony of the Eleonora’s Falcon? Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 25:47-51. STRIX (2012) Developing and testing the methodology for assessing and mapping the sensitivity of migratory birds to wind energy development. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.

Falco naumanni

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1818. Common name: Lesser kestrel. Norwegian name: Rødfalk.

Distribution: The species breeds in the Mediterranean area, eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. Birds winter in southern Spain, southern Turkey, Malta and across much of Africa, particularly South Africa. Extinct from Austria, Czech Republic, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Population trend: Stable. The Western Palearctic populations have undergone serious declines, although a few have begun to increase again. The western European population has declined by c.95% since 1950, and the species has disappeared from the Ural region of Russia and from northern Kazakhstan, as well as from the western and central parts of the Balkan Peninsula

Habitat status: The main cause of its decline was habitat loss and degradation in its Western Palearctic breeding grounds, primarily a result of agricultural intensification, but also afforestation and urbanisation. In South Africa, key grasslands have been lost to agricultural intensification, afforestation and intensive pasture management (BirdLife International, 2013).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES Appendix II as part of the family listing Falconidae spp. (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix I on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 1997).

Justification: Although severe declines were recorded during the second half of the 20th century, the species appears to be stable or increasing slightly in many parts of its range (e.g. Iñigo and Barov, 2010), and its overall population trend is considered to have been stable during the last three generations (estimated to be 17 years). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of F. naumanni is unfavorable, that the species should be considered depleted in Europe, that the trend of the Asian population is unknown and that the population in the Middle East is rare or depleted. The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of F. naumanni in annex I: ”The species has declined dramatically in EU in recent years. The main reasons are thought to be loss of nest-sites, the accumulation of toxic pesticides, illegal hunting and the competition for nesting sites with other species” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/f/falco_naumanni_en.htm ). 3. Relevant literature NA

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4. Evaluation of trade data 704 individuals (live and dead) taken from wild were traded in the period 2000-2015 (trade.cites.org.). Buij et al. (2016) revealed that a large number of raptors and vultures are illegally traded in Central and West Africa. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees A species action plan for F. naumanni in the EU was published in 2010 (Iñigo and Barov, 2010). Research and management of the species, its sites and habitats have been carried out in France, Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Israel, Jordan and South Africa (BirdLife International, 2013). 6. Recommendations Although the overall population trend of the lesser kestrel is considered stable the species has been through dramatic declines and several local extinctions. There also seems to be disagreement regarding the current status and trend. Trade does currently not appear to be among the main threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Rødfalken er nå regnet for stabil, men den har vært gjennom dramatisk nedgang og flere lokale bestander har blitt utryddet. Det er også uenighet om dens nåværende status og utvikling. Handel virker ikke å være blant de viktigste truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Falco naumanni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22696357A40742561. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696357A40742561.en. Buij R., Nikolaus G., Whytock R., Ingram D.J., Ogada, D. (2016) Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000514. Iñigo A., Barov B. (2010). Action plan for the lesser kestrel Falco naumanniin the European Union, 55 p. SEO|BirdLife and BirdLife International for the European Commission.

Falco verspertinus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766. Common name: Red-footed falcon. Norwegian name: Aftenfalk.

Distribution: F. vespertinus breeds in eastern Europe and west, central and north-central Asia, it winters in southern Africa, from South Africa northwards to southern Kenya and congregate at migratory roost sites in Central Europe.

Population trend: Decreasing. The global population is estimated to number 300,000-800,000 individuals, with 26,000-39,000 pairs in Europe.

Habitat status: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction, e.g. destruction of suitable nest-sites. The European population (forming 25-49% of the global population) is continuing to suffer declines exceeding 30% in 10 years (three generations).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Near Threatened (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part of the family listing Falconidae spp. (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive), and Appendix I on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 2012). Justification: F. vespertinus is experiencing a moderately rapid population decline, owing to habitat loss and degradation. This species would qualify for uplisting to a higher threat category if evidence

VKM Report 2020: 02 106 suggests a rapid population decline. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A review of the status of migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia by CMS (2005) shows that the IUCN status of F. vespertinus is unfavorable, that the species should be considered vulnerable in Europe and that the trend of the Asian population is unknown. 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 192 individuals (live and dead) taken from wild were traded in the period 2000-2015 (trade.cites.org).

5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees An European Species Action Plan for F. vespertinus was published in 2009 (Palatitz et al., 2009). The species is also included in Agro-environmental programs in Hungary. 6. Recommendations The Red-footed falcon is near threatened, in decline and there is uncertainty regarding the status and development. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Aftenfalken er nær truet og i nedgang, det er uvisst hvor rask nedgang. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene for denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Falco vespertinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22696432A40744612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696432A40744612.en. Palatitz P., Fehérvári P., Solt S., Barov B. (2009) European Species Action Plan for the Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus, 49 pp.

Crax alberti

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Crax alberti Fraser, 1852. Common names: Blue-billed curassow, blue-knobbed curassow. Norwegian name: Blåknopphokko.

Distribution: Colombia.

Population trend: Decreasing. The number of mature individuals has been estimated at 150-700 (BirdLife International, 2013).

Habitat status: The range of C. Alberti is affected by habitat loss and severe degradation. Vast areas of forest have been cleared since the 17th century, and are used for livestock-farming, arable cultivation, cotton and illegal drug plantations, oil extraction and mining (BirdLife International, 2013)

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES Appendix III. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: This species has declined dramatically owing to habitat loss and hunting pressure. Given that protection is inadequate throughout the majority of its restricted range (even within protected areas) very rapid declines are suspected to be ongoing.

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2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data A few captive bred individuals have been traded for zoos since 2005 (trade.cites.org) 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees El Paujíl Bird Reserve was established in 2004, and has since then been expanded. In 2011 a reintroduction programme was initiated with the intention that when captive breeding is successful individuals will be reintroduced. 6. Recommendations Blue-billed curassow is critically endangered, and any trade could be detrimental to its survival.

Det estimerte antallet gjenlevende av Blåknopphokkoen som er endemisk til Colombia er veldig lavt og den er kategorisert som kritisk truet av IUCN. Handel vil kunne sette artens overlevelsesevne ytterligere i fare. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Crax alberti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22678525A49337252. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22678525A49337252.en.

Crax fasciolata

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Crax fasciolata Spix, 1825. Common name: Bare-faced currassow. Norwegian name: Krøllhokko.

Distribution: Argentina, Bolovia, Brazil and Paraguay (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014).

Population trend: Declining. The global population size has not been quantified, but this species was described as fairly common in 1996 (Stotz et al., 1996). Given habitat loss in its range a population decline of 30-49% is suspected (BirdLife International, 2014).

Habitat status: Although the species occupies a relatively large range, it has disappeared from parts of its former range as a result of habitat destruction and hunting (BirdLife International, 2014).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2015). Not currently listed in the CITES appendices. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 1997. The species is listed as being of "High conservation priority" in the IUCN Cracid Action Plan, and more information on population size, trends and habitat loss is needed, especially for the core range in Brazil (BirdLife International, 2014).

Justification: Given habitat loss in its range a population decline of 30-49% is suspected (BirdLife International 2016). Although the species occupies a relatively large range, it has disappeared from parts of its former range as a result of habitat destruction and hunting (del Hoyo, 1994). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data

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No trade with wild-caught specimens has been recorded on http://trade.cites.org, but since 2012 some trade with captive bred birds for commercial purposes has occurred. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. No targeted actions are known, but the species presumably occurs in a number of protected areas. 6. Recommendations: The Bare-faced currassow is vulnerable and the population declining. It has disappeared from parts of its former range due to habitat loss and hunting. Trade is currently not to be considered detrimental to its survival, but as C. fasciolata is listed as "High conservation priority" by IUCN it should be regulated. Particularly young birds resemble specimens of the Critically Endangered C. pinima.

Krøllhokkoen er sårbar og bestanden er antatt redusert med 30-49%. De har fortsatt nokså stor utbredelse, men har forsvunnet fra flere områder på grunn av tapt habitat og jakt. Handel er antageligvis ikke en trussel på det nåværende tidspunkt, men IUCN har vurdert C. fasciolata som en art med behov for beskyttelse og handel bør derfor reguleres. Spesielt ungfugler kan forveksles med individer av den kritiske truede beslektede arten C. pinima. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2014) Crax fasciolata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T45092100A45092211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T45092100A45092211.en. del Hoyo J. (1994) Cracidae (Chachalacas, Guans and Curassows). In: del Hoyo J. Elliott A. Sargatal J. (eds), Handbook of the birds of the world. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 310-363 del Hoyo J., Collar N.J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Stotz D.F., Fitzpatrick J.W., Parker T.A., Moskovits D.K. (1996) Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.

Lophura hatinhensis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Lophura hatinhensis Vo Quy & Do Ngoc Quang, 1965. Synonym: Lophura edwardsi (Oustalet, 1896). Common name: Vietnamese fireback. Norwegian name: Annamfasan.

Distribution: Viet Nam.

Population trend: Decreasing. The species is suspected to be declining rapidly from a combination of hunting and habitat loss. There is a complete lack of records since 2000 and it has been suggested that the species may already be extinct in the wild.

Habitat status: Its historical range is now almost completely denuded of primary forest through a combination of herbicide spraying during the Vietnam war, logging and clearance for agriculture. The last forest areas known to support the species are subject to continuing degradation by wood- cutters (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2013). CITES Appendix I. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 1997.

Justification: This pheasant remains classified as Critically Endangered following revisions of its taxonomic limits, because the lack of recent records suggest that the remaining wild population is likely to be extremely small and severely fragmented, with all subpopulations tiny Declines have been driven by high levels of hunting pressure and lowland forest deterioration. Further surveys are urgently needed to identify and protect any remaining populations.

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2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. 4. Evaluation of trade data There is considerable trade in captive bred birds (trade.cites.org.) 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The localities from which the most recent records derive have been incorporated within two proposed nature reserves. 6. Recommendations The Vietnamese fireback is critically endangered and any trade in wild caught individuals could be detrimental to its survival.

Annamfasanen som er endemisk til Vietnam har ikke vært observert siden år 2000 og den er kategorisert som kritisk truet av IUCN. Handel med ville eksemplarer vil kunne sette artens overlevelsesevne ytterligere i fare. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Lophura edwardsi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T45354985A84677778. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T45354985A84677778.en.

Odontophorus strophium

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Odontophorus strophium (Gould, 1844). Common name: Gorgeted wood-quail. Norwegian name: Kragetannvaktel.

Distribution: O. strophium occurs on the west slope of the east Andes of Colombia.

Population trend: Decreasing. The estimated number of mature individuals is 1300-2900. The species is suspected to have declined by less than 20% over the last 10 years owing to ongoing hunting and habitat loss (BirdLife International, 2012).

Habitat status: It inhabits humid subtropical and temperate forests dominated by oak and laurel. It is only known to occur at 1,750-2,050 m, but may have an elevational range of 1,500-2,500 m. Forest loss below 2,500 m has been almost complete, with habitat in many areas reduced to tiny, isolated relicts on steep slopes and along streams (BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: This species is listed as Endangered because, although surveys have found that it occurs more widely than once thought, its range is still very small and severely fragmented, and hunting and logging are probably causing it to decline. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA

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4. 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade data is registered on trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species exists within protected areas. 6. Recommendations The gorgeted wood-quail that is endemic to Colombia is endangered and in decline, however, trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Kragetannvaktelen som er endemisk til Colombia er truet og i nedgang, men handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Odontophorus strophium. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22679678A37848560. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012- 1.RLTS.T22679678A37848560.en.

Ophrysia superciliosa

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Ophrysia superciliosa (Gray, 1846). Common name: Himalayan quail. Norwegian name: Hvitbrynehøne.

Distribution: O. superciliosa is known only from the western Himalayas in Uttaranchal, North- Western India, where about a dozen specimens were collected near Mussooree and Naini Tal prior to 1877.

Population trend: Unknown. Possibly extinct. The population is assumed to be tiny (fewer than 50 individuals and mature individuals) based on a paucity of specimens, and the failure of recent targeted surveys in recording evidence of the species.

Habitat status: It was recorded in long grass and scrub on steep hillsides, particularly south-facing slope crests, between 1,650 m and 2,400 m.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Critically Endangered (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix III. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: This species has not been recorded with certainty since 1876, despite a number of searches, and it may have been severely impacted by hunting and habitat degradation. However, it probably remains extant, because thorough surveys are still required, and the species may be difficult to detect (favouring dense grass and being reluctant to fly). In addition, there is a recent set of possible sightings around Naini Tal in 2003. Any remaining population is likely to be tiny, and for these reasons it is treated as Critically Endangered. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade data is registered on trade.cites.org.

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees There have been a number of official and unofficial attempts to rediscover the species, covering some of the most suitable areas around Mussoorie and Naini Tal. However, none has yet been successful. 6. Recommendations The Himalayan quail is critically endangered (or possibly extinct). Trade is currently not among the common threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Det finnes ingen sikre observasjoner av denne Himalayiske arten siden 1876 og den kan være utryddet. På nåværende tidspunkt er ikke handel blant de kjente truslene mot Hvitbrynehønens overlvelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Ophrysia superciliosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22679141A78288415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22679141A78288415.en.

Otis tarda

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Otis tarda Linnaeus, 1758. Common name: Great bustard. Norwegian name: Stortrappe.

Distribution: Central and Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, Morocco, Iberian Peninsula. It is extinct in Algeria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Iraq, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Species+).

Population trend: Decrasing. Alonso and Palacín (2010) estimated the global population to number 44,054-57,005 individuals, rounded here to 44,000-57,000 individuals. Despite a lack of accurate data on trends in several countries with important populations (e.g. Russia, Mongolia, China, Turkey, Ukraine), a rapid and on-going population decline is suspected overall, owing to habitat loss and fragmentation for agricultural intensification, as well as hunting and collision with power lines.

Habitat status: O. tarda occurs in open, flat or somewhat rolling landscapes, usually with a mixture of crops (cereals, vineyards, fodder plants, in some countries also with steppic grassland. Habitat loss and fragmentation continues as a result of ploughing of grasslands, intensive grazing, afforestation and increasing development of irrigation schemes, roads, power-lines, fencing and ditches (BirdLife International, 2015).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Vulnerable (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II since 1975. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive, and Appendix I on Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; 2015).

Justification: This species has suffered rapid population reductions across most of its range owing to the loss, degradation and fragmentation of its habitat, as well as hunting. Although populations in its Iberian stronghold have stabilised and possibly increased, hunting in Central Asia results in high rates of adult mortality, and land-use changes in eastern Europe, Russia and central Asia may have a significant impact on this species's population and the extent of its remaining habitat, such that it is likely to continue declining at a rapid rate over the next three generations. It therefore qualifies as Vulnerable. Should research show the species to be declining at a more moderate rate, it would warrant downlisting to a lower category of threat.

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2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of O. tarda in annex I:” There have been declines in breeding populations, even extinctions in some regions within EU. The major threat for the species is the loss and decrease of quality of it natural habitat due to urban development and agricultural intensification: changes in cropping patterns, irrigation schemes, increased application of pesticides, etc. A further cause of Great Bustard decline is shooting and collision with powerlines” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/o/otis_tarda_en.htm). 3. Relevant literature Proposal by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland inclusion Otididae spp. in CITES Appendix II 1987. Cop6 Prop. 28. 4. Evaluation of trade data Some trade of wild caught birds for the purpose of science and reintroduction into the wild is registered on trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees An international single species action plan for the western Palearctic O. tarda was published in 2009 (Nagy, 2009). Agri-environmental and land management programmes have been (successfully) implemented in Spain, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Germany, Serbia. Artificial incubation and chick rearing projects have been established in Germany and Hungary since the 1970s. A UK reintroduction project began in 2003 with chicks imported from the Russian Federation. 6. Recommendations The great bustard is vulnerable and in decline. Several local populations have gone extinct. Trade is currently not among the common threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Stortrappen er sårbar og i nedgang. Flere lokale bestander er utryddet. På nåværende tidspunkt er ikke handel blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlvelse. 7. Literature list Alonso J. C., Palacín C. (2010) The world status and population trends of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda): 2010 update. Chinese Birds 1:141-147. BirdLife International (2015). Otis tarda. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22691900A85068116. Nagy S. (2009) International single species action plan for the Western Palearctic population of Great Bustard, Otis tarda tarda. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/otis_tarda.pdf.

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Sypheotides indicus 1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Sypheotides indicus (Miller, 1782). Common names: Lesser florican, Likh. Norwegian name: Hindutrappe.

Distribution: Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan.

Population trend: Decreasing. The number of mature individuals is estimated to 1,500 (BirdLife International, 2012). The species is suspected to be declining rapidly owing to the on-going loss and conversion of grassland habitats. The rate of decline is expected to become very rapid over the next three generations.

Habitat status: S. indicus occurs in productive dry grasslands, in lowland areas (below 250 m), particularly dominated by Sehima nervosum and Chrysopogon fulvus, with scattered bushes and scrub. It has also been recorded in cotton and millet crops. Non-breeding season movements are poorly understood.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES Appendix II since 1987. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: This species qualifies as Endangered because its very small and rapidly declining population is predicted to undergo a very rapid decline in the near future as pressure on remaining grasslands intensifies, and areas of its habitat are lost and degraded. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Two wild caught specimens have been traded for scientific purposes since 2001 (trade.cites.org.) 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees In Nepal, S. indicus is protected at the national level. The species also exists within several protected areas. 6. Recommendations The lesser florican is endangered and in decline. Trade is currently not among the common threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Hindutrappen er truet og i nedgang. På nåværende tidspunkt er ikke handel blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlvelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Sypheotides indicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22692024A38301535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22692024A38301535.en.

Tetrax tetrax

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Tetrax tetrax (Linnaeus, 1758). Synonym: Otis tetrax Linnaeus, 1758. Common name: Little bustard. Norwegian name: Dvergtrappe.

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Distribution: T. tetrax has two widely separated breeding populations in southern Europe and in western and central Asia. Eastern populations winter from Turkey and the Caucasus to Iran with Azerbaijan holding the main wintering quarters and the Western populations winter in the Mediterranean zone, with the Iberian peninsula holding the most important wintering quarters. It is extinct in Albania, Bulgaria, Former Serbia and Montenegro, Greece, Romania, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Tunisia (Species+).

Population trend: Decreasing. The European population is estimated to be declining by 30-49% in three generations (30.9 years; BirdLife International 2015).

Habitat status: Little Bustard inhabit open areas, mainly steppelands: pasture, cereal or alfalfa crops. In winter and during migration, the species occurs in meadows and extensive plains. Birds feed on insects, herbs and seeds. The primary cause of its decline has been conversion of dry grassland and low-intensity cultivation to intensive arable agriculture, especially where this has included the planting of monocultures or perennial crops, irrigation or afforestation.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Near Threatened (BirdLife International, 2016). CITES Appendix II since 1987. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Annex I of Birds Directive.

Justification: This species is listed as Near Threatened because it is probably experiencing a moderately rapid overall population decline, driven by rapid declines in the west of its range, owing mainly to habitat loss and degradation, as well as low-level hunting pressure; it almost meets the requirements for listing as threatened under criteria A2cd+3cd+4cd. Recent increases in the east of its range are so far unquantified, and require further study. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES The Birds Directive has the following reason for inclusion of T. tetrax in annex I: ”The Little Bustard is a scarcely distributed species in the EU and has experienced a heavy population decline during last years. The main cause of the decline is habitat loss due to forestry and agricultural intensification, although the species seems to be able to adapt to new crops if there is tranquillity. Shooting and pesticides are less important problems.” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/threatened/t/tetrax_tetrax_en.htm). 3. Relevant literature Proposal by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland inclusion Otididae spp. in CITES Appendix II 1987. Cop6 Prop. 28. 4. 4. Evaluation of trade data 20 live birds born in captivity originating in Ukraine were exported from Bulgaria to the Czech Republic for commercial purposes in 2001 and 2002. A few wild caught specimens have been traded for scientific purposes (trade.cites.org.). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees A species action plan for the T. tetrax in the EU was published in 2010 (Iñigo and Barov, 2010). 6. Recommendations The little bustard is declining and several local populations have gone extinct. Trade is currently not among the common threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Dvergtrappen er i nedgang og flere locale bestander er utryddet. På nåværende tidspunkt er ikke handel blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlvelse. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Tetrax tetrax. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22691896A84041667. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22691896A84041667.en. Iñigo, A, B. Barov (2010). Action plan for the little bustard Tetrax tetraxin the European Union, SEO|BirdLife and BirdLife International for the European

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Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/tetrax_tetrax.pdf

Acrocephalus rodericanus

1. Review of biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Acrocephalus rodericanus (Newton, 1865). Common name: Rodrigues warbler. Norwegian name: Rodriguessanger.

