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Excavations of the Prehistoric Iron Industry in West Borneo Vol. II

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Excavations of the Prehistoric Iron Industry in West Borneo Vol. II Volume I of Excavations of the Prehistoric Iron Industry in West Borneo has a prefatory section on pages I - XXII, including the table of contents for Volumes I and II. That is why Volume II begins on page XXIII. EXCAVATIONS OF THE PREHISTORIC IRON INDUSTRY IN WEST BORNEO Volume Two Associated Artifacts and Ideas ( EXCAVATIONS OF THE PREHISTORIC IRON INDUSTRY IN WEST BORNEO by Tom Harrisson and Stanley J. O'Connor Volume Two ASSOCIATED ARTIFACTS AND IDEAS Data Paper: Number 72 Southeast Asia Program Department of Asian Studies Cornell University, Ithaca, New York April, 1969 Price: $5.00 Set © 1969 CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM First Printing 1969 Second Printing 1972 The field work upon which this Data Paper is based was primarily funded by the Sarawak Government while one of the authors, Torn harrisson, was Curator, Sarawak Museum, 1947-66. Full acknowledgment is made to the Government and to the present Curator of the Sarawak Museum. "The reporter left. But the memory of McCarthy at this table persisted. And the memory of his presence, harder than the hardest alloys of steel. But not unjust. What iron it must have taken to be annealed in Lyndon's volcanic breath." Norman Mailer, in Harper's Magazine, November 1968.* *oMr.oMailer's letter granting permission to use the above extract courteously wished "Good luck" to this volume. XXV11 • TWELVE BASIC REFEREoNCES Ch@ng, Te-K'un. 1968. Archaeology in Sarawak, Cambridge (I-!. ff1.:; er s ) . Coghlan, H. H. 1956. Notes on Prehisatoric and Early Iron in the Old World, Oxford (Occasional Papers in Technol­ ogy; Pitt Rivers Museum; no. 8). Forbes, R. J. 1950. Metallurgy in Antiquity, Leiden. Harrisson, Tom. 1949. "Gold and Indian Influences in West Borneo," Journal Malayan Branch, Royal Asaiatic Society, 12: 33-1o10. Harrisson, Tom., and O'Connor, S. J. 1967. "The 'Tantric Shrine' excavated at Santubong," Sarawak Museum Journal, 15: 197-2 18 (hereafter referred to for convenience as "O'Connor"). Hose, Charles, and MacDougall, William. 1912. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo, London, Vol. I only (hereafter referred to as "Hose"). Ling Roth, Henry. 1896. The Natives of Sarawak and Britis h North Borneo, London, Vols. I and II. Needham� Joseph. 1958. The Development of Iron and Steel Technology in China, London. Schwaner, C. A. L. M. 1853. Borneo: Besachruving van het Stroomgebied van den Barito, Amsterdam. Smith, Cyril Stanley. 1960. A Hisatory of Metallography, Chicago. Tylecote, R. F. 1962. Metallurgy in Archaeology, London. Wolters, 0. W. 1967. Early Indonesian Commerce, Ithaca (Cornell). The above twelve titles will hereafter be referred to by author's name and page only. Thus "Wolters: 32" is page 32 in the last item on the list. Otherwise, the reference is given4 in brief in the main text with a number (Hartwell: 1964)o indicating full reference in the Chapter notes, which follow the main text. • XXlX Three periodicals basic for this area are similarly cited in brief in the text where desirable (and likewise in the notes): F.M.J. = Federation Museum Journal, Published after 1950 from Kuala Lumpur; deals with West Malaysia; largely archaeology. J.M.B.R.A.S. = Journal Malayan (then Malaysian) Branah, Royal Asiatic Society, important general source for his­ toric and prehistoric papers and monographs. S.M.J. = Sarawak Museum Journal, defunct 1937, revived 1949; clearing house for papers about Sarawak and Borneo generally. All other journal publications are given a fuller reference description, as necessary, in the Chapter notes. XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Volume One RAW MATERIALS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE PREFACE ........ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1X • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TWELVE BASIC REFERENCES Xl• and XX1X I . INTRODUCTION .... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 1. Delta Background ..a........a..... 3 (a) General Orientation . 3 (b) Early Reports of Early Remains ..... 4 (c) Habitation Land ..a........... 5 2. Systematic Excavations, 194 7-66 ...... 5 (a) Slow But Steady Process ...a....a. 6 (b) 1966 Special Studies ....a...... 9 3. Key Sites and Mobility ..a.......a.. 9 (a) The Range of Delta Sites ........ 9 (b) Key Sites for Iron-Working ...a•.a..a. (c) Topographical Factors Summarized: Access 12 (d) Other Delta Sites Less Relevant Here . 14 4 . Time Sequence in the Delta .. • • • • • • • • 17 (a) Difficulties in Laboratory Dating .... 17 (b) C-14 Date (A.D. 1315) ......... 18 (c) Dating by Association ......a..a. 18 (d) The Time Scale for Iron-Working .... 20 II. THE EVIDENCE OF IRON SLAG • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 5. The Slaga.in Local Belief and Prehistoric Fact 23 (a) Fossil Faeces ..... • • • • • • • • • 23 (b) Some Less Easy Answers? • • • • • • • • • 24 (c) What Slag Is in the Delta • • • • • • • • 25 6. Scale of Delta Iron Deposits: A Broad View . 