Egypt Governorate of Hurghada, Sustainable Energy and Climate

This project is funded by the European Union

Contract No. ENPI 2012/309-311/EuropAid/132630/C/SER/MULTI

Egypt City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea

Sustainable Energy & Climate Adaptation Plan (SECAP) The document was produced as part of the CES-MED project activities (EuropAid/132630/C/SER/MULTI). Managed by a Consortium led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamic KG, and with the active participation of National Authorities in Egypt and the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea. The document was prepared by Consortium of consultants from Energies Demain and Transitions, with direct support of CES-MED’s experts. EuropeAid/132630/C/SER/Multi CLEANER ENERGY SAVING MEDITERRANEAN CITIES

Contract No ENPI 2012/309-311

Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP)

City of Hurghada Governorate of the Red Sea

- Egypt -

Integral document of the Sustainable Energy & Climate Action Plan

October 2017

The Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea, Egypt

Transitions Team

Bruno REBELLE – Managing Director, Transitions Consultant, Paris, France

Dr. Mohsen ABOULNAGA – Senior Consultant for SECAP CES-MED – Transition Consultant & Professor of Sustainable Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt Emilie ESSONO – Energies Demain, France

Sara ALI, Junior Research Assistant, Cairo, Egypt

Governorate of Red Sea Team

Participated and assisted in the preparation and data gathering of the SECAP: Gen. Abdelfattah TAMMAM, Secretary General of the Governorate of Red Sea, Ayman SULTAN, Manager of Local Council Department and Coordinator of CES-MED Project at the Governorate of Red Sea, Nasr IBRAHIM, Statistics, Monitoring and Management department, Governorate of Red Sea, Ramy MOHAMMED, Urban Development Dept., Governorate of Red Sea, Ayman MAHFOUZ, Planning Department, Governorate of red Sea Kamal SOLIMAN, General Manager, Governorate of Red Sea Mahfouz MOHAMED, Environmental Administration Manager, Governorate of Red Sea, Gerges YONAN, Health and Safety Inspector, Labour Force, Evon FARAH, Electric Engineer, Al-Qanal Electricity Company, MoERE Amr Ahmed KASSEM, Electric Engineer, Al-Qanal Electricity Company, MoERE Hany ROBAN, Tourism Management, Governorate of Red Sea Mohamed MADANY, Guest Relations, Governorate of Red Sea Ahmed HASSAN, Governorate of Red Sea Essam MOHRAN, Board Director – Marine Science HULLA & CO HUMAN DYNAMICS - KG

in Consortium with

PESCARES Italy, HCL Group

Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS)

Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

Institute of Communications and Computer Systems of the

National Technical University of Athens (ICCS NTUA)

The Assembly of European Regions (AER)

The EuroMed Cities Network

Table of contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 8

SECTION I: GOVERNORATE CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY ...... 10

1. INTRODUCTION...... 10

2. NATIONAL STRATEGY ...... 10

2.1. MAIN AMBITIONS AND FRAMING REGULATIONS ...... 10 2.2. SECTORIAL POLICIES ...... 12 2.2.1. Energy efficiency in building sector ...... 12 2.2.2. Sustainable Lighting ...... 12 2.2.3. Renewable energy development ...... 13 2.2.4. National Transport Strategy ...... 13 2.2.5. Tourism targets ...... 14

3. CITY OF HURGHADA: STRATEGIC VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ...... 14

3.1. OBJECTIVES ...... 14 3.2. STRATEGIC VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ...... 14 3.3. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE GOVERNORATE’S STRATEGY ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ...... 15 3.4. CITY OF HURGHADA SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND CLIMATE OBJECTIVES ...... 16 3.5. CAPACITY REINFORCEMENT ...... 18 3.5.1. Training actions...... 18 3.5.2. Awareness-raising actions ...... 18 3.6. ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS ...... 18 3.6.1. Organisational structure to implement the SECAP ...... 18 3.6.2. Appointment of the elected official tasked with energy ...... 19 3.6.3. Role of the municipal council ...... 20 3.6.4. Local and national coordination ...... 20 3.6.5. Involvement of stakeholders and citizens ...... 20 3.6.6. Citizen awareness promotion plan ...... 20 3.7. BUDGET ...... 21 3.7.1. Foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan ...... 21 3.7.2. Financing the SECAP...... 22

SECTION II: BASELINE EMISSION INVENTORY ...... 23

1. CONSIDERED SCOPE AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES ...... 23

1.1. SOME ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE ...... 23 1.2. METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE INVENTORY ...... 23 1.2.1. Calculation method ...... 24 1.2.2. Considered scope ...... 24 1.3. DETAILED METHODOLOGY ON EACH SECTOR ...... 25 1.3.1. Common data sets ...... 25 1.3.2. Emission factors of energetic consumption (IPCC, NREA) ...... 26 WATER MANAGEMENT ...... 29

2. RESULTS ...... 31

2.1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION ...... 31 2.2. GHG EMISSIONS ...... 32 GHG EMISSIONS IN THE CITY OF LUXOR (2015) ...... 33 2.3. ZOOM ON MUNICIPAL BUILDING AND SERVICES IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA ...... 34 2.4. BUSINESS-AS-USUAL SCENARIO ...... 35 2.5. COMPLETE BEI SPREAD SHEETS – THE CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA ...... 36

SECTION III: SECAP - ACTIONS PLANNED ...... 38

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 38

2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 38

3. GOVERNORATE VISION ...... 40

4. PLANNED ACTIONS FOR THE CITY OF HURGHADA ...... 40

4.1. ACTION ON GOVERNORATE BUILDINGS AND SERVICES ...... 42 4.1.1. Municipal buildings ...... 42 4.1.2. Street lighting...... 44 4.1.3. Water delivery ...... 46 4.1.4. Solid waste management...... 47 4.1.5. City of Hurghada / Governorate fleet ...... 48 4.1.6. Awareness campaign ...... 49 4.2. ACTION PLAN ON THE CITY OF HURGHADA ...... 50 4.2.1. Transport ...... 50 4.2.2. Tourism Sector ...... 52 4.2.3. Residential buildings ...... 55 4.2.4. Tertiary buildings ...... 58 4.3. RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ...... 59 4.3.1. Solar PV ...... 59 4.3.2. Solar heating ...... 60 4.3.3. Biogas...... 61 4.3.4. Expected results ...... 61

5. CONCLUSION ...... 61

SECTION IV: CLIMATE ADAPTATION PLAN ...... 63

1. SUMMARY ...... 63

2. CURRENT STATUS ANALYSIS ...... 63

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ...... 63 2.2. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN EGYPT ...... 65 2.2.1. Climate change impacts – Urban areas ...... 67 2.2.2. Climate change impacts – Costal zones ...... 68 2.2.3. Climate change impacts – Agriculture ...... 69 2.2.4. Climate change impacts – Water ...... 69 2.2.5. Climate change impacts – Ecosystems ...... 69 2.2.6. Climate change impacts – Tourism ...... 70 2.2.7. Climate change impacts – Health ...... 71

3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ...... 71

3.1. THE COMMITMENTS IN PLACE AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL ...... 72 3.1.1. The national strategy, its goals and commitments and sectors affected ...... 72 3.1.2. Regional strategy and the specificities the region faces ...... 74

4. CLIMATE DATA AND CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS ...... 75

4.1. CLIMATE OVERVIEW IN HURGHADA ...... 75 4.2. CLIMATE TRENDS ...... 78 4.2.1. Main climate trends ...... 79 4.2.2. Climate change weather scenarios ...... 80 4.2.3. Climate change risks – Hurghada ...... 81 4.2.4. Adaptation Scoreboard ...... 82

5. RISK ASSESSMENT AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS ...... 84

6. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 98

6.1. CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN - CCAP ...... 98 6.2. ADOPTED MEASURES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE INDCS ...... 99 6.2.1. Adaptation Challenges ...... 99 6.2.2. Egypt's intended actions to promote resilience ...... 100 6.2.3. National Adaptation Action Plan ...... 101

7. ADAPTATION ACTIONS IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA...... 102

7.1. PUBLIC HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE ...... 103 7.1.1. Strategic actions ...... 103 7.1.2. Alert / Communication / Education ...... 103 7.1.3. Technical measures ...... 103 7.2. INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT ...... 104 7.2.1. Strategic actions ...... 104 7.2.2. Alert / Communication / Education ...... 104 7.2.3. Technical measures ...... 104 7.3. LAND PLANNING, BUILDING MANAGEMENT AD BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION ...... 105 7.3.1. Strategic ...... 105 7.3.2. Education & awareness raising ...... 106 7.3.3. Technical measures ...... 106 7.4. ADOPTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS PER SECTOR– CITY OF HURGHADA ...... 106

SECTION V: PROJECT FICHES ...... 110

1. CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA – PRIORITY ACTION # 1 FOR SECAP ...... 110

2.CITY OF HURGHADA (GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA) – PRIORITY ACTION #2 FOR SECAP ...... 119

3.CITY OF HURGHADA (GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA) – PRIORITY ACTION # 3 FOR SECAP ...... 129

4. CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA PRIORITY ACTION # 4 FOR SECAP ...... 140

5.CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA PRIORITY ACTION # 5 FOR SECAP ...... 149

6.GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA, HURGHADA – PRIORITY ACTION # 6 FOR SECAP ...... 160

7.CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA PRIORITY ACTION # 7 FOR SECAP ...... 171

8.CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA – PRIORITY ACTION # 8 FOR SECAP ...... 179

SECTION VI: CITIZENS AWARENESS PROMOTION PLAN ...... 188

1. PREPARING AND INCLUDING THE “AWARENESS RAISING ACTIONS” COMPONENT IN THE SECAP ...... 188

2.PREPARATION OF A COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROMOTIONAL PLAN (CAPP) ...... 190

2.1.TEMPLATE 1- SITUATION ANALYSIS OF HURGHADA ...... 190

2.1.1.Template Two- Communication Plan 2.1.1 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy ...... 194 2.1.2.Template 2 - Communication Plan 2.1.2 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Environment ...... 196 2.2.TEMPLATE 2 - COMMUNICATION PLAN 2.2 PROPOSED COMMUNICATION OR AWARENESS RAISING ACTION RELATED TO SPECIFIC/PILOT PROJECT: ENERGY ...... 198 2.3.TEMPLATE TWO- COMMUNICATION PLAN 2.3 PROPOSED COMMUNICATION OR AWARENESS RAISING ACTION RELATED TO SPECIFIC/PILOT PROJECT: ENERGY ...... 200 2.4. TEMPLATE 2 - COMMUNICATION PLAN 2.4 PROPOSED COMMUNICATION OR AWARENESS RAISING ACTION RELATED TO SPECIFIC/PILOT PROJECT: ENVIRONMENT ...... 202 3.1. TEMPLATE 3.1 - IDENTIFICATION OF CAPP CAMPAIGN TOPIC RELATED TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY CHALLENGES ...... 204 3.2. TEMPLATE 3.2 CAPP ACTIVITIES AS RELATED TO SECAP PRIORITY ACTIONS OF HURGHADA ...... 207

REFERENCES ...... 214

List of Figures

FIGURE 1: CALCULATION PRINCIPLE OF THE INVENTORY ...... 24 FIGURE 2: CONSIDERED THEMES IN BEI (%TCO2EQ/YEAR) – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA 2015 ...... 25 FIGURE 3: FINAL ENERGY/YEAR (2015) – HURGHADA ...... 31 FIGURE 4: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND TYPE OF RESOURCES IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) ...... 32 FIGURE 5: GHG EMISSIONS – HURGHADA (2015) ...... 33 FIGURE 6: GHG EMISSIONS PER SECTOR AND TYPE OF RESOURCES IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) ...... 33 FIGURE 7: GOVERNORATE ASSETS SERVICES – HURGHADA (2015) ...... 34 FIGURE 8: GOVERNORATE ASSETS SERVICES ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND COSTS – HURGHADA (2015) ...... 35 FIGURE 9: GHG EMISSIONS IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA – BAU (2015 – 2030)...... 36 FIGURE 10: IMPRESSION OF THE CITY OF HURGHADA AND ITS RESORTS – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA CAPITAL ...... 39 FIGURE 11 : SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN (SECAP) FRAMEWORK FOR THE CITY OF HURGHADA ...... 41 FIGURE 12: SEASONAL (WINTER: DECEMBER – JANUARY – FEBRUARY; SPRING: MARCH – APRIL – MAY; SUMMER: JUNE – JULY – AUGUST; AUTUMN: SEPTEMBER – OCTOBER – NOVEMBER) MEAN TEMPERATURE (OC, PANELS A-D) AND TOTAL PRECIPITATION (MM PER SEASON, PANELS E-H) MAPS FOR THE PERIOD 1961 -1990 ...... 64 FIGURE 13: MULTI GLOBAL MODEL ENSEMBLE (MGME) AVERAGE CHANGE IN SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE FOR THE FOUR SEASONS, 2071– 2100 MINUS 1961–1990...... 64 FIGURE 14: CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CITIES...... 66 FIGURE 15: CLASSIFICATION CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CITIES - EGYPT ...... 67 FIGURE 16: CLIMATE DATE (MEAN TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION), HURGHADA ...... 76 FIGURE 17: CLIMATE DATA (HOURS OF SUNSHINE 2016), HURGHADA ...... 76 FIGURE 18: CLIMATE DATA - CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA ...... 77 FIGURE 19: DECADAL TRENDS IN SEASONALLY AVERAGED TEMPERATURES FOR EGYPT AND SURROUNDING AREAS OVER THE PERIOD 1960 TO 2010 ...... 78 FIGURE 20: CHANGE IN COOL NIGHTS (A,B), WARM NIGHTS (C,D), COOL DAYS (E,F) AND WARM DAYS (G,H) FOR EGYPT OVER THE PERIOD 1960 TO 2003 RELATIVE TO 1961-1990...... 79 FIGURE 21: TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR EGYPT OVER THE PERIOD 1960 TO 2003 RELATIVE TO 1961-1990 FROM HADEX (ALEXANDER ET. AL, 2006) ...... 80 FIGURE 22: CLIMATE SCENARIOS FOR THE CITY OF HURGHADA 1980-2003, 2050 AND 2080 ...... 81

List of tables

TABLE 1: EMISSION FACTORS USED FOR FOSSIL FUEL AND ELECTRICITY ...... 26 TABLE 2: TOTAL WASTE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) ...... 29 TABLE 3: NON-ENERGETIC EMISSION PRODUCED FROM ANIMAL IN THE CITY OF HURGADA (2015) ...... 30 TABLE 4: FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION/ YEAR ...... 31 TABLE 5: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY SOURCE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) ...... 32 TABLE 6: GHG EMISSION/ YEAR - HURGHADA ...... 33 TABLE 7: GHG EMISSIONS PER SECTOR AND ENERGY SECTOR IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) ...... 34 TABLE 8: ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ANNUAL COST FOR HURGHADA ASSETS...... 34 TABLE 9: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) ...... 35 TABLE 10: RANKING OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES IN EGYPT (OECD) ...... 71 TABLE 11: SCENARIO DAY (1 JULY) – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA ...... 80 TABLE 12: CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS BY SECTORS – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 82 TABLE 13: GOVERNORATE’S (MUNICIPALITY’S) SCORE IN THE ADAPTATION CYCLE SPECIFIC STEPS (SECAP TEMPLATE AND JRC GUIDELINES) - CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 83 TABLE14: CLIMATE HAZARD TYPES ...... 84 TABLE 15: VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS (BASED ON THE FUTURE CITIES ADAPTATION COMPASS TOOL) 1-5 ...... 86 TABLE 16: RISK ASSESSMENT (1-3) ...... 94 TABLE 17: RISK ASSESSMENT OF RECEPTORS, CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 98 TABLE 18: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR POPULATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 106 TABLE 19: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 107 TABLE 20: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 108 TABLE 21: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR ECONOMY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 108 TABLE 22: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ...... 109

Executive Summary

The sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP) is a strategic document as well as an operational tool. It defines a global framework, with quantifiable objectives to be reached by 2030, based on emissions reference inventory (BEI) and the detailed assessment of energy consumption for the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, Egypt.