Distribution: Rodrigues Island, Mauritius (del Hoyo and Collar, 2014).

Population trend: Increasing. The population declined steadily until 1979, when only eight pairs and a singleton were counted. In 1999, the population was estimated to at least 150 and the current estimate for mature individuals is 2000-2700.

Habitat status: Timber harvesting, subsistence farming and feral livestock have reduced the native habitat to savanna with scattered trees (BirdLife International, 2016).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Near Threatened (2013). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (2014).

Justification: This species was downlisted from Endangered in 2013 following evidence that its population is increasing and is now much larger than previously estimated. It is listed as Near Threatened on the basis that it occupies a tiny range and remains susceptible to stochastic events (such as cyclones) and the impacts of introduced species, such that it could qualify as threatened within one or two generations (BirdLife International, 2013). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade registered on http://trade.cites.org. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees. The species occurs in two Conservation Management Areas Habitat for protection and reforestation that are fenced to exclude grazing animals and woodcutters, exotic plants removed and native species replanted. 6. Recommendations: Available trade data and information on the status and trend of the wild populations does not indicate that trade currently is detrimental to the Rodrigues warbler’s survival. However, the species is near threatened, occupies a tiny range and remains susceptible to stochastic events. Given the very few founders (8 registered breeding pairs) population the genetic variability is likely to be very low. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Rodriguessangeren er listet som nær truet, men den finnes kun innen et veldig lite område og er utsatt for tilfeldige hendelser som sykloner. Arten var nesten utryddet in 1979 og den nåværende bestanden stammer fra et lite antall reproduserende par (8 ble registrert). Det er derfor grunn til å anta at den genetiske variabiliteten er svært lav. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse.

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7. Literature list BirdLife International (2013) Acrocephalus rodericanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T22714874A49175357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 2.RLTS.T22714874A49175357.en. del Hoyo J., Collar N.J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Athene noctua

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Athena noctuna (Scopoli, 1769). Common name: Little owl. Norwegian name: Kirkeugle.

Distribution: The species is extremely widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe. It has been introduced to New Zealand.

Population trend: The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats.

Habitat status: This is a sedentary species, which is found in open countryside in a great range of habitats. These include agricultural land with hedgerows and trees, orchards, woodland verges, parks and gardens, as well as steppes and stony semi- deserts. It is also present in treeless areas such as dunes, and in the vicinity of ruins, quarries and rocky outcrops. It sometimes ventures into villages and suburbs.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES Appendix II as part od Order listing Strigiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and a large and stable population and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data There is considerable international trade with captive bred specimens for commercial purposes and hundreds of live wild caught birds have been imported by Japan, mainly from Uzbekistan (some through other countries). Altogether 1,987 individuals (live and dead) from the wild were traded in the period 2000-2015. There are discrepancies between the numbers registered for import and export on trade.cites.org. In Japan a large number of owls are used in so called owl cafés (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/08/outrage-over-japans-owl-cafs/). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The little owl has a large, widespread range and presumably stable population. However, the trade with both captive and wild caught specimens is substantial and there are discrepancies between the records of import and export suggesting that unregistered trade occurs. Trade in owls has become increasingly popular and could potentially become detrimental.

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Kirkeuglen har et stort utbredelsesområde og en stor bestand som er antatt å være stabil. Det omsettes et betydelig antall fugler (både villfangede og fra oppdrett) og de registrerte tallene for import og eksport er avvikende, noe som kan tyde på at også uregistrert handel forekommer. Populariteten av handel med ugler har økt og kan potensielt bli en trussel. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Athene noctua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22689328A40420964. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-

1.RLTS.T22689328A40420964.en.

Otus ireneae

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Otus ireneae Ripley, 1966. Common name: Sokoke scops-owl. Norwegian name: Sokokeugle.

Distribution: Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania.

Population trend: Decreasing. The total population is estimated to number at least 2,500 individuals and is placed in the band 2,500-9,999 mature individuals (BirdLife International, 2012).

Habitat status: In Tanzania the owl inhabits a coastal forest that, while still extensive, is under some pressure from fires, encroachment and tree-cutting (BirdLife International, 2012).

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Endangered (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES Appendix II as part of Order listing Strigiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: This owl is listed as Endangered because it has a very small, severely fragmented range, within which its population size and the quality of its habitat are declining. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 12 wild caught live birds were traded to Japan from Guinea (a country on the opposite coast of Africa from where O. ireneae is found) in the years 2001-2013 (trade.cites.org.). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species is found within forest reserves. 6. Recommendations The Sokoke scops-owl is endangered and in decline within its small range that is also declining. Trade in owls has become increasingly popular and could potentially become detrimental.

Sokokeuglen er truet og finnes innen svært begrensede områder av Kenya og Tanzania, den er i nedegang og habitatet blir stadig mere nedbrutt. Populariteten av handel med ugler har økt og kan potensielt bli en trussel. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2012) Otus ireneae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012:

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e.T22688565A38129507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012- 1.RLTS.T22688565A38129507.en.

Otus Scrops

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Otus scops (Linnaeus, 1758). Common name: Eurasian scops-owl. Norwegian name: Dverghornugle.

Distribution: The species is extremely widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe.

Population trend: Decreasing. The population is suspected to be in decline owing to on-going habitat destruction. In Europe the population size trend is unknown (BirdLife International, 2015).

Habitat status: O. scops breeds in open woodland, parks and gardens.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2015). CITES Appendix II as part od Order listing Strigiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range, and a large population and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. 4. Evaluation of trade data There is considerable international trade with both captive bred and wild caught specimens for commercial purposes. A total of 3,155 individuals (live and dead) from the wild were exported in the period 2000-2015. Of these Japan has imported hundreds of live wild caught birds mainly from Uzbekistan (some through other countries). Altogether 1,987 individuals (live and dead) from the wild were traded in the period 2000-2015. There are discrepancies between the numbers registered for import and export on trade.cites.org. In Japan a large number of owls are kept in so-called owl cafés (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/08/outrage-over-japans-owl-cafs/). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The Eurasian scops-owl has a large, widespread range but is in decline. The trade with both captive and wild caught specimens is substantial and there are discrepancies between the records of import and export suggesting that unregistered trade occurs. Trade in owls has become increasingly popular and could potentially become detrimental.

Dverghornuglen har et stort utbredelsesområde og en stor bestand, men er i nedgang. Det omsettes et betydelig antall fugler (både villfangede og fra oppdrett) og de registrerte tallene for import og eksport er avvikene, noe som kan tyde på at også uregistret handel forekommer. Populariteten av handel med ugler har økt og kan potensielt bli en trussel. 7. Literature list BirdLife International (2015) Otus scops. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22688643A80484352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22688643A80484352.en.

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Tyto alba

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769). Common name: Barn owl. Norwegian name: Tårnugle.

Distribution: T. alba is the most widely distributed species of owl, and one of the most widespread of all birds, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. It has been introduced to the Seychelles.

Population trend: Stable.

Habitat status: The barn owl is a bird of open country such as farmland or grassland with some interspersed woodland, usually at altitudes below 2,000 metres, but occasionally as high as 3,000 metres in the tropics.

Conservation status: IUCN Red list category: Least Concern (BirdLife International, 2012). CITES Appendix II as part od Order listing Strigiformes spp. (1979). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997).

Justification: The species has an extremely large range and a large and stable population, and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A study on illegal trade, trapping and utilization of owls in India was published by TRAFFIC in 2010 (Ahmed, 2010). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data 290 wild caught individuals (live and dead) were traded in the period 2000-2015 trade.cites.org. There are discrepancies between the numbers registered for import and export. A considerable number of live captive bred live birds (and 20 wild caught from Mali in 2009) have been imported to Japan for commercial purposes over the last few years, possibly to be kept in owl cafes (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/08/outrage-over-japans-owl-cafs/). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The barn owl has a large, widespread range and presumably stable population. However, the trade with both captive and wild caught specimens is substantial and there are discrepancies between the records of import and export suggesting that unregistered trade occurs. Trade in owls has become increasingly popular and could potentially become detrimental.

Tårnuglen har et stort utbredelsesområde og en stor bestand som er antatt å være stabil. Det omsettes et betydelig antall fugler (både villfangede og fra oppdrett) og de registrerte tallene for import og eksport er avvikene, noe som kan tyde på at også uregistret handel forekommer. Populariteten av handel med ugler har økt og kan potensielt bli en trussel. 7. Literature list Ahmed A. (2010) Imperilled Custodians of the Night: A study on illegal trade, trapping and utilization of owls in India. TRAFFIC India/ WWF-India. New Dehli, India. BirdLife International (2012) Tyto alba. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22688504A38682217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22688504A38682217.en.

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Chamaeleo chamaeleon

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Linnaeus, 1758). Common name: Mediterranean chameleon. Norwegian name: Europeisk kameleon.

Distribution: C. chamaeleon is widespread, found across southern Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia. Specifically, within Europe it occurs in Malta, possibly on Crete and Sicily, the Greek islands of Samos and Chios, and southern coastal Spain and Portugal. In Africa it is found along the Atlantic coast of the Western Sahara, across Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia Libya and Egypt. In southwestern Asia it is found in Cyprus, southern Turkey, western Syria in the Levant region, Lebanon, Israel, western Jordan, western and southwestern Saudi Arabia and northern Yemen (Vogrin et al., 2012).

Population trend: Stable. The species is common throughout its native range (all countries listed above except Italy, Portugal and Spain, where it is introduced), except it is rare in the western Sahara, inland Egypt, and Turkey (Vogrin et al., 2012).

Habitat status: Habitat loss through urbanization, tourism infrastructure and agriculture is considered one of the major threats to C. chamaeleon. In Turkey, forest fires also threaten their habitat (Vogrin et al., 2012).

Conservation status: According to the IUCN, C. chamaeleon is listed as Least Concern. It is listed in CITES Appendix II under a blanket listing for the Chamaeleo genus (since 4/2/1977), and under EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A, since 1997. It is also protected under Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive.

Justification: The IUCN lists the species as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, tolerance to habitat modification, large estimated population size, and the fact that it is not thought to be considerably declining (Vogrin et al., 2012). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Illegal collection of C. chamaeleon is considered a major threat to the species. Some of this is for medicinal purposes and talismans, some for the domestic and international pet market (Vogrin et al., 2012). Since their listing under CITES Appendix II in 1977, CITES import and export records show 10,549 and 7,972 individuals, respectively (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Of these, approximately 26% were reported as wild-caught, however this is likely an underestimate. The discrepancy in import vs export figures suggests that trade may be higher than reported. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Israel and Egypt currently ban all exports of C. chamaeleon (CITES Notif. Nos. 2004/025 and 662). The species is found in many protected areas throughout its range (Vogrin et al., 2012). The IUCN assessment suggests that regulation of the collection of individuals in Egypt is needed, and Spain has implemented road barriers to reduce road mortality (Vogrin et al., 2012). Habitat loss is a major threat to the species, and the expansion of urban areas, agriculture and tourism infrastructure threatens a further decline in unprotected habitat (Vogrin et al., 2012).

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6. Recommendations The Mediterranean chameleon is widespread and relatively common throughout its range, and currently offered protection under several jurisdictions. Despite this, trade (including of wild specimens) is a regular occurrence, and its true impact is unclear. Trade could be detrimental to the survival of this species, particularly in areas such as Egypt, where it is rare.

Den europeiske kamelonen har stor utbredelse og er ganske vanlig, men det er uklart i hvor stor grad handel påvirker bestanden. Det er antatt at det foregår en hel del ulovlig handel. Handel kan være en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Vogrin M., Corti C., Pérez Mellado V., Sá-Sousa P., Cheylan M., Pleguezuelos J., Baha El Din S., Al Johany A. (2012) Chamaeleo chamaeleon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012:e.T157246A743434.

Phelsuma guentheri

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Phelsuma guentheri (Boulenger, 1885). Common names: Round Island Day Gecko, Guenther’s Gecko.

Distribution: Restricted to Round Island, an islet 20 km northeast of Mauritius with an area of only 151 ha (approximately 1.5 km2; Bullock, 1986). A recently-translocated population also exists on Ile aux Aigrettes, off the southeast coast of Mauritius (MWF, 2016).

Population trend: Unknown, but possibly increasing due to intensive conservation efforts. Bullock (1986) estimated that between 1975 and 1982, the P. guentheri population declined by 59.8%, estimating less than 200 individuals in 1985 (corrected count). The Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) estimates the population is now between 4,000–6,000 (MWF, 2016).

Habitat status: P. guentheri inhabits primarily Latania palms and Pandanus trees, but can also be found in open rocky areas (Vinson, 1975). Introduced goats and rabbits negatively impacted the ecosystem but were eradicated in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Bullock et al., 2002). Regeneration of the vegetation since this time is also being augmented with restoration work, and suitable habitat is increasing (MWF, 2016).

Conservation status: Listed as Endangered by the IUCN (MRASG, 1996), however, at 20 years old, this assessment needs updating. P. guentheri is listed under CITES Appendix II (since 1977), and is listed under Annex A of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (since 1997).

Justification: The 1996 IUCN “Endangered” classification was based on the criteria of the population being very small, with less than 250 individuals. However, Bullock et al. (2002) estimated that the population is in the low thousands, and according to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, the current population is between 4,000-6,000 (MWF, 2016). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA

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4. Evaluation of trade data Since 1975, CITES trade data shows 170 importer-reported and 296 exporter-reported P. guentheri. The vast majority of these are reportedly captive-bred, traded for breeding, zoo or scientific purposes (UNEP-WCMC, 2016), however, in 2005 it was reported that 36 live specimens were exported from Madagascar to USA for commercial purposes. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees There was an intensive management program from 2008–2012 on Round Island that focused on collection of biological and population data for all species on the island, as well as restoration of habitat. Cyclones can threaten the species on such a small island: it is estimated that after Cyclone Gervaise in 1975, there was a minimum population decline of 71% (Bullock, 1986). In 2010, the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, in conjunction with the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Mauritian National Parks and Conservation translocated 50 geckos onto a nearby island, Ile aux Aigrettes, and these have survived and reproduced successfully, with the population on that island growing to 200 in 2 years (DWCT, 2012). Both Round Island and Ile aux Aigrettes are Nature Reserves, meaning that the only two populations of P. guentheri occur within protected areas. 6. Recommendations P. guentheri occurs on only two islands with a combined area of less than 2 km2. The extremely small area of occupancy and distribution of the species, coupled with relatively small population size suggests that the species might also be vulnerable to negative effects associated with small population size, such as erosion of genetic diversity. It does not appear that trade is a significant threat to this species, with visits to both Round Island and Ile aux Aigrettes being highly regulated.

P. guentheri har et meget lite utbredelsesområde (<2 km2) på en øy utenfor Mauritius. Den ble listet som truet av IUCN i 1996, men bestanden er antatt å ha økt siden den gang. Den historisk lave bestandstørrelsen og det begrensede habitatet gjør P. guentheri svært utsatt for tilfeldige hendelser. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Bullock D. (1986) The ecology and conservation of reptiles on Round Island and Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological Conservation 37:135–156. Bullock D., North S., Dulloo M., Thorsen M. (2002) The impact of rabbit and goat eradication on the ecology of Round Island, Mauritius, in: Veitch C., Clout M. (Eds.), Turning the Tide: The Eradication of invasive Species: Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp 53–63. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust (DWCT). (2012) Restoration of Island Ecosystems in Mauritius. Mauritius Reptile Recovery Programme Annual Activity Report, June 2012. On-line, https://www.durrell.org/library/document/mauritian_reptile_recovery_programme_2011- 2012_annual_report.pdf. Madagascar Reptile and Amphibian Specialist Group (MRASG). (1996) Phelsuma guentheri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T16926A6602242. Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF). (2016) Mauritius reptile restoration programme. On-line, http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org/application/index.php?tpid=30&tcid=78 UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Vinson J-M. (1975) Notes on the reptiles of Round Island. Bulletin of the Mauritius Institute 8:49-67.

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Podarcis lilfordi

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Podarcis lilfordi (Gunther, 1874). Common name: Lilford’s wall lizard. Norwegian name: Lilfordfirfisle.

Distribution: Endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, it is restricted to small, rocky islets off Menorca and Mallorca. South of Mallorca, it is also found on the Cabrera Archipelago (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009).

Population trend: Decreasing, although its abundance varies extremely across its range: population on some islets may have less than 50 individuals, some may have thousands (Pérez-Mellado et al. 2008). The population is severely fragmented.

Habitat status: Declining, however the situation varies across the fragmented distribution; loss of vegetation due to overgrazing by goats is a threat to some populations, and the translocation of predators between islands has also reduced some populations (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009; Pinya and Carretero, 2011).

Conservation status: Listed by the IUCN as Endangered (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009), and under CITES Appendix II, with reservations in place for Liechtenstein and Switzerland. P. lilfordi is also protected under Annex A of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive, as well as Annex II and Revised Annex I of Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention.

Justification: The IUCN “Endangered” listing is due to the extent of occurrence being less than 5,000 km2, and the area of occupancy being less than 500 km2. The species has a severely fragmented distribution, and both the extent and quality of its habitat is declining (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The only reported CITES trade data for this species was a single seizure of 13 P. lilfordi individuals exported from Spain in 1994 (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Collection for the pet trade is listed as a major threat by the IUCN assessment (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009), and Cooper et al. (2010) states that “Human beings are not natural predators of P. lilfordi, although people have collected these lizards for the pet trade...”. There are few other data on trade in this species. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees One of only two native lizard native to the Balearic Islands (along with P. pityusensis; Pinya and Carretero, 2011), P. lilfordi has a very small and highly fragmented range. Some populations are threatened by habitat loss to overgrazing and another invasive congener, P. sicula, is thought to pose a serious threat to some P. lilfordi populations through displacement or hybridisation (Pinya and Carretero, 2011). Introduced predators including cats and rats (although the impact of rats is still uncertain; Pérez-Mellado et al., 2008) are considered a major threat, as well as the saurophagus False Smooth Snake, which is considered responsible for P. lilfordi’s extinction in Mallorca and Menorca, where it was once abundant (Pérez-Mellado et al., 2008). Because of their small size and range, some island populations are inherently at risk, and it is suggested that visits to islands where the species is present should be controlled (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009). The species occurs in some protected areas: the Parque Nacional de Cabrera and the Parques Naturales de Dragonera and

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Albufera des Grau (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009).

6. Recommendations The Lilford’s wall lizard is extremely common on some islands, and is currently offered protection under several jurisdictions. It has a very restricted and fragmented distribution and is overall considered to be in decline. There appears to be very little trade in this species, possibly with little impact on wild populations, however this is not certain. It seems as though attention to monitoring and protection of populations where the introduction of predators and high tourism infrastructure occurs is a more pressing priority.

Lilfordfirfislen finnes kun på Balearene der bestanden er svært fragmentert og i nedgang. Noen øyer har et stort antall av denne firfislen mens på andre øyer er bestandstørrlesen nede i under 50 individer. Det forekommer lite handel, og beskyttelse av habitatet vil antageligvis være av større betydning for artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Cooper W., Hawlena D., Pérez-Mellado V. (2010) Influence of risk on hiding time by Balearic lizards (Podarcis lilfordi): predator approach speed, directness, persistence, and proximity. Herpetologica 66:131–141. Pérez-Mellado V., Martínez-Solano I. (2009) Podarcis lilfordi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:e.T17795A7481971. Pérez-Mellado V., Hernández-Estévez J., García-Díez T., Terrassa B., Ramón M., Castro J., Picornell A., Martín-Vallejo J., Brown R. (2008) Population density in Podarcis lilfordi (Squamata, Lacertidae), a lizard species endemic to small islets in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Amphibia-Reptilia 29:49–60. Pinya S., Carretero M. (2011) The Balearic herpetofauna: a species update and a review on the evidence. Acta Herpetologica 6:59–80. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Podarcis pityuensis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Podarcis pityusensis (Boscá, 1883). Common name: Ibiza wall lizard. Norwegian name: Ibizafirfisle.

