THREATENED SPECIES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The Minister’s delegate approved this Conservation Advice on 13/07/2017 .

Conservation Advice Stylidium coroniforme

Wongan Hills triggerplant

Conservation Status Stylidium coroniforme (Wongan Hills triggerplant ) is listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act) effective from the 16 July 2000.The species was eligible for listing under the EPBC Act as on 16 July 2000 it was listed as Endangered under Schedule 1 of the preceding Act, the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth).

The species can also be listed as threatened under state and territory legislation. For information on the current listing status of this species under relevant state or territory legislation, see http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl .

The main factors that are the cause of the species being eligible for listing in the Endangered category are that the species has a restricted area of occupancy, a highly fragmentated distribution and the area, extent and quality of habitat and the number of mature individuals continue to decline (CALM 2003).

Description The Wongan Hills triggerplant is a small, perennial, stocky, closely branching plant, with several loose rosettes of linear grey-green leaves (Brown et al. 1998; Erickson and Willis 1966). The leaves are 3 – 4 cm long, becoming wider in the upper third and ending in a white point at the apex. Under favorable conditions, a flowering stem 10 – 15 cm tall arises from each rosette. Each stem holds a number of short-stalked flowers in a pyramid-shaped raceme up to 12 cm long. The corolla (group of petals) of the flower is creamy pink with red spots at the throat and dark red lines on the outer surface of the petals (Brown et al. 1998; Erickson and Willis 1966).

Two subspecies of the Wongan Hills triggerplant are recognised, Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme and Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum , which differ in leaf and bract morphology (Wege & Coates 2007).

Distribution The species is endemic to the Avon Wheatbelt bioregion (DSEWPaC 2012) in Western Australia (Wege & Coates 2007). The two subspecies of Wongan Hills triggerplant are geographically isolated : Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme is known from several populations near Wongan Hills; and Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum is known from a small cluster of populations occurring north-west of Quairading (Wege & Coates 2007). A list of known populations/subpopulations is presented in Table 1.

In the Wongan Hills area, the Wongan Hills triggerplant occurs on shallow sand over laterite in upland habitats in low woodlands dominated by Allocasuarina sp. and Banksia sp., or in Eucalyptus sp. mallee woodlands (Wege & Coates 2007). In the Quairading area, the Wongan Hills triggerplant occurs on lateritic soils on breakaways and is found growing with Eucalyptus argyphea (silver mallet), E. wandoo (wandoo), Banksia armata (prickly dryandra) and Hakea subsulcata associations; B. nobilis (golden dryandra), prickly dryandra and Beaufortia incana (grey-leaved beaufortia) associations; and in open E. salmonophloia (salmon gum) woodland with Grevillea insignis (wax grevillea) (Wege & Coates 2007).

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Table 1 – Locations of populations and subpopulations of the two subspecies of the Wongan Hills triggerplant (Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme occurring in the Wongan Hills area and Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum occurring north-west of Quairading), the land tenures on which they occur and the numbers of mature individuals observed in each population/subpopulation (CALM 2003; DEC 2011; DPaW 2016; Wege & Coates 2007) [*denotes estimated number of mature individuals].

Population /subpopulation Number of mature individuals Land tenure and region of occurrence (most recent year observed) Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme (CALM 2003; DEC 2011) 1. Rogers private property 0 (2010) 2. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 3A. Maya main road reserve 6 (2001) 3B. Maya railway reserve 4A. Maya main road reserve 48 (2001) 4B. Maya railway reserve 5. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 6A. Wongan Hills nature reserve 100+ (2010) 6B. Wongan Hills nature reserve few (2010) 6C. Wongan Hills nature reserve 0 2010) 6D. Wongan Hills nature reserve 0 (2010) 6E. Wongan Hills nature reserve present (2010) 7. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 8A. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 8B. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) (1700* in 2001) 9. Wongan Hills experimental farm reserve 60* (2010) (800* in 2001) 10. Elphin private property 50 (2010) 11A. Elphin private property present (2010) 11B. Elphin nature reserve present (2010) 12. - private property few (2010) 13A. Wongan Hills private property 31 (2009) 13B. Wongan Hills private property 25 (2009) Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum (DPaW 2016) 1. Doodenanning private property 75 (2004) 2. Mawson private property N/A (2007) 3A. Mawson private property 43 (2015) 3B. Mawson private property 10 (2015) 4. Mawson private property 16 (2015) 5. Mawson nature reserve 139 (2015) 6. Dulbelling private property 52 (2008) 7. Dulbelling private property 18 (2004)