27 (a) An Iron Mile . 27 (b) Sweep of the Slag Through the Delta . 30 (c) The Iceberg's Tip . 31 XXX1 Page 7. Slag Measurement Standards . • • • • • • • • • 32 (a) Mine Detector . 32 (b) Excavation: Weights and Depths . 33 (c) Another Slag Index: Weight per Surface Square Foot . 34 (d) Counting the Pieces . 35 8. Some Quantitative Slag Results . 36 (a) Heaps and Scatters . 36 (b) Initial Visual Classification . 37 (c) Some Measurements by Weight at Jaong, 1952 38 (d) Inch by Incho. 41 (e) Comparison with Buah . 43 (f) Main Depth Comparisons: Jaong, Buah, and Bongkisam . 45 (g) Bongkisam Tends Shallower Again . 47 (h) Kampong Ayer: Between Jaong and Bongkisam 47 (i) Surface Square Feet . 48 (j) An Estimated Slag Deposit Total . 50 9. A Morphological Analysis of Slag . 54 (a) The Purposes of This Exercise . 54 (b) Premise and Categories .......•. 55 (c) Some Numerical Comparisons (Jaong) . 57 (d) Comparison with Buah: Big Slags . 64 (e) Bongkisam Comparison: "Chunks" . 64 10. What Do Slag Forms and Numbers Mean in Terms of Process? . 66 (a) Slag Shapes as Process Pointers . 66 (b) The Slag as a General Indicator for Smelting Methods . 68 (c) The Bowl-Hearth or Furnace . 70 11. Slag Scatter Patterns . 75 12. The Magic Iron . 77 (a) Hypothesis . 77 (b) Illustration . 78 (c) Comparisono. 82 (d) Explanation . 83 III. THE EVIDENCE IN CLAY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 93 13. "Crucible" and Slag . 95 (a) Slag and Clay . 95 (b) What Were the Cylinders For? . 96 (c) Crucible and Tuyere (Nozzle) Compared .. 100 (d) Crucible First; Plus Other Uses Secondary 103 . XXXll Page 14. Crucible Quantities and Associations ..o..... 106 (a) Crucible Residues .............. 106 (b) The Amount of Crucible ........o.... 107 (c) A Piece/�eight Factor ......o...... 108 (d) Crucible:Slag Ratios ............. 109 (e) Vertical Stratification of ,Crucible: Inch by Inch . 110 (f) Wider Vertical Patterns ........... 112 (g) Crucible cf. Slag by Depth ...o...... 113 (h) Distribution of "Rings" (Only) ........ 114 (i) Overall Total for Crucible, etc. 115 15. Crucible Shapes and Sizes ....o....o.... 116 (a) Cylindrical Data ............... 116 (b) Bongkisam Type Sample for Size ........ 117 (c) Crucible Sizes from Buah and Jaong for Comparison . 120 (d) Jaong's Larger Crucibles .......... 123 (e)( ) Thickness of Crucible Walls ......... 125 f Taper . 128 (g) Crucible Weights ............... 131 (h) Crucible Capacity .............. 132 (i) Visually Memorable Secondary Influences on Shape and Size ............... 134 16. Related Pot Forms • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 137 (a) Crucible in the Pottery Tradition ...... 137 (b) The Totality of Prehistoric Earthenwares in the Del ta . 139 (c) "Phallic Tops" or Handles ..o........ 14 1 (d) "Phallic Pottery Objects" and "Net Sinkers" . 143 (e) Clay on Potstone or Anvil? .......... 146 (f) Spouts, Nozzles or Nipples of Earthenware .. 147 (g) One Specialized Potting Technique ...... 147 17. Bamboo . • • • • • 149 (a) Bamboo Pipes and the Nozzle Question Again • • 149 (b) Botanical Considerations ..o....... • • 150 (c) Other Relevant Usages of Bamboo ..... • • 15 1 (d) Bamboo in Relation to Crucible-Making .. • • 152 18. Charcoal and Other Fuel Factors ......... 153 (a) Coal or Wood? . 153 (b) Available Trees and the Charcoal Economy ... 154 (c) Excavated Charcoal and a Radio-carbon Test, .. 155 (d) Scale of Charcoal Needs ........... 157 19. How was the Crucible Used and For What? • • • • • 160 (a) Smelting or Melting? ............. 160 (b) Melting? ....o.............. 163 (c) Ref.1n 1ng.. ? . 164 (d) So What? ....o........o...... 167 • • • XXX111 Page IV. MINERALOGICAL EVIDENCE ..a...a.a... • • • • • 181 20. Or� Supplies and the Delta Industry . • • • • 18.3 21. Ore Analyses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 187 . (a) Bau Ores. • • • • • • •• 187 (b) Subang Ores ...a...a. .. 188 22. Slag Analyses and Some Comparisons ..a..a. 190 (a1 As sa y An a 1 yse s . 190 (,b.) Spectrographic_a Comparisons . 191 (c) Subang Slag .........•..a... 192 (d) What These Slag Analyses Show ....a. 193 2 3. A Philippine Slag Comparison • • • • • • • •• 195 24. Some Island Logistic Problems ..a..a.... 198 (a) "Wasteful" Process, "Poor" Ore? ...a. 198 (b) Demand and Distance ...a...a..... 199 (c) A Suggested Sequence for Delta Ore-Slag- Iron Relationships ...a..a..a.. 201 (d) Other Transportable Ores of the Area .. 204 25. The Question of Flux .......a..a... 206 CHAPTER NOTES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 209 Volume Two ASSOCIATED ARTIFACTS AND IDEAS • • • • • • • • • • • • • V. EVIDENCE BY ASSOCIATIQN. ... · . 223 26. Whole Delta Objects of Iron • • • • • • • • • 225 27. Slag Encrustation on Other Objects • • • • • 228 (a) Encrusted Stoneware • • • • • • • • • • • 229 (b) Encrusted Earthenware • • • • • • • •
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