Notes on the Materiality of Sound

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Notes on the Materiality of Sound OASE 78 70 OASE 78 71 Raviv Ganchrow 1 Raviv Ganchrow 1 Two conditions where Twee voorbeelden van phantom sounds are omstandigheden waaron- Hear and There: Notes on the perceived are the ex- Horen en plaatsen: aantekeningen der schijngeluiden wor- amples of tinnitus and den waargenomen zijn bij Materiality of Sound combination tones. The over de materialiteit van geluid tinnitus (oorsuizingen) en term ‘tinnitus’ describes bij combinatietonen. De a condition in which term ‘tinnitus’ beschrijft a sound is discernable een toestand waarbij within the human ear binnen in het menselijk in the absence of a oor bij afwezigheid van corresponding external een corresponderende source. The term ‘com- externe bron een geluid bination tone’ describes is te onderscheiden. De a psychoacoustic effect term ‘combinatietoon’ whereby a tone is beschrijft een psycho- psychologically audible akoestisch effect waarbij but has no measurable een toon psychologisch physical existence. The hoorbaar is maar geen phenomenon is mani- meetbaar fysiek bestaan fested as an audible heeft. Dit fenomeen presence of a third manifesteert zich als de perceivable tone when hoorbare aanwezig- actually only two tones heid van een derde of particular scalar pro- waarneembare toon portions are sounded wanneer er feitelijk maar simultaneously. twee tonen van bepaalde 2 scalaire proporties gelijk- This distinction in many tijdig tot klinken worden ways has become a gebracht. normative mode of 2 acoustic thinking. For Dit onderscheid is in instance in Jens Blau- veel opzichten de norm ert’s account of spatial voor akoestisch denken hearing, he opens the geworden. Jens Blauert discussion with the opent de discussie in zijn clear bifurcation of uiteenzetting over ruim- sound: ‘Terms such as telijk horen bijvoorbeeld “sound source,” “sound met de ondubbelzinnige signal,” and “sound bifurcatie van geluid: ‘Ter- wave” will always be men zoals “geluidsbron”, From the position of the listener there is every time we lend an ear to the vast used to describe physi- Vanuit de positie van de toehoorder is er Wie naar de ruimte luistert, ontvangt “geluidssignaal”, en “ge- no resemblance between the contours acoustic tangle in which we are immersed. cal phenomena that are geen gelijkenis tussen de contouren van voortdurend signalen. We internaliseren de luidsgolf” zullen steeds characteristic of sound worden gebruikt om of experienced sounds and the shape of For the listener, the space of hearing re- events. What is per- gewaargeworden geluiden en de vorm van fluctuaties die diepte geven aan concrete fysieke fenomenen te be- acoustic wave phenomena. In other words, veals itself to be an uninterrupted interior, ceived auditorily will be akoestische golfverschijnselen. Met andere zintuiglijke gewaarwordingen en vorm schrijven die kenmerkend denoted by the adjec- zijn voor geluidsverschijn- there is no mimetic similarity between the where boundaries drift incessantly out- tive “auditory,” as in the woorden: er bestaat geen mimetische ge- geven aan akoestische tijdsduur. Hoorbare selen. Wat auditief wordt qualities of perceived sounds and the pres- wards with every step towards an edge. term “auditory object” lijkvormigheid tussen de eigenschappen van werelden stollen, telkens als we naar de waargenomen, zal wor- or, preferably, “auditory den aangeduid door het ence of the vibrations in air from which Within an auditory scene, sounds appear event.”’ This bicameral waargenomen geluiden en de presentie enorme akoestische wirwar luisteren adjectief “auditief”, zoals these perceptions arise. Also, when consid- as qualitative experiences with more or terminology differen- van trillingen in de lucht waar die waarne- waarin we zijn ondergedompeld. De toe- in de uitdrukking “auditief tiating between the object” of, beter nog, “au- ering the sensation of sounds, particularly less distinct characteristics. The transfor- two aspects of sound is mingen uit voortkomen. Ook blijken er zich, hoorder leert de hoorbare ruimte kennen ditief verschijnsel”.’ Deze with respect to the experience of tone, mation of acoustic flux into objects of further explicated: ‘More bij nadere beschouwing van de zintuiglijke als een doorlopend interieur waarvan bicamerale terminologie, generally, the fact that die onderscheidt maakt there are instances when audible sounds cognition is an inbuilt attribute of percep- a sound event does not gewaarwording van geluiden, met name de grenzen met elke stap in hun richting tussen de twee aspecten cannot be traced back to a correspond- tion. It is through this innate ability to necessarily produce an waar het gaat om de waarneming van gestaag uiteendrijven. In een auditieve van geluid, wordt nader 1 auditory event, and not verklaard: ‘Meer in het al- ing source of vibration. This notable gap grasp sensations reflexively, that innumer- every auditory event is toonhoogte, hoorbare geluiden voor te omgeving verschijnen geluiden als kwalita- gemeen moet het feit dat between ‘sound measured’ and ‘sound able acoustic fluctuations gradually appear connected with a sound doen die niet teruggevoerd kunnen worden tieve ervaringen met min of meer onder- een geluidsverschijnsel event, must exclude the 1 niet noodzakelijkerwijs perceived’, both in terms of material forms to the listener as solitary, identifiable, interpretation that one tot een corresponderende trillingsbron. scheiden eigenschappen. De eigenschap een auditief verschijnsel and connective asymmetries, tends to events. It is also by way of this learned leads to the other in Deze opmerkelijke kloof tussen ‘gemeten akoestische stromen te transformeren voortbrengt en dat niet a causal sense … The ieder auditief verschijnsel polarise sound into ‘physical’ and ‘psycho- experiential language that the body is able common belief that geluid’ en ‘waargenomen geluid’, in termen tot kenbare objecten zit ingebouwd in de gekoppeld is aan een logical’ acoustics.2 In this sense any inquiry to navigate an otherwise infinite field of sound events cause van zowel materiële vormen als verbin- waarneming. Het komt door dit aangebo- geluidsverschijnsel de auditory events is, con- interpretatie dat het één into a dimensional nature of sound seems sensations. sequently, understand- dende asymmetrieën, leidt gewoonlijk tot ren vermogen zintuiglijke waarnemingen in causale zin tot het an- to be prefixed by a contextual binarism Concurrent with the cognitive space of able, but nonetheless de polarisatie van geluid tot een ‘fysieke’ reflexmatig te begrijpen dat de ontelbare der leidt wel uitsluiten… incorrect.’ Jens Blauert, 2 De gangbare aanname where one is required to simultaneously apprehended sounds, a separate view can Spatial Hearing: The en een ‘psychologische’ akoestiek. Zo lijkt akoestische fluctuaties de toehoorder dat geluidsverschijnselen inhabit adjoining chambers on either side be opened into the physical life of waves. Psychophysics of Human ieder onderzoek naar de dimensionale voorkomen als afzonderlijk herkenbare de oorzaak zijn van Sound Localization auditieve verschijnselen is of the tympanic membrane. This vista delineates another kind of (Cambridge, MA: MIT aard van geluid te worden voorafgegaan verschijnselen. Het komt eveneens door derhalve, hoewel begrij- Hearing space entails enduring signals. sound-space quite remote from the stable Press, 1997), 2-3. door een contextueel binarisme dat vereist deze hoogontwikkelde empirische taal dat pelijk, niettemin onjuist.’ Jens Blauert, Spatial Hea- We internalise fluctuation that gives depth confines of perceptual certitude. Acoustic dat men zich gelijktijdig in aangrenzende het lichaam in staat is door een overigens ring. The Psychophysics of to concrete sensations and shape to studies into the principles of sonic behav- holten aan weerskanten van het trommel- oneindig veld van zintuiglijke waarnemin- Human Sound Localization, acoustic durations. Audible worlds congeal iour, including transmission, propagation vlies bevindt. gen te manoeuvreren. Cambridge 1997, p. 2-3. OASE 78 HEAR AND THERE: NOTES ON THE MATERIALITY OF SOUND 72 OASE 78 HOREN EN PLAATSEN: AANTEKENINGEN OVER DE MATERIALITEIT VAN GELUID 73 as well as properties of reflection and diverse structuring agents of the listener, 3 Evenwijdig aan de cognitieve ruimte geluid werkzaam zien zijn. Met andere 3 In my opinion, any Naar mijn mening is absorption, particularly since the nine- allowing certain materialisations to take account of spatial- van gevangen geluiden kan een afzonderlijk woorden, elke materialisatie van geluid elke beschrijving van teenth century, indicate a move towards a precedence over others. At times these material aspects perspectief worden geopend op het fysieke is altijd al verruimtelijkt binnen de gren- de ruimtelijk-materiële of sound is also an aspecten van geluid physicalised understanding of vibration, in spatialities will be seen to subsume one account of less tangible bestaan van golven. Dit vergezicht omlijnt zen van haar eigen beschrijving. En deze ook een beschrijving other words uncovering a sonic materi- another, while on other occasions they transformations taking een ander soort geluid-ruimte, die tamelijk sonische ‘dingen’ zijn niet zozeer reflecties van minder tastbare shape, within attitudes transformaties die bin- ality quite different from the ephemeral remain disparate and incompatible so as of listening, and more ver verwijderd is van de stabiele grenzen van ontoegankelijke trillingslagen als wel nen houdingen t.o.v. traces impressed by audible sensations. to interfere one with the other. generally
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