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Phd Thesis Ayman B. T. Attya PhD thesis Ayman B. T. Attya „Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes― Wind energy penetration impact on grid frequency during normal operation and frequency deviations Dem Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Technischen Universität Darmstadt zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation von Ayman Bakry Taha Attya, M.Sc. Geboren am 17.05.1983 in Giza, Ägypten Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Hartkopf Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Gerd Griepentrog Extern Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Yasser Hegazy Tag der Einreichung: 11.06.2014 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.09.2014 D 17 Darmstadt 2014 Erklärung laut §9 Promo Ich versichere hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation allein und nur unter Verwendung der angegebenen Literatur verfasst habe. Die Arbeit hat bisher noch nicht zu Prüfungszwecken gedient. Preface i Preface Due to increasing wind power penetration the power system impact of wind power is a relevant aspect of research. The present PhD thesis deals with possible support algorithms for wind turbines to participate positively in frequency drops mitigation. Comprehensive dynamic simulation models for wind turbines and conventional generators are integrated in order to simulate their interaction during frequency deviations. In the present thesis, storage mediums are also investigated as a solution for wind energy intermittent nature and its impact on frequency response. The Egyptian case study real and chronological data acquired from related authorities is considered as a benchmark system for the examined algorithms. The PhD research was carried out in the Institute of Electrical Power Systems - Department of Renewable Energies at Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany). This research work is funded through cooperation between the Egyptian ministry of high education and research from one side and the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) from the other side. The duration of the scholarship was from April 2011 till September 2014. Summary ii Summary The fluctuating nature of output from wind farms in relation to wind speed conditions at each wind turbine causes a severe burden on conventional generators, and such wind power variations have a considerable impact on grid frequency and voltage stability. In addition, such fluctuations in output create economic problems, as most of system operators apply financial penalties on wind farms owners when generation levels deviate from forecasted schedules by certain ratios. This thesis focuses on the negative impacts of moderate and high levels of wind power contribution to grid generation capacities on the frequency response. Particularly, integrated wind farms replace certain ratios from conventional generation capacity. Retired conventional capacity is decided according to estimated annual energy production of installed wind farms. The work presented here focuses on the contribution of wind turbines in the curtailment of frequency drops. Specifically, two algorithms are proposed to provide a predetermined increase in wind farms active power to support the system and mitigate the generation–demand imbalance. One algorithm relates to the stored kinetic energy in the wind turbine rotating parts, and the other relates to the steep rise in output power that is delivered when the wind turbine pitch angle given value in de-loading operation, is reduced to zero. The two offered algorithms are compared mainly from the point of view of energy utilization with respect to standard operation. A dispatching algorithm is also presented to manage the number of wind turbines in each wind farm that should be switched to support mode, and a modified method for estimating the retired conventional generation capacity is also presented. Thus, the expected amounts of annual energy generated by different types of wind turbines in different sites are evaluated based on the available chronological wind speeds records and network load. Finally, this thesis discusses the feasibility and influence of integrating storage mediums, namely battery banks, as a backup power source during frequency events. Throughout all the mentioned analysis, frequency responses of several hypothetical and a genuine system, namely, the Egyptian system, are examined in different case studies to investigate the impact of the proposed algorithms on frequency performance. MATLAB and Simulink are the main software applied. Results acquisition reveals the capability of wind farms on mitigating frequency drops. The proposed algorithms are seen to deliver advantages and disadvantages, and selection based on compromise is required to choose the best solutions that match the investigated case studies. Zusammenfassung iii Zusammenfassung Die natürlichen Schwankungen der Leistung von Windparks aufgrund fluktuierender Windgeschwindigkeiten haben einen nicht unerheblichen Einfluss auf die Qualität der Stromversorgung. Die vorliegende Dissertation konzentriert sich daher auf den Einfluss von Windparks auf die Frequenzstabilität in elektrischen Versorgungsnetzen. Dieser Einfluss ist wichtiger und klarer wenn mehr Windparks konventionelle Generatoren auswechseln. Es werden zwei spezielle Algorithmen vorgestellt, welche eine Erhöhung der aktiven Windparkenergie ermöglichen, die Stabilität des Erzeugungssystems verbessern und die Bilanz von Erzeugung und Nachfrage ausgleichen sollen. Der erste Algorithmus bezieht sich auf die in den rotierenden Teilen der Windkraftanlage gespeicherte kinetischen Energie. Der zweite Algorithmus betrifft den Blatteinstellwinkel, der die Drehgeschwindigkeit des Rotors verändern kann. Während des normalen Betriebs bei entsprechendem Wind ist der Blatteinstellwinkel größer als Null und sinkt, wenn ein Frequenzabfall eintritt. Die beiden hier vorgestellten Algorithmen werden dabei hauptsächlich aus dem Blickwinkel der Energienutzung mit Bezug auf den Normalbetrieb verglichen. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit bietet auf Basis chronologischen Daten für Netzbelastung und Windgeschwindigkeit auch eine neue Methode zur Berechnung der jährlichen Energieproduktion der Windkraftanlagen. Zusätzlich ist eine neue ‚Dispatch‗-Methode in die Algorithmen integriert, welche die Unterstützungsrolle für jede Windkraftanlage in jedem Windpark während eines Frequenzproblems definiert. Eine neuartige Lösung zur Einbeziehung von Speichermedien, insbesondere Batteriebänken, wird zum Abschluss der Arbeit vorgeschlagen und die Energiekapazität sowie die Leistung der Batterien bewertet. Der Einsatz der Batterien zielt zunächst auf eine Aufladung während des Normalbetriebs und bei guten Windkonditionen ab. Danach sind die Batterien in der Lage, zusätzliche Wirkleistung zu liefern, um einem plötzlichen Frequenzabfall unter bestimmten Bedingungen entgegenwirken zu können. Die gesamte Analyse wird anhand hypothetischer Systeme und anschließend für das ägyptische Netz und die dortige Windenergienutzung untersucht. Alle Fallstudien vergleichen und analysieren die Frequenzkurven vor und nach der Integration der präsentierten Methoden und zeigen deren Vor- und Nachteile auf. Als primäre Simulationssoftware wurden MATLAB und Simulink verwendet. Es hat sich ergeben, dass die hier vorgeschlagenen Algorithmen zwar das Potential zur Minderung von plötzlichen Frequenzabfällen besitzen, aber dennoch eine kompromissbasierte Auswahl nötig ist, um die optimale Lösung für die jeweils untersuchte Fallstudie zu finden. Contents iv Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Motivation ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Wind turbine concepts ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Wind speed model ................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Research objectives ................................................................................................................. 5 1.5. Thesis layout............................................................................................................................ 6 2. Wind energy integration in power systems ..................................................................................... 8 2.1. Wind turbine concepts and modelling ..................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Wind turbines types ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Modelling aspects of wind turbines ..................................................................................... 11 2.2. Wind turbine operational modes ........................................................................................... 15 2.3. Wind turbines ride through and support algorithms .............................................................. 17 2.3.1. Low voltage ride through – methods and aims.................................................................... 17 2.3.2. Frequency drops ride through and support - methods and aims .......................................... 19 2.4. Wind speed prospects and simulation ................................................................................... 22 2.5. Wind farm aggregation .........................................................................................................
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