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SAJAE 2009 Vol 38 S.Afr. Tydskr. Landbouvoorl./S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., Snijman, van Rensburg Vol. 38, 2009: 33 – 50 & van Rensburg ISSN 0301-603X (Copyright) THE VIABILITY OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF UNDERDEVELOPED FARMERS IN THE DRIEFONTEIN AREA, NORTH WEST PROVINCE. 2J.L. Snijman 1, J.B.J. van Rensburg 1 & L. D. van Rensburg 2 Keywords: Sustainable, subsistence, small scale, underdeveloped, commercial. ABSTRACT Different arguments about the viability of underdeveloped farmers are going around. Many researchers and stakeholders were involved in projects aimed at improving the underdeveloped farmers’ enterprises. Very few of the private or Government initiated projects paid any dividends to those involved. It appears that farmers lack the capability to incorporate the five components (biological viability, resources availability and viability, economic viability, social / community orientated viability and risk factors) necessary to manage a sustainable agribusiness. This study looks at present agricultural enterprises, the socio-economic components needed for a sustainable enterprise and how a sustainable enterprise should be managed by underdeveloped farmers. The study area was Driefontein which is situated in the north eastern part of the North West Province (25 o55’ E: 25 o45’ S). The average yearly rainfall over the period 2000 to 2007 was 325 mm. Of the 218 respondents 27% is involved in animal husbandry and 42% is involved in crop production. The remaining 31% is subsistence farmers and/or are involved within the farming community. The 218 farmers produce a total of 18 t of maize, 20 t sorghum and 7 t sunflower on a total of ± 660ha, which proves the situation to be unsustainable according to the five pillars criteria for sustainable agriculture. The three input parameters representing the highest expenditure levels are fuel (R3 216), seed (R1 794) and labour (R1 335). Given the income they obtained from their crop production it is evident that the profit (per farmer) was R63 (maize), R235 (sorghum) and R64 (sunflower) per production season, respectively. The farmers indicated that the main reason for crop losses is drought, and to a minor extent damage caused by birds, stray animals, theft, diseases and pests. Damage caused by incompetency and monoculture practises are not considered a risk. However, if the potential farmers (semi-commercial and share croppers) receive training regarding sustainable agriculture, they will become accustomed to the complicacy regarding managing a sustainable agribusiness and can develop the needed skills necessary to manage a sustainable agribusiness. 1. INTRODUCTION Studies regarding the underdeveloped farmer’s agricultural sector in South Africa are a discipline full of challenges for those who endeavour to improve this sector. It is clear that stagnancy and unsustainable agriculture situations are at present prevailing at Driefontein. The prevailing restrictions, e.g. climate and viable sustainable 1 ARC- Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X 1251, Potchefstroom, 2520 2 Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300 33 S.Afr. Tydskr. Landbouvoorl./S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., Snijman, van Rensburg Vol. 38, 2009: 33 – 50 & van Rensburg ISSN 0301-603X (Copyright) production systems, require innovative thinking in the quest for alternative production systems within the framework of extensive production systems. In the past various attempts were made in developing the underdeveloped farmers of Driefontein, but the results showed that very little progress had been made. The majority of role-players’’ studies executed at Driefontein indicated that there are a number of obstacles to overcome, but few recommended achievable ways and means to address these problems. The University of Pretoria did a survey which involved 177 farms in the Vryburg, Lichtenburg, Klerksdorp and Brits districts. Existing economical viable commercial enterprises were transformed through land reform to new entrants to agriculture to investigate their capabilities to sustain these running concerns, and whether they can manage commercial enterprises. The report indicated that 44% of these projects were close to collapsing and 27% did collapse. Thirty seven percent of the farmers, initially involved in the project, withdrew from the project due to problems they have experienced. More than 50% of the participants were general farm workers, 28% were underdeveloped farmers of which only 3% had some commercial farming experience (Farmer’s Weekly, 9 Dec 2005). Another government supported project nearby Hartbeesfontein was stopped after the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) had visited the project. According to Inspector