Advances in Genetics, Genomics and Control of Rice Blast Disease Guo-Liang Wang · Barbara Valent Editors Advances in Genetics, Genomics and Control of Rice Blast Disease 123 Editors Prof. Guo-Liang Wang Prof. Barbara Valent Ohio State University Kansas State University Department of Plant Pathology Department of Plant Pathology 2021 Coffey Road 4108 Throckmorton Ohio OH 43210-1087 Manhattan KS 66506-5502 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4020-9499-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9500-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9500-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008940153 c Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Front Cover: Neck blast. Photo by Barbara Valent from the field trip at the 3rd International Rice Blast Conference in Japan, 2003. Back Cover: Projected confocal image of Magnaporthe oryzae invading rice sheath epidermal cells. The fungus expresses cytoplasmic EYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein; pseudocolored blue) and nuclear-localizing mRFP (monomeric red fluorescent protein) at 36 hour post inoculation. The emboss effect was added using PowerPoint. Image from Chang Hyun Khang and Barbara Valent. Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com Preface Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the first recorded diseases of rice. It was known as rice fever disease in China as early as 1637 and was reported as Imochi-byo in Japan in 1704. As the rice production expanded through Asia, Latin America, and Africa over the last few centuries, the disease followed and is now found in over 85 countries worldwide. M. oryzae attacks all parts of the rice plant causing losses upwards of hundreds of millions of tons of rice grain annu- ally. Such losses have lead to rice shortages in many developing countries in recent years, making effective control of this devastating disease imperative for global food security and social well-being. Fortunately, the genomes of both rice and M. oryzae were completely sequenced within the last five years. Due to unrestrained public availability of the genome sequences, genetic stocks, and improved research tools, this pathosystem has become the premier model for understanding the molecular basis of plant-fungal interac- tions. Since the 3rd International Rice Blast Conference (IRBC) held on September 11–14, 2002 in Tsukuba, Japan, significant advancements have emerged in our understanding of this disease and technologies available for analysis. To review the recent progress and discuss the future of rice blast research, the 4th IRBC was convened on October 10–14, 2007 in Changsha, the capital of Hunan province, China. The premise for having the conference in China is threefold. First, China is the largest rice producing country in the world with rice being the nutritional staple for over 60% of its 1.3 billion people. Sustainable rice production is essential for the economic and social stability of this country. Second, rice blast continues to cause significant yield losses in China, with many newly-bred rice varieties los- ing their genetic resistance within years of being released. Yield losses in a few elite hybrid rice lines were reported to be as high as 80–90% in recent years in hard hit regions. Finally, Chinese scientists began actively working on rice blast about 50 years ago. In the time since, they have made considerable achievements in selecting blast resistant germplasm for breeding programs, monitoring rice blast populations and epidemics, and developing effective cultural and chemical control protocols. Their recent progress in the molecular analysis of the defense response in rice and conversely pathogenicity in M. oryzae is laudable. China now has arguably the largest cohort of scientists in the world focusing on this disease. Therefore, the v vi Preface proposal to hold the 4th IBRC in China was well received and fully supported by the Rice Blast Executive Committee. The conference was successfully held in the new, well-appointed Vaya Interna- tional Hotel. More than 250 attendees from 20 countries convened, making it the largest IRBC to date. There were 78 oral presentations and 64 poster presentations. Of special note, many postdoctoral fellows and graduate students, representing the future leaders of this field, attended the conference. A unique and memorable event was the award ceremony at the closing banquet in West Lake Restaurant. Distin- guished Research Awards were presented to ten scientists who devoted their entire career to rice blast research. Eight of these distinguished scientists were able to attend the conference and accepted the