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Bir Balyan Ailesi Tasarımı: Sa'dabad Camisi

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Bir Balyan Ailesi Tasarımı: Sa'dabad Camisi MAKALE / ARTICLE MEGARON 2015;10(3):389-409 DOI: 10.5505/MEGARON.2015.27247 Bir Balyan Ailesi Tasarımı: Sa’dabad Camisi Designed by Balyan Family: The Sa’dabad Mosque Emine Füsun ALİOĞLU ÖZ ABSTRACT Bir selatin camisi olan Sa’dabad Camisi Sultan III. Ahmet’in ik- Sa’adabad Mosque was built as an imperial mosque in the Tulip tidar olduğu, Lale Devri’nde (1718-1730) inşa edilmiştir. Cami, period (1718-1730) which corresponds to the reign of Ahmet III. Tarihi Yarımada, Üsküdar, Eyüp gibi semtlerde değil, Lale The mosque was built in an area very popular in the Tulip Period Devri’nde önemli imar faaliyetlerinin olduğu Kağıthane’de at Kağıthane and not in traditional districts of Istanbul such as yapılmıştır. Bu alışılagelmişin dışında yer seçimi tam da dö- the historic peninsula, Uskudar or Eyup. This unusual choice of nemin içinde bulunduğu ortamın özelliklerini yansıtmaktadır. location is a reflection of the characteristics of its time. At the Yüzyılın bu ikinci çeyreğinde, Osmanlı topraklarında, özellikle second half of the century, new and different concepts in archi- İstanbul’da kentsel mekanda, mimaride yeni ve farklı kalıp- tecture were assessed in the Ottoman land and especially in ur- lar denenmektedir. Lale Devri, Batı etkilerinin yapılı çevrede ban Istanbul. Tulip Period was a period when western influences ilk ve naif etkilerinin ortaya çıktığı dönemdir. Binalarda kapı, were first and naively flourished in the built environment. For pencere, yazıt vb ayrıntılarda ilk kez Klasik Osmanlı mimari- the first time, decoration program outside of the classical canon si tutumunun dışına çıkan bezeme programları uygulanmış, of Ottoman architecture were witnessed on details of the deco- kentsel mekanda odak noktası yaratan meydan çeşmeleri, rative elements such as doors, windows and inscriptions and sebiller inşa edilmiş, sur dışında imar faaliyeti önem kazan- fountains as the focus of urban space were set at the centers of mıştır. Dönemin en etkili uygulaması, Tarihi Yarımada dışında, the squares and construction activity gained pace extramuros. Haliç’e akan, Kâğıthane Deresi kıyısında inşa edilen Sa’adabad The most fascinating work of the period is the Sa’adabad Pal- Sarayı’dır. Sa’dabad Camisi, Sa’dabad Sarayı içinde 1135/1722 ace built outside the historic peninsula by the Kâğıthane Creek. yılında inşa edilmiştir. Cami, III. Selim (HD. 1789-1807) ve II. Sa’dabad Mosque was built in 1135/1722 within the Sa’dabad Mahmut (HD. 1808-1839) dönemlerinde onarım görmüştür. Palace. It was repaired at the times of Selim III (HD. 1789-1807) İlk caminin nasıl bir mimariye sahip olduğu bilinmemektedir. and Mahmut II (HD. 1808-1839). The original architecture of the Çünkü günümüzde var olan cami, Abdülaziz (HD. 1861-1876) mosque is unknown. Because the existing mosque was rebuilt tarafından 1279/1862 yeniden yaptırılmıştır. Bu nedenle yapı, by Abdülaziz (HD. 1861-1876) in 1279/1862, it is identified as Aziziye Camisi olarak da adlandırılmaktadır. Bu son caminin the Aziziye Mosque after the Sultan Abdülaziz as well. The archi- mimarı Batılılaşma döneminin önemli imar hareketlerinde tect of