The SECAP for Hurghada was developed as part of the CES-MED (Cleaner Energy Saving Mediterranean Cities) project, funded by the European Union. The CES MED project aims to support the cities in developing their SECAP in resonance with the already existing strategies for the participating cities and governorates. This SECAP – CES-MED project is pursued and coordinated with the National Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFAs) – National Focal Point, in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) and in close coordination with the Governorate of the Red Sea and key directorates of the concerned ministries in the Governorate.

The SECAP structure document includes four sections:

Section I: Governorate Climate and Energy Strategy Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory Section III: Actions Planned Section IV: Climate Adaptation

Section I: Governorate climate and energy strategy

This section presents the national strategy and the main ambitions and framing regulations. It highlights the sectorial policies, mainly the energy efficiency in the building sector, including sustainable lighting, renewable energy development as well as the national transport strategy and the tourism targets. It also highlights the strategic vision for sustainable energy of the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada. In addition, it presents the Governorate’s current situation and analyses future opportunities regarding their strategic plans. The section also showcases the guiding principles for the municipal strategy on sustainable energy and the vision and objectives of the City of Hurghada addressing the short-term objectives 2020 and the medium-term and long-term objectives 2030. Moreover, it exhibits the capacity reinforcement in terms of training actions and awareness-raising actions. Finally, this section establishes the organisational aspects, mainly: a) the organisational structure to implement the SECAP; b) the role of the municipal council; c) Local and national coordination; d) Citizens Awareness Promotion Plan (CAPP) to educate and inform the local population and stakeholders by the Governorate of the Red Sea and the CES-MED team; e) budget and foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan; and f) financing the SECAP.

Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory

This section of the SECAP presents the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) of the City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea, Egypt. The BEI, which is part of the preparation for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP), is based on calculation and not measurements. It includes the scope and methodological principles of the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions of the City of Hurghada based on data collection from the Governorate of Red Sea and many other national and governmental entities. The BEI covers many sectors such as: a) Residential buildings; b) Tertiary buildings and Public lighting; c) Industry; d) Transport; e) Waste and water management; f) Agriculture (crops, animal production and fishing); and g) Tourism. This section also depicts the results of energy consumption and GHG emissions for these sectors. Results indicated that Transport and Tourism sectors are the highest sectors in terms of annual energy consumption and GHG emissions, with 1,303 GWh/year (39%) and 1,196 GWh/year (36%) of the total annual consumption of 3,338 GWh/year and 26% and 37% contribution in the GHG emissions respectively, followed by the Residential and Tertiary sectors (16% and 12% in terms of GHG emissions). In addition, it highlights the Governorate assets and energy consumption and GHG emissions (Governorate buildings, Governorate fleet and water and waste management). Finally, it presents the BAU scenario forecasts and the important rise of emissions from 2015 till 2020 and stabilisation till 2030.

Section III: Actions Planned This section presents the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan that has been developed by the Governorate of the Red Sea in coordination with the Transitions Team. The current action plan will result in achieving a 27% reduction in GHG emission compared to the business as usual scenario in 2030 for the concerned sectors where emissions would reach 1,727 ktons CO2eq/year. The proposed actions have been designed on the basis of the baseline emission and energy consumption inventory. This section is structured in three parts: a) Background information, including a brief overview of basic information for the city of Hurghada; b) Governorate buildings and services and presenting the activities that fall under the direct responsibility of the Governorate of Red Sea (the buildings it manages and the services it implements as part of its core competencies); and c) the action plans on the City of Hurghada – including presentation of activities that can be run by stakeholders independently from the Governorate, but need to be stimulated and steered by the Governorate services in order to ensure everyone is acting within a consistent plan. In addition, this section highlights the priority actions for the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea as follows:

Priority Action #1 – Transport: Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan

Priority Action #2 – Tourism: Sustainable Green Boats

Priority Action #3 – Tourism: Green and Sustainable Hotels and Resorts

Priority Action #4 – Sustainable Approach for Governorate Buildings

Priority Action #5 – Sustainable Approach for Residential Buildings

Priority Action #6 – Solar Energy Development

Priority Action #7 – Green City Awareness Unit

Section IV: Climate Adaptation

This chapter aims to provide the Governorate of the Red Sea’s (Municipality) Climate Adaptation Strategy, based on the city’s vulnerability to climate change, climate risk assessment and climate adaptation actions adopted. The proposed structure of this section has been developed based on extensive literature review. This section gives an introduction to climate change impacts, particularly in Mediterranean countries with emphasis on Egypt, mainly urban areas, costal zones, agriculture, water and ecosystems, health and Tourism. It also highlights the national and regional strategy on Climate Change Adaptation (CCA). This is followed by a sub-section dedicated to climate data feeding in estimations of the climate change impacts in the future, as well the evolution of the climate conditions in the area (temperature increase, rainfalls etc.). In addition, the adaptation scoreboard including a self-assessment from the Governorate of Red Sea against the standard adaptation scoreboard in the SECAP template is also presented. This section also focuses on the climate data and climate change projections with a climate overview in Hurghada, highlighting the main climate trends. It highlights the climate change risks by sectors in the City of Hurghada and the Governorate’s score in the adaptation cycle specific steps. Section IV also presents the risk analysis and vulnerability assessment conducted, based on the Future Cities Adaptation Compass tool, as well as suggested templates for the risk assessment of the City of Hurghada. It also depicts the National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures, including the Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) and adopted measures within the framework of the INDCs - based on adaptation challenges in the agricultural sector, costal zones, and health and energy sectors - are presented. Furthermore, this section sheds lights on the national adaptation action plan, mainly in coastal zones, water resources and irrigation as well as agricultural, health, tourism, building and energy sectors. Finally, it highlights the proposed adaptation actions in the City of Hurghada in terms of strategic actions.

Section I: Governorate climate and energy strategy

1. Introduction The Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) is a strategic document as well as an operational tool. It defines a global framework, with quantifiable objectives to be reached by 2030, based on emissions reference inventory (BEI) and the detailed assessment of energy consumption.

Before providing a detailed account of the concrete measures undertaken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote the development of sustainable energy, it is essential to describe the overall Governorate strategy and its connection with the national energy transition and climate change mitigation policies. Being mostly dependant on imported energy, Egypt will benefit from converging efforts to reduce energy consumption in all sectors and develop energy production from all renewable sources available.

2. National strategy

2.1. Main ambitions and framing regulations

At the national level, there are many initiatives, policies, guidelines, programs and projects that have been designed and implemented by the Egyptian government with the support of public institutions, international funders, non- governmental organizations and the private sector.

Egypt developed its sustainable energy policy road map with the aim to increase the operating and technical efficiency of distribution utilities, improve energy conservation and load management and diversify the sources of the regional electricity supply. The goals of this roadmap are threefold: 1. 22% of total electricity consumption sourced from renewables by 2022. 2. 20% of total new electricity generation from renewables by 2020. Of this 20%, 63% is from wind, 2% Solar, 10% CSP, and 25% Hydro. 3. 80% of electricity demand from local generation (of all fuels) by 2020. It was 88.4% in 2015. The Egyptian Government has set plans to increase the share of Renewable Energies (RE) in its electricity supply from the current 9% to 20% by 2020. Many laws, by-laws, regulations and decrees have been developed and endorsed. Given that RE only made up 2% of the total energy mix in 2012, and that Energy Efficiency (EE) measures were not yet deployed at a large scale, the targets are ambitious, indicating a strong political will to reduce the energy consumption.

In accordance with this ambition, the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law (EG-REEEL) No. 203 of year 2014 has been developed to promote RE self-consumption, which has a comprehensive basis for supporting schemes and incentives and promotes the use of renewable energy. The EG-REEEL is a unique law made specifically for the MENA region, since it is a dedicated and comprehensive law with incentives for the private sector to invest in RE. This law proved that REEE has been effective in increasing renewable power capacity and has put the country on track to meet its RE target of 20% by 2020. The New and Renewable Energy Agency (NREA) has been actively promoting large- scale wind and solar energy projects for a long period, but not small-scale RE projects until recently1. In 2017, an initiative for solar energy projects to include small scale was launched by the NREA.

In the last two years, several Net-metering and Feed-in-tariff incentives were announced and have led to the construction of roughly 6,000 rooftop PV systems in remote areas, which also contribute to environmental protection and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The EG-REEEL allowed the private sector to have 720 MW of RE

1 Elkhayt, M. 2016. The Egyptian Perspective: The Status Quo of Renewable Energies and the Framework of Energy-Governance, Ch. 1; “A Guide to Renewable Energy in Egypt and Jordan: Current Situation and Future Potentials.” ISBN: 978‐9957-484-62-0, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Available at: www.fes-jordan.org/ (Accessed: 31.08.2016).

capacities under construction, resulting from the establishment of merchants’ IPP scheme. The REEEL addresses three main issues: 1. Establishment of new RE installations and grid connections, including ‘net metering’, which was endorsed in September 2014 by the Feed-in-Tariff Law. 2. Egypt’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund (EG-REEEF) has been established in 2012, but not funded. 3. Tax and Customs regulations have been under review since the 3rd Quarter of 2016. Egypt has developed an Energy Efficiency Plan in the Electricity Sector to save 5,566 GWH between 2012 and 2015, mainly by measures in the lighting sector, including: − The first phase: Change to high efficiency lighting in the household sector planning the distribution of 60 million bulbs to saved 3,320 GWH, − The second phase: programme of energy efficiency standards and labelling for household appliances. This saved 1,663 GWH, and; − Energy saving in street lighting of 1,200 GWH; supported by the Association of Energy Efficiency Engineers (AEEE).

The Egyptian Government adopted a strategic EE roadmap. Additionally, the new energy prices policy takes into account the low income of a large proportion of the population as well as the competitiveness of industry, with the hopes of not jeopardising their supply.

It is important to notice that Egypt acknowledges the key role that local authorities are playing and will continue to play in the necessary energy transition the country should go through. As a sign of this attention paid to local authorities, the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE), in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), took the lead in promoting the development of a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan in the Governorate of Hurghada.

The Egyptian Cabinet adopted an institutional strategy for energy efficiency, with the aim to establish bundles of decentralised Energy Efficiency Offices (EEOs) in energy-intensive sectors. These EEOs will be responsible for achieving sector-specific energy efficiency indicators. The EEO of the Ministerial Council for Energy Issues (MCEI) is responsible for drawing up energy efficiency governmental policies and for coordinating energy efficiency measures across sectors. Following the model of the Arabic energy efficiency guidelines, the MoERE approved and adopted a National Action Plan that provides an increase of approximately 10% in energy efficiency in the electricity sector. Also, Egypt has developed a strategy for renewable energy covering 7 objectives. These strategic objectives will lead to the increase of the shares of solar energy, wind energy and hydroelectricity to 26,000 MW. The Egyptian Government has also developed a plan for improving Energy Efficiency in the electricity sector to save electricity by 5,566 GWh from the total generated power in 2015. In addition, Egypt has set a target for wind energy.

The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) was developed and finalised in March 2015. Furthermore, Egypt is planning to produce 20% of its total energy generation out of renewable energy sources (9,500 MW), including: − 12% will be produced by wind energy (7200 MW), − 2.2% solar energy, (2300 MW), and; − 5.8% hydroelectricity. The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) and MoERE are working on a National Energy Database with the support of the EU funded REEEP project2. The MoPMRs developed an indicators’ database in each utility, but not yet on the national level, GHG emission per factory is part of the database.

Egypt’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP): This programme, specifically targets energy efficiency in the Electricity Sector. The NEEAP has been considered, so far, as the main umbrella regarding Energy Efficiency (EE) at the national level, but more plans and support are needed. The NEEAP follows the energy saving targets that were set in the Energy Strategy 2007-2030, to reduce electricity consumption. In early 2014, the Egyptian Supreme Energy Council

2 For information: http://www.reeep.org/egypt-2012/ - http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/EG.

(ESEC) as per its Decree No. 9/11/05/12 and Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) at the Cabinet developed a national plan to save energy in electricity and energy sectors. This National Plan was sent to all stakeholders to coordinate efforts such as MoEnv, MoHUUD, MoTm and MoLD. The national target is to lower the primary energy consumption by 5% every year. The NEEAP provides a comprehensive assessment of EE guidelines and projects for 2012-2015, which demonstrate that savings achieved grew up from 222.62 GWh in 2012 (less than 1%) to 5,565.69 GWh in 2015 (close to 5%) (based on 112,162.8 GWh average consumption per year)3. Considering current and projected total electricity consumption (until 2020) at current electricity prices, the target’s achievement would result in energy savings of at least $55 M/year and a reduction of 285,000 tCO2 eq. per year. Considering current and projected total electricity consumption (until 2020), in current electricity prices, the target’s achievement would result in energy savings of approximately 384 GWh/year by 2020. This would lead to savings of at least $55 M/year in total electricity costs in Egypt and a reduction of 285,000 tons per year in CO2 emissions.