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8. Cubbine private property 31 (2015) 9. Youndegin private property 45* (2012)

Relevant Biology/Ecology In the Wongan Hills area, the Wongan Hills triggerplant flowers from September to November (CALM 2003) while, in the Quairading area, the species flowers from mid-September to mid- October (DPaW 2016). Bombyllid and syrphid flies and a range of native bees are reported pollinators for the species. They are attracted by colourful petals. Nectar guides are present and there is a copious nectar flow at the throat of the flower (CALM 2003).

The Wongan Hills triggerplant produces minute seeds that germinate readily on a moist medium in autumn (CALM 2003). It is an opportunistic species that is known to germinate from soil- stored seed following habitat disturbance. Juvenile individuals have been recorded following fire, roadworks, soil disturbance associated with gravel extraction, and the slashing of vegetation during infrastructure maintenance works (CALM 2003). Following germination, plants mature and set seed quickly with individual plants living to from 5 – 15 years. Seed persists in the soil for a number of years awaiting another disturbance event (CALM 2003).

Prior to 2003, seed was collected from three populations in the Wongan Hills area and stored in the Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) Threatened Flora Seed Centre (TFSC) (CALM 2003). Staff at the TFSC test the viability of seed soon after collection and again after one year in storage. The initial germination rate of the seed collected from these populations was 74 – 87 percent. After one year in storage the germination rate was 67 – 75 percent with seeds that did not germinate still appearing viable (Cochrane cited in CALM 2003). Staff from the Botanical Garden and Parks Authority (BGPA) successfully propagated Wongan Hills triggerplants by plant division (50 percent success) and cuttings (85 percent). However, none of these plants survived for longer than 12 months and it is speculated that the quality of the propagated plants may have been poor (CALM 2003). In 2003, the BGPA had 19 Wongan Hills triggerplants derived from tissue culture (Shade 2003 cited in CALM 2003).

Given that the Wongan Hills triggerplant is listed as Endangered, all populations, including any populations translocated to suitable habitat in the future, are considered important populations that are necessary for the survival of the species (CALM 2003). Similarly, all known habitat is considered habitat critical to the survival of the species. Corridors of remnant vegetation linking subpopulations/populations of the species, which are typically situated along road and rail reserves, allow pollinators to move between populations and are also critical for the long-term survival of the species (CALM 2003).

Threats The main threats to the Wongan Hills triggerplant are: native vegetation clearing; browsing and trampling of habitat by livestock; competition from invasive weeds, browsing and warren digging by rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ); and rising groundwater and increasing soil salinity (CALM 2003; DEC 2011; DPaW 2016). Potential threats to the species are: gravel and sand mining and associated activities; road, track, and infrastructure maintenance activities and use by vehicles; off-road recreational vehicle use; and fires recurring too frequently or infrequently (CALM 2003; DEC 2011; DPaW 2016). These threats and their effects on the species are described in Table 1.

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Table 1 – Threats impacting the Wongan Hills triggerplant in approximate order of severity of risk, based on available evidence.

Threat factor Threat Evidence base type and status Loss, fragmentation or degradation of subpopulations or habitat Native known Extensive clearing of native vegetation for agriculture and the vegetation past and creation of pasture for livestock in the past has resulted in the clearing or current removal of Wongan Hills triggerplant populations, including soil- degradation stored seed, and the loss and fragmentation of habitat suitable for the species and its pollinators (CALM 2003; DPaW 2016). While proposed clearing of native vegetation containing habitat for the species (including connective vegetation corridors between subpopulations) is a potential threat, illegal clearing of habitat has been known to occur (DEC 2011). In degraded ecological communities where the plant diversity has been substantially reduced, pollinators are likely to be infrequent, absent, or their movements between Wongan Hills triggerplant populations/ subpopulations are likely to be restricted (CALM 2003). As a result, the capacity for populations/subpopulations to persist or re-establish themselves in those habitats is limited (CALM 2003). Increased fragmentation of habitat also reduces the flow of genetic material in those areas (CALM 2003).