Distribution: Endemic to the Balearic Islands of Ibiza and Formentera, as well as surrounding rocky islets. It has also been introduced to Muella de Palma (Mallorca), Aleria in southern Spain and San Juan de Gaztelugatxe in northern Spain. Its extent of occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2 throughout this distribution.

Population trend: Stable. According to IUCN data, the species can be common particularly on small islets, and while some populations are in decline, the overall population is stable (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009).

Habitat status: P. pityusensis occurs in vegetated areas including gardens and cultivated areas, and is often found close to human habitation. The introduction of cats and rats to a number of the islands they inhabit pose a threat to some populations, as does disturbance from tourism (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009).

Conservation status: Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN (Pérez-Mellado and Martínez-Solano, 2009). P. pityusensis is under CITES Appendix II, with reservations in place for Liechtenstein and Switzerland. It is also on Annex A of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex II and revised Annex I of Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention, and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.

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Justification: The IUCN’s “Near Threatened” status given to P. pityusensis is on the basis of the fact that its total extent of occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2 in total. Besides this, the assessment states that the species is common where it does occur, it does not have any major threats, and the population trend is stable. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES Was included in CITES Appendix II after proposal by Spain in 1987 (CoP6 Prop. 44). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data There appears to be very little trade in this species. CITES trade data shows a total of 14 and 13 specimens in import and export records, respectively since 2002. Of these, 4 were seized specimens and the rest were captive-bred (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The species is protected within 9 Natura 2000 sites in Spain (EEA, 2016). According to CoP6 Prop. 44, the species has been protected by Spanish legislation since 1981, with the export, capture, killing and keeping of the species forbidden. P. pityusensis is protected under Annexes II and Annex I of Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention, 1979, and is also listed under Annexes II and IV of the 2007 EU Habitats Directive. 6. Recommendations The Ibiza wall lizard is considered relatively common throughout its range, and is currently offered protection under several jurisdictions. It has a rather restricted distribution and some populations are in decline, however the overall population is thought to be stable. There appears to be very little trade in this species, presumably with little impact on wild populations, however this is not certain. It seems as though attention to monitoring and protection of populations where the introduction of predators and high tourism infrastructure occurs is a more pressing priority.

Ibizafirfislen er ganske vanlig innen sitt utbredelsesområde som er mindre enn 5000 km2 fordelt på ulike øyer i Middelhavet, og totalt sett er bestanden antatt å være stabil. Det forekommer lite handel, og beskyttelse av habitatet vil antageligvis være av større betydning for artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list European Environment Agency (EEA). (2016) Ibiza wall lizard – Podarcis pityusensis (Boscá, 1883). (On-Line) http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/768. Pérez-Mellado V., Martínez-Solano, I. (2009) Podarcis pityusensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:e.T17800A7482971. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Varanus olivaceus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Varanus olivaceus (Hallowell, 1856). Common names: Gray’s monitor, ornate monitor.

Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines, V. olivaceus is only known from southern Luzon, Catanduanes and Polillo. Its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, and within this it occupies less than 2,000 km2 (Sy et al., 2009).

Population trend: Decreasing. The population is believed to have reduced by more than 30% over a 10-year period (Sy et al., 2009).

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Habitat status: Severely fragmented, with habitat declining as it is used for agriculture and logging (Sy et al., 2009). One estimate states that this species has lost over 95% of its habitat on the island of Polillo since 1945 (Bennett, 2011)

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable (Sy et al., 2009). CITES Appendix II, since 1975. CITES suspensions are in place prohibiting any wild-caught specimens being exported from the Philippines for commercial purposes except for authorised and registered breeders. V. olivaceus has been listed under EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A, since 1997.

Justification: The “Vulnerable” IUCN listing is due to the restricted distribution of V. olivaceus extending less than 20,000 km2, and its area of occupancy being less than 2,000 km2 with severely fragmented habitat. It is thought that the population is in continual decline from heavy hunting pressure, believed to be more than 30% over a 10 year period (Sy et al., 2009). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES Since 1994, the Philippines prohibits export of wild-caught terrestrial fauna, and since 2010 CITES suspensions are in place for any wild-caught animals to be exported for commercial purposes except for authorised and registered breeders. 3. Relevant literature CITES Notification to the Parties No. 2010/038. 4. Evaluation of trade data According to IUCN, one of the major threats to V. olivaceus is collection locally and, particularly hatchlings and juveniles, for the international pet trade (Sy et al., 2009). One estimate suggested that approximately 240 animals were harvested per year, not only for meat, but also for traditional medicinal practices (Auffenberg, 1988, cited in Koch et al., 2013). There do not appear to be any contemporary estimates of the extent of these harvests. According to CITES trade data (UNEP-WCMC, 2016), only 3 wild specimens have been traded from the Philippines since 2,000 and all other specimens traded in this time have been born or bred in captivity. Pernetta (2009) reported that, according to CITES trade data, 19 V. olivaceus individuals were exported from 4 countries between 1975 and 2005, accounting for 0.0014% of the global trade in Varanus species. There are little data available on illegal trade in this species. However, one paper suggests a dubious origin for 14 V. olivaceus exported from a zoo in the Philippines to the USA in 2006 (Bennett, 2014), and the corresponding CITES trade data show no export record of these (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Another study of Varanus spp. for sale in a Manila market showed that V. olivaceus was sold under the name of V. palawanensis, indicating that some records of trade may be misleading, and trade in this species could be higher than reported (Welton et al., 2013). This year, San Diego Zoo put on display a V. olivaceus that hatched from a female confiscated from the illegal pet trade by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (Stone, 2016). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees V. olivaceus is apparently common within its rather limited range, but is under pressure from hunting for food by local people (Sy et al., 2009). Habitat loss and fragmentation due to agricultural development and logging operations are also ongoing threats. V. olivaceus is found in several protected areas throughout its range, including the Sibulan Protected Watershed on the island of Polillo, where a research program was established for that population (Polillo Butaan Project, Mampam Conservation). This project came to an end in 2011 (Bennett, 2011). The protected area remains, but with concern for the protection of its forest edges. 6. Recommendations The small area of occupation (2,000 km2) and the fact that the habitat V. olivaceus inhabits is highly fragmented means that the species may be vulnerable to other potential factors associated with erosion of genetic diversity, particularly if the pressures of habitat loss and hunting by local people continue. International trade does not appear to occur in high volumes, however, given that V. olivaceus has been sold under the guise of other species, it is difficult to say just how prevalent this

VKM Report 2020: 02 127 trade is. More population data should be undertaken or made available, including accurate population estimates to fully comprehend the threat of trade in this species. However, the estimated decline of the Gray’s monitor and occurrence in very patchy habitat suggests that removal of animals from the wild population may be detrimental, particularly given that hunting by locals and slash and burn farming are already sources of extreme pressure for the species (Bennet, 2011; Sy et al., 2009).

V. olivaceus finnes kun innet et lite, svært fragmentert område på Filippinene og er i kraftig nedgang. Den omsettes som kjæledyr og for konsum både som kjøtt og i tradisjonell medisin, og dette er ansett som en trussel for bestanden. Handel kan sette denne artens overlevelsesevne i fare. 7. Literature list Bennett D. (2011) Final report of the Polillo Butaan Project (1999–2010). Mampam Conservation Library. http://library.mampam.com/completeFinal%20Report%20of%20the%20Polillo%20Butaan%20Project 1999-2010-complete.pdf Bennett D. (2014) A dubious account of breeding Varanus olivaceus in captivity at the Paradise Reptile Zoo in Mindoro, Philippines. Biawak 8:12–14. Koch A., Ziegler T., Böhme W., Arida E., Auliya M. (2013) Pressing Problems: Distribution, threats, and conservation status of the monitor lizards (Varanidae: Varanus spp.) of Southeast Asia and the Indo- Australian Archipelago. Herpetologica Conservation Biology 8:1–62. Pernetta A. (2009) Monitoring the trade: using the CITES database to examine the global trade in live monitor lizards (Varanus spp.) Biawak. 3:37–45. Stone K. (2016) ‘Mini-dinosaur at San Diego Zoo: rare Gray’s monitor lizard. (On-line), Times of San Diego. http://timesofsandiego.com/life/2016/07/26/mini-dinosaur-at-san-diego-zoo-rare-grays- monitor-lizard/ Sy E., Afuang L., Duya M, Diesmos M. (2009) Varanus olivaceus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:e.T22888A9396856. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Welton L., Siler C., Linkem C., Diesmos A., Diesmos M., Sy E., Brown R. (2013) Dragons in our midst: phyloforensics of illegally traded Southeast Asian monitor lizards. Biological Conservation 159:7–15.

Eryx jaculus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Eryx jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Common names: Spotted sand boa, Javelin sand boa, sand Boa. Norwegian name: Sandboa.

Distribution: A very widespread species, recorded in Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia, Greece (and many of its islands), Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia into the Caucasus Mountains in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, southern Russia, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Lybia, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco (Agasyan et al., 2009).

Population trend: Decreasing. It is considered an uncommon or rare species and is thought to be declining in parts of the range, especially in the west. (Agasyan et al., 2009).

Habitat status: It is a very widespread species, thought to be susceptible to agricultural expansion, pollution, and in Egypt suitable habitat has been destroyed through quarrying and reclamation of land for agriculture (Agasyan et al., 2009).

Conservation status: E. jaculus is categorised as Least Concern under European regional IUCN assessment (Agasyan et al., 2009). It is listed under CITES Appendix II (Family listing for Boidae spp.) with suspensions in place for all exports of the species from Egypt, and import and export of all

VKM Report 2020: 02 128 specimens to and from Israel. The species is also protected under Annex A of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and Annex III of the Bern Convention.

Justification: The species is widespread with an estimated large population size. It is considered to be in decline, however this is not thought to exceed the threshold that would render it eligible for listing under a more threatened category. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data According to the IUCN assessment, a major threat to E. jaculus is over-collection for the pet trade, particularly in Egypt (Agasyan et al., 2009), although further data were not available. CITES trade data shows 628 imported and 378 exported E. jaculus individuals since 1975. Of these, 15% were wild-captured and approximately 35% were reportedly captive bred (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). The discrepancy in import versus export figures suggests that some trade may go unreported. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees E. jaculus is found in many protected areas throughout its range, however in some areas it is impacted by intensified agriculture, pollution and road mortality (Agasyan et al., 2009; Covaciu- Marcov et al., 2012). In many parts of its range, particularly in the west, it is thought to be in decline, however, further research is required on population dynamics, levels of harvest, and the impact of trade (Agasyan et al., 2009). 6. Recommendations The spotted sand boa is widespread, but considered uncommon throughout its range, and is currently offered protection under several jurisdictions. Reported trade does not seem to include high volumes of individuals, however discrepancies in export/import figures (UNEP-WCMC, 2016) and reports of extreme over collection suggest more data is required, and the true impact of trade is unclear. Unregulated trade could be detrimental to the survival of this species in the wild.

Sandboaen har et stort utbredelsesområde, men er lite vanlig. Den omsettes som kjæledyr og avvik mellom registerene for import og eksport tyder på at den internasjonale handelen kan være mere omfattende enn det man har data for. Uregulert handel kan være en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Agasyan A., Avci A., Tuniyev B., Isailovic J., Lymberakis P., Andrén C., Cogalniceanu D., Wilkinson J., Ananjeva N., Üzüm N., Orlov N., Podloucky R., Tuniyev S., Kaya U., Sindaco R., Böhme W., Geniez P., Miras J., Werner Y., Mousa Disi A., Sadek R., Baran I., Lymberakis P., Ajtic R., Sterijovski B., Baha El Din S., Krecsák L. (2009) Eryx jaculus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:e.T157244A5058568. Covaciu-Marcov S., Ferenti S., Cicort-Lucaciu A., Sas I. (2012) Eryx jaculus (Reptilia, Boidae) north of Danube: a road-killed specimen from Romania. Acta Herpetologica 7:41–47. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Crotalus durissus unicolor

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Crotalus durissus unicolor (Van Lidth de Jeude, 1887). Commonly referred to as Crotalus durissus (of which it is a subspecies) or Crotalus unicolor. Common names: Aruba Island rattlesnake, Aruba cascabel. Norwegian name: Klapperslange.

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Distribution: The entire geographic distribution is restricted to a 76 km2 area on the Caribbean island of Aruba (Odum and Reinert, 2015).

Population trend: In 1995, the entire wild population of C. d. unicolor was thought to be as low as 225 individuals. There is currently a captive assurance population of approximately 91 individuals run by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums as part of the Aruba Island Rattlesnake Species Survival Plan (SSP). The establishment of the invasive and predatory Boa constrictor in 1999 has become a cause for conservation concern for C. d. unicolor, however studies are ongoing to assess its impact (Odum and Reinert, 2015).

Habitat status: The entire wild population is restricted to one location, inhabiting about 76 km2 of the 176 km2 island of Aruba. The destruction of habitat for the charcoal and firewood industry, as well as tourism development is greatly reducing the undisturbed habitat available to C. d. unicolor (Sanders, 2007). One estimate suggests that the total area of undisturbed habitat for this species is only 12 square miles (Sanders, 2007).

Conservation status: There is no current IUCN listing for C. d. unicolor, however, it was listed under IUCN category CR in 1996 (IUCN, 1996). C. d. unicolor is currently listed under EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B (since 1997). There is a listing on CITES III, but only under the species C. durissus (Neotropical rattlesnake) in Honduras. Although C. d. unicolor is considered by some to be a sub-species of C. durissus, it is a distinct and isolated breeding population with distinct morphology.

Justification: IUCN Critically Endangered listing in 1996 was due to low number of animals estimated in the wild, and the restricted area to which the species is endemic. There is no current IUCN assessment for this species, though there is no indication that this is because it is no longer threatened. There is some contention as to the taxonomic status of the species – some accounts suggest it a subspecies of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Odum and Reinert, 2015), C. durissus, which is listed under IUCN as Least Concern (Martins and Lamar, 2010). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Wild specimens are legally exported to supplement the ongoing captive breeding program established by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. CITES trade data show trade of small numbers of, usually captive-bred, animals, however, there is little record of illegal trade. Since 2000, CITES records show only 46 import/export reports, and 9 of these were wild specimens from Aruba for Zoo and Scientific purposes. Three specimens were seized animals from Aruba being imported to the US (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). It is important to note that C. d. unicolor is often considered a sub-species of C. durissus, and trade data pertaining to the latter may include individuals from the former under the broader species name. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Since 1982 the Association of Zoos and Aquariums has been running the Aruba Island Rattlesnake Species Survival Plan (SSP), which has established a sustainable captive assurance population of up to 95 individuals worldwide (60 of which are in the USA; Odum and Reinert, 2015). The wild population appears to be persisting, but the establishment of the invasive Boa constrictor is a concern for conservation, however studies are in progress to determine the extent of its impact (Odum and Reinert, 2015). The Species Survival Plan founded in 1982 has provided education of the local communities to support the conservation of the species, and led to the establishment of the Arikok National Park, which encompasses ~50% of C. d. unicolor’s range (Cohn, 2000; Odum and Reinert, 2015).

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6. Recommendations Given the extremely small extent of occurrence on one small island and small population size (estimated to be less than 250 individuals), C. d. unicolor seems highly vulnerable to other potential factors associated with erosion of genetic diversity (e.g. Reed and Frankham, 2003), whether or not the population continues to decline. Given that this is the only known population of this species, its protection is paramount. Although trade does not seem to be occurring in high volumes, unregulated trade could be detrimental for a species with such a small population if trade volumes are higher than reported.

Denne underarten av klapperslange finnes kun på den Karibiske øyen Aruba og antallet individer er estimert til færre enn 250. Handel vil kunne sette overlevelsesevnen i fare. 7. Literature list Cohn J. (2000) Working Outside the Box Zoos and aquariums are shifting the focus of their conservation efforts to the wild. BioScience 50:564–569. Martins, M. & Lamar, W.W. 2010. Crotalus durissus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010:e.T178477A7554740. Odum R., Reinert H. (2015) The Aruba Island rattlesnake Crotalus unicolor Species Survival Plan: a case history in ex situ and in situ conservation. International Zoo Yearbook 49:104–112. Reed D., Frankham R. (2003) Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity. Conservation Biology 17:230–237. Sanders S. (2007) "Crotalus unicolor" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Crotalus_unicolor/ UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Vipera latifi

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Montivipera latifii (Mertens, Darevsky and Klemmer, 1967). Synonym: Vipera latifii (Mertens, Darevsky and Klemmer, 1967). Common name: Latifi’s viper.

Distribution: Endemic to Iran, it is restricted to a small area in the upper Lar River Basin within the central Alborz Mountains (Nilson, 2009; Behrooz et al., 2015).

Population trend: Decreasing. This is an exceptionally rare species (Yousefi et al., 2015), and although this makes it difficult to estimate population size, it is thought that the total population may consist of fewer than 2,000 mature individuals (Nilson, 2009).

Habitat status: M. latifii has rather specific habitat requirements that shift seasonally (Behrooz et al., 2015). Nilson (2009) reports that there is currently no habitat loss within the species’ range, however Behrooz et al. (2015) found that overgrazing (reducing habitat) is one of the main threats to M. latifii. Additionally, much of M. latifii’s suitable habitat was submerged in the 70s when the Lar Dam was built (Nilson, 2009; Behrooz et al., 2015). Conservation status: Listed as Endangered by the IUCN (Nilson, 2009). M. latifii is not currently listed under CITES, however it is included in Annex A of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (since 1997).

Justification: The Endangered IUCN listing for M. latifii is because its area of occupancy is thought to be less than 500 km2, and is only known from a single location (Nilson, 2009). It is thought that there are less than 2,000 mature individuals left, and this number is declining. Furthermore, all individuals are thought to be living in one subpopulation (Nilson, 2009). M. latifii is affected by habitat destruction as a result of overgrazing. Illegal collection and intentional killing by humans are also serious threats to the species, as is population isolation (Behrooz et al., 2015), which can have serious

VKM Report 2020: 02 131 detrimental genetic affects (erosion of genetic diversity). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade data is available for this species. It is not listed under CITES, so trade is not monitored, and there does not appear to be an obvious market online. It appears that the major threat to these snakes is illegal collection by professional snake collectors for venom extraction and production of antivenin (Nilson, 2009, Behrooz et al., 2015). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The population in Lar National Park is the last stronghold of the species, and is the only protected area where it occurs (Behrooz et al., 2015). However, in Summer, nomadic herders settle in the area, exposing the habitat to overgrazing (Behrooz et al., 2015). Furthermore, in 1974, a large portion of the suitable habitat for M. latifii was submerged when the Lar Dam was constructed in the Lar Valley (Nilson, 2009; Behrooz et al., 2015). Very little is known about its biology, which makes effective conservation management difficult (Behrooz et al., 2015). A conservation program began in April 2015 for M. latifii in Lar National Park, in conjunction with Iran’s Pars Herpetologists Institute and the Czech Republic’s Plzen Zoological and Botanical Garden (www.zooplzen.cz). It aims to identify suitable habitat and threats to the population, as well as to educate locals and tourists and raise awareness of the species’ conservation. 6. Recommendations It is thought that the Latifi’s viper exists in only one subpopulation with approximately 2,000 mature individuals (Nilson, 2009), which suggests that it is vulnerable to other detrimental effects associated with closed, isolated populations such as erosion of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression. Continued collection of this species is a serious threat, and despite guards posted at the National Park, collectors are often seen in the vicinity (Nilson, 2009). However, it appears that the majority of the trade in this species is for local antivenin production (in unnecessarily high and unsustainable volumes; Behrooz et al. 2015), rather than international pet trade. Vipers are known to be slow reproducers (Behrooz et al., 2015, and references therein), so the population might be slow to recover from continued removal of animals. There appears to be no means by which trade is monitored and regulated, so it is impossible to say if, or how much, it is occurring. Lack of trade data makes it difficult to conclude on whether or not trade could be detrimental to the survival of this species in the wild.