2.2. Sectorial Policies

2.2.1. Energy efficiency in building sector

Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean (EECS-MED), a project funded by EU, has developed guidelines and recommendations for the MENA region (January 2015).

The guidelines and recommendations focus on issues such as the political leadership perspective; the boardroom perspective; outdoor lighting; and public procurement and planning.

The UNDP developed two projects in the EE sector: − Improving Energy Efficiency for Lighting and Building Appliances. The project started in 2011 and will be completed in 2017. The leading Egyptian partners are MoERE, NREA, Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC), Egyptian Authorization for Standards (EAS), and; − “Waty El Watt” campaign (meaning lower your watt usage). The project started in 2015, and more data is available at the UNDP 2015 Achievement Report4.

The Egyptian National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) is the result of regional and international efforts known as “End-use electricity efficiency improvement and conservation guideline”, a MED-ENEC EU funded project. This plan aims to achieve an initial target, specified in the National Energy Strategy, of a 5% reduction in electricity consumption by 2020. The plan is consistent with regional and international efforts known as the “Arab End Use Electricity Efficiency Improvement and Conversation Guidelines” which were approved by the Arab Ministerial Council of Electricity in 2010.

Egypt revised its strategic approach towards its energy resources and their use, which was launched in 2016 to meet Egypt’s Vision 2030 and to Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. One aspect of this new approach will be to significantly accelerate the adoption and implementation of energy efficiency and sustainability measures, as well as investments in carbon emission reduction targets.

2.2.2. Sustainable Lighting

In Egypt, lighting is consuming an average of 28-30% of produced electrical energy with an annual average increase of 10 to 11% during the past two years (2013 and 2014). This consumption’s increase rate in the past 10 years was 7.2%. According to a study by MED-ENEC, almost doubling the existing generation capacity from 27 GW (2010) to 50 GW by 2020 will be required and probably another 120 GW by 2050, if this consumption pattern continues as business as usual. Families and businesses already suffered hours of daily blackouts in some areas in 2013 and early 2014.

MED-ENEC has also developed procurement and planning for public street lighting that includes conditions of tenders, tender forms and other details. Egypt is considered a pioneer in applying for large tenders for EE street lighting in 2010: 360,000 street lighting poles using high lumen HPS lamps and electronic gear were installed. The next step is replacing

3 NEEAP Egypt published at RCREEE - Available at: www.rcreee.org/. 4 UNDP – available at http://www.eg.undp.org/ (Accessed: 20.08.2016). 12

5 million magnetic ballasts with digital dimmable ballasts until 2016. Street lighting is consuming 2,400 GWh at the present stage and is expected to save up to 1,200 GWh implementing the NEEAP and using smart lighting harvesting technologies.

As part of the 2012 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), the Egyptian government proposed concentrated activities in this field. If EE in lighting would be implemented, more than 10 per cent of the power capacity would not be needed and blackouts would be decreased. Energy efficient lighting design often produces savings between 50% and 80%.

2.2.3. Renewable energy development

According to the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE), 54 GW of new installed capacity (conventional and renewables) is needed by 2022, and on-going reforms in the regulatory framework and subsidies would create large opportunities for the private sector5.

In March 2015, the Ministry of ERE highlighted the main challenges as follows: − Electricity demand growth is exceptionally high (6 % p.a.), − Power generation deficit (6 GW needed annually by 2022), and − Energy subsidies had reached 7% of GDP in 2013/ 2014, but it has been lowered in 2016. Today, any local authority can adopt incentives for energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy according to the regulations already in place in Egypt according to Law No. 203 of 2014, Law No. 87 of 2015, and Law No. 230 of 2016. Local authorities can also develop information tools to stimulate the local or regional market of energy efficiency and renewable energy development in their city.

2.2.4. National Transport Strategy

In Egypt, the transport sector is a major consumer of fossil fuels, therefore, contributes a significant share of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The Ministry of Transport (MoTr) developed a model freight transport (MFT) strategy in close collaboration with the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), considered to be a world-class multimodal transport infrastructure and management strategy.

Egypt’s Transport Master Plan is under development to reach the Egypt SD strategy 2030. The MFT corridor in MINTS has identified many projects to support the MFT from 2012–2027. The MFT corridor in the MINTS projects represents development in all transportation modes (Ports, River, Railways, Roads, and Logistics) in order to support Egypt’s MFT Strategy. The Suez Canal Corridor new master plan is under development to support Egypt’s MFT strategy and to develop Regional MFT cooperation6.

In 2012, a transport master plan has been also developed between the MoTr and JICA on a comprehensive nationwide system. The objective of this joint plan is to realize economically efficient transport, to promote modal shift and to materialize reliable, competitive and safe transport modes.

The study encompasses: • Conducting surveys and an analysis of the current condition in the transport sector, • Pursing nationwide transport/ traffic analysis, • Undertaking socio-economic survey and forecast up to 2027, and • Reformulating the strategy and policies for nationwide transport system7.

5 http://www.moee.gov.eg/english_new/Presentations/EEDC.pdf/ (Accessed: 16.08.2016). 6 Transport Sector the way forward, Ministry of Transport. http://www.comcec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/COMCEC_EGYPT.pdf 7 Mints – MISR National Transport Study, the comprehensive study on the Master Plan for Nationwide Transport system, Egypt, Final Report, March 2012, JICA - available at: http://www.open_JICAreport.JICA.go.jp/pdf/12057584.pdf

One can notice that these strategic directions don’t cover urban mobility issues (although some elements of it are dedicated to the development of the subway in Cairo).

2.2.5. Tourism targets

In terms of Tourism, the Ministry of Tourism (MoTm) set ambitious goals in 2013 to increase the hotel rooms’ capacity to 300,000, so as to accommodate 14 million visitors by 2020. With this target, the number of rooms will increase, and so the needed energy supply for them to operate. It is noticeable that when setting ambitious goals for the development of the sector, no complementary objectives were set to ensure that this development would not harm the environment both locally and globally.

This means that the Governorate of Red Sea has room to “invent a new model” where tourism will be a strong economic driver, while at the same time contributing to protect the local environment as well as mitigating climate change.

3. City of Hurghada: strategic vision for sustainable energy

3.1. Objectives

CES-MED aims to develop the SECAP in resonance with the already existing strategies, if any, for the participating cities and governorates. Hence, it is essential to define the main dimensions prioritised by each municipality/Governorate for a more appropriate SECAP.

3.2. Strategic vision for sustainable energy

The purpose of this section is to clarify the City of Hurghada strategy towards sustainable energy. Since there have been years of turmoil due to the political climate, a development strategy for the Governorate was not been clearly defined until 2015. However, some orientation was recently promoted under the leadership of the Governor of the Red Sea, who proposed a strategy to green the City of Hurghada and make it a world-class responsible tourism destination.

The very long-term objective is to promote a carbon neutral city, through significant efforts in reducing energy consumption, promoting a shift from fossil fuels towards renewable energy, and developing an ambitious compensation programme through the increase of green areas by planting more trees along roads, the development of green parks in the urban areas that would provide fresher areas and contribute to improving air quality. The Governorate’s authorities are conscious of the many benefits a “Green Hurghada” would bring in terms of attractiveness to the City for the many tourists willing to enjoy not only wonderful scuba diving sites, but also a pleasant urban area along the coast of Red Sea to relax and rest in a clean environment.

Indeed, tourism in the city of Hurghada is one of the foremost sectors that would need to be addressed as it holds the second place in energy consumption with 36% of the total consumption translated to 1,196 GWh/year after transport. The city of Hurghada is visited by almost 4 million persons per year. In 2015, hotel occupancy in Hurghada reached 62 % (compared to 5% at the Governorate level). The city counts 150 hotels and resorts representing 44,400 rooms (2016). Notably, some of these resorts have solar water heaters on their roofs, but most of these systems are not functional. These hotels and resorts consumed 683,082 MWh/year in 2015. In addition, there are 451 boats used for leisure and diving activities. The tourism sector is measured as the first GHG emitter in Hurghada with 37% of the total emissions translated to 491 k teCO2/year. The importance of tourist transportation is very significant, both for transit from airports to hotels and for sea tours and scuba diving tours. Lastly, hotels produce 150 tons of solid waste daily to be added to the 200 to 300 tons of the daily domestic waste (i.e. from residents and local activities set aside tourisms), which is all put into a landfill.

The Governorate of the Red Sea plans to develop projects to address these challenges in order to promote a sustainable tourism that significantly reduces tourism’s impact on the local environment and global climate.

To mobilize all stakeholders in and around the City of Hurghada, the Governorate of the Red Sea is planning to raise awareness on the climate risks, adaptation challenges and possible actions to speed up the energy transition towards clean and sustainable solutions.

A very special effort will be made for tourism infrastructures: not only hotels and resorts, but also the seaports and the diving and sea touring boats, which require a significant upgrading process to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions.

On top of all efforts to promote energy conservation and efficiency, the Governorate plans to expand the natural gas network to supply all hotels in the northern part of the city of Hurghada, supporting fuel substitution by the less emitting natural gas. Beyond this first step, it intends to increase the share of renewable energy sources and upgrade the current solar power plants in the southern region to be fully operated all day to reduce the use of fossil fuel.

In 2017, the SECAP could be the roadmap for the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada to integrate sustainable energy development (energy efficiency and renewable energy) into their short-term and medium-term strategic objectives with a target of reducing greenhouse gas emission to counterbalance climate change risks and adapting to already visible impacts of this climate change, contributing to establish the City of Hurghada as a sustainable tourism destination.

Participation in the CES-MED project enables the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada to: - Conceive, develop and refer to SECAP by sector, including energy efficiency in public and private buildings, public lighting, etc., and to specify which investments will be undertaken in order to reach consumption reduction objectives and to calculate financial profitability of such investments; - Have access to a trained and mobilised team in the domain of clean energy and climate adaptation, - Have access to reference documents, developed according to a reference methodology, that facilitate the exchange of experience with other countries in the region and the EU; - Share and acquire experiences as well as actively participate in international discussions, supported by the EU, on renewable energy and GHG emissions reductions at the local level by having access to a platform such as the Covenant of Mayors (CoM); - Replicate successful projects implemented by other municipalities; and - Search for climate change adaptation and sustainable development funding from various sources. In addition, membership in the CoM provides leverage for the transmission of knowledge and good practices. It is also a forum to capitalise on the lessons learnt from the past experiences of other municipalities that have implemented SECAPs.

3.3. Guiding principles for the Governorate’s strategy on sustainable energy

The Governorate adopted fundamental principles that aim to integrate sustainable development into all decision- making processes related to local development. The Governorate of the Red Sea and the City of Hurghada systematically considers these principles when taking into consideration future actions, programmes or development plans and their energy implications: - Ensure energy consumption reduction and the integration of renewable energy development into all activities and projects taking place in its territory in order to reduce fossil-based energy consumption; - Promote energy cost-benefit analyses (including cost of externalities) in on-going and future projects; - Set an example in terms of responsible energy management, especially by promoting concrete initiatives in energy efficiency and energy conservation, research and innovation towards sustainable practices, efficient and climate friendly infrastructure development, etc.; - Partnerships: encourage citizens, private sector, NGO participation in the development and management of energy resources and renewables in the municipality; and

- Educate and inform the local population and actors about the new municipal vision in favour of energy efficiency and renewables.

3.4. City of Hurghada sustainable energy and climate objectives

Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Hurghada develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, energy strategy 2035 and the Sustainable Development Strategy 2030. This strategy is structured around two levers: - Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts; and - Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover, as far as possible, energy needs from these decarbonised sources.

This strategy will help the Governorate to reduce its dependency on energy imports from outside its territory, reducing its financial needs to fund these imports. The strategy will also generate additional resources within the Governorate boundaries through energy production from local and renewable resources. All of the activities will have to include an energy consumption reduction component and, when possible, an appropriate renewable energy development component. While contributing to the protection of the national and global environment (reducing GHG emission to mitigate climate change), these measures also strive to protect the local environment (air and water quality, cleanliness and soil protection).

In conformity with current regulations, the Governorate desires to promote a mix of incentive and coercive measures. These measures are obviously in accordance with the municipal code and public policies that favour local development and the protection of energy resources and the environment.

As energy consumption and production is dependent on many stakeholders within a given territory, the strategy needs to include all of the concerned actors: public services, local entrepreneurs and companies, including tourism operators, citizen groups, etc. On-going information and awareness raising actions must lead to the strengthening of energy consumption reduction commitments and increasing the production of local renewable energy by stakeholders operating in the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada.

The Governorate of Red Sea adopted the following strategic objectives within the framework of its Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP): 1. Reinforce and promote energy efficiency in municipal property, public infrastructure and other local activities. 2. Promote the integration of energy efficiency and renewables into public and private housing construction projects in the municipality. 3. Integrate the development of energy efficiency and renewable energy into the Governorate (municipal) sustainable development plan (job creation, local energy efficiency and renewables market, market for local services, etc.). 4. Engage all stakeholders in the territory to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy development. More specifically, engage with all tourism operators to ensure they contribute to the necessary energy transition and highlight the many benefits they will get from this transformation. 5. Develop partnerships with all providers that are favourable to the implementation of the SECAP. 6. Inform the public about the true cost of energy and make known the incentives and initiatives that encourage energy conservation and efficiency. 7. Create energy conservation and efficiency measures, renewable energy development and environmental protection communication plans that target the local population and the socio-professional categories present in the territory of the city of Hurghada. 8. Reduce energy needs during peak periods by managing electricity demand and by changing energy and gas consumption behaviours and habits.