Rising suspected In 2003, vegetation in the vicinity of the population at the groundwater current experimental farm reserve in the Wongan Hills area was and increasing showing the adverse effects of soil salinisation resulting from soil salinity rising saline watertables (CALM 2003). The effects of increasing soil salinity on the Wongan Hills triggerplant is unknown but would be likely to be detrimental (CALM 2003). Gravel and potential In 2003, mining for gravel or sand was a potential threat to sand mining current Populations 2 and 7 in the Wongan Hills area (CALM 2003). If and mining were to commence in the sites where those populations associated occur, it would damage or destroy existing plants (CALM 2003). activities Road, track potential In 2003, maintenance activities, such as road/track/firebreak and current works, including earth movement and grading, powerline and infrastructure water pipe maintenance works, gravel extraction, slashing of maintenance vegetation and chemical spraying threatened Populations 2, 3, activities 4 and 5 in the Wongan Hills – Maya area (CALM 2003). These activities had the potential to damage or destroy existing individuals or entire subpopulations/ populations of the species and encourage weed invasion but may also have had the positive effect of stimulating germination of soil-stored seed (CALM 2003). Track use by potential In 2003, track use threatened Populations 2 and 5 in the vehicles in current Wongan Hills area both through direct physical contact and general habitat modification (soil compaction and erosion) (CALM 2003).

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Threat factor Threat Evidence base type and status Off-road potential In 2003, off-track vehicle use threatened Population 2 in the recreational current Wongan Hills area (CALM 2003). Trail bikes were used vehicle use recreationally in the area and had the potential for direct physical contact, soil compaction and erosion (CALM 2003). Invasive species Browsing and known Browsing by rabbits on Wongan Hills triggerplants, particularly warren digging current juvenile plants (CALM 2003) and the flowering scapes (DPaW by rabbits 2016) of mature plants, is resulting in a reduction of in (Oryctolagus reproductive and natural recruitment capacity of affected cuniculus ) populations and the direct loss of individuals of the species (CALM 2003). Plants (both aboveground parts and roots) are also directly affected by rabbits digging in the soil to form their warrens (CALM 2003; DPaW 2016). The distribution of rabbit droppings carrying weed seeds and increasing nutrient levels in soils may also encourage the growth and spread of weeds (CALM 2003). Competition known In 2003, competition from invasive weeds threatened from invasive past / Population 9 in the Wongan Hills area, mainly along the weeds potential firebreak along the northern boundary of the population (CALM current 2003). In 2011, weed invasion on the edges of the remnant ecological communities threatened Population 13B in the Wongan Hills area (DEC 2011). Weeds suppress plant growth by competing for light, soil moisture, nutrients and pollinators. They also exacerbate grazing pressure and increase the fire hazard due to the easy ignition of high fuel loads, which are produced annually by many grass weed species (CALM 2003). Impacts of domestic species Browsing and known In 2011, browsing and trampling of Wongan Hills triggerplant trampling of past and Populations 1 and 9 (Wongan Hills area) and associated habitat by potential habitat by livestock (mostly sheep) was known to have livestock current significantly degraded those populations (CALM 2003; DEC 2011). This threat was ongoing as livestock were able to access those areas from adjacent properties through poorly maintained stock exclusion fencing (CALM 2003; DEC 2011). The threat posed by grazing livestock may be ongoing and contributing to the decline the species’ habitat in the Quairading region (CALM 2003; DPaW 2016). In addition to causing direct physical damage to Wongan Hills triggerplants and associated vegetation, the movement of grazing livestock through areas of Wongan Hills triggerplant habitat is likely to lead to soil compaction and erosion, and the introduction of weeds. Ultimately, grazing and trampling of vegetation by livestock is likely to cause a reduction in flora species diversity and the degradation, loss or fragmentation of habitat for the Wongan Hills triggerplant or its pollinators and limit pollinator activity or movements in the local landscape (CALM 2003).

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Threat factor Threat Evidence base type and status Fire Too frequent potential While it is likely that the species germinates from soil-stored fire current seed following fire, fires recurring too frequently in the species’ habitat may kill plants before they reach maturity and replenish the seed bank (CALM 2003). Therefore, the soil seed bank could be rapidly depleted thereby affecting the ability of the population/subpopulation to persist in the long-term (CALM 2003). Low frequency potential Given that the Wongan Hills triggerplant is reliant on soil or absence of current disturbance as a trigger for mass germination of soil-stored fire as a seed and healthy recruitment, a low fire frequency or absence primary of fire in the species’ habitat is likely to be detrimental to the disturbance population/ subpopulation where other disturbance factors are factor also infrequent or absent (DPaW 2016).