V. latifii er endemisk til Iran der det antas å finnes mindre enn 2000 voksne individer i et habitat som er utsatt for ødeleggelser fra beitedyr. Den er ikke CITES listes så det finnes ikke data om internasjonal handel, men den samles lokalt til produksjon av motgift. Mangelen på data gjør at det er vanskelig å si noe om hvorvidt handel vil kunne være ødeleggende for denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Behrooz R., Kaboli M., Nourani E., Ahmadi M., Shabani A., Yousefi M., Asadi A., Rajabizadeh M. (2015) Habitat modeling and conservation of the endemic Latifi’s viper (Montivipera latifii) in Lar National Park, Northern Iran. Herpetol. Conservation Biology 10:572–582. Nilson G. 2009. Montivipera latifii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:e.T22992A9406111. Yousefi M., Ahmadi M., Nourani E., Behrooz R., Rajabizadeh M., Geniez P., Kaboli M. (2015) Upward altitudinal shifts in habitat suitability of mountain vipers since the last glacial maximum. PLOS ONE 10(9):e0138087. Latifi’s Mountain Viper (Montivipera latifii) Conservation in Lar National Park. On-line information sheet. http://www.zooplzen.cz/Files/zoo/ochrana_prirody/Zmijelatifova/Montivipera_conservation_in_Lar.pdf

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Batagur borneoensis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Batagur borneoensis (Schlegel and Müller, 1844). Synonym: Callagur borneoensis (Schlegel and Müller, 1844). Common names: Three-Striped Batagur, painted terrapin, saw-jawed terrapin, painted Batagur.

Distribution: Occurs in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsula and Sarawak), Thailand (coastal on both sides of extreme southern Peninsula, likely extinct on the Gulf of Thailand side) (ATTWG, 2016; ATCN, 2006).

Population trend: Global status has not been fully determined for this species, but most populations are in serious decline (Rhodin et al., 2011). Although considered widespread, B. borneoensis is rare and declining throughout its range (CoP10 Prop. 58). According to CoP10 Prop. 58, the number of nesting females in Setiu, Kemaman and Dungun Rivers in Malaysia declined to a third of their former numbers over a 4-year period (1992–1995).

Habitat status: Habitat loss and degradation are major threats to this species, particularly as a result of large scale agricultural projects releasing effluent into rivers has a large negative impact on the vegetation that makes up B. borneoensis’ diet. According to CoP10 Prop.58, the mangrove forests, which make up the main habitat of B. borneoensis are considered one of the most threatened habitats in the Indonesian archipelago, and have also been widely reduced throughout Malaysia and Thailand (CoP10 Prop.58).

Conservation status: Listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN (ATTWG, 2016), however the species was assessed in 2000, so an update to this is required. Listed under CITES Appendix II since 1997, there is also a zero quota on wild B. borneoensis to be traded for commercial purposes. B. borneoensis is also listed under Annex B of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (since 2010), with a zero annual export quota and suspensions in place for specimens removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes.

Justification: The Critically Endangered listing by IUCN was due to an estimated reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or 3 generations based on abundance, area of occupancy and levels of exploitation (ATTWG, 2016). Habitat degradation and exploitation for the meat and pet trade are major threats to this species. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES B. borneoensis was included in CITES Appendix II after proposal by Germany in 1997 (CoP10 Prop.58). In 1998, an export quota of 450 B. borneoensis was set by the CITES Management Authority in Indonesia (Samedi and Iskandar, 2000), however, there is now a zero CITES export quota for wild B. borneoensis for commercial purposes. 3. Relevant literature Samedi, Iskandar D. (2000) Freshwater turtle and tortoise conservation and utilization in Indonesia, in: van Dijk P., Stuart, B., Rhodin A. (Eds.), Asian Turtle Trade – Proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, pp. 101– 105. 4. Evaluation of trade data Male B. borneoensis have striking breeding colours, making them extremely popular in the pet trade, and they are also overexploited and illegally traded locally and internationally for food (Jensen and Das, 2008; Rhodin et al., 2011). Since their CITES II listing in 1997, 9,185 import and 17,287 export records exist for B. borneoensis in the CITES Trade Database (UNEP-WCMC, 2016), 84% of which are reportedly wild-caught (predominantly from Malaysia). However, since 2010 and the implementation

VKM Report 2020: 02 133 of zero quotas, no trade in wild-caught specimens is reported. Large discrepancies in import versus export figures, however, suggest that not all trade is reported. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees B. borneoensis is listed as one of the top 25 turtle species at greatest risk of extinction (Rhodin et al., 2011). Populations are diminishing because of unsustainable exploitation despite bans on commercial trade and legislative protection in Sarawak and Sabah (Jensen and Das, 2008; Sharma and Tiesen, 2000), and current conservation efforts are considered insufficient and uncoordinated (Rhodin et al., 2011). Several egg incubation and release programs exist in Malaysia, but head start projects have not been properly sustained (Rhodin et al., 2011), although the Bronx Zoo has reported successful captive breeding of the species (Blanco et al., 1991). Identification and protection of all rivers in which B. borneoensis occur is urgently needed (Rhodin et al., 2011). In Malaysia, much of the mangrove forest in which B. borneoensis occur is exploited for woodchip, and this habitat is slow to regenerate despite rules to retain buffer strips along rivers (CoP10 Prop.58). 6. Recommendations Estimated numbers of nesting individuals of B. borneoensis are extremely low (e.g. 78–157 nesting females in Setiu River population in 1996, and less than 30 nesting females estimated in several other Malaysian river populations in 1995; CoP10 Prop.58), although more current studies are needed to reassess these. CITES reported trade in B. borneoensis has not included wild-caught specimens since 2010, however overexploitation and illegal trade locally and internationally for food is an issue (Jensen and Das, 2008; Rhodin et al., 2011). Trade could be detrimental to the survival of this species in the wild.

B. borneoensis er kritisk true tog antallet reproduserende hunner er svært lavt. Den er veldig populær som kjæledyr og kjøttet er ettertraktet. Til tross for at kommerisell omsetning av viltfangede dyr har vært forbudt siden 2010 er det mistanke om at ulovlig handel pågår. Handel kan sette overlevelsesevnen til denne arten i fare. 7. Literature list Asian Turtle Conservation Network. (2006) Callagur borneoensis field guide. On-line, http://asianturtlenetwork.org/field_guide/Callagur_borneoensis.htm. Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (ATTWG). (2016) Batagur borneoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T163458A97335363. Blanco S., Behler J., Kostel F. (1991) Propagation of the Batagurine turtles Batagur baska and Callagur borneoensis at the Bronx Zoo. From: Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Turtles & Tortoises: Conservation and Captive Husbandry. pp. 63-65. Jensen K., Das I. (2008) Cultural exploitation of freshwater turtles in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Chelonian Conservation Biology 7:281–285. Rhodin A., Walde A., Horne B., van Dijk P., Blanck T., Hudson R. (2011) Turtles in trouble: the world’s 25+ most endangered tortoises and freshwater turtles – 2011. Lunenburg, MA: IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Turtle Conservation Fund, Turtle Survival Alliance, Turtle Conservancy, Chelonian Research Foundation, Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation Society, and San Diego Zoo Global, pp 54. Sharma D., Tisen O. (2000) Freshwater turtle and tortoise utilization and conservation status in Malaysia, in: van Dijk P., Stuart, B., Rhodin A. (Eds.), Asian Turtle Trade – Proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, pp. 101–105. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Batagur Dhongoka

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Batagur dhongoka (Gray, 1832). Synonyms: Emys dhongoka (Gray, 1832), Emys

VKM Report 2020: 02 134 duvaucelii (Duméril and Bibron, 1835), Kachuga dhongoka (Gray, 1832), Kachuga hardwickii (Gray, 1869). Common name: Three-striped roofed turtle.

Distribution: Occurs in highly fragmented localities in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and possibly Myanmar (van Dijk et al., 2011; CoP12 Prop.24).

Population trend: The population of B. dhongoka is thought to have declined by 20% in the last 10 years (CAMP/BCPP, 1997, cited in CoP12 Prop.24), with local extinction in parts of India. However, its IUCN listing is on the basis of a population reduction of more than 50% within this timeframe according to Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (ATTWG, 2016).

Habitat status: Throughout its range, B. dhongoka habitat is highly fragmented and has been seriously reduced due to urbanisation, loss of wetland, sedimentation of riverine habitat, sand mining, damming of rivers and pollution (CoP12 Prop.24 and references therein).

Conservation status: Listed as “Endangered” under the IUCN (ATTWG, 2016), although this species was assessed in 2000 and requires an update. The species is considered Critically Endangered in Bangladesh (ATTWG, 2016). B. dhongoka is listed under CITES Appendix II, with suspensions on wild- caught specimens from India. It is also listed under EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 2010.

Justification: IUCN “Endangered” listing due to a decline in the area of occupancy, with the species having disappeared from much of its former range in India, and an estimated population decline of 50% in the last 10 years (ATTWG, 2016). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES CITES CoP12 Prop.24 called for all of the Kachuga genus (now Batagur) to be listed under Appendix II in light of mass trade throughout Asia. In the case of B. dhongoka, major threats to their survival included domestic and international trade for consumption of meat and eggs, shells, as well as habitat destruction. India has suspensions in place for all wild-caught organisms listed under CITES Appendices I, II and II, which includes B. dhongoka. 3. Relevant literature CITES CoP12 Prop.24 CITES Notification No. 1999/39 4. Evaluation of trade data Legal trade of reportedly captive-born B. dhongoka occurs, with 58 “captive-bred” animals logged in CITES import records, and 5 reported exports between 1975 and 2015. In 2013, 2 animals were seized as they were traded from Taiwan to the USA (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). B. dhongoka is reported to be unsustainably exploited for domestic and international trade, including live animals, meat, eggs and shells (CoP12 Prop.24, and references therein). Turtles are generally highly traded and exploited for food markets in Asia, and one of the range states of B. dhongoka, Bangladesh, is considered a hub of turtle trade, with all native species represented (Bhupathy et al., 2000). Accurate numbers on the extent of B. dhongoka trade are not available. Bhupathy et al. (2000) report that numbers of B. dhongoka exported from Bangladesh and India are very low owing to their extreme rarity, however no data are available on illegal harvest and trade. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The Turtle Survival Alliance’s conservation program in India supports B. dhongoka at the National Chambal River Sanctuary, where hatcheries along the rivers protect thousands of eggs annually from predation and return hatchlings to the river (Hudson, 2016). In Nepal, it is reported that populations occur in Chitwan National Park (Schleich, 1999, cited in CoP12 Prop.24). 6. Recommendations Given the reported distribution-wide population decline and extirpation from much of their Indian range, the three-striped roofed turtle requires urgent management of populations and remaining habitat. Accurate trade figures are not available, nor is a good estimate of population size, and so the

VKM Report 2020: 02 135 impact of trade is difficult to predict. However, the high level of trade in turtles generally for food markets in Asia is widely known, and suggests that undocumented harvests of this and many species is likely (e.g. Bhupathy et al., 2000). Trade could be detrimental to the survival of this species in the wild.

B. dhongoka er truet og i nedgang. Bestanden lever i et svært fragmentert habitat og det finnes ikke noe godt estimat av hvor mange individer som fortsatt finnes. Handel kan være en trussel for denne artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (2016) Batagur dhongoka. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T10953A97339401. Bhupathy S., Choudhury B., Hanfee F., Kalyar, Khan S., Platt S., Rashid S. (2000) Turtle trade in South Asia: Regional summary (Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar), in: van Dijk P., Stuart, B., Rhodin A. (Eds.), Asian Turtle Trade – Proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, pp. 101–105. Hudson R. (2016) River Terrapins Hatch Throughout Asia. (On-Line), Turtle Survival Alliance. http://www.turtlesurvival.org/blog/1/409#.V94seDskjFI UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Batagur trivittata

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Batagur trivittata (Duméril and Bibron, 1835). Synonymous with Kachuga trivittata and Emys trivittata. Common names: Burmese roofed turtle, Myanmar roofed turtle.

Distribution: The only known surviving animals occur in two small remnant populations in the Dokhtawady River and the Upper Chindwin River in Myanmar (Rhodin et al., 2011; Platt, 2015).

Population trend: B. trivittata was thought extinct until 2002 (Love et al., 2013). A well-established captive assurance population is in place, which intends to release captive-bred individuals back into the wild. The current wild population is thought to contain only 5–7 nesting females (Rhodin et al., 2011). Turtles in Myanmar, in general, are severely declining (van Dijk, 1997, cited in CoP12 Prop.24)

Habitat status: There appears to be no definitive assessment of this, however, one report suggests that gold-mining is disruptive nesting beaches for this species, and unsustainable fishing practices (including dynamiting and electroshocking) cause high mortality (Rhodin et al., 2011). There are plans to build a dam on the Upper Chindwin River, which would eradicate all of the known nesting beaches of B. trivittata (Rhodin et al., 2011).

Conservation status: B. trivittata is listed as “Endangered” by the IUCN, however at the time of assessment (2000), the species was thought to be extinct because no reliable sightings had occurred since 1935, despite a huge trade of riverine turtles into China from Myanmar as reported by Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (ATTWG, 2016). B. trivittata was rediscovered in 2002 and is thought to be the second-most Critically Endangered turtle in the world (Love et al., 2013; Platt, 2015). The IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) Draft assessment recommends B. trivittata be listed as “Critically Endangered” (Rhodin et al., 2011), and the species was listed as number 5 in the 25 most endangered turtles worldwide in a report by the Turtle Conservation Coalition in 2011 (Rhodin et al. 2011). B. trivittata is listed under CITES Appendix II, and in 2013 a zero quota for collection of wild specimens for commercial purposes was put in place (CoP16 Prop. 32). The species is on Annex B of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations since 2010, with a zero annual export quota for wild specimens for commercial purposes.

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Justification: IUCN listing cites the fact that at the time of assessment, no reliable sightings of B. trivittata had occurred since 1935, and that it was possibly extinct. The species was rediscovered in 2002 (Love et al., 2013), however only 5–7 adult females are thought to survive in the wild (Rhodin et al., 2011). CITES II listing cited population declines and local extinctions, with major threats being trade and habitat destruction. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES CITES CoP12 Prop.24 called for the whole Kachuga (now Batagur) genus to be listed under Appendix II because of a sharp decline in populations, and that it was locally extinct in the Irrawaddy Delta. Major threats cited domestic and international trade for eggs, meat and shells, as well as habitat destruction. CITES CoP16 Prop.32 resulted in a zero quota on wild B. trivittata to be traded for commercial purposes. 3. Relevant literature CITES CoP12 Prop.24 and CITES CoP16 Prop.32 4. Evaluation of trade data CITES trade data show 2 large trade events of 892 and 266 wild specimens from Myanmar for scientific purposes, but generally there are very few records of legal B. trivittata trade (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). With regard to illegal trade, there is large-scale trade of turtles generally from Myanmar into China, including live specimens and shells (after local meat consumption; CoP12 Prop. 24; Hudson, 2016), however it is impossible to tell the extent of trade in B. trivittata. Given drastic population declines to such dire numbers, it is likely that illegal harvest is high, but more information is required. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Considered the most endangered of all the Batagur turtles, there were thought to be only 10 nesting female B. trivittata in the wild when they were rediscovered in 2002 (Love et al., 2013). Since then, the Turtle Survival Alliance has established a nesting protection and captive breeding program, and there are now over 600 in captive assurance colonies in Myanmar (Rhodin et al., 2011; Hudson, 2016), with some recently moved to Singapore Zoo (Hudson, 2016). The program includes nest monitoring, egg collection and initial head-starting with a view to eventually reintroduce animals into the wild. 6. Recommendations Habitat degradation is a huge problem in Myanmar, and with the planned damming of the Upper Chitwan River, it seems that protection of this population is paramount (Rhodin et al., 2011). Given the extremely low population numbers of the Burmese roofed turtle (<10 nesting females in the wild) coupled with threats to its habitat, it would seem that any reduction in this number for trade would have a detrimental effect on this species.

Det er kun to små gjenlevende ville bestander av B. trivittata i Myanmar med tilsammen antatt under 10 reproduserende hunner. Arten er regnet som verdens nest mest truede skillpadde og handel kan sette dens overlevelsesevne i fare.

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7. Literature list Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (2016) Batagur trivittata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e.T10952A97345781. Hudson R., van Dijk P. (2009) Species recovery plan workshop for Burmese roof turtle, Kachuga trivittata. Summary of the Myanmar turtle workshop January 2009. (On-Line), Asian Turtle Network. http://www.asianturtlenetwork.org/library/useful_resources/Summary_of_the_Myanmar_turtle_works hop_January_2009_resize.pdf Hudson R. (2016) River Terrapins Hatch Throughout Asia. (On-Line), Turtle Survival Alliance. http://www.turtlesurvival.org/blog/1/409#.V94seDskjFI Love C., Hagen C., Horne B., Jones K., Lance S. (2013) Development and characterization of thirty novel microsatellite markers for the critically endangered Myanmar Roofed Turtle, Batagur trivittata, and cross-amplification in the Painted River Terrapin, B. borneoensis, and the Southern River Terrapin, B. affinis, using paired-end Illumina shotgun sequencing. Cons. Gen. Res. 5:383–387. Platt S. (2015) Burmese Roofed Turtles Return Home. (On-Line), Turtle Survival Alliance. http://www.turtlesurvival.org/blog/1/332#.V94rODskjFI Rhodin A., Walde A., Horne B., van Dijk P., Blanck T., Hudson R. (2011) Turtles in trouble: the world’s 25+ most endangered tortoises and freshwater turtles – 2011. Lunenburg, MA: IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Turtle Conservation Fund, Turtle Survival Alliance, Turtle Conservancy, Chelonian Research Foundation, Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation Society, and San Diego Zoo Global, pp. 54 UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

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Malacochersus tornieri – Note that CITES CoP18 (Geneva, 2019) uplisted this species to CITES Appendix I 1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Malacochersus tornieri (Siebenrock, 1903). Common names: Pancake tortoise, crevice tortoise, softshell tortoise, Tornier's tortoise. Norwegian name: Pannekakeskilpadde.

Distribution: From central Kenya southward through central Tanzania (TFTSG, 1996; Chansa and Wagner, 2006). Chansa and Wagner (2006) discovered a population in northern Zambia, bordering on Tanzania.

Population trend: No known estimates of total population size exist, however, Klemens and Moll (1995) report that preliminary surveys suggest intensive collection in less than 10 years has resulted in M. tornieri becoming severely threatened in Tanzania. A 2008 report suggests that the global population is reduced but stable (Kyalo, 2008).

Habitat status: M. tornieri has a relatively patchy distribution (Kyalo, 2008). Suitable habitat is overgrazed by domestic herbivores, however the impacts of this on M. tornieri are unknown. In Kenya, clearing of habitat for agricultural purposes threatens populations (Klemens and Moll, 1995). Furthermore, collecting activities involve destruction of rock crevices and so result in localised destruction of habitat (Klemens and Moll, 1995).