9. Coordinate with the government on the national strategy and energy efficiency and renewable energy action plan, as well as on the review of the municipal sustainable energy action plan. The primary objectives of the City of Hurghada are:

Short-term objectives 2020 - Reduce energy consumption across the board by around 10% to 15% - Reduce GHG emission by 10% in 2020, compared to the business as usual scenario (2015 baseline) Medium-term and long-term objectives 2030 - Boost efforts to reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency resulting in a continuous trend of improvement in energy intensity (energy consumption compared to gross development product), - Continue reducing GHG emission with the objective of reaching at least a reduction of 27% by 2030 and if possible going to 30% reduction compared to the BAU scenario. Such an effort will place the City of Hurghada in the appropriate trajectory to match the collective target agreed at COP 21 end of 2015 and known as the Paris Agreement, - Improve quality of life in Hurghada and optimise service delivery to inhabitants and all stakeholders in order to speed the energy transition towards sustainable development, - Develop renewable energy production capacities in and around the city, as well as in the southern region of the Governorate:

o Increase the installed capacity of about 13.03 MWp to generate electricity from renewable energy sources, including: . Expand the public street lighting from 27 kWp from solar energy stretching along 3.00 km and using LED lamps to 100 kWp, . 5 MWp solar power plant in Marsa Alam to be 10 MW, . 5 MWp solar power plant in Al-Shalateen o be 20 MW, . 1 MWp solar Power plant in Halayeb to be 5 MW, and . Upgrade the current 2 MWp solar power plant in Abou Ramad to 5 MWp.

o Raise the Solar power capacity supply electricity for local residents’ settlements in Arab Saleh, the southern region from 250 kWp to 500 kWp. - Anticipate risks and adapt to climate change:

o Establish an observatory to monitor rainfall patterns and temperature increase and develop a database for all changes in the climate in coordination with the National Weather Authority (NWA) and Hurghada international airports,

o Set up a vertical communication mechanism to response to extreme events and disasters, o Transfer citizens living in areas at risk to new houses in safer areas away from the storms’ known paths, and;

o Build water dams to collect the storms rainwater upon occurring to lessen floods’ impacts. - Doing so, strengthens the City of Hurghada attractiveness, positioning the city as an example of responsible marine tourism.

Note that the CES-MED project produced two national reports to be used as reference documents for the Governorates implementing their SECAP. • Funding sources for energy efficiency and renewable energy development in local municipalities, to assist developers seeking to finance their projects, and

• Institutional and regulatory analysis of energy efficiency and renewable energy development at the municipal level texts related to legislation that promotes investment in the energy efficiency and renewable energy sectors.

3.5. Capacity reinforcement

3.5.1. Training actions

There are huge needs in terms of training and capacity building on energy issues in all sectors and all types of institutions and stakeholders. This is particularly true in the Governorate’s services, where key players need to enhance their skills to ensure a better management of the issue. Various initiatives are now taking place to provide technical support and training.

For instance, RCREEE launched the programme “Certified Energy Management Programme - CEMP” to train energy professionals. This programme is the 1st pilot in Egypt, developed in coordination with GIZ to address clause No.48: enhance energy efficiency to fulfil the requirements of the Egyptian electricity Law No.87 of 2015, where large users above 500 kW of connecting capacity to assign energy professionals for energy efficiency with reporting responsibilities and regulation (articles 64-67)8.

Also, the German Chamber of Commerce is offering training programmes in energy saving and energy efficiency. In addition, the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) conducted four training programmes between 2014 and 2015 (each 5 days) on energy saving and energy efficiency (EE) to train senior energy managers and deputy energy managers, and to provide them with knowledge, skills and certify them to manage energy efficiency in the administrative buildings of the Ministry.

Moreover, JICA offered and conducted training programmes on EE to government officials between 2015 and 2017. However, needs are by large surpassing the offer and international funding agencies should be invited to support more initiatives of this type.

It will be important to see how the City of Hurghada and the Governorate’s services can benefit from such trainings in order to ensure that their services are up for the mission they will have to deliver.

3.5.2. Awareness-raising actions

Awareness and communication are indispensable tools for the dissemination of good practices, to help reduce energy consumption on a day-to-day basis. The Governorate of Red Sea needs to develop robust campaigns all across the City of Hurghada and the Governorate on this issue. One could recognise that the Governorate of Red Sea has other major priorities to address. However, Governorates concerned with energy management on their territory and benefiting from a direct connection with their constituencies are the right institutions to develop awareness activities.

3.6. Organisational aspects

3.6.1. Organisational structure to implement the SECAP

In order to implement the SECAP, the Governorate should secure its Sustainable Energy Activity Unit (SEAU). The SEAU will be in charge of all the Governorate’s energy related questions. This unit is planned to be an autonomous Unit in the Governorate of Red Sea, coordinating with the Governorate’s Strategic Planning Unit. Also, the Unit will be directly in connection with the NREA to ensure the sustainable energy strategy is deeply embedded in the strategic development plans of the City of Hurghada.

This unit will have to develop specific energy projects, assemble financial packages, establish partnerships and accompany the project at the political, technical and administrative level. Members of the SEAU will be selected and appointed by the City of Hurghada and the Governorate during the first stages of the SECAP’s implementation, with the

8 RCREEE at: www.rcreee.org/ - (Accessed: 29.07. 2016). 18

technical support of CES-MED, if required.

Team members must be available during working hours. To maintain a reasonable workload, all new or additional tasks allocated to members must be balanced by delegating existing tasks to other colleagues. Team stability is a condition for the longevity and continuity of the SECAP’s implementation. The replacement of any team member may affect the implementation process and diminish overall team capacity through lost experience and time spent finding a replacement. In order to prepare for a replacement, any departure from the team must be planned for by training and reinforcing the skills of future members.

To support the SECAP implementation and its permanent improvement and refinement, the team will identify external actors with specific expertise, such as university researchers, companies or NGOs that could help strengthen the dynamic of the SECAP. The implication of specialised researchers can contribute to the development of projects through studies and the integration and transferability of new technologies. Working as a team, the Unit and its advisers must ensure the coherence of the overall Governorate’s policy and all energy related projects’ design and implementation.

The team’s missions include: • Educating users about the implementation of the Governorate’s policy on sustainable energy, • Training the technical personnel in charge of the different services, including to ensure adequate maintenance of renewable energy facilities, and • Organising reporting on progress made and communicating the results of implemented actions to municipal personnel, city’s inhabitants and stakeholders.

The energy team’s role also includes: • Tracking energy consumption in municipal buildings, identifying problems and proposing solutions by reviewing how buildings are used and whether they require renovations, • Ensuring the maintenance of facilities, • Working on the interaction between users and facilities. Listening to users and considering them as partners since they are first hand observers of what occurs in buildings and with services delivered, • Carrying out technical studies and developing requirement specifications in order to choose materials best suited for buildings and overall energy efficiency.

3.6.2. Appointment of the elected official tasked with energy

Among municipal elected officials, it is critical that there is an elected official in charge of sustainable energy. This sends a strong political signal of the municipality’s political will to local, regional and national authorities and gives political visibility to energy management at the international level (Covenant of Mayors – CoM).

The elected official in charge of energy is appointed to: • Demonstrate the political will of the municipality, • Give political visibility to energy management, • Provide direction to facilitate the development of partnerships with national and global institutions, • Manage transversal issues related to the energy transition. Through the dynamism of the elected official in charge of energy and the sustainable energy team, energy management must progressively occupy a greater role in the different sectors that fall under the municipality’s responsibility.

The dedicated elected official must work in collaboration with other elected officials and with the technical head of energy. He/she is the spokesperson for all subjects related to energy policy and municipal property and must be attentive to city personnel and users. He/she must provide momentum for the SECAP’s implementation. He/she also ensures the: • Creation of inter-thematic connections and the integration of energy management into all City’s projects and actions,

• Facilitation of information sharing (completed tasks, projects, etc.) among different services, municipal departments and external actors, and • Communication with diverse audiences on energy management.

3.6.3. Role of the municipal council

The main responsibilities of the municipal council are: • Providing guidance by setting priorities and objectives for the Governorate’s energy policy; • Integrating the action plan into budget planning process and prioritising/ensuring its implementation; • Validating the completion of the actions and managing the budget; • Proposing new actions and integrating them into the action plan; and • Adapting the objectives and action plans to the evolution of the projects as well as human and financial capacities; • Delegating and assigning tasks to implement the SECAP.

3.6.4. Local and national coordination

The municipality should build relationships with regional actors that have a role to play in the exploitation, study and analysis, management and use of energy resources within the territory. These include various public institutions and administrations, local agencies and organisations, industries, public and private enterprises, universities and research centres and civil society actors (NGOs, neighbourhood councils, etc.).

3.6.5. Involvement of stakeholders and citizens

The municipality adopted a participative approach during the elaboration phase of the SECAP. In addition, its implementation phase engages all of the stakeholders including: institutions, professional organizations, socio- economic actors, NGOs, local councils, etc. The consultation and exchange meeting contributes to and enhances the SECAP by incorporating stakeholders’ opinions, criticisms and propositions. Stakeholder participation is a measurement of the SECAP’s successful implementation.

To ensure the success of the project’s implementation within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy, certain capacity reinforcement and awareness-raising actions for different sectors of the local population must be carried out. These include: • Lectures: organizing and facilitating a series of conferences and lectures given by professionals and experts. These meetings are meant for a diverse audience: local authorities, enterprises and the general public. The main objective is to educate local actors and encourage them to take action, and • Workshops: holding thematic workshops on sustainable energy (energy consumption reduction, energy efficiency and renewable energies) that enrich municipal personnel’s knowledge on the subject and, thus, facilitate the SECAP’s implementation.

3.6.6. Citizen awareness promotion plan

The elaboration of the «Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan - CAPP» is meant to educate and inform the local population and stakeholders. It allows all actors to be involved in and contribute to the SECAP’s implementation. It could encompass several actions, including: • The creation of a permanent municipal information point; • The organisation of an open house; • The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers; • The distribution of brochures and posters; and • The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability as well as local success stories. This would include: 20

- Information on national energy policies and local implications;

- The prevailing energy conditions in the Governorate (municipality);

- The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP; and

- Successful projects in national and international municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the CoM.

The Governorate’s information and awareness raising actions contribute to demand creation in the sustainable energy market. To create supply, similar actions that support the local economic fabric should be undertaken. To promote the local economy, the Governorate will organize meetings to exchange with different socio-economic actors. As part of its SECAP and sustainable development strategy 2030, these meetings enable the City of Hurghada to ensure that the supply of skills within its territory responds to existing, or future, demand. The elaboration of a regional skills directory (within the City and its neighbouring territories), which includes the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors, gives visibility to the skills and actors present in the Governorate.

3.7. Budget

In its annual budget, the Governorate should undertake certain sustainable energy priority actions and initiate communication campaigns that inform and educate all of the stakeholders. Access to national and international financing will help assure the SECAP’s success by tapping into funds that support the implementation of its activities.

3.7.1. Foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan

3.7.1.1 Financing from the national energy efficiency programme and renewable energies Governorates, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFAs) and Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC), can get direct access to funding agencies, but also can count on the support of additional resources coming from funding agencies through the Governorate Development and Lending Fund which connects Egypt’s negotiated supports with the municipalities presenting specific projects. Egypt is one of the nations receiving the highest level of aid. The international community offers grants and loans to Egypt’s Government. Entities that provide aid can be categorized in seven groups: Arab nations, the European Union, the United States, Japan, as well as international institutions - IFIs (including agencies of the UN system), European countries and the Gulf States9.

3.7.1.2 Funding the energy sector Throughout the modern history of Egypt, most energy projects have been funded by international aid. Aid usually comes from donors seeking to improve the security and stability of the Egyptian energy sector. The EU, Germany, Italy, France, Greece, Spain, the Word Bank and the IMF have provided support to reform the institutions and regulations in the sector. Some new grants for sustainable energy and sustainability actions include the EU’s SUDEP grant for local governments and municipalities, as well as the Word Bank’s recently created Trust Fund programme, a funding assistance mechanism. The European Union, along with the Word Bank Group – International Finance Corporation (IFC), issued programmes for knowledge products and grants for the fiscal year 2016 focusing on municipal services, energy, water and solid waste management.

3.7.1.3 Energy Efficiency Fund Legal basis for Energy Efficiency (EE) and Energy Savings (ES) targets in Egypt are based on a drafted law and National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES) 2000; savings are anticipated to be 15% by 203010. According to MED-ENEC report, EE

9 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx - (Accessed on: 14.08.2017) 10 Energy Efficiency Building Code, a Roadmap for Implementation in the MENA Region, September 2013, MED-ENEC – (Accessed: 20.08.2016).

in the building sector in the MENA region is primarily funded through governments and the international donor community but less funding is offered by local commercial banks.

3.7.1.4 Application and awarding process Each grant has a unique set of requirements and application process. Generally, however, the first step includes the submission of concept notes and after an initial agreement, the potential beneficiaries submit a full proposal. Most often, grants are awarded based on the number of people, who will benefit from such grant as well as the sustainability and lasting impact of the proposed project.

3.7.2. Financing the SECAP

The Governorate should identify all of the potential funding sources for the investments to be made within the framework of the SECAP. One of the principle issues for a successful strategy is the Governorate’s ability to finance ambitious energy management and renewable energy projects. The traditional systems of public and private funding may not be able to adapt to the new projects that come out of the SECAP. As a result, new and innovative finance mechanisms will be needed. It will be necessary to innovate by mixing loans, subsidies, third party financing, cooperative solutions and private funds, etc. Guaranteeing the funding of the SECAP’s actions is the most critical step. The Governorate cannot finance the entirety of its SECAP from its annual budget and will have to turn towards external funding at the national and international level. There are additional benefits to attracting external funding, including: • The involvement of various actors in the SECAP’s implementation helps to create a local, or even regional, sustainable energy market where actors can participate as suppliers, installers or users, • The engagement of local actors is a gage for the socio-economic integration of sustainable energy, • The cooperation with international backers gives more visibility to local actions and attracts greater investment and funding in case of success. It also encourages local deciders to support the projects and actions undertaken in the framework of the SECAP.

Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory

Summary

This section presents the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) of the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea, Egypt. The BEI is part of the preparation for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP). The BEI is based on calculation, not a measure. It includes the scope and methodological principles of the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions of the City of Hurghada based on data collected from the Governorate of the Red Sea and many other governmental entities. The BEI covers sectors such as: a) Residential buildings; b) Tertiary buildings and Public lighting; c) Industry; d) Transport; e) Waste and water management; f) Agriculture (crops, animal production and fishing); g) Tourism; and h) Renewable energy. This section also depicts the results of energy consumption and GHG emissions for the sectors mentioned above. In addition, it highlights the Governorate’s assets and energy consumption (Governorate building, Governorate fleet and water and waste management). Finally, it presents the BAU scenario forecasts and important rise of emissions from 2015 till 2020 and stabilisation till 2030 for the City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea.