Conservation Actions

Conservation and Management priorities Loss, fragmentation or degradation of subpopulations or habitat

o In accordance with Commonwealth and state environmental legislation, assess all actions, such as native vegetation clearing, road or infrastructure construction projects or upgrades, gravel or sand mining and associated activities, which may result in the removal, fragmentation or degradation of Wongan Hills triggerplant subpopulations or their habitats. Design and implement measures to avoid direct and potential indirect impacts from proposed projects on populations of the species and areas of habitat. o Negotiate protection of known subpopulations on private land through conservation agreements or covenants between land owners and the Western Australian Government. o Liaise with landowners and managers of the experimental farm reserve in the Wongan Hills area (Population 9) to ensure they use best-practice salinity control guidelines and procedures to minimise secondary salinisation. Refer to the Drummond Natural Diversity Recovery Catchment Plan 2011-2031 (DPaW 2013). o Establish and maintain fenced buffer zones, where necessary, to protect subpopulations from activities that may otherwise damage those subpopulations or areas of habitat. o Restrict or manage vehicular access in the vicinity of sites where subpopulations of the Wongan Hills triggerplant are known to occur to prevent accidental damage to known and newly discovered populations. Where necessary, re-route tracks or install and maintain adequate fencing and lockable gates. o Install and maintain Declared Rare Flora (DRF) markers 1 where populations occur adjacent to roads, including any populations that may be discovered in future.

1 DRF markers are used in Western Australia and are two standardised yellow markers at either end of a site, which are bent to face towards each other, indicating that DRF plants may occur anywhere Stylidium coroniforme (Wongan Hills triggerplant) Conservation Advice Page 6 of 11

o Advise proponents of road and infrastructure (e.g. roads, pipeline and electricity transmission lines) construction or maintenance works, and their contractors, of the location and purpose of DRF markers. o Implement measures to avoid the airborne drift of herbicides or other chemicals during land management activities, including road, road reserve infrastructure construction and maintenance works, in or adjacent to areas where the Wongan Hills triggerplant is known to occur. o Where necessary, restrict access for off-road recreational vehicle users in Wongan Hills triggerplant habitat and adjacent ecological communities by installing and maintaining appropriate fencing, re-routing tracks and/or signage making users aware of the species’ occurrence and the importance of avoiding recreational activities in those areas. o Rehabilitate degraded areas of Wongan Hills triggerplant habitat with seedlings propagated from plants in the immediate vicinity. Invasive species

o Develop a weed management plan for the Wongan Hills triggerplant describing the most appropriate weed suppression methods, such as hand weeding or localised application of herbicide, for eliminating/suppressing relevant weed species at relevant sites while minimising the risk of incidental impacts on subpopulations of the species or the ecological communities they inhabit. o Any localised applications of herbicide must be conducted during the appropriate season and during windless conditions to minimise the effect of herbicide on subpopulations of the Wongan Hills triggerplant and their habitat. o All weed control should be documented in a report on the method, timing and success of the treatment against weeds, and the effect on the Wongan Hills triggerplant and associated native plant species. o Identify the most appropriate methods of rabbit control to protect Wongan Hills triggerplant populations/subpopulations. There are a range of control measures available for the management of rabbits. These include poison baiting, biological control agents, warren ripping and fumigation, fencing, harbour removal, and shooting. None of these techniques should be relied upon in isolation (DoEE 2016). Refer to the Threat abatement plan for competition and land degradation by rabbits (DoEE 2016). Impacts of domestic species

o Ensure that sheep and other livestock cannot gain access to the species’ habitat by maintaining adequate livestock exclusion fencing between grazed pastures adjacent to land on which Wongan Hills triggerplant subpopulations are known to occur. Fire o Develop a fire management strategy for the Wongan Hills triggerplant based on information gathered through scientific research on the species’ fire ecology. o Fires must be managed to ensure that prevailing fire regimes do not disrupt the life cycle of the Wongan Hills triggerplant, that they support rather than degrade the