Conservation status: Categorised as Vulnerable by IUCN (TFTSG, 1996), however, at 20 years old, this assessment requires an update. M. tornieri is listed under CITES Appendix II, with an annual export quota of 940 live F1 animals with size restrictions and a suspension on the export of all specimens from Tanzania except those that are captive-bred or ranched. It is also included under EU Wildlife Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: IUCN listing is defined based on an estimated decline of at least 20% over the last 3 generations or 10 years based on an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon, and levels of exploitation. Intensive collection of this species is thought to have caused a serious threat in Tanzania (Klemens and Moll, 1995). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES There is an annual CITES export quota in place for 950 live animals from Tanzania, which is restricted to F1 specimens with a carapace length of 8cm or less (CITES Notif. No. 2014/039). There is a trade suspension in place for Tanzania on all exports of M. tornieri except those ranched or captive-bred animals within the abovementioned export quota (CITES Notif. No. 2016/018). A proposal by Kenya and the USA to uplist M. tornieri to CITES Appendix I was withdrawn in 2000 after Tanzania committed to not allow any exports from the wild (Cop11 Prop.39). A 2008 Non- Detriment Findings (NDF) case study suggested that the population was reduced but stable, and that efforts should be made to undertake full population studies (biology, population size, sex ratio, nesting ecology, distribution, etc.) of M. tornieri to enable population modeling for conservation, and to enable accurate NDF determinations. The author also reiterated the importance of supporting research and monitoring programs to monitor population trends (Kyalo, 2008). 3. Relevant literature CITES Notif. 2014/039 CITES Notif. No. 2016/018 CITES Cop11 Prop.39 Kyalo S. (2008) Conservation, management and control of trade in pancake tortoise M. tornieri (Siebenrock, 1903) in Kenya: the non-detriment finding studies case study. Case Study 3 Report, International Experts Workshop on CITES Non-Detriment Findings, Working Group 7 (Reptiles and Amphibians). November, 2008.

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4. Evaluation of trade data One of the primary threats to M. tornieri is increased trade; Klemens and Moll (1995) found no other significant threats to the species in their study of Tanzanian populations. The unusual morphology and behavior of the species makes it popular in the pet trade. There is currently a moratorium on trade in wild specimens from Tanzania, so legal trade only involves captive-bred specimens (Kyalo, 2008). However, since 2001, 12% of commercial trade in M. tornieri has been in reportedly wild specimens (approximately 3,000 specimens), including exports from Tanzania (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Since 2009, all reported wild-specimens have been exported from Zambia (519 specimens; UNEP-WCMC, 2016). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees According to a Review of Recommendations to Suspend Trade Made More Than Two Years Ago (SC62 Doc. 27.2 (Rev.1)), the CITES Animal Committee had recommended that the Management Authority in Tanzania should introduce a moratorium on trade until a population survey and sustainable management program of M. tornieri was implemented, however this recommendation was met with no response as of 2012 (SC62 Doc. 27.2 (Rev.1)). M. tornieri is protected in Tanzania under the Wildlife Conservation (National Game) Order, 1974, however there is evidence that this is not always implemented. The recently-discovered Zambian population does not occur within any protected areas (Chansa and Wagner, 2006). There appears to be no specific protective legislation for this species within its range states, and little is known of the population status throughout their distribution. In Kenya, 95% of the total population occurs outside protected areas (Kyalo, 2008). Some collection from the wild is permitted in Kenya for the establishment of captive breeding colonies (Kyalo, 2008). Adult female M. tornieri reportedly reach reproductive age between 5 and 9 years, appear to only lay a single egg per clutch, and do not necessarily reproduce each year (Kyalo, 2008). 6. Recommendations Habitat destruction as a result of slash and burn farming, charcoal burning and rock slab harvesting threatens M. tornieri, as does illegal trade (Kyalo, 2008). Despite a moratorium on trade in wild specimens, there appears to still be a reasonable amount of commercial trade occurring in this species. Further studies are needed on population trends and the general population biology and ecology of the species to determine the impacts of this. Specimens from Tanzania appear to be less represented in trade data in recent years, seemingly replaced by Zambian specimens. The species was uplisted to CITES Appendix I at the CoP18 (Geneva, 2019). Trade is among the threats that are detrimental to the survival of this species in the wild.

Pannekakeskilpadden ble listet som sårbar av IUCN i 1995 og er antatt å være i nedgang. Det finne ikke oppdaterte bestandsestimater, men man vet at habitatet er utsatt for ødeleggelse og at arten omsettes som kjæledyr. Arten ble opplistet til CITES Appendix I på CITES partsmøte i Geneve 2019. Handel truer denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Chansa W., Wagner P. (2006) On the status of Malacochersus tornieri (Siebenrock, 1903) in Zambia. Salamandra 42:187–190. Kyalo S. (2008) Conservation, management and control of trade in pancake tortoise Malacochersus tornieri (Siebenrock, 1903) in Kenya: the non-detriment finding studies case study. Case Study 3 Report, International Experts Workshop on CITES Non-Detriment Findings, Working Group 7 (Reptiles and Amphibians). November, 2008. Klemens M., Moll D. (1995) An assessment of the effects of commercial exploitation on the pancake tortoise, Malacochersus tornieri, in Tanzania. Chelonian Conservation Biology 1:197–206. Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. (1996) Malacochersus tornieri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T12696A3373951. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Testudo graeca

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1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Testudo graeca (Linnaeus, 1758). T. graeca is a species complex that requires further taxonomic resolution. Many subspecies are accepted by some researchers, however there is some contention, and an extensive taxonomic study by Fritz et al. (2007) revealed that many sub- species defined by morphology were not supported by genetic data, although further revision is required. T. graeca is therefore treated here as a single species, as in the most recent IUCN assessment (van Dijk, 2004). Common names: Spur-thighed tortoise, common tortoise, greek tortoise, Moorish tortoise. Norwegian name: Gresk landskilpadde.

Distribution: T. graeca has a patchy range extending across parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. East to west, it extends approximately 6,500 km from eastern Iran to the Moroccan Atlantic coast, and approximately 1,600 km north to south from the Danube Delta to the Cyrenaica Peninsula in Libya (Fritz et al., 2007). (Countries of occurrence: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan; van Dijk et al., 2004)

Population trend: Overall, decreasing. However, abundance varies markedly across the distribution. The population in Morocco is thought to have declined by 90% between 1900 and 1984, largely as a result of the pet trade; populations are also in significant decline in Tunisia, Azerbaijan, Spain, and the former Soviet Union region (in Dagestan, the area of occurrence is thought to have been reduced by 80% since 1977; van Dijk et al., 2004). Populations in Sardinia (Italy), Turkey and Israel are reportedly stable or not in significant decline (van Dijk et al., 2004).

Habitat status: Habitat degradation is widely regarded as a significant threat to T. graeca. Across its range the species inhabits a wide range of habitats from open, dry scrub to meadows, forest and heathlands. Deforestation, overgrazing, plantations, sandmining, and the use of fertilisers and pesticides all contribute to loss of T. graeca habitat. Due to the loss of optimal habitat populations are becoming more concentrated around marginal areas such as orchards, gardens, riverine areas and coastal dunes. Movement toward marginal areas of anthropogenic habitat may also increase threats such as road collisions, collection and killing or destruction of nests by domestic predators such as dogs (van Dijk et al., 2004).

Conservation status: Listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN at the European level (van Dijk et al., 2004). It is also assessed globally as Vulnerable, however this IUCN assessment is 20 years old (TFTSG, 1996) so the 2004 European range assessment is used here. T. graeca is listed under CITES Appendix II and Annex A of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations since 1997. It is also protected under Annex II and the Revised Annex I of Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention, and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.

Justification: The IUCN’s “Vulnerable” listing is on the basis of an estimated population decline of more than 30% over 3 generations (25 years/generation). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES T. graeca was selected by the EU Animals Committee for Review of Significant Trade following CoP13 and CoP16, however no summary reports appear to be available. A previous report from the Animal Committee’s 9th meeting (1993) revealed enormous export of T. graeca from north Africa, particularly Morocco and Algeria in the 1970s to 1980s (hundreds of thousands a year). Once Morocco implemented an export ban in 1984, there was almost a complete halt in exports to the former EEC. This report makes it clear that populations of T. graeca could not sustain trade on the scale of that experienced in the 70s–80s.

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3. Relevant literature AC28 – Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species: species selected following CoP16. 30th August, 2015. AC23 – Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species: species selected following CoP13. 19th April, 2008. AC9 – Significant Trade in Wildlife: a review of select animal species in Appendix II (Testudo graeca). 6th September, 1993. 4. Evaluation of trade data According to a report by UNEP-WCMC (2008), between 2002 and 2006, 10,369 live T. graeca specimens were imported into the EU, 99% of which were reportedly captive-bred. Forty-eight specimens were exported from the EU, 94% of which were captive-bred. During this reporting period, 75 illegal live specimens were reportedly seized. According to CITES trade records (UNEP-WCMC, 2016), approximately 221,724 and 201,550 specimens have been imported and exported, respectively, since 2000. Although the majority of these are reportedly captive-bred, approximately 14% have been reportedly sourced from the wild. Furthermore, the discrepancy in import versus export figures (approximately 20,000 individuals) suggests that actual trade might be higher. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees In addition to T. graeca’s CITES II listing, Egypt and Israel have further suspensions in place: Israel bans imports of all CITES II species, and all exports of its native wildlife (CITES Notif. 2004/025), and Egypt bans all exports of T. graeca (CITES Notif. 662). Under EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Lebanon allows the import of ranched specimens (subspecies T. g. terrestris), and those born in captivity (F1 or subsequent) on the basis that no significant trade is anticipated (SRG 67 Soc). UNEP-WCMC (2011) reported that T. graeca from southeast Spain is commonly collected for pets, estimating tens of thousands of individuals in captivity. It is thought that wild specimens are collected after chance encounters, rather than with commercial intentions. It is thought that a major threat to the species is the captive breeding and uncontrolled release of tortoises back into the wild (UNEP-WCMC, 2011), which also has the potential to spread disease in wild populations (Smith, 2015). 6. Recommendations The large number of captive-bred animals reported in CITES trade records suggests that captive breeding supports a large proportion of the demand for T. graeca in the pet trade, however, a large number of wild-caught specimens still appear in trade records. Animals bred in captivity can pose a disease threat to natural populations if they are released into wild ecosystems (Smith, 2015), so in the case of such high volumes of trade in captive-bred T. graeca, a high level of vigilance in quarantine is recommended. Given the taxonomic uncertainty and contention in the T. graeca species complex, it is possible that the current level of trade in wild specimens might pose a threat to some populations (i.e. which might represent possible subspecies). However, further research into taxonomy, population dynamics and trade impacts would be required to confirm this. Either way, T. graeca appears to be traded quite heavily, and given reported declines in population sizes and widespread reports of habitat degradation (van Dijk et al., 2004), continued trade in wild specimens could be detrimental.

Gresk landskilpadde er sårbar og i nedgang, i noen deler av utbredelsesområde svært kraftig nedgang. Den omsettes som kjæledyr i stort antall, og selvom det meste av er med dyr som er avlet i fangenskap inkluderer den fortsatt også villtfangede individer. Det er en viss risiko for at smitte kan spres til de ville bestandene fra rømte/utsatte oppdretts-skillpadder. Handel kan være en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Fritz U., Hundsdorfer A., Siroky P., Auer M., Kami H., Lehmann J., Mazanaeva L., Turkozan O., Wink M. (2007) Phenotypic plasticity leads to incongruence between morphology-based taxonomy and genetic differentiation in western Palaearctic tortoises (Testudo graeca complex; Testudines, Testudinae). Amphibia-Reptilia 28:97–121. Smith P. (2015) First do no harm: recognizing and mitigating the risk of disease introduction associated with chelonian head-starting initiatives. Herpetologica Conservation Biology 10:550–558. Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG). (1996) Testudo graeca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T21646A9305693.

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UNEP-WCMC (2008). Selection of species for inclusion in Annex X of EC regulation no. 865/2006. A Report to the European Commission. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, U.K. UNEP-WCMC (2011). Overview of current trends in captive-bred and ranched specimens in trade. A Report to the European Commission. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, U.K. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, U.K. van Dijk P., Corti C., Mellado V., Cheylan M. (2004) Testudo graeca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004:e.T21646A9305080.

Testudo hermanni

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Testudo hermanni (Gmelin, 1789). Common name: Hermann’s tortoise. Norwegian name: Steppeskilpadde.

Distribution: Occurs patchily across Mediterranean Europe, extending from northeastern Spain through southeastern France, including the islands Mallorca, Menorca and Corsica. In Italy it is found on coastal peninsular plains, and the islands Sardinia and Sicily. Coastal Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, central and southern Serbia, southwestern Romania, and across Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Greece (including the islands from Corfu to Zakynthos) and Turkey (van Dijk et al., 2004).

Population trend: T. hermanni abundance varies regionally. Overall it is considered to be declining in the west of its range, but stable in the Balkan region (van Dijk et al., 2004).

Habitat status: Habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, including the impacts of associated agrochemicals and pollution, is listed as a major threat to T. hermanni, as well as urbanization and tourist infrastructure development.

Conservation status: Two subspecies are recognized (T. h. hermanni, T. h. boettgeri; van Dijk et al., 2004; Fritz et al., 2006). Overall, the species is currently listed by IUCN as Near Threatened (van Dijk et al., 2004), however the subspecies T. h. hermanni is listed as Endangered (ERASG, 1996). Both of these assessments, however, are more than 10 years old and require updating. T. hermanni is listed under CITES Appendix II, and under EU Wildlife Regulations Annex A. It is also protected under Annex II and the Revised Annex I of Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention, and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.

Justification: The “Near Threatened” listing by IUCN is due to a significant population decline, which is likely to be less than 30% over 10 years. The assessment states that it is close to a Vulnerable listing due to widespread habitat loss, particularly in the west of its range. The subspecies T. h. hermanni was listed as Endangered in 1996 due to a highly fragmented population and declining population, extent of occurrence and habitat. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A 1986 CITES Review of Significant Trade reported large-scale collection of wild animals for commercial trade in T. hermanni. 3. Relevant literature CITES Review: Significant Trade in Wildlife Appendix II 1988 Vol.2 Reptiles and Invertebrates, Proposal for Testudo hermanni. https://www.speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/10582/documents 4. Evaluation of trade data The abovementioned 1986 CITES Review of Significant Trade reported that imports of more than 87,000 T. hermanni individuals between 1980 and 1985 alone. Turkozan et al. (2008) report 264,842 animals recorded in CITES import records between 1975 and 2005, accounting for 13% of all Testudo

VKM Report 2020: 02 143 species traded. Since 2000, 133,890 and 166,150 T. hermanni individuals have been reported on CITES import and export records, respectively (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). The vast majority (95%) of these were reportedly captive bred, with 149 (0.05%) of these reported to be wild-caught (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). The very large numbers in which “captive-bred” animals are traded has led some to believe that this description might in some cases be false, although this is difficult to confirm. Furthermore, the large discrepancy in reported import versus export figures (approx. 32,000) suggest some trade may not be reported. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees In France, Spain and Italy there are conservation efforts in place for T. hermanni, and the species occurs in various protected areas throughout its range (van Dijk et al., 2004). 6. Recommendations The large number of captive-bred animals reported in CITES trade records suggests that captive breeding has largely replaced wild capture for T. hermanni in the pet trade. Animals bred in captivity can pose a disease threat to natural populations if they are released into wild ecosystems (Smith, 2015), so in the case of such high volumes of trade in captive-bred T. hermanni, a high level of vigilance in quarantine is recommended. At this stage, it appears that relatively few wild animals are traded, however, it is difficult to assess the impact of trade on wild populations. This is particularly the case for the Endangered subspecies (T. h. hermanni) because trade records do not distinguish between the subspecies, although their trade could be detrimental.

Steppeskilpadden omsettes i store antall som kjæledyr, men handelen omfatter hovedsaklig dyr som er avlet i fangenskap. Det er en viss risiko for at smitte kan spres til de ville bestandene fra rømte/utsatte oppdretts-skillpadder. Handel kan sette overlevelsesevnen i fare, spesielt den truede underarten T. h. hermanni. 7. Literature list European Reptile & Amphibian Specialist Group (ERASG; 1996) Testudo hermanni ssp. hermanni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T21650A9306703. Fritz U., Auer M., Bertolero A., Cheylan M., Fattizzo T., Hundsdörfer A., Sampayo M., Pretus J., Siroky P., Wink M. (2006) A rangewide phylogeography of Hermann’s tortoise, Testudo hermanni (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinae): implications for taxonomy. Zoologica Scripta. 35:531–543. Smith P. (2015) First do no harm: recognizing and mitigating the risk of disease introduction associated with chelonian head-starting initiatives. Herpetological Conservation Biology 10:550–558. Turkozan O., Ozdemir A., Kiremit F. (2008) International Testudo trade. Chelonian Conservation Biology 7:269–274. UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. van Dijk P., Corti C., Mellado V., Cheylan M. (2004) Testudo hermanni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004:e.T21648A9306057.

Testudo marginata

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Testudo marginata (Schoepff, 1792). Common name: Marginated tortoise. Norwegian name: Bredrandet landskilpadde.

Distribution: Occurs throughout northwestern, central and southern Greece, as well as a number of the Greek islands. It is also found in the very south of Albania and northwestern Sardinia and surrounding islands, as well as Crete (van Dijk et al., 2004).

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Population trend: Stable. It is generally thought to occur at low densities, but is reportedly denser in the region of Peloponnesus in southern Greece (van Dijk et al., 2004).

Habitat status: Inhabiting dense, thorny scrub on rocky outcrops, T. marginata is less impacted by agricultural development than its sympatric congener, T. hermanni. Some of its habitat is removed for tourism infrastructure, which does pose some threat.

Conservation status: Listed as Least Concern by IUCN (van Dijk et al., 2004), although this assessment needs updating. It is listed under a blanket listing for all Testudinae spp. on CITES Appendix II, and is on Annex A of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations since 1997. It is also protected under Annex II and the Revised Annex I of Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention, and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.

Justification: Although T. marginata extent of occurrence is not much more than 20,000 km2, its habitat is not considered to be under threat, it’s population is estimated to be large, and is not thought to be declining sufficiently to be listed under a threatened category. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The IUCN assessment states that some collection for the illegal pet trade might still take place, however, CITES trade records suggest that the vast majority of trade is in captive-bred animals. Out of approximately 25,000 specimens traded since 2000, only 37 individuals were reportedly wild-caught (0.15%), 14 of which were for scientific rather than commercial purposes (UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Furthermore, Turkozan et al. (2008) reported that T. marginata represented only 0.3% of all Testudo spp. traded internationally. Discrepancy in CITES import versus export figures (approximately 10,000 vs. 15,000 individuals, respectively) suggests some trade may go unreported. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Wildfires are considered the main threat to T. marginata, with some mortality from trampling by livestock or destruction by farmers (van Dijk et al., 2004). The IUCN assessment suggests more taxonomic research might be needed to resolve subspecies, and more research is required on population dynamics and for conservation. T. marginata is protected by Greek domestic legislation, however, establishment of more protected areas containing viable populations is suggested by van Dijk et al. (2004). 6. Recommendations Captive breeding of T. marginata appears to be providing sufficient animals to meet demand for trade (van Dijk et al., 2004; UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Animals bred in captivity can pose a disease threat to natural populations if they are released into wild ecosystems (Smith, 2015), so in the case of relatively high levels of trade in captive-bred T. marginata, a level of vigilance in quarantine is recommended. The wild population of the species is reportedly stable, and there appears to be little threat to its habitat. Although more rigorous research into population dynamics is suggested, trade does not appear to be an immediate threat to T. marginata.

Denne arten omsettes i store antall som kjæledyr, men handelen omfatter hovedsaklig dyr som er avlet i fangenskap. Det er en viss risiko for at smitte kan spres til de ville bestandene fra rømte/utsatte oppdretts-skillpadder. Handel er i dag antageligvis ikke en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Smith P. (2015) First do no harm: recognizing and mitigating the risk of disease introduction associated with chelonian head-starting initiatives. Herpetological Conservation Biology 10:550–558. Turkozan O., Ozdemir A., Kiremit F. (2008) International Testudo trade. Chelonian Conservation Biology 7:269–274.

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UNEP-WCMC. (2016) CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. van Dijk P., Lymberakis P., Böhme W. (2004) Testudo marginata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004:e.T21653A9307262.

Conraua goliath

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Conraua goliath (Boulenger, 1906). Common names: Goliath frog, giant slippery frog. Norwegian name: Goliatfrosk.

Distribution: C. goliath is only known from southwestern Cameroon in the region of Nkongsamba down into Monte Alen in mainland Equatorial Guinea (Amiet, 2004), as well as a small part of northwestern Gabon (CoP8 Prop. 56).

