Potential and Prospects for Renewable Energy Electricity Generation in the Escwa Region

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA POTENTIAL AND PROSPECTS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN THE ESCWA REGION VOLUME I OVERVIEW OF WIND AND BIOMASS SYSTEMS United Nations Distr. GENERAL E/ESCWA/ENR/2001/4 20 November 2001 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA POTENTIAL AND PROSPECTS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN THE ESCWA REGION VOLUME I OVERVIEW OF WIND AND BIOMASS SYSTEMS United Nations New York, 2001 Biomass diagram reprinted with permission from Producer Gas: Another Fuel for Motor Transport. Copyright 1983 by the National Academy of Sciences. Courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Note: This document has been reproduced in the form in which it was received, without formal editing. 01-0986 CONTENTS Page Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... vi Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. viii Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Part one WIND ENERGY ELECTRICITY GENERATION Chapter I. WIND ELECTRICITY, RESOURCE POTENTIALS, SITES AND TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................................................................... 5 A. The wind energy’s resource potentials and sites ................................................................ 5 B. The wind technologies for electricity generation ............................................................... 6 II. WIND ELECTRICITY, INSTALLED CAPACITY, DEVELOPMENT, PROSPECTS AND SYSTEM ASPECTS............................................................................... 13 A. Development of installed capacities................................................................................... 13 B. Future prospects.................................................................................................................. 16 C. System aspects.................................................................................................................... 18 III. POTENTIALS OF WIND ELECTRICITY IN THE ESCWA REGION............................ 22 A. Background......................................................................................................................... 22 B. Wind resources status ......................................................................................................... 22 C. Criteria for evaluating wind electricity potentials .............................................................. 26 D. Current development status and constraints ....................................................................... 27 E. Prospects for wind electricity development in the ESCWA region ................................... 28 IV. EGYPT’S WIND ENERGY PROGRAMME, DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND LESSONS LEARNED.................................................................................................... 29 A. Background......................................................................................................................... 29 B. The experience of wind resources assessment.................................................................... 29 C. The current status and future plans..................................................................................... 30 D. Lessons learned................................................................................................................... 35 Part two BIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION V. BIOMASS RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES............................................................. 39 A. Classification of biomass resources.................................................................................... 39 B. Biomass technologies for electricity generation................................................................. 40 VI. BIOMASS ELECTRICITY, POTENTIALS AND PROSPECTS IN THE ESCWA REGION.................................................................................................................... 50 A. Biomass resource status and potential ................................................................................ 50 B. Current development status................................................................................................ 51 C. Future prospects.................................................................................................................. 54 iii CONTENTS (continued) Page VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 55 A. Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 55 B. Recommendations............................................................................................................. 58 LIST OF TABLES 1. Classification of wind resources .............................................................................................. 5 2. Operating wind power capacity (MW)..................................................................................... 15 3. Installed wind turbines 1992-1999........................................................................................... 17 4. Saudi Arabia’s mean wind speed (m/s).................................................................................... 23 5. Range of annual wind speed at windy sites in ESCWA member countries............................. 25 6. Pilot electrical wind-pumping system in Jordan ...................................................................... 28 7. The availability of effective wind speeds at Zafarana.............................................................. 33 8. Wind farms: planned installed capacities and electric energy generation................................ 34 9. Technology summary: steam turbine combined heat and power ............................................. 42 10. Technology summary: biomass gasification............................................................................ 45 11. Technology summary: biogas from anaerobic fermentation.................................................... 48 LIST OF FIGURES I. Components of basic wind energy conversion system............................................................. 7 II. Average Danish wind turbine power rating in kilowatts.......................................................... 8 III. Operating wind power capacity................................................................................................ 15 IV. Effect of wind speed on generated electricity cost................................................................... 20 V. Development of wind electricity generation costs in Denmark ............................................... 21 VI. Potential cost reductions for wind power, 1997-2000.............................................................. 21 VII. Egypt’s preliminary wind map................................................................................................. 24 VIII. Wind map of Jordan................................................................................................................. 24 IX. Annual mean wind speeds in Saudi Arabia (m/s) .................................................................... 25 X. A part of Hurghada wind farm (5 MW) ................................................................................... 31 XI. A part of Zafarana wind farm................................................................................................... 33 XII. Comparison between generation electricity profile and load at Zafarana................................ 34 XIII. Wind Energy Technology Center at Hurghada ........................................................................ 35 XIV. Schematic diagram of a biomass-fired steam-Rankine cycle for combined heat and power production using a back-pressure turbine....................................................... 42 XV. Schematic diagram of a biomass-fired steam-Rankine cycle for combined heat and power production using a condensing-extraction steam turbine ............................... 43 XVI. Schematic diagram of a biomass-fired steam-Rankine cycle for dedicated power generation using a condensing-extraction steam turbine.............................................. 43 XVII. Schematic diagram of one possible configuration of a biomass-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle........................................................................................................................ 44 iv CONTENTS (continued) Page XVIII. Basic layout of a biomass gasifier internal combustion engine system................................... 46 XIX. The three stages of biomass anaerobic digestion..................................................................... 46 XX. The biogas systems (plants) main components........................................................................ 46 XXI. Components of a biogas landfill system.................................................................................. 49 Endnotes ............................................................................................................................................... 59 Annex: Assessment of wind energy resources (Case of Egypt)...........................................................

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