1. Considered scope and methodological principles

1.1. Some orders of magnitude

To apprehend the results of this Baseline Emissions Inventory (BEI), it is useful to understand the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions orders of magnitude in the world and in Egypt.

• World human GHG emissions: 53 billion tCO2eq/year

• World human GHG emissions per capita: 7.55 teqCO2/year

• Egypt’s GHG emissions in 2012: 295 million tCO2eq/year

• Egypt’s population in 2012: 85,660,902 inhabitants

• Egypt’s GHG emissions per capita in 2012: 3.44 tCO2eq/ year

These average values are valid for the whole Egypt, including the city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea. In the two cities studied by the BEI-SECAP team*, the average GHG emissions per capita is aligned with the national ratio for the city of Luxor, but significantly higher for the City of Hurghada (34% higher than the national average). This result for the City of Hurghada is due to the importance of the tourism sector.

Knowing that the IPCC set a target of dividing the global human GHG emissions in half, currently reaching an average of 7.55 tCO2eq/ capita/ year, we observe that emissions of Egyptian citizens at 3.44 tCO2eq/ capita/ year are already near the target (3.5 tCO2eq/ capita/year). However, Egyptians’ GHG emissions tend to increase and could exceed this limit in the coming years due to the rapid development currently underway. This is another reason why Egyptian cities need to develop strategic plans to reduce their energy consumption and GHG emissions.

1.2. Methodological principles of the inventory

The methodological principles of an inventory are the following: • Emissions are assigned to energy consumers;

• Inventories must be addible: For example, if all localities of the governorate make their inventory, the sum of inventories equals the governorate inventory; and • A recent reference year: 2015, to describe a territory evolving rapidly.

1.2.1. Calculation method

The BEI is a calculation, not a measure. In order to get a complete consumption and emissions inventory, we used several statistical data from reliable sources (electricity distribution, building surface, energy bills for public buildings, etc.), on which calculation hypothesis were applied when necessary (energy costs, unitary consumption of buildings, etc.), to obtain energy consumptions (all sectors) and non-energetic emissions (waste, water, agriculture).

Figure 1: Calculation principle of the inventory

This simplified calculation approach is likely to be tainted by various uncertainties: • Structural and activity data: low uncertainty • Hypothesis: medium to high uncertainty • Emission factors: low to medium uncertainty

1.2.2. Considered scope

Developing this BEI, we judged necessary to include the following sectors, but could not find a sufficient hypothesis or structural data on stroke out sub topics.

Figure 2: Considered themes in BEI (%tCO2eq/year) – City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea 2015

Compared to the Covenant of Mayors (CoM) recommendations for SECAPs: • Non-energetic and energetic GHG emissions for waste management, energetic GHG emissions for water and wastewater management (pumping, treatment, etc.) were taken into account as the two cities (Hurghada and Luxor) can plan actions on both of these topics; and

• Non-energetic emissions of industrial activities (refrigerant leakage of buildings and vehicles) were not taken into account, as information on these topics wasn’t sufficient. Note that these topics are not mandatory according to the CoM.

Additionally, it is important to understand what the tertiary buildings are. These are namely all buildings that are neither residential, nor for industrial or agricultural use. For example, stores, offices, banks, hospitals, logistical warehouses, sports and leisure facilities, and other private services buildings.

1.3. Detailed methodology on each sector

An Excel spreadsheet file was created to gather all data collected from the Governorate of Red Sea, specifically for the City of Hurghada (administrative borders) stating each source, year of reference and calculations made. This file allows data crunching to calculate GHG emissions from information related to energy consumption.

1.3.1. Common data sets

1.3.1.1 Population statistics Population statistics are coming from Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS).

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Egypt 80 442 443 82 040 994 83 787 634 85 660 902 87 613 909 89 579 670 91 508 084

Gov. of Red Sea 324 714 344 384 365 342 388 852 413 192 443 728 472 203

City of Hurghada 180 997 203 978 216 747 230 315 247 336 263 209 279 684

In 2015, the population of the City of Hurghada was 279,684 inhabitants, which is about 0.3% of Egypt’s total population.

1.3.1.2 Employment statistics The employment figures are typical of Hurghada activities. Tourism is the main sector, with more than 33,000 jobs. So, to take into consideration this specificity, a specific part was created in the BEI.

Number of Employed Persons (Private, NGO, Gov.) Manufacturing Agro-food Tourism Total Egypt (2012) 3,285,249 (2) 7,991,148(2) 1,410,000(2) 29,596,846(1) Egypt (2009) 3,104,720(2) 7,252,829(2) 1,620,000(2) 25,448,525(1) City of Hurghada* 313(3) 225(3) 33,238(3) 129,058(3) * The data for the City of Hurghada represent the year 2015 (1) CAPMAS (2) Egypt country report for the 2014 ministerial conference on youth employment (3) Hurghada Labour Force directorate

1.3.1.3 Energy demands in Egypt per sector and energy

Coal LPG Gasoline Jet Fuel Kerosene Diesel Gas Electricity Sector Fuel oil Other Ktons Ktons Ktons Ktons Ktons Ktons Mm3 MWh Industry 300 22 1.0 3,110 2,299 13,818 37,320 Transports 5,927 628 3,697 286 498 441 Residential 4,135 3.3 1,734 61,962 Agriculture 0.4 771 6,310 Other 5,123 86 1,166 5,503 37,552 Total 300 4,157 5,927 628 4.7 12,701 2,671 1,166 21,553 143,585

One of the key reports used for producing this BEI is the Energy balance report 2013-2014 published by CAPMAS (ref: EGY GEN07). One of its tables describes the final consumption of petroleum products, natural gas and electricity for 2013-2014 per domain of activity (Industry, Transport, Residential, Agriculture and others). It will often be referred to the above table in the following chapters, to ensure data coherence or to complete lack of data using national ratio per capita or more adapted units (Land surface area).

1.3.2. Emission factors of energetic consumption (IPCC, NREA)

The emission factors used for fossil fuels are those of the Covenant of Mayors Guidelines (IPCC methodology). The emission factor for electricity is a local factor directly communicated by Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) and the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), and it includes wind and solar energy production. For information, in the city of Hurghada, there is one Wind Farm with a total power capacity of 5.2 MW and an annual production of 4,628 MWh/year.

TABLE 1: EMISSION FACTORS USED FOR FOSSIL FUEL AND ELECTRICITY

Energy CO2eq/ final energy Source Local emission factor calculated taking into 54 account of the national EF (550 Electricity kgCO2eq/MWh 8 KgCO2eq/MWh) and the Wind Farm production (4,628 MWh/year) 20 Natural Gas kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines 2 22 LPG kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines 7 26 Heating Oil kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines 8 Diesel 26 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines Transports excepted 8 Gasoline 25 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines Transports excepted 0 27 Diesel for Transports kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines 6 Gasoline for 25 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines Transports 8 36 Lignite kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines 5 34 Coal kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines 9 38 Other Fossil Fuel kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines 2

1.3.2.1 Residential buildings In the city Hurghada, 60% of buildings are connected to the natural gas grid (Governorate of Red Sea). Thus 54,455 Residential buildings, 72 commercial buildings and 38 hotels consume natural gas, with data regarding natural gas consumption amounting to 8,000,000 Cubic meters (87 GWh/year). The natural gas grid is still under development and designed to reach a connection rate of 80% by the end of 2017. Therefore, consumption of natural gas is estimated using the Hurghada ratio of natural gas consumption per building. Electricity consumption and natural gas consumption are provided by the Governorate of Red Sea (Supply and Internal Trade Directorate).

No data about Solar Energy consumption has been collected, this issue was discussed with the Governorate of Red Sea Coordinator and this energy source is marginal in residential buildings. Thus, no solar consumption is considered in the BEI for residential buildings.

The Governorate’s services provided the annual consumption per energy source:

Value provided Method Final value

Electricity 257,782 MWh/y 257 GWh/y

3 Natural gas 8,000,000 m Consistent value 87 GWh/y Liquid gas 494,026 cylinder 96 GWh/y

Gasoline 480 litres/y 4 MWh/y Solar energy Not provided Marginal consumption 0 GWh/y *Refrigerant leakages of residential buildings have not been considered in the BEI.

1.3.2.2 Tertiary buildings and Public lighting Tertiary buildings are considered in two different categories: buildings owned and managed by the Governorate and other buildings (shops, offices, public administration buildings - different from Governorate ones, hotels, restaurants, banks and other service industries, health centres and hospitals, sport or cultural facilities, and leisure equipment’s, etc.). Public lighting is considered on its own, as it can be subject of specific action. The energy consumption for public buildings and public lighting has been provided by Governorate services. However, noting that public lighting consumption is high due to all night lighting of tourist amusement, leisure activities and commercial streets.

Consumption All Governorate’s buildings in the City of Hurghada 2,604 MWh/year Street lighting 10,984 MWh/year

For other tertiary buildings (except Hotels, which are considered to be in the tourism sector), consumption was directly provided for electricity. For LPG, a ratio was applied considering the governorate generic data for energy consumption in “other use”.

Value provided Method Final value

Electricity 273,510 MWh/y Primary data 273,510 MWh/y

Liquid gas 70,680 Cylinders Ratio from “other use” 29,347 MWh/y

*Refrigerant leakages of tertiary buildings have not been considered in the BEI

1.3.2.3 Industry Hurghada is a city with very few industrial activities. Consumption was directly provided for electricity. Other consumptions are calculated using ratios from national data.

Value provided Method Final value Electricity 2,247 MWh/y Primary data 2,247 MWh/y Natural gas Not provided 9,054 MWh/y Liquid gas Not provided 18 MWh/y Diesel and gasoline Not provided 2,375 MWh/y Ratio from national data Coal Not provided 142 MWh/y Other Not provided 1,684 MWh/y

Non-energetic emissions have not been considered in the BEI

1.3.2.4 Transport Gasoline and diesel data on the Governorate’s (Municipal) fleet fuel consumption was provided by the Governorate’s services and was considered consistent.

Volume Energy equivalent

Gasoline 29,395 litres/year 270 MWh/year

Diesel 157,582 litres/year 1,503 MWh/year

Total consumptions of gasoline and fuel were provided by the Governorate of Red Sea and were considered consistent.

Volume Energy equivalent

Gasoline 70,842,600 litres/year 399,902 MWh/year

Diesel 94,509,000 litres/year 901,212 MWh/year

- Refrigerant leakages of vehicles have not been considered in the BEI.

1.3.2.5 Waste and water management

Waste management The Governorate of the Red Sea provided water and waste data. Electricity and Diesel consumptions for waste treatment and transport were provided and considered consistent.

Water and waste data was provided by Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association (HEPCA), which is coordinated by and managed under the Governorate of Red Sea.

We used the IPCC Waste Model Tool (ref. LUX_WWM1) to calculate the emissions of solid waste treatment using the following hypothesis and data.

Volume Energy equivalent

Diesel consumption of Waste Transport 525,333 litres/year 5,009 MWh/year

Gasoline consumption of Waste Transport 18,857 litres/year 173 MWh/year

Diesel consumption in Waste Treatment 6,879 litres/year 66 MWh/year

Electricity consumption in Waste Treatment 2,132 MWh/year

The amount of solid waste collected excluding tourist waste reaches 38,857.14 tons/year (according to HEPCA services). Regarding composition of waste, the Governorate of Red Sea was applied to estimate tons of organic waste, paper and cardboard and other domestic waste.

Regarding the composition of this waste, the Governorate of Red Sea estimated the tons of organic waste, paper and cardboard and other domestic waste.

TABLE 2: TOTAL WASTE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) Type of waste Percentage of total (%) Organic waste 31.90 % Plastic paper 19.40 % Cardboard 18.24 % Non-organic 12.25 % Glass 5.32 % Paper 2.96 % Metal Cans 2.27 % Plastic 4.00 % Metal 2.21% Other 1.76%

Because of the lack of historical data, the ratio of waste production per capita, and waste composition are thought to be stable. - In the city of Hurghada, all the waste is going to landfill without methane capture. - The IPCC default value are used for DOC and Methane generation rate constant (k)

Water management

Electricity and Diesel consumption for water management is provided by the Governorate of Red Sea (2015), 2,386 MWh and 66 MWh respectively. These values were considered consistent and supposed to include pumping, distribution and energy used for wastewater treatment.

For non-energetic emissions quantity of treated wastewater was provided: 11,520 M3/day, the emission factor for waste 3 water treatment of Base Carbon method is applied (0,262 KeqCO2/m ).

1.3.2.6 Agriculture Fuel and electricity consumptions were provided by the Governorate of Red Sea and are considered consistent (4,535,700 litres of gasoline, 1,482,000 litres of Diesel and 20 MWh of electricity).

For non-energetic emissions (CH4), emission factors are directly taken from the national emissions inventory or estimated from it and applied to the local number of animals.

N2O non-energetic emissions: data for Egypt were not available therefore we applied the ratio per hectare (ha) of crops used in CES-MED BEI for Algeria.

TABLE 3: NON-ENERGETIC EMISSION PRODUCED FROM ANIMAL IN THE CITY OF HURGADA (2015)

in kgCH4/animal/y Number of Animals Manure Management Enteric Fermentation Dairy Cows 8,240 2 40 Goats 1,032 0 5 Sheep 1,184 0 5 Camels 88 2 46 Horses 26 2 18 Poultry 55,568 0 0 Mules and Asses 14 1 10 Buffalos 631 4-5 55* * Emissions from livestock and animal manure IPCC Available at: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_10_Ch10_Livestock.pdf

1.3.2.7 Tourism The Governorate of the Red Sea provided data for fuel and electricity consumption from hotels. According to the Governorate, 60% of hotels are using solar thermal boilers, however, after verification on the ground this information was considered unreliable. Only few hotels have SWH and even fewer of them are functional. Simulations with the TECSOL website allowed estimating a production ratio of 0,465 MWh/hotel room. There are no solar thermal sources registered, but very few SWH collectors were installed on top of some hotels, but not a significant amount. Hotel waste production was provided by the governorate through Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association (HEPCA), which is coordinated and managed under the Governorate of the Red Sea. Electricity and Diesel consumption for waste treatment and transport were provided and considered consistent.

