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Occasional Papers April 2002 n°34 Edited by Antonio Missiroli Bigger EU, wider CFSP, stronger ESDP? The view from Central Europe published by Vladimir Bilcik, Daniel Calin, Ivan Hostnik, the European Union Andres Kasekamp, Radek Khol, Atis Lejins, Institute for Security Studies Erzsébet Nagyne Rózsa, Radoslava Stefanova, 43 avenue Rafal Trzaskowski and Gediminas Vitkus du Président Wilson F-75775 Paris cedex 16 phone: + 33 (0) 1 56 89 19 30 fax: + 33 (0) 1 56 89 19 31 e-mail: [email protected] www.iss-eu.org In January 2002 the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) became a Paris-based autonomous agency of the European Union. Following an EU Council Joint Action of 20 July 2001, it is now an integral part of the new structures that will support the further development of the CFSP/ESDP. The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and recommendations that can be of use and relevance to the formulation of EU policies. In carrying out that mission, it also acts as an interface between experts and decision-makers at all levels. The EUISS is the successor to the WEU Institute for Security Studies, set up in 1990 by the WEU Council to foster and stimulate a wider discussion across Europe. Occasional Papers are essays or reports that the Institute considers should be made avail- able as a contribution to the debate on topical issues relevant to European security. They may be based on work carried out by researchers granted awards by the ISS, on contribu- tions prepared by external experts, and on collective research projects or other activities organised by (or with the support of) the Institute. They reflect the views of their authors, not those of the Institute. Publication of Occasional Papers will be announced in the ISS Newsletter and they will be available on request in the language - either English or French - used by authors. They will also be accessible via the Institute’s Website: www.iss-eu.org The European Union Institute for Security Studies Paris Director: Nicole Gnesotto © EU Institute for Security Studies 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the EU Institute for Security Studies ISSN 1608-5000 Published by the EU Institute for Security Studies and printed in Levallois (France) by Aramis, graphic design by Claire Mabille (Paris). Occasional Papers April 2002 n°34 Edited by Antonio Missiroli Bigger EU, wider CFSP, stronger ESDP? The view from Central Europe Vladimir Bilcik, Daniel Calin, Ivan Hostnik, Andres Kasekamp, Radek Khol, Atis Lejins, Erzsébet Nagyne Rózsa, Radoslava Stefanova, Rafal Trzaskowski and Gediminas Vitkus Antonio Missiroli is currently a research fellow at the EU Institute for Security Studies 1 Contents 1 Introduction Antonio Missiroli 5 2 Estonia Andres Kasekamp 7 3 Latvia Atis Lejins 11 4 Lithuania Gediminas Vitkus 14 5 Poland Rafal Trzaskowski 19 6 Czech Republic Radek Khol 26 7 Slovakia Vladimir Bilcik 31 8 Hungary Erzsébet Nagyne Rózsa 36 9 Slovenia Ivan Hostnik 42 10 Romania Daniel Calin 46 11 Bulgaria Radoslava Stefanova 52 120 Conclusions Antonio Missiroli 58 a Annexes 65 a1 About the Authors 65 a2 Abbreviations 67 2 En attendant les Barbares Waiting for the Barbarians Qu’attendons-nous, rassemblés ainsi sur la What are we waiting for, place ? assembled in the forum? Les Barbares vont arriver aujourd’hui. The barbarians are to arrive today. Pourquoi un tel marasme au Sénat ? Pourquoi Why such inaction in the Senate? les Sénateurs restent-ils sans légiférer ? Why do the Senators sit and pass no laws? C’est que les Barbares arrivent aujourd’hui. Because the barbarians are to arrive today. Quelles lois voteraient les Sénateurs ? What laws can the Senators pass any more? Quand ils viendront, les Barbares feront la loi. When the barbarians come they will make the laws. Pourquoi notre Empereur, levé dès l’aurore Why did our emperor wake up so early, and sits at siège-t-il sous un dais aux portes de la ville, the greatest gate of the city, on the throne, solemn, solennel, et la couronne en tête ? wearing the crown? C’est que les Barbares arrivent aujourd’hui. Because the barbarians are to arrive today. L’Empereur s’apprête à recevoir leur chef ; il a And the emperor waits to receive their chief. Indeed même fait préparer un parchemin qui lui he has prepared to give him a scroll. octroie des appellations honorifiques et des Therein he inscribed many titles and names of titres. honour. Pourquoi nos deux consuls et nos préteurs Why have our two consuls and the praetors come out arborent-ils leur rouge toge brodée ? Pourquoi today in their red, embroidered togas; why do they se parent-ils de bracelets d’améthystes et de wear amethyst-studded bracelets, and rings with bagues étincelantes d’émeraudes ? Pourquoi brilliant, glittering emeralds; why are they carrying portent-ils leurs cannes précieuses et finement costly canes today, wonderfully carved with silver ciselées ? and gold? C’est que les Barbares arrivent aujourd’hui, et Because the barbarians are to arrive today, and such ces coûteux objets éblouissent les Barbares. things dazzle the barbarians. Pourquoi nos habiles rhéteurs ne pérorent-ils Why don’t the worthy orators come as always to pas avec leur coutumière éloquence ? make their speeches, to have their say? C’est que les Barbares arrivent aujourd’hui. Because the barbarians are to arrive today; Eux, ils n’apprécient ni les belles phrases ni les and they get bored with eloquence and orations. longs discours. ... 