Index

ACRIM. See Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Reflection radiometer Active Cavity Radiometer L-radiance Monitor ATDs. See Advanced Technology Demonstrations description, 69, 134 Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, 37, 107 EOS-Chem, 107 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program, 70 ADEOS. See Advanced Earth Observation Satellite ATSSB. See Advanced Technology Standard Satellite Bus Administration La.ndsat Management Plan, 48,50 Aurora Flight Services, Inc., 79 Advanced Earth Observation Satellite, 24, 177-178 Automatic Picture Transmission recorders, 39 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit AVHRR. See Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer EOS-PM, 107 AVNIR. See Advanced Visible and Near Infrared METOP platform, 41 Radiometer Advanced Research Projects Agency CAMEO program, 75 Balloons, 78-79 space technology initiatives, 138-139 Bhaskara series, 181 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Broad area search, 155-158 radiometer, 106 Bromley, D. Allan, 100 Advanced Technology Demonstrations, 75, 138-139 Budgets Advanced Technology Standard Satellite Bus, 75, 138 costs of remote sensing, 24-25 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer DoD’s remote sensing systems, 18 AVHHR/2, 40 global change research program, 13 METOP platform, 41 NASA’s remote sensing systems, 18-23 research cooperation between NASA and NOAA, 36 NOAA’s remote sensing systems, 18, 23-24 Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer, 177-178 reduction of NASA’s Earth Observing System program, Air Force Space Command, 15 17-18,65-68 Aircraft, piloted and unpiloted, 78-79, 124-128 AIRS. See Atmospheric Infrared Sounder CAMEO. See Collaboration on Advanced Multispectral Almaz, 61, 181 Earth Observation Altimeters Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception, 162-163 description, 6 Canada, remote sensing satellite, 57 ocean remote sensing, 56, 57 CBERS. See China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite AMSU. See Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit CC&D. See Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception APT. See Automatic Picture Transmission recorders CEES. See Committee on Earth and Environmental Science ARGOS Data Collection System, 40 Centre Nationale d’Etudes Spatial, 52-53 ARM. See Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program CEOS. See Committee on Earth Observations Systems Arms control monitoring, 82, 161-162, 163 CERES. See Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects Agency China, satellite programs, 183-185 ASTER. See Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite, 184-185 193 194 I Remote Sensing From Space

CIESIN, See Consortium for International Earth Science research cooperation between NASA and NOAA, 36-37 Information Network small satellite systems support, 75 CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent States unpiloted air vehicles funding, 79, 128 Civilian space program Consortium for International Earth Science Information future of, 11-13 Network, 186 market motives, 164 CZCS. See Coastal Zone Color Scanner military use, 81-84, 145-164 satellite characteristics, 148-154 DAACS. See Distributed Active Archive Centers Climate change. See also Global change Data gathering, 4 current state of research, 96-100 DCS. See ARGOS Data Collection System geostationary satellite system, 34-37 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program human influence, 113 future of, 15-16, 17 meteorological satellite system, 4244 weather observations, 4244 non-U.S. environmental satellite systems, 44-45 Department of Defense observations of satellite sensors, 33-34 collaborative projects with NASA, 70 polar-orbiting satellite system, 37-43 developing a strategic plan for remote sensing, 26-27 Climate feedbacks, 76, 112 Landsat program, 48-52 Climate forcings, 76, 112-113 meteorological satellite system, 15-16, 42-44 Climsat, 76-77, 131-135 remote sensing budget, 18 Clinton administration, NASA budget request, 20 Department of Energy, strategic plan for remote sensing, Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System, 105, 129-131 26-27 CNES. See Centre Nationale d’Etudes Spatial Distributed Active Archive Centers, 73, 103