Population trend: Declining. The number of adults is thought to have declined by more than 50% in the last three generations due to the bushmeat trade and loss of habitat. It is predicted that over the next three generations (~15 years), there will be a similar decline (Amiet, 2004).

Habitat status: This species does not thrive in heavily degraded habitat (i.e. farmed areas). One of the major threats listed by the IUCN is loss of habitat for agriculture, logging, human settlements, and sedimentation of the streams they use as breeding sites (Amiet, 2004).

Conservation status: Listed as Endangered by the IUCN (Amiet, 2004). Not currently listed under CITES. EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 1997, with a suspension on trade of wild specimens from Cameroon into the EU in place since 2003.

Justification: It is believed that the number of mature individuals has declined by more than 50% in the last 3 generations (1 generation ≈ 5 years), with a similar decline projected over the next 3 generations (Amiet, 2004). The primary threat is local harvest for the bushmeat trade, however habitat loss is also considered a major threat. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES In 1992, the USA submitted a proposal to the CoP8 to have C. goliath listed under CITES appendix II (proposal 56), but this was withdrawn. 3. Relevant literature CITES CoP8 Prop. 56 (1992) https://www.cites.org/eng/cop/08/prop/E08-Prop-56_Conraua.PDF 4. Evaluation of trade data IUCN listing suggests regular trade between Cameroon and USA, with an unverified annual export figure of 300 individuals for the pet trade and competitive frog races (Amiet, 2004). According to a CoP8 proposal (Prop. 56) to have the species listed under CITES Appendix II, the proponents suggested that from 1984-1989, 71 specimens were imported into the USA, and in 1990 alone, a further 71 were imported. Carpenter et al. (2014) reported that 65 goliath frogs were recorded in CITES import data for the pet trade in 2008. Rowley et al. (2007) reported 5 goliath frogs imported into Hong Kong from Japan between December 2005 and November 2006. Although unverified, several websites suggest regular trading of goliath frogs for the pet trade. For example, the website http://www.bioexpedition.com/goliath-frog/ states that the goliath frog is one of the top exotic pets exported around the world. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees High levels of local harvesting for the food trade (Amiet, 2004) and habitat destruction are major threats to this species. C. goliath is known to occur in at least one protected area, Monte Alen

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National Park in Equatorial Guinea (Amiet, 2004), and is presumed to occur in several others. It is suggested that management of this species should include a captive breeding program, as well as education of local communities in sustainable harvesting (Amiet, 2004). 6. Recommendations Trade is officially documented and verified for relatively low numbers of goliath frogs, however, unverified sources suggest trade is more regular and widespread. The IUCN assessment and available information for this species is rather outdated (~12 years old – almost 3 generations), and given the projection in that assessment of a 50% reduction in this time, the situation for this species could be much worse than currently thought. Unregulated trade could be detrimental to the survival of this species.

Goliatfrosken finnes viltlevende kun i Kamerun og det er antatt at bestanden har hatt en kraftig nedgang (> 50%). Det finnes indikasjoner på at det foregår en hel del ulovlig handel med arten som blant annet blir brukt til froskeløp. Uregulert handel vil kunne være ødeleggende for denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Amiet J-L. (2004) Conraua goliath. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004:e.T5263A11121365. Carpenter A., Andreone F., Moore R., Griffiths R. (2014) A review of the international trade in Amphibians: the types, levels and dynamics of trade in CITES-listed species. Oryx 48:565–574. Rowley J., Chan S., Tang W., Speare R., Skerratt L., Alford R., Cheung K., Ho C., Campbell R. (2007) Survey for the amphibian chytrid Bactrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Hong Kong in native amphibians and in the international amphibian trade. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 78:87–95.

Atrophaneura palu

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Atrophaneura palu (Martin 1912). Common name: Palu swallowtail butterfly.

Distribution: Around Palu in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia).

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Unknown

Conservation status: IUCN category Data Deficient (1996). This species is not currently listed in the CITES Appendices. Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex B since 1997. Justification: Very little is known about this species, and its documented with only a few specimens (excluding specimen collected for trade). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature According to Collins and Morris (1985), No published information is available on the habitat, breeding biology or food plants of A. palu, except that it probably have a very wide altitudinal range. 4. Evaluation of trade data Collins and Morris (1985) state that “Following the discovery of a new locality by Japanese collectors, A. palu has recently appeared in the European trade at grossly inflated prices. This is a possible confirmation of the rarity and vulnerability of the species and is of particular concern when no details of habitat and ecology have been published”. Some trade is documented within the EU (UNEP-WCMC 2013). It can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com). Only six speciemen are reported in the Cites trade database in the period 2008-2013.

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The Palu swallowtail butterfly has a very restricted distribution around Palu in Sulawesi, and very little is known about the species habitat and ecology. Trade could be detrimental.

Denne arten har et meget begrenset utbredelsesområde på den indonesiske øya, Sulawesi. Det finnes lite informasjon om arten og handel kan være en trussel for dens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, gland and Cambridge, U.K. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996) Atrophaneura palu. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T2378A9435950. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2378A9435950.en. UNEP-WCMC (2013) EU Wildlife Trade 2013: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2013. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge,U.K.

Graphium sandawanum

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977. Two subspecies described: 1) Graphium sandawanum sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977, 2) Graphium sandawanum joreli Nuyda, 1994. Common name: Apo Swallowtail.

Distribution: Mt Apo in Mindanao, Philippines.

Population trend: Possibly stable (Danielsen and Treadaway, 2004).

Habitat status: Extent and/or quality of habitat in decline due to encroachments and forest fires within the species distribution area Mt Apo (a national park).

Conservation status: IUCN category Endangered B1+2ac (1996). This species is not currently listed in the CITES Appendices. Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex B since 1997.

Justification: Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location, and continuing decline in extent of occurrence and area, extent and/or quality of habitat (Gimenez Dixon, 1996). Organized collection and trade with this species could further threaten its existence (Catibog- Sinha, 2011). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature Collins and Morris (1985) give a brief description of the Apo Swallowtail’s morphology, distribution, habitat and ecology, threats and conservation measures. 4. Evaluation of trade data Trade has been documented within the EU (UNEP-WCMC 2015). According to Collins and Morris (1985) quantities of G. sandawanum have been sold on the international marked. It can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com and www.thornesinsects.com). In the Cites trade database, four specimen are registered in 2013 and five in 2014. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees

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According to Collins and Morris (1985) all collection and trade with this species are illegal as its entire distribution is found within the Mt. Apo national park boundaries.

6. Recommendations Continuing decline in extent of occurrence and area makes the endemic Apo Swallowtail to the Philippines endangered. Trade could be detrimental to this species.

Denne arten som er endemisk for Fillipinene er truet og minker stadig i utbredelse. Handel kan være en trussel for artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Catibog-Sinha C. (2011) Sustainable forest management: heritage tourism, biodiversity, and upland communities in the Philippines. Journal of Heritage Tourism 6:341-352. DOI: 10.1080/1743873X.2011.620113 Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, gland and Cambridge, U.K. Danielsen F. and Treadaway C.G. (2004) Priority conservation areas for butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the Philippine islands. Animal Conservation 7:79–92. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996) Graphium sandawanum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T9478A12992161. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9478A12992161.en. Downloaded on 20 April 2016. UNEP-WCMC (2015). EU Wildlife Trade 2013. Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2013. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, U.K.

Graphium stresemanni

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Graphium stresemanni Rothschild, 1916. Common name: Seram swallowtail

Distribution: Island of Seram, Indonesia.

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Unknown, but deforestation due to legal and illegal logging is a major threat. Logging concessions is covering 48% of Seram's forest.

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable B1+2ad (1996). This species is not currently listed in the CITES Appendices. Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 1997.

Justification: Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location, and continuing decline in extent of occurrence and number of locations or subpopulations (Gimenez Dixon, 1996). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature Very little is known about this butterfly and its ecological requirements have not been researched (Collins and Morris, 1985). A key to closely related species is presented in Müller and Tennent (1999). An illustrated checklist of the papilionid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) of northern and central Maluku, Indonesia is presented by Peggie et al. (2005).

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4. Evaluation of trade data According to Collins and Morris (1985), “there is a substantial trade in butterflies on Seram”. It can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com and www.thornesinsects.com). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Manusela National Park was established in 1997, to protect an area of 1,890 km2, representing 11% of the land area of Seram island. 6. Recommendations Continuing decline in extent of occurrence and area makes the endemic Seram swallowtail vulneranble. Organized collection and trade with this species could further threaten this species.

Denne arten finnes bare på den indonesiske øya Seram der habitatet dens er utsatt for ødeleggelser. Handel kan være en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Collins N.M., Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, gland and Cambridge. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996) Graphium stresemanni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T9479A12992277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9479A12992277.en. Müller C.J., Tennent W.J. (1999) A New Species of Graphium Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea 1999 Records of the Australian Museum 51:161-168. Peggie D., Rawlins A., Vane-Wright R.I. (2005) An illustrated checklist of the papilionid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) of northern and central Maluku, Indonesia. Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F., 26 (1/2), 41-60.

Papilio benguetanus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Papilio benguetanus Joicey and Talbot, 1923.

Distribution: P. benguetanus is known only from northern Luzon between Bontoc and Baguio in the Cordillera Central in the Philippines.

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Unknown. Conservation status: IUCN category Lower Risk/Near Threatened (1996). This species is not currently listed in the CITES Appendices. Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 1997.

Justification: The species have a very restrict distribution. According to Collins and Morris (1985), the human population pressures are resulting in extensive habitat alteration for agriculture and forestry in Luzon. How this affects the species is not known, but there are some indications that P. benguetanus may thrive in partially cleared areas and even in areas around vegetable growing operations, possibly even deriving benefit from man's activities (Collins and Morris, 1985). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data P. benguetanus can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com and www.thornesinsects.com).

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations P. benguetanus has a very restricted distribution and the impact of habitat loss is unknown. Trade could be detrimental.

P. benguetanus har et veldig begrenset utbredelsesområde på Fillipinene og effekten av tapt habitat er ukjent. Handel kan være en trussel mot overlevelsesevnen til denne arten. 7. Literature list Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, U.K. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996) Papilio benguetanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T15983A5340098. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15983A5340098.en

Papilio esperanza

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Pterourus esperanza (Beutelspacher, 1975). Synonym: Papilio esperanza Beutelspacher, 1975. Common name: Oaxacan swallowtail.

Distribution: Only known from 1,600-2,500 m above sea level at La Esperanza in the Sierra de Juarez, Oaxaca State, Mexico (Almaraz-Almaraz et al., 2013).

Population trend: According to Collins and Morris (1985) only 50 specimens have been collected in nine years, and the total population is believed to be declining.

Habitat status: The habitat of P. esperanza is montane cloud forest. The food plant of the caterpillars is unknown but the adult butterflies use the aromatic flowers of Eupatorium sordidum var. atrorubens as an important nectar source (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable D2 (1996). This species is not currently listed in the CITES Appendices. Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 1997.

Justification: The population is characterized by an acute restriction in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100 km2) or in the number of locations (typically less than five). The cloud forest is restricted in extent and vulnerable to human interference. This is supported by Almaraz-Almaraz et al. (2013) who reinvented former localities of P. esperanza without finding the species, and commented that may areas had undergone severe habitat modifications. The best-known site, which happens to be close to a road, has seen a decrease in population because of poaching (Tyler et al., 1994). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature Almaraz-Almaraz et al. (2013) presents the most comprehensive study of the population ecology of P. esperanza. 4. Evaluation of trade data Considered threatened by commercial trade in Europe (Melisch, 2000) It can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees According to Collins and Morris (1985), the Sociedad Mexicana de Lepidopterologia has kept the

VKM Report 2020: 02 151 precise breeding locations a secret in order to protect P. esperanza from commercial collectors. The species is included in the “norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059” as “amenazada” [threatened] (Semarnat, 2010). The Comaltepec local communities have strongly defended the integrity of the Chinantla landscape (i.e., by expelling private and compulsive insect collectors) (Almaraz-Almaraz et al., 2013). 6. Recommendations The Oaxacan swallowtail has a very restricted distribution and the impact of habitat loss is probably resulting in declining populations. Trade could be detrimental.

Arten har et svært begrenset utbredelsesområde og tap av habitat fører antageligvis til nedgang i bestanden. Den ble vurdert som sårbar av IUCN i 1996. Handel kan true artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Almaraz-Almaraz M.E., León-Cortés J.L. & Molina-Martínez A. 2013. The Population Ecology and Conservation of Pterourus esperanza (Insecta: Lepidoptera): An Ancestral Swallowtail Butterfly in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca, Mexico. Annales Entomological Society of America 106:753-760. Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, U.K. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996). Papilio esperanza. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T15988A5341863. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15988A5341863.en. Melisch R. (2000). Butterflies and beetles in Germany. Traffic Bulletin 18:3. Semarnat (Secretaria De Medio Ambiente Recursos Naturales Y Pesca) (2010) Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059, Protección Ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusion o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 6 de marzo del 2002, pp. 84. Tyler H., Brown, K.S. Jr. & Wilson K. (1994) Swallowtail Butterflies of the Americas. Scientific Publishers, Inc. Gainesville, Florida, pp. 376.

Papilo hospiton

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Papilio hospiton Géné, 1839. Common name: Corsican swallowtail

Distribution: Restricted to the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) between 400 and 1,500 masl (Collins and Morris, 1985, van Swaay et al., 2015).

Population trend: Increasing (van Swaay et al., 2015).

Habitat status: Declining (van Swaay et al., 2015) Conservation status: IUCN category Least Concern (van Swaay et al., 2015). The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4, Bern Convention Annex 2 and CITES Appendix II (transferred from Appendix I after CoP16, 2013). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: In France the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated between 500 and 1,000 km2 and habitat quality is in decline because of changing pastoralism. Fire is a strong driver to open up the habitat again. In Italy the species is fluctuating (though not more than ten-fold), but still widely distributed and with no signs of a long-term decline. The overall AOO is not much above 2,000 km2 (and is under 3,000 km2; van Swaay et al., 2015). Elimination of its hostplants, typically considered weedy, could almost completely eradicate its populations within a very short time (Aubert and Descimon, 1996). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES Denmark, on behalf of the European Union, submitted CoP16 Prop. 49 (2013) which proposed to transfer of

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Papilio hospiton from Appendix I to II. The reason for the porposed downlisting was that the species no longer fulfilled the criteria of Res. Conf. 9.24 for inclusion in Appendix I. The proposal was accepted. The species was subject to the Periodic Review of the Appendices conducted between CoP15 (2010) and CoP17 (2016). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data There is no specific trade information for this species (van Swaay et al., 2015). The action of collecting upon the demographic equilibrium of populations should be considered negligible, especially in comparison with the effects of habitat alteration (Aubert and Descimon, 1996). Both adult and immature stages are taken by local and foreign collectors (Heath, 1981). Only 12 specimen have been reported in the CITES trade database in the period 1996-2010. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. 6. Recommendations The Corsican swallowtail has a very restricted distribution and the impact of habitat loss is unknown. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Denne arten finnes kun innen begrensede områder på Korsika og Sardinia. Det er uklart i hvor stor grad den påvirkes av tapt habitat. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 7. Literature list Aubert J., Descimon H. (1996) Population Biology and Conservation of The Corsican Swallowtail Butterfly Papilio Hospiton Géné. Biological Conservation, 78:247-255. Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, gland and Cambridge. CoP16 Prop. 49 (2013) Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I And II. Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3-14 March 2013. Heath J. (1981). Threatened Rhopalocera (Butterflies) in Europe. Nature and Environment Series (Council of Europe) No. 23, pp. 157. van Swaay C., Wynhoff I., Wiemers M., Katbeh-Bader A., Power A., Benyamini D., Tzirkalli E., Balletto E., Monteiro E., Karaçetin E., Franeta F., Pe'er G., Welch H., Thompson K., Pamperis L., Dapporto L., Šašić M., López Munguira M., Micevski N., Dupont P., Garcia-Pereira P., Moulai R., Caruana R., Verovnik R., Bonelli S. & Beshkov S. 2015. Papilio hospiton. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15993A64822977. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15993A64822977.en

Papilio morondavana

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Papilio (Princeps) morondavana Grose-Smith, 1891. Common name: Madagascan emperor swallowtail.

Distribution: Confined to the forests of western Madagascar.

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Unknown.

Conservation status: IUCN category Data Deficient (1996). Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex B since 1997.

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Justification: The area occupied by P. morondavana is subject to forest destruction for agriculture by local people. In addition, the species is increasingly popular with commercial collectors (Collins and Morris, 1985). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data The level of commercial exploitation may be a matter for concern and is increasingly popular (Collins and Morris, 1985). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The Madagascan emperor swallowtail has a very restricted distribution and the impact of habitat loss is unknown. Trade could be detrimental.

P. morondavana finnes kun innen et begrenset område på vestlige Madagaskar og det finnes ikke informasjon om populasjons- eller habitattrender. Det er tidligere rapportert at den har hatt økt popularitet i handel. Artens overlevelsesevne kan trues av handel. 7. Literature list Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, U.K. Gimenez Dixon M. 1996. Papilio morondavana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T16001A5349551. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16001A5349551.en.

Papilio neumogeni

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Papilio neumoegeni Honrath, 1890.

Distribution: Restricted to relict patches of forest in Sumba, in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Declining.

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable B1+2c (1996). Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulation Annex B since 1997.

Justification: Degraded areas of grassland on Sumba are spreading every year and there can be little doubt that this is a serious threat to P. neumoegeni (Collins and Morris, 1985). Collectors have been reported to return from Sumba with hundreds of specimens (Collins and Morris, 1985). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA

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4. Evaluation of trade data P. neumoegeni can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com and www.amazon.co.uk). Some said to be captive bred. In the CITES trade database, 567 specimens are reported in the period 2006-2013 (500 specimens just in 2006). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations P. neumoegeni has a very restricted distribution and deforestation for grazing land and firewood is causing habitat destruction. Trade could be detrimental.

P. neumoegeni finnes kun på den Indonesiske øya Sumba i et bergenset område som er utsatt for ødeleggelser. Handel kan være en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, U.K. Gimenez Dixon, M. (1996) Papilio neumoegeni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T16002A5350408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16002A5350408.en

Parides Ascanius

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Parides ascanius (Cramer, 1775). Common name: Fluminense swallowtail.

Distribution: Endemic to the coastal lowland swamps of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Declining.

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable B1+2ac (1996). Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex B since 1997.

Justification: The habitats are under constant pressure from loss due to increased urbanization of all coastal plains in Rio de Janeiro (Herkenhoff et al., 2013). The network of protected areas in Rio de Janeiro may be inadequate for the conservation of this particular species (Uehara-Prado and Fonseca, 2007). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data P. ascanius can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com) and is considered threatened by commercial trade in Europe (Melisch, 2000). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees In Brazil P. ascanius is completely protected by law, but most known populations live outside the boundaries of protected reserves (Herkenhoff et al., 2013). In an executive action (3481-DN) on 31 May, 1973, the Brazilian National Parks agency (through the IBDF, Brazilian Institute for Forest Development) placed P. ascanius on the official list of Brazilian animals threatened with extinction (as the synonym Battus orophobus D'Almeida). It is the only insect

VKM Report 2020: 02 155 presently given this status, and is thereby protected from commerce (Collins and Morris, 1985). 6. Recommendations The Fluminense swallowtail has a very restricted distribution and habitat pressure is high. Trade could be detrimental.

Arten har et begrenset utbredelsesområde som er under hardt press fra urbanisering. Handel kan være en trussel mot denne artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Collins N.M., Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, U.K. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996) Parides ascanius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T16239A5584675. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16239A5584675.en. Herkenhoff E.V., Monteiro R.F., Esperanço A.P. (2013) Population biology of the endangered Fluminense Swallowtail Butterfly Parides ascanius (Papilionidae: Papilioninae: Troidini). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 67:29–34. Melisch R. (2000) Butterflies and beetles in Germany. Traffic Bulletin 18:3. Uehara-Prado M., Fonseca R.L. (2007) Urbanization and mismatch with protected areas place the conservation of a threatened species at risk. Biotropica 39:264–268.

