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Acanthonyx Lunulatus INPN Encours 1 L'araignée de mer glabre Acanthonyx lunulatus (Risso, 1816) Citation de cette fiche : Noël P., 2016. L'araignée de mer glabre Acanthonyx lunulatus (Risso, 1816). in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 21 février 2016. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-9, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé La carapace qui est plutôt rectangulaire et arrondie en arrière possède 3 lobes sur les bords latéraux. Le rostre est fendu en deux par une échancrure assez large. Les orbites sont nulles ou limitées par des processus saillants du bord antérieur de la carapace. Les articles basaux 2 et 3 des pédoncules antennaires sont soudés à l’épistome. L’avant dernier et le dernier article des pattes forme une ébauche de fausse pince. Les pinces sont très mobiles sur leur base et rarement plus longues que les pattes ambulatoires ; elles sont comprimées latéralement, et moins robustes chez les jeunes et les femelles que chez les mâles. Le corps est nu mais il existe quelques poils forts et dilatés ou en crochet sur le rostre et sur la carapace ainsi qu’au bout du dernier article des pédoncules antennaires. L’abdomen comporte 6 segments. Cette espèce effectue de faibles migrations : algues photophiles proches de la surface en été, un peu plus profond en hiver. La mue de puberté entraîne un certain polymorphisme caractéristique des mâles ; c’est un facteur dominant influençant le cycle biologique et la structure de la population. Les femelles adultes peuvent être ovigères de mai à octobre. L’araignée de mer glabre vit principalement sur des fonds rocheux ou sableux avec des algues. Cette espèce caractérise les substrats durs de l’horizon superficiel de l’étage infralittoral. Elle se tient sur les végétaux photophiles dans les zones où les mouvements hydrodynamiques sont importants, en particulier au niveau du front de déferlement de l’herbier de posidonies et sur l’algue brune Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta. A. lunulatus se rencontre depuis la zone intertidale jusque vers 5 m de profondeur. Un signalement douteux existe à -61 m. Cette espèce est présente sur la majeure partie de l'Atlantique africain et du Portugal ainsi que dans toute la Méditerranée. Figure 2. Carte de distribution en France Figure 1. Aspect général, vue dorsale. Photo © Jean métropolitaine. © P. Noël INPN-MNHN 2016. Lecomte. Classification : Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 > Sub-phylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 > Super-classe Multicrustacea Regier, Shultz, Zwick, Hussey, Ball, Wetzer, Martin & Cunningham, 2010 > Classe Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 > Sous-classe Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 > Super- ordre Eucarida Calman, 1904 > Ordre Decapoda Latreille, 1802 > Sous-ordre Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 > Infra-ordre Brachyura Latreille, 1802 > Section Eubrachyura de Saint Laurent, 1980 > Sous-section Heterotremata Guinot, 1977 > Super-famille Majoidea Samouelle, 1819 > Famille Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 > Genre Acanthonyx Latreille, 1828. Synonymes (Bouvier 1940 ; Manning & Holthuis 1981 ; Noms vernaculaires: GBIF 2016 ; INPN 2016 ; WoRMS 2016): L'araignée de mer glabre. Acanthonyx viridis Costa, 1838. Gonosoma viridis Costa, 1844. Principaux noms étrangers. Inachus levigatus Rafinesque, 1814. Anglais : spider crab. Libinia lunulata Risso, 1826. Espagnol : Cangrejo de las algas ; Cangrejo real. Maia glabra Latreille, 1836. Italien : Granchio delle alghe. 2 Maia lunulatus Risso, 1816. Maia lunulata Risso, 1816. N° des bases de données : GBIF ID : 2226661 ; INPN Cd_Nom : 350506 ; ITIS : 199959 ; WoRMS AphiaID : 107312. NB. Acanthonyx brevifrons A. Milne-Edwards 1869 est tantôt considérée comme espèce valide (Balss 1914 ; Manning & Holthuis 1981 ; d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999 ; WoRMS 2016), tantôt comme synonyme de A. lunulatus (Miers 1886 ; Balss 1922 ; Bouvier 1940 ; Monod 1956 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Ng & al. 2008). Les arguments avancés par Manning & Holthuis 1981 [qui décrivent en outre deux nouvelles espèces du même genre] semblent convaincants pour distinguer A. brevifrons de A. lunulatus. En outre, A. brevifrons semble avoir une écologie assez différente de A. lunulatus puisque la première espèce pourrait être inféodée aux eaux profondes (-110 m voire davantage) alors que la seconde est une espèce vivant très près de la surface dans la végétation côtière. Il s'en suit qu'un certain nombre de signalements sur les côtes africaines seraient à vérifier, en particulier les signalements anciens, en se fondant sur les différents caractères morphologiques disponibles et pas seulement sur le nombre de lobes latéraux de la carapace (2 versus 3). Description. La carapace est unie, plutôt rectangulaire et arrondie en arrière ; elle possède trois dents sur les bords latéraux, la dent antérieure étant forte et arquée. Le rostre est formé de deux épines arquées l'une vers l'autre et séparées par une échancrure assez large. Les orbites sont nulles ou limitées par des processus saillants du bord antérieur de la carapace. Les articles basaux 2 et 3 des pédoncules antennaires