CO2 change, 132, 133 DMSP. See Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 55 DOD. See Department of Defense Collaboration on Advanced Multispectral Earth DOE. See Department of Energy Observation, 75, 138 Combat intelligence, 159-161 Earth Observation-Intemational Coordination Working Group, Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences, 13,63-64 31 Committee on Earth Observations Systems, 31,90, 186 Earth Observation Satellite Company, 49, 85 Commonwealth of Independent States Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter earth observation satellite programs, 179-181 Climsat, 133, 135 environmental satellite system, 44-45 description, 106 Congressional considerations Earth Observing System comparing costs and benefits of global change research, current state of climate research, 96-100 25-26 description, 16-18,95-96, 101-107 consolidation of DoD’s meteorological system and NOAA’s EOS Aero, 106 polar-orbiting system, 16,44 EOS-Alt, 107 cost reduction for remote sensing systems, 87-88 EOS-AM, 105-106 Earth Observing System funding, 65 EOS-Chem, 107 future of space-based remote sensing, 2-3 EOS Color, 106 global change data collection continuity, 27 EOS Phase One, 104-105 improved calibration sensitivity of NOAA sensors, 14-15 EOS-PM, 106-107 international cooperation in remote sensing programs, 71 global change research, 65-72,73 land remote sensing support, 27-28 instruments not funded, 116-124 Landsat sensors funding, 50 program, 71 Landsat technology development funding, 52 and related systems, 101-104 military uses of civilian remote sensing data, 165 restructured program, 69 NASA’s funding plans for Mission to Planet Earth, 23, science and policy priorities, 68 68-69 technology and the restructured program, 110-124 non-space-based research support, 17 Earth Observing System Data and Information System planning for development of Landsat 8,52 description, 102-104 private satellite industry support, 87 global change research, 65-72,73 private sector use of land remote sensing, 28,85-87 improving the use of research data, 29-30 Index I 195

Earth Probe satellites, 67 GCMS. See General circulation models Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, 41, 131 General circulation models, 95,96 Earth Resources Satellite, 57-58, 176-177 Geodesy satellite El Nino, 55,97, 132 description, 61 Electro-optical sensors, 47 Geosat Follow On, 61 Enhanced Thematic Mapper, 50-51 Geographic information systems, 85-86 Environmental change. See Global change Geosat. See Geodesy satellite ENVISAT platform, 41 Geoscience Laser Ranging System and Altimeter, 107 EO-ICWG. See Earth Observation-International Geostationary Meteorological Satellites, 44, 175-176 Coordination Working Group Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites EOS. See Earth Observing System future of, 14 EOSAT. See Earth Observation Satellite Company weather observations, 34-37 EOSDIS. See Earth Observing System Data and Information Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites-Next System cost performance, 23 EOSP. See Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter description, 35-36 ERBE. See Earth Radiation Budget Experiment development problems, 36, 38-39 ERS. See European Remote Sensing Satellite GIS. See Geographic information systems ERS-1. See Earth Resources Satellite Global change. See also Climate change; Earth Observing ESA. See European Space Agency System ETM. See Enhanced Thematic Mapper contribution of space-based remote sensing, 13 Eumetsat. See European Organization for the Exploitation of COStS, 25, 26 Meteorological Satellites data collection continuity, 25-26 Europe improving the use of research data, 29-31 coordination of satellite research, 31 international cooperation, 89-91 earth observation satellite programs, 167-175 operational meteorological satellite systems, 14-15 European Organization for the Exploitation of research program budgets, 13 Meteorological Satellites U.S. research program, 28-30,63-64 description, 168 Global Change Data and Information System, 29 environmental satellite system, 44 Global Habitability Program, 101 loan of Meteosat-3 to U. S., 34-35 Global Positioning System, 83 METOP polar platform, 39,41 GPS Geoscience Instrument, 107 European Remote Sensing Satellite, 168-173 Global Wa.rmin g, 98-99 European Space Agency GLRS-A. See Geoscience Laser Ranging System and environmental satellite system, 44 Altimeter loan of Meteosat-3 to U. S., 34-35 GMS. See Geostationary Meteorological Satellites METOP polar platform,41 GOES. See Geostationary Operational Environmental ocean remote sensing satellite, 57-58 Satellites GPS. See Global Positioning System Fanhui Shi Weixing recoverable satellite, 184 Greenhouse effect, 98-99, 115-116 FCCSET. See Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Ground resolution, 81, 148 Engineering, and Technology Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering Helios, 174-175 Sciences, and Technology, 13,63 High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, 107 Feng Yun, 183-184 High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 123-124 Filter wedge, 14 High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder, 40 Flux divergence, 79-80 High Resolution Multispectra1 Stereo Imager, 50-51 France High Resolution Picture Transmission recorders, 39 land remote sensing system, 52-53, 173-175 HIRDLS. See High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder ocean remote sensing, 58, 175 HIRIS. See High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer FSW. See Fanhui Shi Weixing recoverable satellite HIRS/2. See High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder Funding. See Budgets HRMSI. See High Resolution Multispectral Stereo Imager FY. See Feng Yun HRPT. See High Resolution Picture Transmission recorders Hughes STX Corporation, 61 196 I Remote Sensing From Space