Parides hahneli

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Parides hahneli (Staudinger, 1882). Common name: Hahnel's Amazonian Swallowtail.

Distribution: Endemic to three localities in the sandy tributaries of the lower middle Amazon Basin in Brazil (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Population trend: Unknown.

Habitat status: Unknown.

Conservation status: IUCN category Data Deficient (1996). This species is not currently listed in the CITES Appendices. Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex B since 1997.

Justification: P. hahneli is apparently restricted to ancient sandy beaches now covered by scrubby or dense forest vegetation and is probably extremely localized in occurrence, limited by the distribution and density of the host plant Aristolochia. Over-collecting for commercial purposes represents the only current threat (Collins and Morris, 1985). Because the species' ecological requirements are not well known, habitat destruction could be a factor (Collins and Morris, 1985). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data P. hahneli can p.t. be purchased on several sites on the internet (e.g. www.ebay.com). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations Hahnel's Amazonian Swallowtail has a very restricted distribution with few known localities. Trade could be detrimental.

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Denne arten har begrenset utbredelse og det mangler kunnskap om bestands- og habitatstrender. Handel kan være en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, U.K. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996) Parides hahneli. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T16242A5589108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16242A5589108.en.

Parnassius apollo

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758). Common name: Mountain apollo. Norwegian name: Apollosommerfugl.

Distribution: In northern Europe it has been recorded from Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland across to Latvia and central Siberia in Russia. In central and southern Europe it has been recorded in Spain, Andorra, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Netherlands (vagrants?), Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia, Bosnia, FYR of Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Romania, and Syria, eastwards into the Ukraine, Belarus, Russia (European part), China (Sinkiang) and Mongolia (Collins and Morris, 1985, van Swaay and Warren, 1999).

Population trend: P. apollo is reported to have declined and become rare or endangered in all or part of the following countries: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine (Collins and Morris 1985). From the 28 European countries it have been found it has become extinct in three, declining in 12, stable in five and unknown in eight (van Swaay and Warren, 1999). Its overall European population declined by almost 30% in the last 10 years (van Swaay et al., 2010).

Habitat status: Decline.

Conservation status: IUCN category Vulnerable A1cde (1996). CITES listing: Appendix II, since 04/02/1977 (first insect to be included). Listed in EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997, and Bern Convention Annex 2.

Justification: Populations are often isolated, disjunct and local (Collins and Morris, 1985). Collecting has been reported to be a quite serious threat to P. apollo (van Swaay and Warren, 1999). According to Collins and Morris (1985), “most observers agree that it is not collectors or cars, but 'Tannensoldaten' (ranks of conifers in plantations) that threaten Europe's parnassians”. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature “Apollo Butterfly (Parnassius apollo L.) in Europe – its History, Decline and Perspectives of Conservation” (Nakonieczny et al. 2007). 4. Evaluation of trade data The species has long been highly prized by collectors, who aim to possess as many of the different variants as possible. The trade therefore comprises a substantial value and volume (Collins and Morris, 1985). Ova can be bought online for breeding (e.g. http://argiope.se/test/). Specimen can p.t. be purchased on several sites on internet (e.g. www.ebay.com). About 1800 specimen have been registered in the Cites trade database in the period 1977-2014.

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5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees P. apollo is legally protected in many countries. In spite of legal protection of important habitats there is only special attention in habitat management in a few countries (see van Swaay and Warren, 1999, p. 87-88). The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Norwegian red list (Henriksen and Hilmo, 2015). 6. Recommendations The Mountain apollo has had a severe decline in most of its range. Due to description of different variants of P. apollo, collecting and trade could be detrimental in every region the species exists.

Apollosommerfuglen er sårbar og har hatt kraftig nedgang i det meste av utbredelsesområdet. Det finnes mange lokale varianter av arten som er ettertraktede blant samlere. Handel kan være en trussel mot artens overlevelsesevne. 7. Literature list Collins N.M. and Morris M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, gland and Cambridge, U.K. Henriksen S. and Hilmo O. (eds.) (2015) Norwegian Red List, 2015. Species Databank, Norway. Nakonieczny M., Kędziorski, A. & Michalczyk, K. 2007. Apollo Butterfly (Parnassius apollo L.) in Europe – its History, Decline and Perspectives of Conservation. Functional Ecosystems and Communities 1:56- 79. Gimenez Dixon M. (1996) Parnassius apollo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996:e.T16249A5593483. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16249A5593483.en. Henriksen S. and Hilmo O. (eds.) (2015) Norwegian Red List, 2015. Species Databank, Norway. van Swaay C.A.M., Warren M.S. (1999) Red Data Book of European Butterflies (Rhopalocera). Nature and Environment, 99. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, pp. 259. van Swaay C., Cuttelod A., Collins S., Maes D., López Munguira M., Šašić M., Settele J., Verovnik R., Verstrael T., Warren M., Wiemers M. and Wynhof I. (2010) European Red List of Butterfies Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Euphorbia lambii

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Euphorbia lambii (Svent.) Synonym: Euphorbia bourgeana (J.Gay ex Boiss.)

Distribution: E. lambii is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found in the islands of Tenerife and La Gomera (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM, 2007, Bañares et al., 2010), growing between 600 and 1,050 masl. Its area of occupancy is 17 km² (Bañares et al., 2004, Bañares et al., 2010).

Population trend: 199 individuals were recorded in Tenerife (Bañares et al., 2004), and 1341 in La Gomera (Bañares et al., 2010). Population trends are reported to be stable in Tenerife (Gobierno de Canarias, 2004) and increasing in La Gomera (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is a monoecious plant that may present asexual propagation by cuttings.

Habitat status: In La Gomera, this shrub grows near the lower distribution range limit of the communities of laurel-like evergreen forests, in areas with different degree of humidity and exposure to winds, within associations of scrublands or forests. In Tenerife it grows on crags and foothills or along with more thermophile vegetation. Main threats to its habitat are landslides, droughts, fires, natural competition with more aggressive species and anthropogenic disturbances (Bañares et al.,

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2004, Bañares et al., 2010).

Conservation status: IUCN category: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1 (1975), CITES listing: Appendix II, EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997)

Justification: E. lambii is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution. Despite no regressive trend of its population, its area of occupancy is still very small; 17 km², and it is affected by landslides, drought events, fires, competition and anthropization of its habitat. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES This species is listed under Annex II of the Habitats Directive as E. lambii. It is also listed as E. bourgaeana as well as E. lambii under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No documentation of human collection/trade. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees This species is included as species in danger of extinction in the national catalogue of threatened species, and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is included as species VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Bañares et al., 2010). In Tenerife it occurs within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI) and Parque Natural de la Corona Forestal (SCI). In La Gomera most of the subpopulations occur within the protected area Parque Nacional de Garajonay and their state of conservation is generally good. Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of the Servicio Biodiversidad Viceconsejería Medio Ambiente Gobierno de Canarias. A conservation programme of threatened flora in Fuerteventura has been developed, which include among other measures, seed collection and storage in germplasm banks. Proposed measures include population monitoring, a plagues and diseases monitoring plan and research about genetic variability of the populations. 6. Recommendations E. lambii is endemic to the islands of Tenerife and La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain, and habitat destruction and deterioration limit its expansion. There are no available data to suggest that the species is in trade.

E. lambii er endemisk til Tenerife og La Gomera, og trues av habitatødeleggelse. Det er ingen tilgjengelige data som indikerer at den er i handel. 7. Literature list Bañares Á., Blanca G., Güemes J., Moreno J.C., Ortiz S. (Eds). (2004) Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza, Madrid. Bañares Á., Blanca G., Güemes J., Moreno J.C., Ortiz S. (Eds). (2011) Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España. Adenda 2010. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino)-Sociedad Española de Biología de la Conservación de Plantas, Madrid, pp. 170. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM. (2007) Estadillos para la Lista Roja de la Flora Vascular Española Amenazada - Islas Canarias. Dossier Final. Unpublished. Madrid Gobierno de Canarias (2004) Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Medio Ambiente. 2004. Fichas de Evaluación de especies amenazadas de Canarias. Marrero Gómez, M.V. (2011) Euphorbia bourgeana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T193560A8867714. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T193560A8867714.en Downloaded on 03 October 2016 http://www.iucnredlist.org/ http://trade.cites.org/ https://speciesplus.net/

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Euphorbia handiensis

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Euphorbia handiensis (Burchard).

Distribution: E. handiensis is endemic to the island of Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 50 to 300 m asl (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo, 2004). It occurs in the south of the island at the Jandia Peninsula, mainly in large colluvial valleys. It is distributed into two relatively dense subpopulations: Gran Valle and Valle de los Mosquitos. The area of occupancy is 12 km².

Population trend: A slight expansive trend has been reported for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias, 2009). This species can become locally very abundant. The total population has been estimated at 200,000 individuals (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo, 2004). Population size is believed to be stable or slightly increasing (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo, 2004; Gobierno de Canarias, 2009). The populations are well structured, with a relative abundance of juvenile individuals. Genetic exchange between the main populations seems to occur.

Habitat status: Two locations. The species occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Jandía (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo, 2004).

Conservation status: IUCN category: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1 (2013), CITES listing: Appendix II (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997. Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

Justification: E. handiensis is listed as Vulnerable because it has a restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 12 km² and presence confirmed in only two known locations. No regressive trends have been observed for its distribution and population size, but grazing pressure and collection by people limit its expansion. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES E. handiensis is listed as a priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Some trade of artificially propagated plants for commercial purposes has been recorded in the CITES trade database for the period 1996-2014 (trade.cites.org). Collection of plants from the wild is known to occur (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo, 2004). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees E. handiensis is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno, 2008). A conservation programme of threatened flora in Fuerteventura has been developed, which include among other measures, seed collection and storage in germplasm banks. Proposed measures include population monitoring, a plagues and diseases monitoring plan and research about genetic variability of the populations. 6. Recommendations E. handiensis is endemic to the island of Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, and grazing pressure and collection by people limit its expansion. Offtake and trade of wild plants could be

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E. handiensis er endemisk til Kanariøyen Fuerteventura, Spania der den finnes innen et begrenset område. Ethvert uttak og handel vil kunne sette denne artens overlevelse i fare. 7. Literature list Gobierno de Canarias (2009) Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Medio Ambiente. 2009. Fichas de Evaluación de especies amenazadas de Canarias. Marrero Gómez, M.V., Carqué Alamo, E. (2004) Euphorbia handiensis, in: Bañares A., Blanca G., Güemes J., Moreno J.C., Ortiz S. (Eds.), Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de EspañaDirección General de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Madrid, Spain, pp. 890. Marrero Gómez, M.V., Carqué Álamo, E. (2013) Euphorbia handiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013:e.T161847A5503670.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011- 1.RLTS.T161847A5503670.en Moreno, J.C. (2008) Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino, y Sociedad Española de Biología de la Conservación de Plantas), Madrid, Spain. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ http://trade.cites.org/

Euphoria stygiana

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Euphorbia stygiana (H.C.Watson) Synonym: Tithymalus stygianus (H.C.Watson) Soják.

Distribution: E. stygiana is endemic to the Azores, where it is confined to the region São Lourenço on the island of Santa Maria (Martín et al., 2008). Its EOO is 343 km² (Commission of the European Communities, 2009).

Population trend: The population counts less than 50 mature individuals and has a declining trend (Martín et al., 2008). It is therefore classified as Critically Endangered.

Habitat status: The habitat is declining due to agricultural development, change in land use, and the expansion in invasive species and the subsequent increase in competition (Martín et al., 2008).

Conservation status: IUCN category: Critically Endangered C2a(i); D ver 3.1 (2011), CITES listing: Appendix II (1975), EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: E. stygiana is listed as Critically Endangered due to a very small population with a declining trend. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES E. stygiana is listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data No trade data available. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees Necessary conservation and research actions are as described by Martín et al. (2008):

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Habitat management and protection; Management of threats such as the control of invasive species and regulation of tourism activities; Species recovery programmes; Translocation of subpopulations; and Studies on the taxonomy, biology, ecology and population dynamics. a. Recommendations E. stygiana is endemic to the Azores, Portugal, and changing land-use practices is threatening its very small natural population. No trade data were availbale for this species, and trade does not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

E. stygiana er kritisk true tog finnes bare på Azorene, Portugal der den veldig lille bestanden (<50 voksne individer) og habitatet dens er i nedgang. Det var ikke tilgjengelige handelsdata for denne arten, og handel virker ikke å væe blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens videre overlevelse. 6. Literature list Bilz M. (2011) Euphorbia stygiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T162422A5589507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T162422A5589507.en. Downloaded on 03 October 2016. Commission of the European Communities. (2009) Composite Report on the Conservation Status of Habitat Types and Species as required under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Brussels, Belgium. Martín J.L., Arechavaleta M., Borges P.A.V., Faria B. (Eds). (2008) Top 100. Las 100 especies amenazadas prioritarias de gestión en la región europea biogeográfica de la Macaronesia [100 threatened species for priority actions in the European biogeographic region of Macaronesia]. pp. 500. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias WCSPF. (2010) World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Available at: http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ http://www.iucnredlist.org/ http://trade.cites.org/ https://speciesplus.net/

Cypripedium calceolus

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Cypripedium calceolus L. Common name: Lady’s slipper orchid. Norwegian name: Marisko.

Distribution: C. calceolus is widespread across Europe, except in the extreme north and south. It is also found in the Crimea, Mediterranean, Asia Minor, western and eastern Siberia, Far East of Russia and south of Sakhalin Island, Korea, NE China (Heilongjiang, Kirin and Inner Mongolia) and Japan (Rebun Island). The species can be found from sea level up to 2100 masl (Cribb, 1997; Delforge, 1995; Frosch and Cribb, 2012; GIROS, 2009; Harrap, 2009; Lang, 2004; Tsiftsis et al., 2007; Vakhrameeva et al., 2008).

Population trend: The current population trend is stable, but there are great regional variations. The generation length is thought to be ≥10 years (Artsdatabanken, 2010).

Habitat status: The habitat of C. calceolus is under numerous threats, especially habitat destruction, agricultural intensification, inappropriate forest management, use of herbicides and pesticides, equipment use severely compacting the soil, and road and trail construction. Browsing and grazing pose a threat by overgrazing affects the individuals adversely, whereas the abandonment of traditional grazing activities leads to natural succession processes and increased competition for this orchid. The replacement of natural forest with spruce plantations has caused habitat degradation and fragmentation as the soil is affected by de-calcification processes, and thus affecting this species, which is linked to calcareous soils, adversely.

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Conservation status: IUCN category: Least Concern ver 3.1 (2014), CITES listing: Appendix II since 1975, EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997.

Justification: C. calceolus is widespread and the population trend is stable. Some of the subpopulations in regions of its range are declining due to habitat degradation and collection by enthusiasts. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES Neither the geographic range of the species nor the size of the populations fall within the thresholds for any of the threatened categories and the existing threats for the species and habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Moreover, the halt in declines is due to the current conservation and protection measures in place and the rate of decline would be more severe should these measures seize. This orchid is therefore assessed as Least Concern. 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Collection of C. calceolus is forbidden in most countries but collection still occurs. In particular, the species suffer from medicinal plant collection. Little or no trade registered in recent years (CITES, 2005). An extract from the species has been used as sedative, treatment for nervous disorders and as a stimulant. The glandular hairs on the leaves and stems can cause a rash, similar to poison ivy rash upon contact and some part of these plants may be known to be mildly to severely toxic to either animals and/or humans. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees It is protected at national level in most countries (e.g. France, Hungary) and collection of the species is forbidden (e.g. Lithuania). Many populations are included in Natura 2000 sites and other forms of protected areas. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Norwegian red list (Henriksen og Hilmo, 2015). 6. Recommendations The species is relatively widespread with an overall stable population trend. In regions it suffers from habitat degradation, and collection and trade of wild individuals could be detrimental to the survival of this species.

Denne arten har en vid utbredelse og i sin helhet er bestanden stabil. I visse regioner er imidlertid nedbrytning av habitat og høsting en trussel, og uttak og handel med ville individer vil kunne være ødeleggende for artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Artsdatabanken (2010) Red List Database. Trondheim. Available at: http://www.biodiversity.no/Article.aspx?m=39&amid=1864 Cribb P. (1997) The Genus Cypripedium. Timber Press, Inc., Portland. Delforge P. (1995) Orchids of Britain & Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé SA, Lausanne. Frosch W., Cribb P. (2012) Hardy Cypripedium. Species, hybrids and cultivation. Kew Publishing. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. GIROS (2009) Orchidee d'Italia. Castello srl, Milano. Harrap A., Harrap S. (2009) Orchids of Britain and Ireland A field and Site Guide. A&C Black Publishers Ltd., London. Lang D. (2004) Britain's Orchids. WILDGuides Ltd., Old Basing. Rankou H., Bilz M. (2014) Cypripedium calceolus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T162021A43316125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T162021A43316125.en. Downloaded on 04 October 2016 Tsiftsis S., Karagiannakidou V., Tsiripidis I. (2007) The orchid flora of East Macedonia (NE Greece). Journal Europäischer Orchideen 39(3/4): 489-526. Vakhrameeva M.G., Tatarenko I.V., Varlygina G.K., Zagulskii, M.N. (2008) Orchids of Russia and adjacent countries (within the borders of the former USSR). A. R. G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.

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Cephalanthera cucullata

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Cephalanthera cucullata (Boiss. & Heldr.), common name: Cretan Helleborine

Distribution: Crete, Greece. The extent of occurrence is below 2,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 40 km². The orchid C. cucullata grows in mountainous forest areas on Crete, with a few isolated populations in several localities on mountain Ida (Héraklion), Samaria Gorge (Ghania) and the eastern mountains (Lassithi). The species is endemic to Greece and is found from 700 to 1,500 m asl (Phitos et al., 1995; Thanos and Fournaraki, 2007; Delforge, 1995).

Population trend: C. cucullata is endemic to Crete, Greece, and very local and extremely rare, and the population trend is decreasing. The population has been estimated at 500 individuals in three locations and that each holds less than 250 individuals in total (Cretaplant, 2007; Commission of the European Communities, 2009).

Habitat status: The original habitat is very small and in decline due to grazing, drainage, climate change and deforestation (Cretaplant, 2007; Delforge, 1995).

Conservation status: IUCN category: Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i) ver 3.1 (2011), European regional assessment: Endangered (EN), EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A since 1997. Included under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 1975, included in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive, listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), Protected by Presidential Decree 67/8, Proclaimed "Endangered" by the Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Flora of Greece (Phitos et al., 1995).

Justification: Due to its very local and extremely rare populations living in a declining habitat C. cucullata is assessed as Endangered. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES A micro-reserve has been established in a mountain range of Lefka Ori, where actions for C. cucullata protection have been applied (Cretaplant, 2007). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data There is no known use or trade for this species. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations C. cucullata is endemic to Crete, Greece, and declining area of habitat due to grazing, drainage, climate change and deforestation is threatening its very small and local natural population. Trade does currently not not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

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C. cucullata er endemisk til Kreta, Hellas, der den finnes kun på tre lokaliteter i et habitat som er spesielt utsatt for ødeleggelser og forringelse. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Commission of the European Communities (2009) Composite Report on the Conservation Status of Habitat Types and Species as required under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Brussels, Belgium. Delforge P. (1995) Orchids of Britain & Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland. Global Biodiversity Information Facility Data Portal (2007) Biodiversity occurrence data provided by GBIF Data Portal, data.gbif.org. Available at: http://data.gbif.org/occurrences. Phitos D., Strid A., Snogerup S., Greuter W. (Eds) (1995) The Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece. WWF, Athens, Greece. Thanos C.A., Fournaraki C. (2007) CRETAPLANT: A Pilot Network of Plant Micro-Reserves in Western Crete. Crete Available at: http://cretaplant.biol.uoa.gr/. WCSPF. (2010) World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Available at: http://www.kew.org/wcsp/. Rankou, H. (2011) Cephalanthera cucullata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T161912A5512853. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161912A5512853.en. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ http://trade.cites.org/ https://speciesplus.net/

Goodyera macrophylla

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Goodyera macrophylla (Lowe). Common name: Madeiran lady’s-tresses.