sont soudés à l’épistome. Les pinces sont très mobiles sur leur base et rarement plus longues que les pattes ambulatoires ; elles sont comprimées latéralement, et moins robustes chez les jeunes et les femelles que chez les mâles. Les pattes ambulatoires présentent un dactyle pourvu de dents aiguës se rabattant sur le propode en formant une pince permettant à l'animal de s'agripper à son substrat. L’abdomen comporte 6 segments. Le corps est nu mais il existe quelques poils forts et dilatés ou en crochet sur le rostre et sur la carapace ainsi qu’au bout du dernier article des pédoncules antennaires (Perrier 1929 ; Bouvier 1940 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Chaix 1978). La longueur de la carapace peut atteindre 20 mm ; les femelles peuvent être ovigères dès 6,5 mm ; les juvéniles mesurent 1,85 à 2,99 mm et les immatures 2,92 à 10,3 mm (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Noël 1992 ; Vadon 1981). La couleur est uniforme brune, beige ou verdâtre, avec parfois une petite tache blanche sur la zone cardiaque (Perrier 1929 ; Vadon 1981 ; Noël 1992 ; González Pérez 1995 ; Wirtz 1995). Les juvéniles sont de couleur pourpre, plus rarament verts (Vadon 1981). Risques de confusion, espèces voisines, variations infra-spécifiques. Dans le genre Acanthonyx, il existe 17 (Emparanza & al. 2007) ou 18 (Ng & al. 2008) espèces au niveau mondial et une seule en Europe (d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999). Acanthonyx brevifrons A. Milne-Edwards, 1869 est identique ou très proche de A. lunulatus ; ce taxon aurait une dent moyenne réduite ou nulle au bord latéral de la carapace et les cornes frontales sont fortes mais il y a des formes morphologiques intermédiaires entre A. lunulatus et A. brevifrons (Manning & Holthuis 1981 ; Paula & al. 1992). Sur l'île de Sainte Hélène, Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae Chace, 1966 est également une espèce très proche. Biologie. Au niveau du camouflage, et contrairement à la plupart des autres Majoidea, cette espèce ne se déguise pas. Il lui arrive seulement de fixer parfois un petit morceau d'algue aux soies en crochet situées en arrière de son rostre (Vadon 1981). En ce qui concerne la reproduction, l'espèce est gonochorique. Les femelles adultes peuvent être ovigères de mai à octobre (Forest 1965 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Chaix 1979). Les œufs mesurent 0,375 x 0,390 à 0,525 x 0,540 mm (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968). Les larves se rencontrent dans le plancton de mai à septembre (Thiriot 1970) et jusqu'en novembre (Lakkis 2010). Elles ont fait l'objet de différentes études (Bourdillon Casanova I960 ; Heegaard 1963 ; Lakkis & Zeidane 1988 ; Guerao & Abellò 1996 ; Dos Santos 1999 ; González-Gordillo & al. 2001 ; Pessani & al. 2004 ; Lakkis 2010). Il y a deux stades zoé et une mégalope (Cano 1893 ; Boraschi 1921 ; Bourdillon Casanova 1960 ; Yang 1968). Cette espèce effectue de faibles migrations : algues photophiles proches de la surface en été, un peu plus profond en hiver. La mue de puberté entraîne un certain polymorphisme caractéristique des mâles ; c’est un facteur dominant influençant le cycle biologique et la structure de la population (Chaix 1979). Le régime alimentaire est sans doute opportuniste à base des éléments existant sur les supports fréquentés par l'animal. Les prédateurs sont principalement les poissons comme la rascasse de Madère Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 (Machado & al. 2014), le rouget de roche Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 (Derbal et al. 2010) ou le serran à queue noire Serranus atricauda Günther, 1874 (Morato & al. 2000). Les grands crustacés comme le crabe verruqueux Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) sont également des prédateurs potentiels. L'espèce est parasitée par la grégarine Paraophiodina pisae Léger et Dubosq 1911 (Desportes & al. 1977 ; Vivarès 1978 comme Thiriotia pisae). Par ailleurs Acanthonyx lunulatus est également parasité par un autre crustacé, l'isopode épicaride Portunion bourdoni Chaix & Veillet, 1981 avec une fréquence d'infestation de l'ordre de 10%. Il peut y avoir jusqu'à 3 parasites par hôte. 3 La croissance et le rythme des mues du crabe ne sont pas modifiées par la présence du parasite mais les gonades du crabe ont une taille réduite. Le développement des pinces est réduit mais il n'y a pas de féminisation des caractères sexuels externes secondaires comme c'est le cas dans d'autres exemples de crustacés parasites de crabes (Chaix & Veillet 1981). Ecologie. L’araignée de mer glabre est une espèce côtière vit principalement sur des fonds rocheux ou sableux avec des algues. Cette espèce caractérise les substrats durs de l’horizon superficiel de l’étage infralittoral. Elle se tient sur les végétaux photophiles dans les zones où les mouvements hydrodynamiques sont importants, en particulier au niveau du front de déferlement de l’herbier de Posidonies, sur l’algue brune Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta Montagne, 1846, sur Cystoseira crinita Duby, 1830 et sur Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau, 1904 (Pruvot 1897 ; Ledoyer 1968 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Chaix 1979 ; Vadon 1981 ; Noël 1992).
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