between the markers, from the road’s running surface to the fence. They alert people working in the vicinity to the presence of DRF, and the need to avoid work that may damage vegetation in the area (DEC 2013). Stylidium coroniforme (Wongan Hills triggerplant) Conservation Advice Page 7 of 11

ecological community which supports it, and that they do not promote invasion of introduced flora species. o Only for recovery purposes, use prescribed fire or other appropriate means to manage changes in the floristic structure or composition of the ecological communities inhabited by the species, which may otherwise reduce the suitability of those habitats for the Wongan Hills triggerplant. o Where appropriate, use physical or chemical weed control methods as an alternative to prescribed fire noting that many invasive species germinate in response to physical disturbance of soils. o Avoid prescribed burning of Wongan Hills triggerplant habitat between mid-autumn and late spring. o Physical damage to the habitat and individuals of the Wongan Hills triggerplant must be avoided during and after prescribed burning operations. o Fire management authorities and land management agencies should use suitable maps and install field markers to avoid damage to the Wongan Hills triggerplant. Ex situ Strategies

o Preservation of germplasm is essential to insure against potential local extinctions and to protect the remaining genetic diversity of the Wongan Hills triggerplant. Such collections are also needed to propagate plants for potential restoration of existing populations and future translocations and to establish a living collection at the BGPA. Ex situ seed banks provide an important capacity for medium to long-term storage of seeds of threatened plant species. Cuttings can also be used to propagate plants for translocations. o Continue to undertake seed banking where storable Wongan Hills triggerplant seeds are available. Appropriately source and store seed in the existing long-term seed bank facilities at the TFSC using best-practice seed storage guidelines and procedures to maximise seed viability and germination ability. Traslocation o To restore and maintain pollinator movements and the exchange of genetic material between populations of the species, develop and implement a programme to translocate the species to areas of suitable habitat in accordance with translocation protocols recommended by Vallee and colleagues (2004). Suitable translocation sites should be identified through surveys and predictive distribution modelling. Stakeholder Engagement

o Liaise with landowners and land managers to ensure that they are aware of the occurrence of the Wongan Hills triggerplant and provide protection measures against key and potential threats. o Maintain formal links and liaison with stakeholders who are involved in the conservation of the Wongan Hills triggerplant. o Identify, encourage and maintain the involvement of stakeholders, including wildflower societies, local field naturalists, local community, conservation and Landcare groups, and local Community Support Officers in conservation activities, particularly surveys that are supervised by DPaW staff. Continued liaison with the indigenous community

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will identify areas in which collaboration will assist implementation of conservation actions. o Train interested stakeholders in survey techniques and identification of the species through community education activities, including (but not limited to) rare flora training, participation in community wildflower shows, and the production and distribution of rare flora newsletters. o Update a public information sheet that provides essential information about the species and outlines the importance of protecting and monitoring subpopulations, and locating previously undiscovered subpopulations, in order to aid the species’ recovery. Information provided on the sheet should include the species’ conservation status under Commonwealth and WA legislation, a description of the species, its distribution, threats to the species, and conservation actions undertaken and conservation actions still required. o Update community information materials (e.g. electronic media, local media, and poster displays and printed distributed through local government libraries, letterbox drops, wildflower shows and other events) to promote and maintain the awareness of the public about the species.

Survey and Monitoring priorities • Monitor known Wongan Hills triggerplant subpopulations, including translocated sub- populations, and their habitats during the flowering period of the species (September to November). It is preferable to monitor subpopulations on an annual basis. During monitoring map the locations of each subpopulation for future reference and collect seed from all populations for the purpose of ex situ propagation and cultivation. • During monitoring, collect detailed information on each population, including: seedling recruitment and changes in subpopulation numbers and structure; pollinator activity; seed production and seed bank status; and the status of relevant threats and habitat condition (including weed species present and their abundance, evidence of damage to subpopulations and other flora species in the Wongan Hills triggerplant habitat due to browsing by rabbits, and soil salinity). • Monitor the size and reproductive status of subpopulations at different stages in the fire cycle, taking opportunities to monitor after planned and unplanned fires, when they occur, and improve understanding of the fire response of the species. Precise fire history records must be kept for all known subpopulations of the Wongan Hills triggerplant, their habitats and all areas of potential habitat for the species. • Monitor the progress of recovery, including the effectiveness of management actions and the need to adapt them if necessary. • Continue to conduct systematic and comprehensive surveys of all potential habitat during the flowering period of the Wongan Hills triggerplant species (September to November), with the permission and potential assistance of relevant landholders, to locate any new or unconfirmed subpopulations of the Wongan Hills triggerplant. • Continue to conduct surveys with the assistance of local volunteers and wildflower societies and with supervision by DPaW staff.