Distribution: G. macrophylla is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. The species is known from a few ravines in central and northern parts of the islands. Its extent of occurrence is 188 km² and the area of occupancy is 36 km². The species can be found between 300 and 1,400 m.a.s.l (Commission of the European Communities, 2009; Delforge, 1995; Press and Short, 1994).

Population trend: G. macrophylla is extremely rare. The total number of subpopulations is seven, the number of individuals per subpopulation ranges from 2 to 1,500 individuals and there are also reports of some isolated individuals. The subpopulations show a very low numbers of flowering plants and the total population size is estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals. The population trend is currently stable and a few plants are preserved in Ribeiro Frio Botanic Gardens (Commission of the European Communities, 2009, Delforge, 1995, Press and Short, 1994).

Habitat status: G. macrophylla requires cliffs and ravines but also flat areas in evergreen forest in the trade-wind cloud forest zone. This orchid grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests, Laurus, Ocotea" (Commission of the European Communities, 2009). The species prefers damp to wet acidic substrates and grows mostly in mid-shade. The range of the species is very narrow and threatened by trampling, collapse of terrain, landslides, and invasive species.

Conservation status: IUCN category: Critically Endangered D ver 3.1 (2011), CITES listing: Appendix II (1975), EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). G. macrophylla is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

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Justification: The flowering in this species is very sporadic, extremely rare and apparently may not take place for 10 to 15 years. G. macrophylla is endemic to Madeira, is very local and extremely rare with a small distribution area consisting of only seven subpopulations in the central and northern parts of Madeira. Due to the low number of mature individuals, G. macrophylla is assessed as Critically Endangered. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species habitat is protected by regional and EU legislation (Habitats Directive). 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data There are no known uses or available trade data. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees The range of G. macrophylla is completely included in the Natural Park of Madeira. Conservation measures that protect this species habitat from collapsing and landslides are in place. The species is legally protected from collection. 6. Recommendations This Madeiran lady’s-tresses is endemic to the Madeira, Portugal, and trampling, collapse of terrain, landslides, and invasive species is threatening its very small natural population. Trade does currently not appear to be among the known threats to the survival or this species in the wild.

Denne arten er endemisk til Madeira, Portugal, der det finnes en liten naturlig bestand i et habitat som er spesielt utsatt for ødeleggelser og forringelse. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens vider overlevelse. 7. Literature list Commission of the European Communities (2009) Composite Report on the Conservation Status of Habitat Types and Species as required under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Brussels. Delforge P. (1995) Orchids of Britain & Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé SA, Lausanne. Press J.R., Short M.J. (1994) Flora of Madeira. HMSO, The Natural History Museum, London. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2010) World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Available at: http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ Rankou H. (2011) Goodyera macrophylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T162070A5527443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T162070A5527443.en Downloaded on 04 October 2016 http://www.iucnredlist.org/ http://trade.cites.org/ https://speciesplus.net/

Liparis loeselii

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. Common names: Fen orchid, yellow widelip orchid, bog twayblade. Norwegian name: Fettblad

Distribution: L. loeselii has an amphi-Atlantic distribution in Eastern, North-America, Europe and Western Asia (Tutin et al., 1964, 1995).

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Population trend: Uncertain, believed to be in sharp decline in several regions. L. loeselii is considered to be extinct in Norway (Artsdatabanken, 2006; Fægri and Danielsen, 1996; Høiland, 1990).

Habitat status: The major factors leading to its widespread decline have been habitat loss and deterioration. Its habitat is threatened by anthropogenic plant collection and land use change, particularly livestock grazing.

Conservation status: IUCN category: no IUCN category to date, CITES listing: Appendix II (1975), EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

Justification: In Europe L. loeselii appears on the IUCN threatened list for every country in its range and has legal protection in Belgium, Finland, Norway, Sweden, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and the UK. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data There are no known uses or available trade data. There are historic records of collection by botanists, documented by the many samples in herbariums (Artsdatabanken, 2006) 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The Fen orchid is in decline or extinct in several of its previous locations. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survivial of this species.

Fettblad vurderes som utdødd i Norge (RE). L. loeselii var kjent fra fire lokaliteter på lavlands-rikmyrer ved Oslofjorden: Arekilen i Øf Hvaler (fram til 1920), Nesøytjernet i Ak Asker (fram til 1920), og to nær hverandre i Vf Tjøme: Vikerholmen (fram til 1933) og Kolabekkilen (fram til 1936) (Artsdatabanken, 2006). Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Artsdatabanken (2006) Red List Database. Trondheim Available at: http://www.artsdatabanken.no/Article/Article/133966. Fægri K., Danielsen, A. (1996) Maps of distribution of Norwegian vascular plants. III. The southeastern element. Fagbokforlaget, Bergen, 129 + 40 pp. Høiland K. (1990) Fra redaksjonen. Oversikt over utgåtte, truete og sjeldne arter. Blyttia. 48: 97-100. Tutin T.G. et al. (Eds.) (1964) Flora Europaea. (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5 vols, 1964-1980. 2nd ed. vol 1 1993. Tutin T.G., Heywood V.H., Burges N.A., Valentine D.H., Walters S.M., Webb D.A. (Eds.) (1995) Flora Europaea Vol 1-5. Electronic dataset supplied by R.J Pankhurst, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, May 1995. https://speciesplus.net/ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/ http://linnaeus.nrm.se/ http://www.artsportalen.artsdatabanken.no/Rodliste2010/

Ophrys argolica

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1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Ophrys argolica H.Fleischm. Common name: Eyed bee orchid

Distribution: This species is endemic to Greece. It is found on the Peloponnese, Atica (near Athens) and at one site in Kythira Island (Tan and Iatrou, 2001). The extent of occurrence is under 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km².

Population trend: It is found at less than ten localities. The population trend is unknown but the scattered localities host only very small populations (Phitos et al., 1995; Pederson and Faurholdt, 2007; Delforge, 1995).

Habitat status: The species is threatened by uncontrolled building work, tourist pressures, human influences and the use of herbicides and pesticides, which reduce the numbers of pollinators.

Conservation status: IUCN category: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1 (2011), European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU), EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU), Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU), CITES listing: Appendix II (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A (1997). Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

Justification: The populations are severely fragmented. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data Among many Ophrys spp. that are collected for their attractiveness, O. argolica has been collected. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees O. argolica is protected (67/81) at national level and listed as Vulnerable in the Greek Red List (Phitos et al., 1995). 6. Recommendations Eyed bee orchid is endemic and has a restricted range, with ongoing habitat reductions being the main threat to its survival. Trade does not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Denne arten er endemisk til Hellas er sårbar og finnes i svært fragmenterte habitat. Handel er ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Delforge P. (1995) Orchids of Britain & Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé SA, Lausanne. Pederson H.Æ., Faurholdt N. (2007) Ophrys. The Bee Orchids of Europe. Kew Publishing. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. Phitos D., Strid A., Snogerup S., Greuter W. (Eds) (1995) The Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece. WWF-Greece, Athens. Tan K., Iatrou G. (2001) Endemic Plants of Greece: The Peloponnese. Gads Forlag, Copenhagen. Rankou H. (2011) Ophrys argolica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T162112A5541120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T162112A5541120.en Downloaded on 14 October 2016 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/ https://speciesplus.net/

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Ophrys lunulata

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Ophrys lunulata Parl. Common names: Cresent ophrys, Lunulate Ophrys.

Distribution: O. lunulata is endemic to Sicily, Italy. It occurs in the southeast and around Palermo. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be 10,348 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,997 km². The species is found from sea level to 800 m asl (Pederson and Faurholdt, 2007).

Population trend: O. lunulata is known from 16 localities, but the number of localities is debated. The population is stable at the moment (Commission of the European Communities, 2009). The species is collected.

Habitat status: The habitat of O. lunulata is suspected to be declining due to urbanization and infrastructure development (in connection to tourism).

Conservation status: IUCN category: Near Threatened ver 3.1 (2011), CITES listing: Appendix II (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, Annex A (1997) and Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

Justification: In addition to habitat degradation, the collection of this orchid is a threat. Therefore, O. lunulata is assessed as Near Threatened, approaching Criterion B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data O. lunulata has been gathered by collectors. The root is edible when cooked and is also a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. This salep is said to be very nutritious and is made into a drink or added to cereals and bread (Plants For a Future, 2010). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations The cresent ophrys is endemic and with a restricted range, and is threatened by ongoing habitat reductions. Trade does not appear to be among the known threats to the survival of this species in the wild.

Denne arten er endemisk til Sicilia, Italia der dens utbredelsesområde minker, den er vurdert til nær truet av IUCN. Handel virker ikke å være blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Pederson H.Æ., Faurholdt N. (2007) Ophrys. The Bee Orchids of Europe. Kew Publishing. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. Plants For a Future (2010) Plants For a Future. Available at: http://www.pfaf.org/index.php Rankou H. (2011) Ophrys lunulata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T161828A5501029. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T161828A5501029.en Downloaded on 14 October 2016.

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Orchis scopulorum

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Orchis scopulorum. Synonym: Orchis mascula subsp. scopulorum (Summerh.) H.Sund. ex H.Kretzschmar, Eccarius & H. Common name: Maderian orchid (Catalogue of life).

Distribution: Maderia, Portugal.

Population trend: Subspecies of Orchis mascula, common in Madeira, Portugal.

Habitat status: Unknown. The species O. mascula has a wide distribution world-wide.

Conservation status: IUCN category: not listed, CITES listing: Appendix II (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

Justification: Known only from Madeira, Portugal. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data NA 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations There is a lack of available information to draw any recommendations for this subspecies.

Data- og informasjonsgrunnlaget for å trekke en god og velfundert anbefaling om denne underarten er for dårlig/ikke eksisterende. 7. Literature list http://www.gbif.org/ https://cites.org/ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/

Spiranthes aestivalis 1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions Species name: Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich. Common name: Summer Lady's Tresses Spiranthes

Distribution: A species of orchid found in Europe, Turkey and Russia, and also in North Africa. Specifically in Europe: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece (distribution uncertain), Guernsey (United Kingdom), Hungary, Italy, Jersey (United Kingdom), Liechtenstein (extinct), Netherlands

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(extinct), Portugal, Slovakia (extinct), Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (extinct) (Tutin et al.,1964, 1995).

Population trend: Very variable across Europe, but threatened by the massive loss of habitat in many countries, and extinct in several.

Habitat status: S. aestivalis inhabits boggy or marshy areas, close to streams or springs. Drainage of the wet, boggy habitats favoured by this orchid has played a part in its decline. Plants have also been dug up for private collections. This orchid is distributed widely throughout Europe but is rare and in steep decline across its entire range but most at peril in the northern part of its distribution range. Further east in central Europe and south to the Mediterranean it is still present in a few localities, mostly because these countries have been slower to adopt the intensive farming regimes that have been in place in northern Europe for longer.

Conservation status: IUCN category: This taxon has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List, but is in the Catalogue of Life, CITES listing: Appendix II (1975). EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Annex A (1997). Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Listed under Annex IVb of the EC Species and Habitats Directive.

Justification: S. aestivalis is under threat across its European range. 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES NA 3. Relevant literature NA 4. Evaluation of trade data S. aestivalis has been gathered by collectors. 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. Res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees NA 6. Recommendations S. aestivalis is under threat across its European range, primarily due to land use change. Trade is currently not among the known threats to the survival of this species.

Denne arten er i nedgang i hele sitt europeiske utbredelsesområde hovedsakelig på grunn av tapt habitat. Handel er på nåværende tidspunkt ikke blant de kjente truslene mot denne artens overlevelse. 7. Literature list Tutin T.G. et al. (Eds.) (1964) Flora Europaea. (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5 vols, 1964-1980. 2nd ed. vol 1 1993. Tutin T.G., Heywood V.H., Burges N.A., Valentine D.H., Walters S.M., Webb D.A. (Eds.) (1995) Flora Europaea Vol 1-5. Electronic dataset supplied by R.J Pankhurst, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, May 1995. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/ https://speciesplus.net/

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4 Uncertainties

To evaluate the impact of trade, both the current status of the species and the level of trade must be considered. Ideally, recommendations regarding trade should be founded on reliable estimates of status and development of populations and their habitat as well as trade figures. However, for most wildlife species the available data will be incomplete at best. Hence, to confidently evaluate whether or not trade will be detrimental to the survival of a species will often be impossible due to lack of data.

In case of uncertainty regarding the status of a species or the impact of trade on the conservation of a species Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev CoP16) resolves that a precautionary approach should be followed.

The IUCN Red List assessments were generally used as a starting point for species assessments. However, in some cases these assessments were conducted as long ago as the 1990s the current situation of the species in question could have changed dramatically. For some species there were considerable deviations between the population size estimates provided by IUCN and that of other sources. For some of the migratory raptors in Africa and Eurasia, species IUCN conservation status was suggested to be unfavourable in a report published in 2005 by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory species of Wild animals (CMS; http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-status.pdf). Uncertainties related to the issues pointed out above are highlighted in the relevant species fact sheets.

Yet another source of uncertainty pertains to unresolved (recently updated) taxonomy, e.g. when taxa are known by several scientific names (synomyms) or when different taxonomic levels (usually species/subspecies) are used inconsequently. In these cases, databases such as Species.plus.net, trade.cites.org and IUCN Red List may follow different nomenclatures and the information they provide thus dissimilar. For example, the kiang (E. kiang) is as result of recent genetic analysis, now considered a subspecies of the Asian Wild Ass (E. hemionus; Rosenbom et al., 2015). Another example is the Tarsiers (Tarsius spp.), where recent taxonomic work has divided the family Tarsiidae from one genus two three genera (Groves and Shekelle, 2010). In such cases, the taxonomic issues were taken into account and mentioned in the fact sheets..

The control of trade executed by the range States can be inadequate and/or the level of trade may be underreported to CITES. In the CITES trade database there are often gaps between the numbers provided by exporters and importers indicating that also unreported trade might occur. Given that only a small fraction of illegal trade is documented, there is also significant uncertainty in the actual trade numbers and thus in the assessment of trade’s impact on a species survival.

For several species evaluated in this report the data on population size, trends, general biology and conservation status are very limited. In these cases firm conclusions regarding

VKM Report 2020: 02 172 how trade would affect the species survival could not be drawn as stated in the appropriate fact sheets.

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5 Data gaps

The illegal market in animal and plant species is massive, and hence only a fraction of trade is actually documented. The amount of illegal trade is estimated from data on confiscations, but again seizures represent only a proportion of actual illegal trade. While searching for alternative databases and indicators of trade online (e.g. dramatic fluctuations in the price of derived products), it is evident that for many of the species evaluated in this report, the true trade pressure is unknown. For several species evaluated in this report the data on population size, trends, general biology and conservation status are very limited and this is noted, where appropriate

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6 References

Note that references are included for each of the species assessments in section 3 of this report.

Broad S., Mulliken T., Roe D. (2003) The nature and extent of legal and illegal trade in wildlife, in: S. Oldfield (Ed.), The trade in wildlife: regulation for conservation, Earthscan Publications Ltd. , UK and USA pp. 3-22.

CITES. (2005) CITES World: Official Newsletter of the Parties, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Dirzo R., Young H.S., Galetti M., Ceballos G., Isaac N.J.B., Collen B. (2014) Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345:401-406. DOI: 10.1126/science.1251817.

EU. (2014) The EU Birds and Habitats Directives Brussels, Belgium.

Groves C., Shekelle M. (2010) The genera and species of Tarsiidae. International Journal of Primatology 31:1071-1082.

Pimm S.L., Joppa L.N. (2015) How many plant species are there, where are they, and at what rate are they going extinct? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 100:170-176.

Rosenbom S., Costa V., Chen S., Khalatbari L., Yusefi G.H., Abdukadir A., Yangzom C., Kebede F., Teclai R., Yohannes H. (2015) Reassessing the evolutionary history of ass-like equids: Insights from patterns of genetic variation in contemporary extant populations. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 85:88-96.

WWF. (2016) Living Planet Report Risk and Resilience in a new era, WWF International Gland, Swizerland pp. 128.

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Appendix I

Annex 1 Reporting format for assessments of species under the new Norwegian CITES- regulation.

The assessments should address the following aspects and questions for the suggested new species listing in - and uplisting under - the new Norwegian CITES-regulation:

I. The introduction part shall review existing literature and global/regional/national assessments on population and habitat status for the species evaluated, covering known range states. Furthermore, information by IUCN, TRAFFIC, the Convention on Migrating Species (CMS; including sub-agreements) and The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, as well as any prior listing proposals under the Conference of the Parties (CITES CoP), cf Res. Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16) shall be included. If available, the assessment shall comprise a review of the reports and literature that the EU Scientific Review Group (SRG) has used as the basis for their assessments.

II. Other literature with relevant information, supporting or contradictory, not included in part I, shall also be reviewed and commented on specifically.

III. Trade data by UNEP-WCMC: http://trade.cites.org/ and any other potential information and reports summarizing trade status, e.g. by IUCN-TRAFFIC, shall be included and categorized as follows:

 If no data on legal or illegal trade is available.

 If trade is not considered a relevant threat, no known trade in the wild populations, only or mainly captive bred populations in trade, or trade in the species is not known

 If trade in wild specimens is considered a high risk threat, i.e. detrimental.

 No legal trade is documented, but illegal trade is documented to be substantial and detrimental.

 In case the wild population is threatened to a degree that any legal or illegal trade (even if trade is not observed), can be considered a risk and being detrimental. This includes assessment of whether trade in captive bred or artificially cultivated specimens affects wild populations.

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 If significant trade reviews conclusions by CITES Animals -or Plants Committees, or CITES Standing Committee, indicate that conservation measures need to be enforced and/or improved.

IV. Species shall be evaluated under the current taxonomic status in CITES, cf. Species+. If the species is under taxonomic revision and it is commented in relevant sources, e.g. IUCN red list, the status of the new taxonomic entities should be included, preempting a split-listing of subpopulations or -species or down-listing of "lumped" species. CITES updates the nomenclature at the Conference of the Parties every three years, hence both current listing and putative future listings shall be commented if possible.

V. Species that are morphological similar to listed species, i.e. lookalikes, shall also be evaluated under criteria given in Res. Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16).

VI. Animal hybrids shall be evaluated similarly as the parent taxa with the strictest regulations, cf. Res. Conf. 10.17. (Rev. CoP14), and shall generally be interpreted to refer to the previous four generations of the lineage.

VII. The assessment should be given in the standardized format as outlined here:

1. Review of the species biological status and conservation status, including information status in other relevant conventions

Species name: Scientific name incl. reference to author who described species. English name and Norwegian name when available. Taxonomic uncertainties should be addressed if relevant. It is not necessary to list all synonyms, but names commonly used commercially shall be specified.

Distribution: Description of area of natural distribution (+ any introduced populations) and list of range states

Population trend: If available by IUCN and relevant literature

Habitat status: Choose one: fragmented/increasingly fragmented/not fragmented, + any known evaluation

Conservation status: Brief description of conservation status, IUCN category and the used red-list codes. If available: Listing on CITES (since date), CMS, Bern and EU.

Justification: 2. Review of reports (if available), underpinning EU conservation measures and any listing proposals under CITES

3. Relevant literature Summarize briefly the content of relevant paper/s found in addition to those on the IUCN site. Add the actual references to the list under 6. 4. Evaluation of trade data Information from http://trade.cites.org, and Species+ and TRAFFIC. If large amounts of

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info select the most essential (e.g. sudden increase in trade). For some species it will be necessary to also search for additional information on legal and illegal trade through other sources (i.e. price, e-commerce). 5. Other information on relevant threats cf. res. Conf. 9.24 and nature management issues in range states, including reviews by CITES Committees

6. Recommendations (including Norwegian summary) Short evaluation of why trade could be/not be detrimental on population status.

7. Literature list Alphabetically ordered reference list following the American Assoc. Agronomy format

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Appendix II

List of proposed changes to the Norwegian CITES species lists

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