3 Et pourquoi, subitement, cette inquiétude et ce Why all of a sudden this unrest and confusion. (How trouble ? Comme les visages sont devenus solemn the faces have become). graves ! Pourquoi les rues et les places se désemplis- Why are the streets and squares clearing quickly, sent-elles si vite, et pourquoi rentrent-ils tous and all return to their homes, so deep in thought? chez eux d’un air sombre ? C’est que la nuit est tombée, et que les Because night is here but the barbarians have not Barbares n’arrivent pas. Et des gens sont venus come. des fontières, et ils disent qu’il n’y a point de And some people arrived from the borders, Barbares ... and said that there are no longer any barbarians. Et maintenant, que deviendrons-nous sans And now what shall become of us without any bar- Barbares ? barians? Ces gens-là, c’était quand même une solution. Those people were some kind of solution. Constantine P. Cavafy (1904) Constantine P. Cavafy (1904) Traduit du grec translated from the original Greek par Marguerite Yourcenar et Constantin Dimaras by Rae Dalven 4 1 Introduction Antonio Missiroli ast spring, the research team of the then WEU discernible evolution of your country’s position LInstitute for Security Studies came up with on ESDP ever since? If so, in what direction and the idea of carrying out a targeted screening of why? the prevailing (and evolving) views on CFSP and ESDP in the candidate countries. In order to III. Enlargement and military crisis preserve some homogeneity and compara-bility, management the screening would be limited to the ten Did your country ‘contribute’ to the ‘Catalogue Central European applicants. In fact, the of Forces’ exercise and the EU’s Headline Goal? Mediterranean candidates (Cyprus and Malta, If so, please give details on the units and assets let alone Turkey) pose completely different ‘offered’ for EU-led crisis-resolution operations, problems, while the whole exercise was intended with special attention to their availability (to to try and assess what CFSP/ESDP means to the NATO too, if pertinent) and to the overall size part of Europe that was ‘kidnapped’ for almost and structure of your country’s armed forces. half a century – according to Milan Kundera’s What is your country’s ‘record’ so far in interna- well-known metaphor from the 1980s – and is tional peacekeeping operations? now about to ‘return’ where it belongs. In a way, however, the project was also intended to try and IV. Enlargement and defence procurement assess what such a ‘return’ might mean for Is your country interested in and/or supportive CFSP/ESDP, and how the two processes would of a more coordinated European defence procu- interact and dovetail. rement policy? Is it involved in any such frame- Accordingly, a grid with five main clusters of work (e.g. WEAG)? What are your country’s questions was handed out to the potential main priorities in this field (modernisation of authors in order to structure their contribu- armed forces) and acquisition policy? Can you tions, answer a series of topical questions and give some examples and illustrate cases of allow an overall as well as a comparative assess- conflict between political and industrial inter- ment. The clusters were the following: ests and/or European and American suppliers? V. Enlargement and European security I. Enlargement and CFSP policy Your country has already ‘closed’ Chapters 26 Please make a final short assessment on your (Relex) and 27 (CFSP). What was the original country’s general attitude vis-à-vis the EU as an negotiating position? Did the negotiators meet international/global actor and your country’s any special problem (and, if so, what)? To what likely role and self-perception within an ‘en-lar- extent had your country already adopted CFSP ged’ EU. What should be, for instance, the prio- common positions and démarches? Which ones rities for CFSP, both geographically and politi- (if any) had not been adopted, and why? cally? Would your country accept (and, if so, on what terms) a more ‘flexible’ CFSP? In other II.
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    UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Pavel Jereb Lahka bataljonska bojna skupina v funkciji transformacije Slovenske vojske Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2012 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Pavel Jereb Mentor: doc. dr. Vinko Vegič Lahka bataljonska bojna skupina v funkciji transformacije Slovenske vojske Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2012 Zahvala Zahvaljujem se mentorju in brigadirju Branimiru Furlanu za podporo in strokovne usmeritve pri izdelavi magistrske naloge. Lahka bataljonska bojna skupina (LBBSk) v funkciji transformacije Slovenske vojske S prehodom večine evropskih držav iz naborniške v poklicno vojsko so se vojske številčno zmanjšale, dosegle pa višjo in kvalitetnejšo raven usposobljenosti, opremljenosti in izurjenosti. Istočasno so z branjenjem varnosti izven svojih nacionalnih meja morale postati hitro in lahko premestljive ter logistično samozadostne. Nove naloge, ki jih opravljajo vojske po 90-tih letih tega stoletja, zahtevajo širok spekter izurjenosti in kompleksnosti, kar pa s klasičnimi enorodovskimi enotami ne moremo doseči. Zato prihaja do združevanja specialističnih enot in oblikovanja tako imenovanih bojnih skupin znotraj nacionalnih vojska, v primeru večjih zahtev ali pomanjkanja določenih zmogljivosti znotraj ene nacionalne vojske pa se takšne enote formirajo in oblikujejo tudi znotraj dveh ali več držav. LBBSk je prvi poskus Slovenske vojske pri modularnem oblikovanju enote, ki bi zagotavljala zmogljivosti različnih specialističnih enot bodisi za potrebe lastne glavne manevrske enote, ali pa bi se uporabile za podporo delovanja enot v večnacionalnih sestavih v okviru multilateralnih organizacij. Delovanje vojska v večnacionalnem okolju pa ima svoje zahteve. Predvsem gre za poenotenje postopkov načrtovanja in izvajanja delovanja, za kompatibilnost opreme in oborožitvenih sistemov in poenotenje linije vodenja in poveljevanja. Pri izvajanju skupnih nalog pa za razumevanje konceptov delovanja, visoke koordiniranosti, pa tudi visokega nivoja strpnosti in medsebojnega spoštovanja.