Hyperspectral imaging systems, 123-124, 139, 140 technology development program, 51-52 Landsat program Ice caps. See Ocean remote sensing description, 48,49 IEOS, See International Earth Observing System developing follow-ens, 140-144 IIRS. See Image Interpretability Rating Scale future satellites, 51-52 ILAS. See Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer Landsat 7,48,50-51 Image Interpretability Rating Scale, 149 military uses, 81-84 Imaging radiometer, 6 role of private sector, 85-86 IMG. See Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases use of data, 27-28 Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer, 177 Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder, 116-118 India LAWS. See Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder earth observation satellite program, 181-183 Lidar altimeter, 6 ground facilities, 183 Linear Imaging Self-searming Sensors, 53, 182 land remote sensing system, 53 LISS. See Linear Imaging Self-searming Sensors Indian National Satellite system, 182 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy, 82-84 description, 53, 182-183 description, 147-148 follow-on series, 183 use of civilian satellites, 154-155 Indian Space Research Organization, 181 Marine Observation Satellite, 58, 176 Indications and Warning, 158-159 MC&G. See Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Insat. See Indian National Satellite system Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere, 106 Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases, 177-178 MESSR. See Multispectral Electronic Self-scanning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 65 Radiometer International cooperation, 89-93, 186-187 Meteor satellites, 179-180 International Earth Observing System, 90 Meteosat Operational Programrne, 167-168 IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Meteosat satellites IRS. See Indian Remote Sensing Satellite description, 44, 167-168 ISRO. See Indian Space Research Organization loan to U. S., 34-36 I&W. See Indications and Warning METOP polar platform, 41 MHS. See Microwave Humidity Sounder Japan Michelson Interferometer, 135 data distribution, 178-179 Microwave Humidity Sounder, 107 earth observation satellite program, 175-178 Microwave Imager, 42 environmental satellite system, 44 Microwave Limb Sounder, 107 future planning, 178 Microwave Scanning Radiometer, 58 land remote sensing, 53-54 Microwave Sounding Unit, 40 ocean remote sensing, 58 Microwave Temperature Sounder, 42 Japan Earth Resources Satellite, 53-54, 176-177 Microwave Water Vapor Sounder, 42 JERS-1. See Japan Earth Resources Satellite Military operations civilian satellite characteristics, 148-154 Land remote sensing issues for Congress, 165 applications, 8, 10 market motives, 164 description, 47-48 remote sensing missions, 145-148 France, 52-53, 173-175 use of civilian satellites, 81, 154-165 India, 53 MIMR. See Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer Japan, 53-54, 176-177 MINT. See Michelson Interferometer Landsat program, 48-52 Mir space station, 181 Russia, 54 MISR. See Multiangle Imaging Spectra-Radiometer Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984,49 Mission to Planet Earth Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 budget, 18-23 continuity of data collection and use, 25-26 current research efforts, 101 introduction of legislation, 48 description, 16-18 shift of operational control of Landsat, 27, 48 global change research, 65-72,73 Index I 197

improving the use of research data, 29 NRSA. See National Remote Sensing Agency new technology for, 136-137 NSPD7. See National Space Policy Directive 7 ML-S. See Microwave Limb Sounder Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 105-106 Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner, 177-178 MODIS. See Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer Ocean remote sensing MOP. See Meteosat Operational Programme Canada, 57 MOPITT See Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere description, 54-55 MOS. See Marine Observation Satellite European Space Agency, 57-58, 168, 172 MPIR. See Multispectral Pushbroom Imaging Radiometer France, 58, 175 MSR. See Microwave Scanning Radiometer Japan, 58, 176 MSU. See