Energy equivalent

Diesel and gasoline consumption in resorts 281,850 MWh/year

Gas consumption in resorts 195,850 MWh/year

Electricity consumption in resorts 653,939 MWh/year

Diesel consumption in transport systems 43,214 MWh/year

Gasoline consumption in transport systems 7,278 MWh/year

Diesel consumption of Waste Transport 2,505 MWh/year

Gasoline consumption of Waste Transport 130 MWh/year

Electricity consumption in Waste Treatment 29,143 MWh/year

Land transport consumption is an estimation based on the number of vehicles registered in the tourist sector and an average trip distance of 38 km provided by Governorate of the Red Sea.

Air transport was estimated from the number of aircrafts’ movements in Hurghada airport applying the Landing and Take Off emission factor from EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2013.

Note: Although Hurghada airport is located inside Hurghada geographic scope, the Governorate has no real capacity to act on this sector. So, consumption and emission of airport were not included in total figures and graphics for the BEI. For information, energy consumption due to landing and take-off are estimated to be around 219 GWh and emissions reached 54 kteqCO2/year.

2. Results

2.1. Energy consumption

The total energy consumption in the city of Hurghada is estimated to be 3,338 GWh Final Energy/year in 2015, equivalent to 11.9 MWh/person/year. This rate is considered very high, due to the importance of the tourism sector. If tourism consumptions were not considered, energy consumption would go down to 7.65 MWh/person/year. This figure is still quite high, as in the case of the city of Hurghada, it was impossible to get a separate accounting of some transport sector consumptions linked to tourism activities. The lack of details in the available data did not allow for such a breakdown.

Table 4 and Figure 3 show the distribution of final energy consumption among sectors.

TABLE 4: FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION/ YEAR GWh/year

Residential building 441 2%

Tertiary buildings inc. Governorate buildings. 305 13%

Public Lighting 11 36% 9% Industry 16 1%

Transport 1 303

Water, Waste 10 39% 1 196 Tourism

Agriculture* 56 * includes crops, animal production and fishing Figure 3: Final Energy/year (2015) – Hurghada

The consumptions of the Governorate’s buildings (in the city of Hurghada) are included here under tertiary buildings, although it is detailed in the dedicated chapter and in the BEI Excel spreadsheets.

If we look more precisely and analyse consumption per energy source and sector, we realise that the main demand in energy sources are fuels for transport and electricity for buildings, especially residential buildings (Table 5 and 6). Note also the important fuels’ consumption in hotels (tourism).

1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0

Electricity LPG Gas-oil Gasoline Solar Natural Gas Other energy

Figure 4: Energy consumption per sector and type of resources in the city of Hurghada (2015)

TABLE 5: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY SOURCE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) GWH EF/year Electricity LPG Diesel Gasoline Solar Natural Gas Other energy

Residential building 258 96 0 0 0 87 0 Tertiary building (inc. governorate) 276 29 0 0 0 0 0 Public Lighting 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industry 2 0 2 0 0 9 2 Transport 0 0 903 400 0 0 0 Water, Waste 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 Tourism 683 0 46 259 12 196 0 Residential building 0 0 14 42 0 0 0 Total 1 ,235 125 970 701 12 292 2

Note that operational electricity losses (usual losses from normal operation) have not been highlighted in this energy inventory to comply with the Covenant of Mayors tables, but the GHG Protocol emission factor used considers it.

Energy consumption from the tourism sector includes the following items: • Electricity and natural gas used in hotels, resorts, diving centres and other leisure facilities. The details of such consumptions were provided by the Governorate’s services, • Diesel and gasoline used in hotels for water heating (swimming pools and sanitary uses). This figure has been estimated from a sample of hotels (1t/day in 50 per cent of hotels), • Diesel and fuel used in diving and cruise boats (detailed provided by Governorate services), and • Solar heating used in some hotels (Governorate’s estimates).

2.2. GHG emissions

Global GHG emissions of the city of Hurghada are estimated to be 1,338 ktCO2eq/year in 2015, equivalent to 4.78 tCO2eq/person/year (equivalent to 25,700 km drive by car). This is significantly higher than the average emissions per person in Egypt (3.44 tCO2eq/person/year), which is mainly due to the high weight of the tourism sector. Without the specific emissions of this sector, the emission rate falls at 3.0 tCO2eq/person/year, which is lower than the Egyptian 32

average. Although, this figure still contains some emissions from tourist activities (goods transport and public transport) that couldn’t be isolated from inhabitants’ transports emissions. Figure 5: GHG emissions – Hurghada (2015) TABLE 6: GHG EMISSION/ YEAR - HURGHADA kteqCO2/year 7% Residential building 215 16%

Tertiary buildings (inc. municipal) 158 12% Public Lighting 6 36% 0% Industry 4

Transport 352 26%

Water, Waste 23 2%

Tourism 491 * Due to animal production and fishing

Agriculture* 88

In this chart, Governorate buildings’ consumptions are included under tertiary buildings, although being detailed in the dedicated chapter and in the BEI Excel spreadsheets. The emission factors used for fossil fuel are those of the Covenant of Mayors Guidelines (IPCC methodology).

The emission factor for electricity is the local factor that takes into account the Egyptian factor communicated by the NREA (the New and Renewable Energy Authority) and the production of the wind farm of Hurghada (4,628 MWh/year). Calculation: [1,235 GWh (total electricity) – 4.6 GWh (wind prod.)] x 550 kg/MWH (FE Egypt) + [4,628 (Wind prod.) x 0 kg/MWH (FE wind)] / 1,235 GWh (total electricity) = 547.938 kg/MWh

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0 Residential Tertiary (inc Public Industry Transport Water, Tourism Agriculture building municipal) Lighting Waste Electricity LPG Fuels Natural Gas Other Non energetic

Figure 6: GHG emissions per sector and type of resources in the city of Hurghada (2015)

TABLE 7: GHG EMISSIONS PER SECTOR AND ENERGY SECTOR IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) Fuels tCO2eq/ year Electricity LPG Natural Gas Other Non-energetic Gasoline & diesel Residential building 141,249 21,895 1 52,072 0 0 Tertiary (inc. municipal) 151,293 6,662 3 0 0 0 Public Lighting 6,019 0 0 0 0 0 Industry 1,231 4 637 1,829 693 0 Transport 0 0 351,745 1 0 0 Water, Waste 2,476 0 1,421 0 0 19,418 Tourism 374,287 0 77,066 39,562 0 0 Agriculture 11 0 14,219 0 0 74,214 Total 676,566 28,561 445,577 93,464 693 93,632

2.3. Zoom on municipal building and services in the city of Hurghada

The energy consumption of municipal buildings and services (public lighting, fleet, water and waste management) in the city of Hurghada reached 25.2 GWh FE/year in 2015, about 0,7 per cent of the total consumption of the city. The total GHG emissions from municipal energy consumptions are 31.2 ktCO2eq/year, about 2.3% of all city emissions. Public lighting and Water and Waste management are the main source of GHG emissions of the governorate’s services. It also constitutes a very important energy consumption level and represents huge expenses for the city. The following chart (Figure 7) shows the distribution of consumption and costs among different services. The costs have been estimated using average energy costs as shown in Figure 8.

TABLE 8: ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ANNUAL COST FOR HURGHADA ASSETS

Municipal Services GWh/year TeqCO2 K EGP 10%

Municipal buildings 2.6 1,429 1,930 39%

Public lighting 11.0 6,019 8,128 44% Municipal Fleet 1.8 484 656 7% Water and Waste management 9.8 3,897 5,302

Figure 7: Governorate Assets Services – Hurghada (2015)

Municipal buildings’ consumption is included under tertiary buildings, although it is detailed in the dedicated section and in the BEI Excel file.

12.0 9000

8000 10.0 7000

8.0 6000

5000 6.0

Energy Energy in consumption GWh 4000

4.0 3000 Annual cost in kEGP in cost Annual

2000 2.0 1000

0.0 0 Municipal building Public lighting Municipal Fleet Water and Waste management

GWh/an EGP

Figure 8: Governorate Assets Services Energy Consumption and Costs – Hurghada (2015)

2.4. Business-As-Usual scenario

Starting from present data, the BAU reference scenario projects the evolution of energy and emission levels forward to the target year (2030), under the hypothesis of continuing current trends in population, economy, technology and human behaviour, without the implementation of additional emission reduction actions. Thus, a BAU coefficient was calculated for Egypt by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. For each year this coefficient represents the multiplication factor to reach emission of year 2030. The BAU scenario of the city of Hurghada forecasts an important rise of emission until 2020 (+34%), and then a stabilisation until 2030 (- 4%). Table 9 and Chart 9 present BAU scenarios for 2015-2029.

TABLE 9: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015)

KteCO2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

Coeff 1;29 1.22 1.15 1.08 1.02 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 1 1

Residential 215 228 241 257 272 289 286 286 283 283 280 280 280 278 278

Tertiary 158 167 177 188 199 212 210 210 207 207 205 205 205 203 203

Pub. Lighting 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Industry 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Transport 352 372 395 421 445 473 468 468 464 464 459 459 459 454 454

Water, Waste 23 25 26 28 29 31 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30

Tourism 491 519 551 586 621 660 653 653 646 646 640 640 640 633 633

Agriculture 88 94 99 106 112 119 118 118 116 116 115 115 115 114 114

1339 1416 1502 1599 1693 1799 1780 1780 1762 1762 1745 1745 1745 1727 1727

2000

1800

1600

1400 Agriculture Tourism 1200 Water, Waste 1000 Transport Industry 800 Public Lighting

600 Tertiary (inc municipal) Residential building 400

200

0 201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026202720282029

Figure 9: GHG emissions in the City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea – BAU (2015 – 2030)

2.5. Complete BEI spread sheets – the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea

Energy consumption in MWh Final energy / year in 2015

Other Liquid Natural Solar Electricity Diesel Gasoline Coal fossil Total gas Gas thermal fuel

Tertiary buildings 273 510 29 347 0 302 857 Residential buildings 257 782 96 453 4 87 044 441 283 Industry 2 247 18 2 375 142 9 054 1 684 0 15 520 Non Agriculture 20 14 132 41 728 0 55 880 municipal Transport 0 0 901 212 399 902 3 0 1 301 117 Tourism 683 082 45 716 259 258 195 850 12 388 1 196 294 Total 1 216 641 125 818 963 435 700 893 142 291 951 1 684 12 388 3 312 951 Municipal buildings 2 604 9 2 613 Public lighting 10 984 0 0 10 984

Municipal Waste 2 132 0 5 075 173 7 381 assets Water 2 386 0 66 2 452 Municipal Fleet 0 0 1 503 270 1 773 Total 18 601 0 6 653 444 0 0 0 0 25 203 Total 1 234 747 125 818 970 088 701 337 142 291 951 1 684 12 388 3 338 154

GHG emissions in tCO2eq/year in 2015

Other Liquid Natural Non Electricity Diesel Gasoline Coal fossil Total gas gas energetic fuel

Tertiary buildings 149 866 6 662 0 156 528 Residential buildings 141 248 21 895 1 52 072 0 215 216 Industry 1 231 4 637 49 1 829 643 0 4 394 Non Agriculture 11 3 787 10 432 0 0 74 214 88 444 municipal Transport 0 0 248 771 102 975 0 1 0 0 351 746 Tourism 374 286 12 252 64 815 39 562 490 914 Total 666 643 28 561 265 446 178 222 49 93 463 643 74 214 1 307 242 Municipal buildings 1 427 3 1 429 Public lighting 6 019 6 019 Municipal Waste 1 168 1 360 43 19 418 21 990 assets Water 1 307 18 0 1 325 Municipal Fleet 415 70 484 Total 9 921 0 1 795 113 0 0 0 19 418 31 347 Total 676 556 28 561 267 241 178 335 49 93 463 643 93 632 1 338 491

Section III: SECAP - Actions Planned

1. Executive Summary This section presents the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan that has been developed by the City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea in coordination with Transitions Team – CES-MED. The proposed actions have been designed on the basis of the baseline emission and energy consumption inventory.

This section is structured in three parts: • Background information – Very brief overview of basic information on the city of Hurghada, • Governorate buildings and services – Presentation of activities that fall under the direct responsibility of the Governorate of Red Sea within the boundaries of the City of Hurghada (the buildings it manages and the services it implements as part of its core competencies), and • Action plan of the City of Hurghada – Presentation of activities that can be run by stakeholders independently from the Governorate’s authority, but need to be stimulated and steered by Governorate’s services in order to ensure everyone is acting within a consistent plan.

2. Background information

Red Sea Governorate’s population 472,203 Population in Hurghada 279,684

Governorate area 203,685 Km2 Municipality area 111 Km2

Inhabited area 27,300 Km2 Governor of the Red Sea Minister Ahmed Abdallah Mass populated area 1,284 Km2

Energy and GHG emission in the City of Hurghada

Electricity consumption 1,235 GWh/yr Electricity per capita 4,415 MWh/yr

Energy consumption 3,338 GWh/yr Energy per capita 11.9 MWh/yr

GHG emission/ year 1,338 ktCO2eq GHG per capita 4.78 tCO2eq

The City of Hurghada, under the jurisdiction of the Governorate of the Red Sea, is located on the western coast of the Red Sea, east of Egypt and it is stretched over 40 Km long coast of the Red Sea. It is the main and focal city of the Governorate of the Red Sea and its capital. The Governorate of Red Sea is considered one of the largest governorates in Egypt (the second largest after the New Valley Governorate - El Wādī El Ǧedīd). It is rich in flora and fauna and is located between the Nile river and the Red Sea, bounded by the Suez Governorate from the north, the Red Sea from the east, the governorates of Aswan, Sohag, Qena, Asyut, Al Minya, Beni Suef from the west and Sudan’s Red Sea state from the south. The governorate has a beach of 2 1,080 Km and a total area of 203,685 KmP .P In addition to the city of Hurghada, the governorate consists of five small towns: Ras Ghareb (on the northern side), Safaga, Qusier, Marsa Alam, and Al-Shalateen and Halayeb (on the southern side).