recognition plaque prepared by the Rice Blast Executive Committee and the 4th IRBC Organizing Committee. The confer- ence concluded with dramatic traditional Chinese dances and performances. By all accounts, the 4th IRBC was a success and once again united the international com- munity of scientists studying this ancient and devastating disease of rice. We now look forward to hearing the next major advances and insights shared when rice blast research community assembles in Arkansas, USA in 2010. Columbus, OH, USA Guo-Liang Wang Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following institutions and companies for their financial support that made the 4th IRBC possible: Hunan Agricultural University China Agricultural University Yunnan Agricultural University, Chinese Society for Plant Pathology Hunan Society for Plant Pathology Pre-National Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Generation and Utilization Ohio State University Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (973 Project) National Natural Science Foundation of China Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (948 project) Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province Syngenta Agroservices Asia Ltd. Bayer CropScience Inc. Beckman Coulter, Inc. vii Contents Current Status and Future Prospects for Research on Blast Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ............................................. 1 Gurdev S. Khush and K.K. Jena Part I Pathogen Genetics, Genomics and Molecular Biology The PMK1 MAP Kinase Pathway and Infection-Related Morphogenesis .. 13 Shengli Ding, Xiaoying Zhou, Xinhua Zhao and Jin-Rong Xu Surface Sensing and Signaling During Initiation of Rice-Blast Disease .... 23 Hao Liu, Ravikrishna Ramanujam and Naweed I. Naqvi Studies on Autophagy Machinery in Magnaporthe oryzae ............... 33 Fu-Cheng Lin, Xiao-Hong Liu, Jian-Ping Lu and Tong-Bao Liu Secretion Property and Gene Expression Pattern of a Putative Feruloyl Esterase in Magnaporthe grisea ...................................... 41 Xiang-zi Zheng, Jie Zhou, Chen-zeng Lin, Xiong-jie Lin, Lan Lan, Zong-hua Wang and Guo-dong Lu Functional Analysis of Two Laccase Genes in Magnaporthe grisea ........ 51 Xin Chen, Wende Liu, Chuanzhi Zhao, Shuji Liu, Minoo Razee, Guo-dong Lu and Zonghua Wang The Significance of Nitrogen Regulation, Source and Availability on the Interaction Between Rice and Rice Blast ........................ 59 Nicole M. Donofrio, Thomas K. Mitchell and Ralph A. Dean Protein Chips and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation – Emerging Technologies to Study Macromolecule Interactions in M. grisea .......... 73 Thomas K. Mitchell, Ralph A. Dean, Jin-Rong Xu, Heng Zhu, Yeon Yee Oh and Hee-Sool Rho ix x Contents Cellular and Molecular Analyses of Biotrophic Invasion in Rice Blast Disease ............................................................ 83 Prasanna Kankanala, Gloria Mosquera, Chang Hyun Khang, Guadalupe Valdovinos-Ponce and Barbara Valent Isolation and Functional Analysis of Putative Effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae Using Integrated Genomic Approaches ............. 93 Songbiao Chen, Malali Gowda, R.C. Venu, Pattavipha Songkumarn, Chan Ho Park, Maria Bellizzi, Daniel J. Ebbole and Guo-Liang Wang Searching for Effectors of Magnaporthe oryzae: A Multi-Faceted Genomics Approach ................................................105 Ryohei Terauchi, Joe Win, Sophien Kamoun, Hideo Matsumura, Hiromasa Saitoh, Hiroyuki Kanzaki, Kentaro Yoshida, Matt Shenton, Thomas Berberich, Shizuko Fujisawa, Akiko Ito, Yoshitaka Takano and Yukio Tosa Developing Resources for Analysis of Secreted Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae ...........................................113 Guo-dong Lu, Hanno Wolf, Yue Shang, Cristina Filippi, Kiran Bhattarai, Dan Li and Daniel J. Ebbole Part II Host Defense Genetics, Genomics, Molecular Biology Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of the Pi2/9 Locus in Rice .........127 Bo Zhou and Guo-Liang Wang Understanding the Co-evolution of the Rice Blast Resistance Gene PI-TA and Magnaporthe oryzae Avirulence Gene AVR-PITA .............137 Yulin Jia, Xueyan Wang, Stefano Costanzo and Seonghee Lee Genetic and Molecular Analyses of Blast Resistance in a Universal Blast Resistant Variety, Digu ..............................................149 Xuewei Chen, Junjun Shang, Cailin Lei, Jichen Xu, Shigui Li and Lihuang Zhu Map-Based Cloning and Breeding Application of a Broad-Spectrum Resistance Gene Pigm to Rice Blast ...................................161 Yiwen Deng, Xudong Zhu, Jing Xu, Hongqi Chen and Zuhua He Rac GTPase and the Regulation