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Resource Mobilization Among Informal Entrepreneurs Doctoral Thesis Resource Mobilization among Informal Entrepreneurs A Case of Event Planning Industry of Pakistan Khizran Zehra Jönköping University Jönköping International Business School JIBS Dissertation Series No. 128 Doctoral Thesis in Business Administration Resource Mobilization among Informal Entrepreneurs: A Case of Event Planning Industry of Pakistan JIBS Dissertation Series No. 128 © 2018 Khizran Zehra and Jönköping International Business School Publisher: Jönköping International Business School P.O. Box 1026 SE-551 11 Jönköping Tel.: +46 36 10 10 00 www.ju.se Printed by Brand Factory AB 2018 ISSN 1403-0470 ISBN 978-91-86345-90-7 2 (Be truthful, no matter what. Your Lord and your mother's prayers are always with you… Shamim) This thesis is lovingly dedicated to an angel from God, my mother “Shamim Javed” -you inspire, you protect, you support, and you understand. This thesis is lovingly dedicated to my father “Javed Ashraf ”- you left us so soon but your integrity and hardwork will always guide me. 3 Acknowledgment First and above all, I praise God, the Almighty for giving me strength and capability to work on this thesis. Without His grace, mercifulness and blessings throughout my life, I could not achieve anything. The biggest thanks go to my supervisor, Mattias Nordqvist. Your feedback, guidance, immense knowledge and understanding always helped me. You have patiently supported me in this long and important journey of PhD. You are a dedicated supervisor and a kind human being. Thank you very much, I could not have imagined a better supervisor than you. Special thanks to Ethel Brundin. You are an inspiration to me. You played a critical role in the completion of my PhD and provided the best feedback when it was needed most. You helped me to come out of a very difficult time through your constructive thoughts and compassionate advice. You are my source of motivation to move forward. Thank you so much for your encouragement and kindness. I am much thankful to the participants of this research, who allowed me to access to their work lives. Their experiences enriched the empirics of this research and enhanced my vision of handling resource constraints in different creative ways. Every time I returned to my participants, they warmly welcomed me and supplemented my research with multiple sources of data. I am thankful to all of you for your time, sincerity, commitment and patience. I extend my gratitude to Tomas Karlsson, for his presence as a discussant of my final seminar. Thanks for reading my manuscript and providing me with constructive feedback. I greatly appreciate your support for your meaningful comments to arrive at the final stage of the thesis. My dear colleagues and friends at Jönköping University made my work experience a very pleasant and memorable one. You all have helped me in various ways. I am especially thankful to Leona Achtenhagen for always advising and motivating me to accomplish new challenges, whether it comes to teaching or to academic writing. Your intelligence and kindness are extraordinary. I am truly grateful to Susanne Hansson for taking care of the editorial task of this thesis. You always patiently listened to me and helped me in most important occasions. I appreciate the sincere support of Lucia Naldi as a Dean of Doctoral Students. I am thankful to you for reading my research proposal Lucia and extending the best comments to work with my dissertation. I will never forget the support of Marcela Ramirez. You always showed me the most bright and shining side of any challenging situation. I will always remember your genuineness and warmth. I am 5 thankful to Leif Melin, Kajsa Haag, Karin Hellerstedt, Anna Blombäck, Lisa Bäckvall, Duncan Levinsohn, Quang Evansluong , Andrea Kuiken, Adele Berndt, Tomas Mullern, Magdalena Markowska, Francesco Chirico, Massimo Bau, Songming Feng, Samuel Kamugisha, Daniel Pittino, Sara Ekberg, Judith, Thomas Cyron, Gershon Kumeto, Anders Melander, Tanja Andersson, Matthias Waldkirch, and Katarina Blåman for providing me with best institutional environment with lots of inspiration to accomplish much more in life. I express my gratitude to Mike Danilovic for believing in me, and for giving me the opportunity to work on a research project. Mike you are the best mentor I could have. You told me I can write, your positive words made me a confident person. You were always sure that I will do PhD. I am so lucky that I met you. I will always recall your genuine interest in my personal development and your generosity. Special thanks are lovingly owed to my beautiful Pakistani colleagues and friends. To dear Nadia Arshad, Ayesha Manzoor, Mirfa Manzoor, Imran Nazir, Zartash Chaudhry, Naveed Akhter, Rida