Hurghada is located on the western coast of the Red Sea, 500 Km south east of Cairo bounded by Ras Ghareb from the north, Safaga from the south-east, and both Sohag and Asyut from the south west. The city is located at 27.2579° N, 33.8116° E and at an elevation of 11 meters above sea level.

According to the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) in Egypt, the total population of the

Governorate of the Red Sea in 2015 was 472,203, whereas Hurghada has 279,684 representing about 59% of the governorate’s total population and forming 0.31% of Egypt’s total population (2015).

which is ‘Nitraria Retusa’ that is widely ,اﻟﻐردق The name ‘Hurghada - Al Ghardaka’ comes from a plant named in Arabic grown in the region. The area of cultivating this plant was the meeting point of all fishermen since the old ages. The city was founded in 1909 as a small town developed by British engineers engaged in oil exploration. In 1920, a small town was already established. Starting in 1980, the City of Hurghada has developed to become an internationally distinguished resort and touristic city.

Hurghada is nowadays a large beach resort stretching over more than 40 Km along the Red Sea coast. It is a famous international tourist destination, renowned for leisure and sport activities such as scuba diving and fishing. It has numerous dive shops and diving centres (451 diving boats), and world-class hotels and resorts (more than 150 hotels) with capacity of 45,000 rooms. The unique underwater gardens offshore are some of the finest in the world, justifiably famous amongst divers. Hurghada’s warm and clear waters are ideal for many varieties of rare fish and coral reefs, with ultimate visibility that reaches 50 meters down, which may also be observed through glass submarines.

The city of Hurghada is divided into three parts: a) El Ahia and El Helal in the Northern part; b) the old part - El Dahar including the traditional bazaar and the old town, which is the home to traditional Egyptian coffee shops and souks; and c) the modern part El Kawsar and Sekalla - the city centre, which encompasses restaurants, bars and nightclubs. However, Hurghada is a mix between old and new culture. The city boasts hosting the finest hotel chains in Villages Road and the touristic districts around, like Sahel Hasheesh, and El-Gouna in the south. The city is served by Hurghada International Airport with direct connections to many cities in Europe. Figure 10 gives an impression of the City of Hurghada and its resorts along the Red Sea.

Figure 10: Impression of the City of Hurghada and its resorts – Governorate of Red Sea capital

The City’s economy was, in the early days, based on fishing. Hence, this village witnessed a remarkable evolution that

changed into one of the most popular tourist attractions in Egypt due to the discovery of its one of a kind, iconic sea bed that made it a very important scuba-diving destination for divers from all over the world. Also, the city of Hurghada has a 4 Km pedestrian road called “El Memsha Elseyahy” where the most famous hotels and resorts are located.

3. Governorate vision The very long-term objective is to promote a carbon-neutral city, through significant efforts in reducing energy consumption, promoting a shift from fossil fuels towards renewable energy, and developing an ambitious compensation programme through the increase of green areas by planting more trees along roads, the development of green parks in the urban areas that would provide fresher areas and contribute to improving air quality. The Governorate’s authorities are conscious of the many benefits a “Green Hurghada” would bring in terms of attractiveness of the City for the many tourists willing to enjoy, not only wonderful scuba diving sites but also a pleasant urban area along the Red Sea to relax and rest in a clean environment.

The Governorate of the Red Sea (Municipality) aims to build and administer the basic structure and public facilities and provide citizens and tourists with high quality municipal services, while preserving the fragile marine environment, which represents its main capital for attracting visitors and fuelling local economy.

In accordance with Egypt’s vision and Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030, sustainable development should be a key driver for the Governorate of the Red Sea and the City of Hurghada. Sound strategic management of basic resources – energy, soils and water – is essential both to minimise costs for all, to reduce the overall environmental footprint of the City and the Governorate and preserve the environment locally as well as globally.

4. Planned actions for the City of Hurghada The Governor of the Red Sea, the City Council of Hurghada and the Governorate’s services are convinced of the necessity to implement an energy and climate strategy that will contribute to climate mitigation while helping the City of Hurghada to adapt to the already visible impact of climate change.

Beyond these climate objectives, local authorities are also convinced of the various benefits such strategy would bring: • Reduce expenses generated by energy consumption, and as a consequence allow reallocation of the Governorate’s resources to public services and equipment, • Generate new revenues from the production of energy based on local and renewable resources: sun, wind, and bio-waste, • Promote a more strategic development of the city taking into account constraints and opportunities brought by a more sustainable approach of climate and energy challenges, • Develop a strategy for sustainable tourism while preserving the unique marine environment, • Upgrade quality of life for all Hurghada inhabitants. Such objectives can certainly be reached through a comprehensive strategy relying on 3 pillars: • Reduce energy consumption in all type of energy services (cooling and heating, mobility, industrial needs, and specific electricity usage for lighting and electric equipment), • Develop the production of energy from local and renewable resources, and • Adapt infrastructures and human activities to already visible and foreseeable impacts of climate change in the region.

The combination of these three pillars will allow an energy and climate transition towards a greener and more prosperous Hurghada.

To reach these objectives, the Governorate has a key role to play: • It must implement this two-fold strategy (energy conservation and renewable energy development) in all its buildings and across all services it manages to show the way and demonstrate the many benefits of this energy

and climate transition, • It will have to shape the development of equipment and activities with the ultimate objective of setting the ground for a more energy efficient and a more green and resilient city, • Lastly, the Governor and his administration will need to raise awareness of all public and mobilise all stakeholders in the City of Hurghada to engage them to act in favour of this energy and climate transition. Unless all citizens, all sectors of the tourism industry, all economic players, small industries, services and fishermen move in the same direction combining energy conservation efforts, development of renewable energy and climate adaptation, the city of Hurghada will not reach its ambitious objectives.

The Governorate should design the appropriate action plan, then lead, facilitate and monitor its implementation, highlighting step by step, progress made and benefits for all public.

The best plan is the one, which is actually addressing the key strategic sectors, were a real progress can be achieved. To pursue so, the SECAP for the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea is established on the baseline emission inventory (BEI), which clearly identifies those sectors, where specific efforts could actually result in major changes. A good plan is also a plan that combines different types of actions: kick wins demonstrating direct benefits in implementing the action plan; symbolic actions bringing visible changes in the daily life of the City of Hurghada’s citizens; high return on investment action demonstration the business case behind the energy transition; more structural actions that will only bring results in the long term, but are essential to establishing new trends in energy consumption and production.

All stakeholders in Hurghada Tourism

Figure 11: Sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP) framework for the City of Hurghada

For the City of Hurghada, the following list of priority actions have been discussed and confirmed by the Governorate of the Red Sea, mainly H.E. The Governor of Hurghada and Secretary General of the Governorate:

Priority Action #1 – Transport: Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan Priority Action #2 – Tourism: Sustainable Green Boats Priority Action #3 – Tourism: Green and Sustainable Hotels and Resorts Priority Action #4 – Sustainable Approach for Governorate Buildings Priority Action #5 – Sustainable Approach for Residential Buildings Priority Action #6 – Solar Energy Development Priority Action #7 – Green City Awareness Unit

4.1. Action on Governorate buildings and services

The first priority of the City Council should be to act on its direct perimeter of responsibility: Governorate buildings and services (street lighting, water distribution & sanitation, waste management) within the City of Hurghada boundaries. It is only while being an exemplary on its own perimeter that the City Council will be able to promote the mobilisation of all stakeholders, inviting them to reduce their energy consumption and contribute to the development of renewable energy capacities. This commitment, to act on its own perimeter, also constitutes a field for investigation to test actions, assess results and impacts, in order to design appropriate recommendations that could be then proposed to citizens, companies, and any organizations that will have to act to promote the local energy transition.

The Governorate of Red Sea is providing public services under specific regulations and by-laws enacted and improved over years in order to render the best services for its citizens, yet more efforts in this direction have been noticed between 2016 and 2017 to decentralise its activities in line with the Local Development new law under approval.

The energy consumption of the Governorate’s buildings and services (public lighting, fleet, water and waste management) in the city of Hurghada reaches 25.2 GWh Final Energy/year (2015) forming about 0.7% of the total consumption of the city. The GHG emissions reach 31.2 k tCO2eq/year, namely 2.3% of the city’s total emissions.

4.1.1. Municipal buildings

4.1.1.1 Current status The Governorate owns many buildings in different locations of the City of Hurghada for its various offices and venues, representing a total of 60,000 square meters. It also manages 349,000 square meters of education buildings.

Details of these municipal buildings are as follows: • 20,000 square meters of offices, including the main Governorate’s buildings, • 40,000 square meters of offices in Hurghada City Council building, • 330,000 square meters of 66 schools, and 19,000 square meters College of Education.

The Governorate’s buildings (60,000 square meters) represent a potential 55,000 square meters of roofs to be equipped with solar PV to generate electricity. Nevertheless, the governorate took early steps in this direction by installing PV solar plant with 100 panels on the roof of the Governorate’s main building with a production capacity reaching around 25 kWp.

All Governorate’s (Municipal) buildings in the City of Hurghada consume 2,613 MWh/year (2015 reference) forming 10% of the total Governorate services’ consumption and about 25 GWh/year when counting all types of energy. They also emit 1,429 TeqCO2/year (4.5% of the total Governorate services’ emissions).

On average, in such conditions, electricity consumption in buildings is coming from lighting (20%), cooling and heating (70%), office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.) and elevators (10%).

The electricity bill for the Governorate’s buildings alone represents 64,485 € per year (2015), an equivalent of EGP 1,355,000.

Lighting (in buildings): Some efforts were made to switch to efficient bulbs such as LED lamps; however, there is still neither tight control of lighting in buildings, nor efficient management using motion or occupancy sensors. There is a habit to switching lights on, whatever will be the availability of natural light, even if this natural light is sufficient most of the time. Hence, raising awareness among the staff and changing habits should be a priority. Beyond changing behaviour, specific devices (motion and occupancy sensors) can be installed.

Electric equipment: So far electric equipment (computers, copiers, printers, etc.) is basic. Raising awareness is also key to promote an efficient use of such equipment. Reduction in energy consumption could also come from switching to more energy efficient devices. It is recommended to shift to green labels state rating equipment currently promoted in Egypt.

Cooling and heating: Most of the buildings are equipped with AC split systems. Only few offices are under a centralized 42

temperature control system. There is still an important margin for improvement to ensure proper management of heating and cooling. The temperature inside buildings is often too high in cold season and too low in hot season. According to a study conducted by the MoERE in Egypt for public buildings, if staff was ensuring a more balanced use of cooling and set sensor temperature for cooling on 24°C - 25°C, energy consumption in such buildings could be cut by 30%.

Knowing that electricity consumption for cooling and heating represents 70% of the public buildings’ electricity consumption it is strategic to invest on this issue, in two directions: raising awareness of building users and switching to more efficient devices. The Governorate plans to develop its “Green Municipal Buildings’ Plan – GMBP’’ to enhance energy efficiency in municipal buildings and to promote renewable energy (including SWH systems). The GMBP should integrate new sustainability measures and technologies to a green building approach in the city and raise awareness on the need to save energy and improve energy efficiency in the Governorate buildings.

4.1.1.2 Energy savings / short-term actions (3- to 5-year time frame) The Municipality is willing to develop initiatives to reduce energy consumption, but a consistent plan needs to be implemented. More efforts should be done in raising staff awareness on simple change of behaviour to save energy without significant investment: - Open curtains and window shutters during daytime to avoid artificial lighting when outside air temperature is between 22°C and 27°C, - Keep the inside air temperature between 24°C - 25°C even in hot periods to ensure comfort all year long and achieve strong cuts in energy consumption, - Turn off electric equipment at the end of working time or when not actually used, and - Unplug all electricity cables from wall’s sockets as this could save about 5% of the energy use. It would be interesting to promote a challenge between services/ units to invite all staff and workers from the Governorate of Red Sea to make significant efforts in saving energy. The best performing service would be celebrated as “energy saver/ climate saver’’ and would get a special gratification. The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) within the Governorate Communication Department will promote these activities.

4.1.1.3 Energy-savings / long-term actions (5- to 15-year time frame) Beyond promoting awareness and behavioural change, it is necessary to develop a clear and comprehensive plan to replace old devices and equipment and install energy efficient systems that will help reduce electricity consumption. Ideally, this programme should be implemented, in a first phase, in a small number of buildings (starting with the more symbolic one: the Governor’s main building or city hall), covering all type of devices and equipment, in order to concentrate many initiatives on the selected buildings and demonstrate the benefit of these structural changes: - Switch from AC/Heating reverse systems to central management of heating and cooling, and - Switch to LED lighting and install motion sensors in offices. This device turns the lights off during un-occupied periods. This can reduce lighting consumption by 20%-80% depending on the occupancy type of these areas. A case study, by MoERE and UNDP (Wati Al-watt initiative) conducted in public buildings, including government buildings in Cairo, demonstrated that a 9.5 million kWh saving per year, equivalent to EGP 5.6 million (€ 265,260) cut could be easily achieved by installing LED lamps with different wattage. This was carried out in 22 projects in the first phase at an approximate investment rate per project of EGP 340,910 (€ 16,148), offering a very attractive return on investment11.

The initial projects need to be tightly monitored to register impact on energy consumption reduction to prepare progressive enlargement to a larger number of targeted building. The design and construction of new buildings need to follow more stringent rules and new requirements allowing for far better energy performance.

11 Energy efficiency Project – Waty El Watt, UNDP and GEF, available at : http://www.php.eepegypt.org/

4.1.1.4 Expected results Assumptions: - Staff awareness will result in 10% reduction of all consumption due to behavioural changes. This level of reduction doesn’t appear to be hard to achieve, as there is currently no precaution at all to avoid unnecessary electricity usage. - Working on lighting will cut electricity consumption by 30% of this sector (20% of total electricity). - Efficient AC devices will cut electricity consumption by 30 % of this sector (70% of total electricity).

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2030 / Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 GHG in tCO2eq/year BAU Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG Cut All Governorate municipal buildings 2,613 1,429 - 965 - 529 3,371 16 % Staff awareness campaign (10% cut) - 261 - 143 Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems in - 156 - 86 buildings (30% cut) Switching efficient AC devices (30% cut) - 548 - 300 Note: Impact of long-term measures can only be assessed based on average ratio unless the Governorate defines the level of investment it is prepared to allocate to this topic.