this last mosque is the Balyan Family who had significant imzası olan Balyan Ailesi’dir. Mimar Sarkis Balyan’ın kardeşi role at the construction activity of the period. It is accepted that Agop Balyan ile birlikte Sa’dabad Camisi’ni yaptığı kabul edil- Architect Sarkis Balyan together with his brother Agop Balyan mektedir. were responsible from the construction. Anahtar sözcükler: Balyan Ailesi; Sa’dabad Camisi. Keywords: Balyan Family; The Sa’dabad Mosque. Kadir Has Üniversitesi, Sanat ve Tasarım Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, İstanbul. Department of Architecture, Kadir Has University, Faculty of Art and Design, Istanbul, Turkey. Başvuru tarihi: 28 Kasım 2014 (Article arrival date: November 28, 2014) - Kabul tarihi: 22 Eylül 2015 (Accepted for publication: September 22, 2015) İletişim (Correspondence): Emine Füsun ALİOĞLU. e-posta (e-mail): [email protected] © 2015 Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi - © 2015 Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture m garonjournal.com m CİLT VOL. 10 - SAYI NO. 3 389 Giriş nin konum, tasarım, malzeme ve teknolojik özellikleri Bir selatin camisi olan, Çağlayan, Aziziye adları ile dönem koşulları bağlamında değerlendirilecek, Balyan de anılan Sa’dabad Camisi birkaç onarım ve yapım Ailesi mimarlığının yapıdaki görünürlüğü irdelenecek- aşaması geçirerek günümüze ulaşmıştır. Cami, ilk ola- tir. rak, Sultan III. Ahmet’in iktidar olduğu, Lale Devri’nde Sa’dabad Camisi (1718-1730) inşa edilmiştir (Tuğlacı, 1993, s. 485). Yapı, Caminin Konumu Tarihi Yarımada, Üsküdar, Eyüp gibi semtlerde değil, bu sırada önemli imar faaliyetlerinin olduğu Kağıthane’de Lale Devri, Batı etkilerinin yapılı çevrede ilk örnek- yapılmıştır. Bu alışılagelmişin dışında yer seçimi, tam lerinin ortaya çıktığı dönemdir. Binalarda kapı, pence- da dönemin içinde bulunduğu ortamın özelliklerini re, yazıt vb ayrıntılarda ilk kez Klasik Osmanlı mimarisi yansıtmaktadır. Yüzyılın bu ikinci çeyreğinde, Osmanlı tutumunun dışına çıkan bezeme programları uygulan- topraklarında, özellikle İstanbul’da kentsel mekanda, mış, kentsel mekanda odak noktası yaratan meydan mimaride yeni ve farklı kalıplar denenmektedir (Denel, çeşmeleri, sebiller inşa edilmiş, sur dışında imar faali- 1982, s.18-21). Yapılı çevrede, bu gelenekselden farklı yeti önem kazanmıştır. Dönemin en etkili uygulaması, biçimlenmeler arayışının arkasında elbette çeşitli et- Tarihi Yarımada dışında, Haliç’e akan, Kâğıthane Dere- kenler vardır. Devlet, sosyal, ekonomik sorunlar ile kar- si kıyısında inşa edilen Sa’adabad Sarayı’dır. Bu proje şı karşıyadır. Askeri yenilgiler sonrasında, büyük toprak çerçevesinde Kağıthane Deresi 1100 metre boyunca, kayıpları temel sorun gibi görünse de asıl olan yöne- doğrusal olarak ıslah edilmiş, derenin iki yanı mermer timin içinde bulunduğu açmazlardır. Bununla birlikte rıhtımla sınırlandırılmıştır (Şekil 1). Lale Devri’nin şai- Osmanlı üst düzey yöneticileri sonuçtan hareketle ön- ri Nedim tarafından “Cetvel-i Sim” olarak adlandırılan celikle askeri reformlara girişir. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı bu düzenlemede, derenin çevresindeki arazi, pavyon- askerini yenilgiye uğratan Batı Avrupalı devletler iz- lar, çeşmeler, şadırvanlar gibi yan yapılarla tasarıma lenmeye başlanır (Kılıçbay, 1985, s. 147-152). Osmanlı dahil edilmiş, padişah ve devlet erkanı konutları bir elçilerinin bu ülkelere gönderilerek raporlar istenmesi, araya getirilmiştir (Arel, 1975, s. 28; Batur, 1985, s. 1040). Sa’dabad Sarayı’nın, bazı özellikleri ile 28 Çelebi Avrupalı uzmanların Osmanlı topraklarına davet edil- 1 mesi Batıyı ilk anlama çabalarıdır. Bu yaklaşımların te- Mehmet Efendi’nin Fransa’daki izlenimlerinden etki- melinde özellikle Batının askeri yapılanmasının irdelen- ler taşıdığı kabul edilmektedir (Arel, 1975, s. 21-29). mesi söz konusudur. Ancak Batı sadece askeri düzeni Kâğıthane, kuşkusuz ilk defa Lale Devri’nde kullanılma- ile değil toplumsal, ekonomik, kültürel ortamı, kentsel maktadır. Bölge, devletin ileri gelenlerinin 16.Yüzyıldan itibaren avlanma alanıdır. Aynı sıralarda atlara biniş yeri mekan organizasyonu, mimarisi ile de Osmanlı’ya ben- olarak kullanılmak üzere İmrahor Köşkü inşa edilmiştir zememektedir. Bu ülkelerdeki farklı yaşam biçiminin (Eldem, 1977, s. 18). Ancak 18. Yüzyılın Sa’adabad Sa- kentsel mekandaki görünürlüğü Osmanlı seyyahlarının rayı ile Osmanlı sultanı burada daha fazla vakit geçir- izlenimlerinde geniş yer bulmuş, Osmanlı yöneticileri meye başlamış saray, sadrazam, vezir, yabancı hüküm- de bundan etkilenmiştir (Denel, 1982, s. 5-9). Bu ne- dar temsilcileri ile buluşulan bir yer olmuştur (Eldem, denle de Osmanlı askeri sistemini ıslah amacı ile başla- 1977, s. 19; Arel, 1975, s. 27). yan girişimler, bu alanla sınırlı kalamamış, insan hak ve özgürlüklerinden, hukuka, edebiyata, sanata, mimari- İlk Sa’dabad Camisi, Sa’dabad Sarayı içinde 1722 yı- ye kadar toplumsal yaşamın tüm alanlarını etkilemiştir lında inşa edilmiştir. Cami, III. Selim (HD. 1789-1807) (Ortaylı, 1985, s. 136-137). Süreç içinde, bir taraftan döneminde onarım görmüş, II. Mahmut ise (HD. 1808- ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel alışkanlıklar farklılaşmakta, 1839), camiyi yenilemiştir. Cami, Abdülaziz (HD. 1861- diğer taraftan fiziki çevre de eş zamanlı olarak değişen 1876) tarafından 1862 yılında yeniden yaptırılmıştır. Bu beğeniler bağlamında dönüştürülmektedir. Özellikle ve nedenle yapı, Aziziye Camisi olarak da adlandırılmak- öncelikle İstanbul’da kentin mekan organizasyonu yeni tadır (Tuğlacı, 1993, s. 485). Sa’dabad Camisi, padişah- bir nitelik ve nicelik kazanmaktadır. Sur dışındaki yer- ların Cuma selamlığına çıktığı, köşklerinde “Halvet-i 2 3 leşme alanları kente dahil edilmekte, bina-arazi-kent Humayun”, “Biniş-i Hümayun” düzenledikleri sultan ilişkisi değişmekte, Batı kökenli üsluplar, bezeme prog- camilerindendir (Mete, 2011, s. 77). ramları süratle mimariye yerleşmektedir (Denel, 1982, s. 42-54). 1 Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmet Efendi, Osmanlı yönetiminin elçilik görevi ile yurt dışına gönderdiği ilk resmi görevlidir. Fransa’ya giden Çelebi, bura- Bu makalede, ilk halini Lale devrinde almış son hali da on ay kalarak izlenimlerini bir rapor olarak padişaha sunmuştur. 2 Haremde yaşayan kadınların serbest ve meşru bir şekilde haremin bah- ise Batılılaşma döneminin mimarlarından Sarkis Bey çesinde veya mesire yerlerinde eğlenmeleri anlamına gelmektedir. Balyan ve Agop Bey Balyan tarafından tasarlanmış ve 3 Osmanlı padişahlarının İstanbul’un çeşitli yerlerine yaptıkları geziler
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