Ijaz, for sharing sincerity (and Pakistani food of course) that made my entire period in Jönköping truly happy and fun. I was lucky to have Aunty Amtul and her family in Jönköping. Thanks for being so close and so generous in your advice and so pure in your thoughts. You welcomed me warmly when I arrived at Jönköping in August 2008, and here you are with me as supportive and loving as my mother. I love you so much. Thanks for being my family and sharing so many beautiful moments in all these years. To my lovely friends, Huriye Yeröz Aygören, Elvira Kaneberg, Faustine Acheampong and Monika Wilinska. You will always be my best friends regardless of when and where we meet. Thanks for giving me purest smiles, loud laughter, wonderful moments and unforgettable memories. To Hina Ahsen, you are special. We have shared this beautiful bond of friendship for more than fifteen years now. I can count on you always, I can talk about anything at any time with you. You were always telling me all the good things for my PhD, and always wished the best for me. I am much thankful to you. I will take this opportunity to thank my colleagues and friends at Fatima Jinnah Women University in Pakistan. To Shoaib Akhtar, Sadia Zohaib, Momenah Yousaf, Maria binte Shahid, Sheheryar Naveed and Asma Khalid, working with you always made me happy. We all started our PhD dreams together with sincere ambitions and deepest concerns. Here we are today achieving inspiring accomplishments in different parts of the world. Thanks for the meaningful, supportive and sincere friendship. 6 To my Shahnazal Mughal clan, my dearest sisters Sadaph and Hina, my lovely brothers Aun and Hassan, I am so much blessed to have you in my life. You always filled me with positive thoughts and strength to move forward whenever I felt exhausted in any situation and especially with the writing process. I do not have words to extend my gratitude to my mother. You are my pillar, my back, my ongoing support. I cannot thank you enough for your unconditional support and inspiration. Thank you so much Ami. Love you. To my dearest father, Abu you left us so soon but your integrity, love and your hard work will always keep me guiding. I know you will be proud of me, where ever you are. To my beautiful Aunties Rukhsana and Saadat for your love, care and prayers. Nani Aman and Bano Aunty, you both left us very soon. I will take this opportunity to thank you for your unconditional love, support and prayers. I am thankful to my parents in law for their payers and care. To my dear husband Ali, you have been always there for me. I know I can count on you in any situation. You have shared this PhD journey with me and have been a constant source of encouragement during all the challenges. You are the best listener. A special word of thanks to you for never raising your eyebrows when every time in this year, I made a claim that my thesis will be finished in two weeks, while it took much longer time. Thanks for keeping things together at home during my travels and when I was going crazy with data collection, analysis and writing process. Thousands of thanks for being on my side during all ups and downs of life. I am blessed to have you in my life. To my best buddies, Abbas and Aeliya. I am writing this note with a wide smile on my face. Abbas and Aeliya, you are the greatest inspiration to finish this work. Every day you guys coming back from school and asking me if I am done with PhD today? So yes, finally this is for you guys. I hope you both will read it one day with pride. Abbas, my sunshine, thank you so much for your sensible talks and have all the belief that your mother can do anything. Aeliya my princess, your innocence and your purity are one of the biggest joys of my life. Ali, Abbas and Aeliya, (AAA) this is for you my buddies. Eindhoven, 19th of November 2018 Khizran Zehra [email protected] 7 Abstract As the academic study of entrepreneurship continues to grow, increasing attention has been paid to resource constraints and their effects on the long-term viability and operation of ventures. While some firms in sectors such as technology are better-able to obtain venture capital financing, such resources are not widely available to new firms. Most entrepreneurs face substantial resource constraints (Shepherd, Douglas, & Shanley, 2000) and this may be even more prevalent for entrepreneurs operating in resource-deprived environments such as informal entrepreneurs operating unregistered business activities. While there are informal entrepreneurs all over the world, academic insights have predominantly focused on developed nations. The question of how informal entrepreneurs mobilize resources to run their ventures in resource-constraints situations thus require attention.
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