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Conservation Advice Stylidium Coroniforme Wongan Hills Triggerplant

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Conservation Advice Stylidium Coroniforme Wongan Hills Triggerplant THREATENED SPECIES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Minister’s delegate approved this Conservation Advice on 13/07/2017 . Conservation Advice Stylidium coroniforme Wongan Hills triggerplant Conservation Status Stylidium coroniforme (Wongan Hills triggerplant ) is listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act) effective from the 16 July 2000.The species was eligible for listing under the EPBC Act as on 16 July 2000 it was listed as Endangered under Schedule 1 of the preceding Act, the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth). The species can also be listed as threatened under state and territory legislation. For information on the current listing status of this species under relevant state or territory legislation, see http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl . The main factors that are the cause of the species being eligible for listing in the Endangered category are that the species has a restricted area of occupancy, a highly fragmentated distribution and the area, extent and quality of habitat and the number of mature individuals continue to decline (CALM 2003). Description The Wongan Hills triggerplant is a small, perennial, stocky, closely branching plant, with several loose rosettes of linear grey-green leaves (Brown et al. 1998; Erickson and Willis 1966). The leaves are 3 – 4 cm long, becoming wider in the upper third and ending in a white point at the apex. Under favorable conditions, a flowering stem 10 – 15 cm tall arises from each rosette. Each stem holds a number of short-stalked flowers in a pyramid-shaped raceme up to 12 cm long. The corolla (group of petals) of the flower is creamy pink with red spots at the throat and dark red lines on the outer surface of the petals (Brown et al. 1998; Erickson and Willis 1966). Two subspecies of the Wongan Hills triggerplant are recognised, Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme and Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum , which differ in leaf and bract morphology (Wege & Coates 2007). Distribution The species is endemic to the Avon Wheatbelt bioregion (DSEWPaC 2012) in Western Australia (Wege & Coates 2007). The two subspecies of Wongan Hills triggerplant are geographically isolated : Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme is known from several populations near Wongan Hills; and Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum is known from a small cluster of populations occurring north-west of Quairading (Wege & Coates 2007). A list of known populations/subpopulations is presented in Table 1. In the Wongan Hills area, the Wongan Hills triggerplant occurs on shallow sand over laterite in upland habitats in low woodlands dominated by Allocasuarina sp. and Banksia sp., or in Eucalyptus sp. mallee woodlands (Wege & Coates 2007). In the Quairading area, the Wongan Hills triggerplant occurs on lateritic soils on breakaways and is found growing with Eucalyptus argyphea (silver mallet), E. wandoo (wandoo), Banksia armata (prickly dryandra) and Hakea subsulcata associations; B. nobilis (golden dryandra), prickly dryandra and Beaufortia incana (grey-leaved beaufortia) associations; and in open E. salmonophloia (salmon gum) woodland with Grevillea insignis (wax grevillea) (Wege & Coates 2007). Stylidium coroniforme (Wongan Hills triggerplant) Conservation Advice Page 1 of 11 Table 1 – Locations of populations and subpopulations of the two subspecies of the Wongan Hills triggerplant (Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme occurring in the Wongan Hills area and Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum occurring north-west of Quairading), the land tenures on which they occur and the numbers of mature individuals observed in each population/subpopulation (CALM 2003; DEC 2011; DPaW 2016; Wege & Coates 2007) [*denotes estimated number of mature individuals]. Population /subpopulation Number of mature individuals Land tenure and region of occurrence (most recent year observed) Stylidium coroniforme subsp. coroniforme (CALM 2003; DEC 2011) 1. Rogers private property 0 (2010) 2. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 3A. Maya main road reserve 6 (2001) 3B. Maya railway reserve 4A. Maya main road reserve 48 (2001) 4B. Maya railway reserve 5. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 6A. Wongan Hills nature reserve 100+ (2010) 6B. Wongan Hills nature reserve few (2010) 6C. Wongan Hills nature reserve 0 2010) 6D. Wongan Hills nature reserve 0 (2010) 6E. Wongan Hills nature reserve present (2010) 7. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 8A. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) 8B. Wongan Hills water reserve 0 (2010) (1700* in 2001) 9. Wongan Hills experimental farm reserve 60* (2010) (800* in 2001) 10. Elphin private property 50 (2010) 11A. Elphin private property present (2010) 11B. Elphin nature reserve present (2010) 12. - private property few (2010) 13A. Wongan Hills private property 31 (2009) 13B. Wongan Hills private property 25 (2009) Stylidium coroniforme subsp. amblyphyllum (DPaW 2016) 1. Doodenanning private property 75 (2004) 2. Mawson private property N/A (2007) 3A. Mawson private property 43 (2015) 3B. Mawson private property 10 (2015) 4. Mawson private property 16 (2015) 5. Mawson nature reserve 139 (2015) 6. Dulbelling private property 52 (2008) 7. Dulbelling private property 18 (2004) Stylidium coroniforme (Wongan Hills triggerplant) Conservation Advice Page 2 of 11 8. Cubbine private property 31 (2015) 9. Youndegin private property 45* (2012) Relevant Biology/Ecology In the Wongan Hills area, the Wongan Hills triggerplant flowers from September to November (CALM 2003) while, in the Quairading area, the species flowers from mid-September to mid- October (DPaW 2016). Bombyllid and syrphid flies and a range of native bees are reported pollinators for the species. They are attracted by colourful petals. Nectar guides are present and there is a copious nectar flow at the throat of the flower (CALM 2003). The Wongan Hills triggerplant produces minute seeds that germinate readily on a moist medium in autumn (CALM 2003). It is an opportunistic species that is known to germinate from soil- stored seed following habitat disturbance. Juvenile individuals have been recorded following fire, roadworks, soil disturbance associated with gravel extraction, and the slashing of vegetation during infrastructure maintenance works (CALM 2003). Following germination, plants mature and set seed quickly with individual plants living to from 5 – 15 years. Seed persists in the soil for a number of years awaiting another disturbance event (CALM 2003). Prior to 2003, seed was collected from three populations in the Wongan Hills area and stored in the Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) Threatened Flora Seed Centre (TFSC) (CALM 2003). Staff at the TFSC test the viability of seed soon after collection and again after one year in storage. The initial germination rate of the seed collected from these populations was 74 – 87 percent. After one year in storage the germination rate was 67 – 75 percent with seeds that did not germinate still appearing viable (Cochrane cited in CALM 2003). Staff from the Botanical Garden and Parks Authority (BGPA) successfully propagated Wongan Hills triggerplants by plant division (50 percent success) and cuttings (85 percent). However, none of these plants survived for longer than 12 months and it is speculated that the quality of the propagated plants may have been poor (CALM 2003). In 2003, the BGPA had 19 Wongan Hills triggerplants derived from tissue culture (Shade 2003 cited in CALM 2003). Given that the Wongan Hills triggerplant is listed as Endangered, all populations, including any populations translocated to suitable habitat in the future, are considered important populations that are necessary for the survival of the species (CALM 2003). Similarly, all known habitat is considered habitat critical to the survival of the species. Corridors of remnant vegetation linking subpopulations/populations of the species, which are typically situated along road and rail reserves, allow pollinators to move between populations and are also critical for the long-term survival of the species (CALM 2003). Threats The main threats to the Wongan Hills triggerplant are: native vegetation clearing; browsing and trampling of habitat by livestock; competition from invasive weeds, browsing and warren digging by rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ); and rising groundwater and increasing soil salinity (CALM 2003; DEC 2011; DPaW 2016). Potential threats to the species are: gravel and sand mining and associated activities; road, track, and infrastructure maintenance activities and use by vehicles; off-road recreational vehicle use; and fires recurring too frequently or infrequently (CALM 2003; DEC 2011; DPaW 2016). These threats and their effects on the species are described in Table 1. Stylidium coroniforme (Wongan Hills triggerplant) Conservation Advice Page 3 of 11 Table 1 – Threats impacting the Wongan Hills triggerplant in approximate order of severity of risk, based on available evidence. Threat factor Threat Evidence base type and status Loss, fragmentation or degradation of subpopulations or habitat Native known Extensive clearing of native vegetation for agriculture and the vegetation past and creation of pasture for livestock in the past has resulted in the clearing or current removal of Wongan Hills triggerplant populations, including soil- degradation stored seed, and the loss and fragmentation of habitat suitable for the species
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