Microwave Sounding Unit observations of sea ice, 56-57 MIT. See Multispectral Thermal Imager operational uses of ocean satellites, 56 MTPE. See Mission to Planet Earth Orbital Sciences Corp., 59,61 Multiangle Imaging Spectra-Radiometer, 106 research of ocean phenomena, 55-56 Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer, 107 Russia, 61, 180 Muhispectral Electronic Self-searming Radiometer, 58 sensor design and selection, 60, 61 Multispectral Pushbroom Imaging Radiometer, 138 United States, 61 Multispectral Thermal Imager, 140-141 United States/France, 58, 175 OCTS. See Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner N-ROSS. See Navy Remote Ocean Sensing Satellite Office of Science and Technology Policy, 31 NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration Okean-0, 180 National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, 12 OLS. See operational Linescan System National Aeronautics and Space Administration Operational Linescan System, 42 cooperative research development with NOAA, 36-39 Operational Satellite Improvement Program, 36,38 developing a strategic plan for remote sensing, 26-27 Orbital Sciences Corporation, 59,61 global change research, 65-72,73 OSC. See Orbital Sciences Corporation global research budget, 13 OSIP, See Operational Satellite Improvement Program Landsat program, 48-52 Ozone depletion, 102, 115. See also Radiative forcings Mission to Planet Earth, 16-18, 101-107 remote sensing budget, 18-23 Perseus, 79, 127-128 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Platforms Service, 14, 24 role of small satellites, 128 National Natural Resources Management System, 53 satellite v. non-satellite data collection, 124-125 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration unpiloted air vehicles, 125-128 data processing coordination with DoD, 42,43-44 POEM. See Polar Orbit Earth Observation Mission developing a strategic plan for remote sensing, 26-27 POES, See Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental environmental earth observations, 14-15 Satellite the geostationary satellite system, 34-37, 38-39 Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance, the polar-orbiting satellite system, 37-43 177-178 remote sensing budget, 18, 23-24 Polar Orbit Earth Observation Mission, 41 National Oceanic Satellite System, 56 Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite National Remote Sensing Agency, 183 future of, 14-15 National Space Policy Directive 7,28 weather observations, 37-43 National Weather Service, 14,34 POLDER. See Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Navy Remote Ocean Sensing Satellite, 56 Reflectance NESDIS. See National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Private sector Information Service partnership with government for system development, Nimbus 7, 55 92-93 NNRMS. See National Natural Resources Management role in remote sensing, 85-88 System use of land remote sensing, 28, 85-88 NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Process studies, 79-80 Administration Pushbroom detectors, 139, 142-143 NOSS. See National Oceanic Satellite System 198 I Remote Sensing From Space

Radar altimeters role of private sector, 85-88 description, 6 small systems, 73-76, 128-129 ocean remote sensing, 57 spectrum, 151 Radarsat, 57 stereoscope, 151-152 Radar sensors, 6 throughput, 153 Radiation budget, 8,79, 129-131 timeliness, 152-153 Radiative feedbacks, 76, 112 USe in military operateions, 154-162 Radiative forcings, 76, 112-113 SBRC. See Santa Barbara Research Center Radiometers. See also Advanced Very High Resolution SBUV/2. See Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer/2 Radiometer Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer, 55 imaging, 6 Scatterometer ocean remote sensing, 57 aboard ADEOS satellite, 24 polar-orbiting operational environmental satellites, 40,41 description, 6 Radiometric resolution, 60 EOS Phase One, 105 Radiosondes, 41 NASA, 177-178 Reagan Administration, NASA funding, 38 ocean remote sensing, 56, 57 Reconnaissance, 81-82, 146-147 SCD. See Satellite de Coleta de Dados Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan, 58, 178-179 Sea ice. See Ocean remote sensing Resolution, role in military detection, 148-151 Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor RESTEC. See Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan EOS Color, 106 Resurs satellites, 54, 180-181 EOS Phase One, 104 Retroreflector in Space, 177 surface remote sensing, 59, 61 RIS. See Retroreflector in Space Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System, 40 Rohini series, 181 Seasat, 55-56 Russia SeaStar satellite, 59,61,87 environmental satellite system, 44-45, 179-180 SeaWiFS. See Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor land remote sensing, 54, 180-181 SEM. See