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Information and research priorities • In order to identify sites for further surveys for the Wongan Hills triggerplant and identify suitable sites for translocation, develop habitat suitability models to determine the ecological/environmental indices responsible for a species distribution, and how it may change due to the impending threats. Requires a reasonable high number of presence records, plus the environmental variables located at this site and other sites chosen at random (Guisan & Zimmermann 2000). • Research key biological functions of the species, including: longevity; reproductive strategy, phenology and seasonal growth; pollination biology/ecology and effectiveness, including the habitat requirements and spatial and temporal movement patterns of pollinators; soil seed- bank dynamics, longevity and viability; the environmental conditions required for natural germination; the response of mature and juvenile individuals to browsing by rabbits or physical damage; the effect of saline groundwater on the species and other associated flora; population genetic structures, levels of genetic diversity and minimum viable population size of the species. • Undertake seed germination trials to determine the requirements for successful establishment. Where appropriate, conduct trials using soil-stored near existing subpopulations in disturbed areas immediately following weed removal. • Research the most effective methods to propagate individuals of the species from vegetative material (i.e. cuttings and tissue culture) and by plant division. • In order to develop a fire management strategy for the species, research the species’ response to a range of fire regimes, including prevailing fire frequencies and intensities, and identify the optimal fire regime for seed germination and recruitment. Where appropriate, apply scientific understanding of fire responses among Stylidium species, or functionally similar species. • Investigate options for linking, enhancing or establishing additional subpopulations. Undertake a connectivity analysis to prioritise important areas for conservation, the location of critical habitat linkages and barriers to the movement of individuals and gene flow. This requires information on pollinator movement and seed dispersal patterns in the landscape, or genetic diversity in the population (McRae et al 2008).

References cited in the advice

Brown A, Thomson-Dans C & Marchant N (Eds) (1998) Western Australia’s Threatened Flora . Department of Conservation and Land Management, Kensington.

CALM (Department of Conservation and Land Management) (2003) Wongan Hills Triggerplant (Stylidium coroniforme ) Interim Recovery Plan 2003–2008. Available on the Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife website at: https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-animals/threatened- species/recovery_plans/Approved_interim_recovery_plans_/sty_cor_irp149update.pdf .

DEC (Department of Environment and Conservation) (2011) Rare Flora files: CALM 1998F000858 & DEC 2010/000257-1, Department of Environment and Conservation, Kensington.

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DoEE (Department of the Environment and Energy) (2016) Threat abatement plan for competition and land degradation by rabbits, Commonwealth of Australia.

DPaW (Department of Parks and Wildlife) (2013) Drummond Natural Diversity Recovery Catchment Plan 2011-2031 . Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth, Western Australia. Available on the Internet at: https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/wetlands/ recovery_catchments/drummond_natural_diversity_recovery_catchment_plan_2011-2031- _web.pdf .

DPaW (Department of Parks and Wildlife) (2016) Nomination to the WA Threatened Species Scientific Committee for Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum . Department of Environment and Conservation, Kensington.

Erickson R & Willis J H (1966) Some additions to Australian Stylidiaceae. Victorian Naturalist 83, 107-112.

Guisan A & Zimmermann N E (2000) Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling 135, 147-186.

McRae B H, Dickson B G, Keitt T H & Shah VB (2008) Using circuit theory to model connectivity in ecology and conservation. Ecology 10, 2712-2724.

Vallee L, Hogbin T, Monks L, Makinson B, Matthes M & Rossetto M (2004) Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia (2nd Edition). Australian Network for Plant Conservation Inc., Canberra.

Wege J A & Coates D J (2007) Observations on the rare triggerplant Stylidium coroniforme (Stylidiaceae) and the description of two allied taxa of conservation concern. Nuytsia 17, 433-444.

Other sources cited in the advice

DSEWPaC (Department of Sustainability, Environment Water, Population and Communities) (2012) Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia, Version 7. Viewed: 18 November 2016. Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.gov.au/land/nrs/science/ibra.

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