Sibiza of the National Council of SPCA’s (NSPCA) the animals were dying due to malnutrition. According to Inspector Sibiza it appears that this situation is nothing but the tip of the iceberg. There are sixteen other government projects of which the standard is average to bad, and the projects are deteriorating at a daily rate, so much so that they are on the brink of collapsing (Grain SA, 2004). A number of projects collapsed when Bophuthatswana was incorporated into the Northwest Province after the 1994 elections. Research indicated that a decrease in agricultural activities was visible, especially in the dry land production areas (Dapaah et al ., 2001; Armecin et al ., 2002, quoted by Verschoor, 2002). According to Verschoor (2002) the development of other industrial sectors such as mining, construction, etc., cause many inhabitants of rural areas to migrate to areas where they can obtain a better income. It appears that the production targets, developmental outcomes and aims of the role- players regarding Driefontein were not reached. A number of questions arise due to this phenomenon, e.g., “What caused the collapse of the projects? Why does production decrease when role-players withdraw? The remaining subsistence and underdeveloped farmers are still interested in farming, therefore innovative thinking is needed to develop them to a level where they can maintain a sustainable and socio- economical agricultural enterprise. Farming systems The only farming system which is easily distinguished from the rest is the commercial farming enterprises. There are numerous definitions to describe the systems from the non-commercial environment. Names like subsistence farmers, small scale farmers, emerging farmers, resource poor farmers, developing farmers or communal farmers are used. There are mainly three categories into which underdeveloped farmers can be divided. The first group, subsistence farmers, are those who lack the necessary resources to implement a proper commercial production system, and cannot support their own families. Small scale farmers are described as farmers with small enterprises with no or little means to make use of applicable suppliers of farming materials. Emerging farmers are described as farmers with low output production systems, uncertain 34 S.Afr. Tydskr. Landbouvoorl./S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., Snijman, van Rensburg Vol. 38, 2009: 33 – 50 & van Rensburg ISSN 0301-603X (Copyright) property rights, uneconomical farms, lack of support and they have restrictions to participate in agricultural markets (Lipton et al., 1996). The character of underdeveloped farmers does not agree with the applied autocratic perception of role-players in the agricultural sector. According to Verschoor (2002) there are four categories in which underdeveloped farmers can be classified. The classification was done by using the Principle Component Analysis. The half- commercial group (9% of Driefontein’s farmers) can be perceived as successful. The next group, share croppers (35% of Driefontein’s farmers) cultivate pieces of land by means of hiring implements and they have access to technology. This group, such as the half-commercial group, has the potential to accept the challenges to become commercial farmers. The opportunists (37% of Driefontein’s farmers) are those whose agricultural activities depend and change according to available resources and opportunities within a specific production season, and their yields are low. The fourth group is the unproductive land-owners (19% of Driefontein’s farmers). They practise subsistence production systems and use natural resources only to secure food for their families (Verschoor, 2002). Underdeveloped farmers struggle with factors beyond their control such as eroded lands due to drought, excessive rain, and/or support presented to more successful farmers. Underdeveloped farmers cannot keep up with High External Input Agriculture (HEIA), because they cannot afford it. They are forced to apply Low External Input Agriculture (LEIA) which usually involves more traditional methods. According to Mr. E. Abwino from the Kasisi Agricultural Training Centre an emerging farmer is categorised by the lack of financial and technical resources and not by the size of agricultural land (Johansson, 2002). Hence, the primary focus should be a service delivery approach and recommendations and solutions towards establishing a sustainable commercial production system. Outcomes might suggest that different production systems should be applied. 2. SUITABILITY OF DRIEFONTEIN AS AGRICULTURAL AREA Driefontein is situated in the north eastern part of the Northwest Province (25 o55’ E: 25 o45’ S). The area has in general a flat surface with no hills or mountains. Studies executed in the Driefontein area, Ditsobotla
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