Space Environment Monitor MIR space station, 181 Sensoriamento Remoto satellites, 185 ocean remote sensing, 61, 180-181 Sensors possible coordination of satellite research, 31 applications, 6-10 design and selection, 60,61 S-GCOS. See Space-based Global Change Observation developing new systems, 28 System how SensOrS WOrk, 5-6 SAFISY. See Space Agency Forum on International Space for land remote sensing, 49-50 Year research cooperation between NASA and NOAA, 36-37 SAGE III. See Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment Shuttle Imaging Radar, 118, 123 Santa Barbara Research Center, 144 Shuttle orbiters, 22 SAR. See Synthetic Aperture Radar SIMS. See Small Imaging Multispectral Spectrometer SARSAT. See Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking SIR-C. See Shuttle Imaging Radar System Small Imaging Multispectral Spectrometer, 140 Satellite de Coleta de Dados, 184-185 SMMR. See Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer satellites Solar BackScatter Ultraviolet Radiometer/2,40 applications of remote sensing, 6-10 Solar radiation, 6,7 benefits of remote sensing, 22,24-25 Sounders, 6,37,40 control, 153 Space Agency Forum on International Space Year, 187 costs, 24-25, 153, 154 Space-based Global Change Observation System, 28-29 current remote sensing systems, 2, 72-73 Space Environment Monitor, 40 earth monitoring satellites, 3 Space program international coordination of research, 31 applications of remote sensing, 6-10 metric, 152 collecting routine earth observations, 27-28 military use against U. S., 162-164 developing a strategic plan for remote sensing, 26-27 NOAA’s operational meteorological systems, 14-15 future of civilian program, 11-13 nonsatellite data, 77-78, 124-125 global change research, 28-29 Index I 199

improving the use of data, 29-30 UARS. See Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite remote sensing defintion, 5 UAVS. See Unpiloted air vehicles role of private sector, 85-88 Unpiloted air vehicles U.S. space policy, 90 advantages, 125-128 Spectral resolution, 60, 151 description, 79-80, 125-126 SPOT. See Systeme Pour d’Observation de la Terre Perseus, 127-128 S&R. See Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking specifications, 127 System Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite SSR. See Sensoriamento Remoto satellites cost performance, 23 SSU. See Stratospheric Sounding Unit global change research, 69,70 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment project goals, 105 Climsat, 133, 135 U.S. Global Change Research Program EOS Aero, 106 Climsat, 76-77 Stratospheric Sounding Unit, 40 complementing satellite measurements, 77-78 Surface remote sensing. See also Land remote sensing; coordination of global change research, 28-29 Ocean remote sensing current research efforts, 100 international cooperative development program, 92 description, 63-64 Synthetic Aperture Radar existing satellite systems, 72-73 description, 118-123 Mission to Planet Earth, 65-72 ocean remote sensing, 56-58, 61 non-space-based research, 17 Systeme Pour d’Observation de la Terre process studies, 79-80 description, 52-53, 173-174 program structure, 72 military uses, 81-84 purpose, 13 SPOT Image, S. A., 53 small satellites, 73-76 Technology issues unpiloted air vehicles, 79-80 developing advanced remote sensing systems, 135-141 USGCRP. See U.S. Global Change Research Program EOS program restructuring, 110-124 Landsat follow-ens, 140-144 Value-added services, 85-86 overview, 109-110 Visible and ThermaI Infrared Radiometer, 58 platforms, 124-135 VTIR. See Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer Television Infrared Observing Satellites, 14-15 Temporal resolution, 60 Weather monitoring TES. See Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer geostationary satellite system, 34-37 TIROS. See Television Infrared Observing Satellites international cooperation, 90 TOMS. See Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer meteorological satellite system, 42-44 TOPEX/Poseidon non-U.S. environmental satellite systems, 44-45 description, 58, 175 observations of satellite sensors, 33-34 EOS Phase One, 105 operational meteorological satellite systems, 14-15 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer polar-orbiting satellite system, 37-43 EOS Phase One, 104-105 Wedge Spectrometer, 144 NASA, 177-178 Wide Field Sensor, 53 polar-orbiting satellite, 41 WiFS. See Wide Field Sensor research cooperation between NASA and NOAA, 36 Wind scatterometer, 57 TRMM. See Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission WMO. See World Meteorological Organization Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, 105 World Meteorological Organization, 35,41,90 Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, 106 WorldView Imaging Corporation, 87