4.1.1.5 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI. Note that such investment can be made in the first years of the plan to highlight the demonstrative role of Governorate’s buildings and services.

Staff awareness campaign (10% cut) 30,000 € 3.5 years Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems in buildings (30% cut) 100,000 € 6 years Switching to more efficient AC devices (30% cut) 150,000 € 7 years

4.1.2. Street lighting

4.1.2.1 Current status Public lighting alone consumes 10,984 MWh/y (11GWh FE/yr), less than 1% of the total energy consumption of the city and is responsible for 6,019 Tons eqCO2/y (0.6% of the total city GHG emissions). This service costs more than 8.1 million EGP per year (394 K€).

Significant efforts have already been made to switch to LED efficient device (more than 30,000 lamps each of 100W) are in service in the main streets of the city of Hurghada. However, the City still needs a comprehensive plan to significantly reduce its electricity consumption for public lighting.

4.1.2.2 Long term action plan (5- to 15-year time frame) Revolving fund to replace old lamps Informed by the experiments performed in different cities in the Mediterranean region, replacement of old lamps by modern technologies (LED) appears to be very cost effective. The City of Hurghada already started such a switch, but further efforts need to be developed.

Even if LED lamps cost far more (highest prices reach 400€ per unit) than HPS one, they result in more than 50% consumption reduction and these LED lamps last 15 years (when HPS have to be replaced every 3 years). This very cost- efficient technology also offers a very good quality of light.

The City of Hurghada looks for an initial financial support to feed in a revolving fund dedicated to old lamps’ replacement. The City should set up a specific budget monitoring mechanism and put aside financial resources preserved due to more efficient lamps replacing old devices. Resources saved will be invested again in lamps’ replacement. This set up could ensure full replacement over time (between 4 and 6 years depending on the initial level of investment) offering replenishment of the initial investment fund and additional budget availability due to cuts in the energy bill related to street lighting. The detailed process for this fund will be established as part of the priority action development.

Street lighting strategic plan The City of Hurghada would gain from developing a street lighting strategic plan, identifying areas of differentiated usage, where lighting would be then adapted to the actual needs per specific area. • Main roads, avenue and city entrances where high intensity lighting should be necessary at least between sunset and midnight and before sunrise. Note that lighting intensity could be easily reduced, even in these areas between midnight and few hours before sunrise, • Secondary streets where reduced lighting intensity ensures safety while cutting energy consumption, • Specific areas (parks, narrow streets, pedestrian areas, etc.) where motion sensors should be installed to light up when people are around and avoid lighting when nobody is there.

Such an improvement in urban planning and street infrastructures linked with a tighter management of public demand should lead to designing a lighting system combining qualitative lighting and reduced energy consumption. This evolution will require a combination of technical solutions (motion sensors, midnight automatic reduction, etc.) and social dialogue to improve acceptance of different approaches (i.e. reduced lighting after midnight, appropriate lighting in narrow streets, parks, etc.).

A possible work plan could unroll as follows: 1. Based on the city development plan, identify 3 or 4 types of streets and areas according to their specific lighting needs. 2. Organise public consultation to ensure proper acceptance of the new lighting system; propose and collect ideas to continue improving the plan. 3. Define the appropriate technical solutions for each type and design the implementation program taking into account priorities per type of area (for example, identifying one specific block of streets, places and avenues where the new lighting system would be implemented as a show case for the rest of the city). 4. Implement step by step the plan, organising all along the implementation process, a control and assessment mechanism – including public participation – to continuously improve the system based on performance assessment of the option adopted. Such monitoring must measure energy consumption reduction and highlight what it means in budget cuts.

4.1.2.3 Expected results Assumption: - Expanding conversion to LED lamps will result in 40% reduction in electricity consumption. - A strategic lighting management plan with an ambitious target to reduce lighting can provide another 30% cut (after the initial 20% cut)

45 Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030 GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU Street lighting 10,984 6,019 - 2,648 - 1,451 7,764 19 % Expand LED deployment (20%) - 1,203 - 659 Street lighting strategic plan (30%) - 1,445 - 792

4.1.2.4 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI

Expand LED deployment (20%) 230,000 € 4 years Street lighting strategic plan (30%) 118,000 € 1 year

4.1.3. Water delivery

4.1.3.1 Current status

Water and waste services consume 9.8 GWh FE/year representing 3,897 ton eq.CO2/year (second highest main source of emissions calculated at 32% of the governorate’s services after public lighting - 49%).

Water management alone consumes 2,452 MWh/year most of it being electricity, meaning the cost of EGP 1.75 million/year.

The Governorate’s Water Services secure the production of potable water 4,746,506 cubic meters/year. This amount is from desalinisation and pumps potable water into the distribution network reaching almost all households.

4.1.3.2 Action to promote The Governorate services should conduct a detailed assessment of the current status of the water distribution network and the wastewater treatment process. The return of experience from other cities in the Mediterranean Region demonstrate that such assessment can help identify areas where even limited investment could lead to significant energy saving. For example, switching from classical pumps to variable speed devices and high efficiency equipment might result in cutting electricity consumption by 30% or more. switching from Likewise, establishing a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system for monitoring and control could help identifying where the main problems are and how the water distribution could be optimized, while reducing energy consumption.

Considering the annual budget consumed by the water distribution system, it is worth looking carefully at the design of the system that could offer a short- to mid-term pay back.

4.1.3.3 Expected results

Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030 Energy in MWh/year GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU Water delivery 2,452 1,325 - 1,103 - 608 1,709 35 % Switch to variable power pumps (30% - 736 - 405 cut) SCADA system (15% cut) - 367 - 203

4.1.3.4 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI. Switch to variable power pumps 150,000 € 5.5 years SCADA system 30,000 € 2.5 years

4.1.4. Solid waste management

4.1.4.1 Current status The solid waste issue gained significant attention in recent years, not only due to its environmental impacts, but also for its social and economic consequences. Waste management services collect close to 73,000 tons per year in the entire City of Hurghada. Almost all waste collected gets transferred to the landfill.

There is no reliable data regarding waste composition breakdown in subcategories: bio waste; paper and carton; plastic; glass and others (mix). Such a detailed breakdown could help with designing a separate waste collection to promote recycling and reduce transport to the landfill. The service operates a large number of vehicles consuming diesel. Additionally, waste management requires electricity (lighting sites, electric equipment). The overall amount of energy consumed for waste treatment represents 7,381 MWh responsible for 2,572 tEqCO2/y and annual costs exceeding 3.5 million EGP. Waste in such a context is quite rich in organic matters, hence landfills are a significant source of GHG emission (mainly methane). Non-energetic emissions from waste represent 19,418 tCO2eq.

4.1.4.2 Possible actions The Governorate would gain realising a comprehensive assessment of its waste management, with the following objectives: - Get a good understanding of the breakdown in different types of waste as a basis to design the most appropriate model for waste separation in order to sort materials that can be recycled (paper and carton, plastic, metal, glass), keeping apart organic waste that could be directed for the production of methane through bio-digester, leaving residual waste only for landfilling, - Optimize the service with adequate containers for the suitable neighbourhood, and appropriate collection tours to reduce transport costs, - Structure recycling chains giving value to material actually wasted and generating additional activities that will create jobs, - Specifically explore the benefit of installing bio-digesters units around the City of Hurghada to process bio-waste, particularly food waste from hotels and resorts, and - Explore the benefit or recovering methane form the landfill to capture it, hence significantly reducing GHG from the City of Hurghada.

Additionally, the City of Hurghada, which is very concerned by the need to improve cleanliness of the city to increase its attractiveness for tourists, would benefit from designing and implementing a plan to raise public awareness on waste management, to reduce waste generation and develop recycling. A reduction in littering would also help reduce marine pollution with plastics and debris, and hence would preserve the wonderful coral reef which is a very valuable asset for responsible tourism development.

4.1.4.3 Expected results Assumptions: - Reducing energy consumption by 20% due to waste collection optimization, - 20% recovery of GHG emission from landfilling, - Impact of possible bio-digesters development is not considered at this stage, and

47 - Significant additional reduction could be obtained from a radical change in waste management, drastically reducing the amount of waste going to landfill and producing energy from waste.

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030 GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU

Solid waste 7,381 21,990 - 1,476 - 4,398 30,076 16 % Energy efficiency 7,381 2,572 - 1,476 - 514 Non-energetic emission 19,418 - 3,884

4.1.4.4 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI. Energy efficiency 100,000 € 2 years Non-energetic emission To be define

4.1.5. City of Hurghada / Governorate fleet

The fleet directly managed by the Governorate of Red Sea represents around 2,670 vehicles and heavy machinery. All this equipment is pretty aged and lack energy efficiency. It consumes 1,773 MWh/y and it generates 484 tons of CO2eq/year of GHG emissions. The City of Hurghada could engage in a comprehensive plan to: - Continue upgrading the fleet management tool and invest more in people awareness in order to reduce energy consumption of the fleet as it actually stands, and - Replace old vehicles with new ones, looking for progressive replacement through leasing to avoid too heavy investments.

4.1.5.1 Expected results Assumptions: - Improved management and awareness lead to a 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2030, and - Progressive replacement of the fleet will lead to 30% additional reduction by 2030.

Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030 Energy in MWh/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG BAU) Cut / BAU GHG in tCO2eq/year

City of Hurghada Fleet 1,773 484 - 887 - 242 624 39 % Improve fleet management (20% cut) - 355 - 97 Progressive fleet replacement (30% cut) - 532 - 145

4.1.5.2 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI. Improve fleet management (20% cut) 20,000 € 3 years Progressive fleet replacement (30% cut) To be defined

4.1.6. Awareness campaign

4.1.6.1 Current situation Like everywhere in Egypt, there is a huge need for more awareness on environmental issues in Hurghada. It is not only good to educate Governorate staff for them to make necessary efforts to promote energy conservation and environmental protection in their daily work, it is also necessary to develop the Municipality’s services capacity to promote awareness among all stakeholders in the City of Hurghada.

4.1.6.2 Environmental Awareness Unit As Governorate staff, population and local stakeholders lack information and need to be mobilized to act on energy conservation, energy efficiency and more generally on environmental protection; it is necessary to strengthen efforts to inform and engage all the public in contributing to the implementation of the different components of the SECAP. The Governorate of the Red Sea will set up a dedicated unit, focusing on raising awareness in different public audiences to optimise the impact of the measures proposed so as to reduce energy consumption and improve the quality of life in the City of Hurghada, including proper management of energy, water and waste. Such a unit would be part of the communication department of the Governorate of the Red Sea and would be connected with the appropriate services: electricity department, water delivery service and waste management unit. The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) should work as a focal point to develop initiatives that will engage the public to change behaviour, to preserve energy and water, and actively contribute to the cleanliness of the city. The EAU will work in partnership with different stakeholders in order to facilitate the duplication of initiatives and reach out to more people. In that sense the EAU unit will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts expected for the action plan, depend on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders to seize the opportunities offered to reduce their energy consumption and, doing so contribute to the success of the programme. The EAU will launch its mission focusing on 3 priority targets: a) Governorate staff; b) children and mothers; and c) tourist operators – to inform on issues at stake climate change, energy management and environmental challenges in the City; provide guidance to behavioural changes; and invite all stakeholders to engage in concrete actions to help reducing energy consumption, and improve the urban environment (preserving water, reducing waste and littering to promote a cleaner city), including adaption to climate change.

The EAU will also develop its activities engaging cooperation with existing groups and institutions: - Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) to remind everyone of the importance of energy saving. This must include training given by Governorate’s employees, - Develop an annual event “Energy festival or Energy day” where best practices could be demonstrated and innovative projects celebrated. Such a festival could be promoted through a large advertising campaign mobilising all traditional media but also social networks online, - Unroll specific awareness campaigns among specific target groups; . Developing a network of “Positive energy schools”, schools that will be producing more energy than they consume, through a combination of energy conservation / energy efficiency measures and the development of Solar PV on schools’ roofs. Teachers should be engaged in such programmes to use all the potential of the technical development, as support for training students, . Mobilise families through the training of women - mothers as there are often the one managing household expenses and can be the right drivers to promote efficiency, . Promoting an awareness raising campaign in mosques, developing solar heating and solar PV equipment and inviting imams to promote responsible behaviour regarding energy consumption, . Mobilise all tourism operators to explain that tourists will be more and more receptive to practices that support the energy transition and the fight against climate change.

Raising awareness would be the support to gather more people, university researchers, businessmen, communication experts and local citizen groups, beyond the Governorate (Municipality) team, to work together on a broad mobilization

49 to reduce energy consumption and develop renewable energy production. Raising awareness should also be seen as a tool to push citizens to take ownership of the energy and climate issues, engage in energy conservation efforts and/or participate in renewable energies take off. Doing so will actively contribute in the implementation of the local and sustainable energy strategy that will eventually reduce the dependency on supply/ import energy sources and improve the local economy.

Budget of such an action is as follows: Technical support for designing the GCAU – Year 1 20.000 € Training for Municipality staff -Year 1 20.000 € Running cost and fund to support innovative initiatives – Per Year 100.000 €

Note: Results of awareness activities are specifically noticed in some sectors (Governorate (municipal) buildings, residential buildings, and mobility) where these activities will be developed and will have the biggest impact.

4.2. Action plan on the City of Hurghada

Beyond its direct scope of responsibility (on buildings and services), the Governorate of the Red Sea will mobilize all stakeholders acting in the city area and around to achieve the goal of a Green and Sustainable Hurghada. It is only done through the overall commitment of all stakeholders (residents, shop owners, businesses and tourism operators as well as local groups, etc.) that a significant reduction in energy consumption and development of renewable energy will be achieved.

4.2.1. Transport

4.2.1.1 Current situation Transport is one of the key concerns to be addressed, as this sector is the first energy consumer sector with 1,301 GWh/y (39%) and the second GHG emitting sector with 352 ktCO2equivalent/ year (28%). Citizen mobility and transport services are ensured by commercial transport (3,905 Taxis and 117 Buses). Note that only 27 taxis use proper counter meters. Private transport services also ensure connections with neighbouring cities and other Governorates There are also 66 small trucks for transporting goods in the city. By including the tourists’ transport, one can count 3,391 vehicles, including: a) 590 Hotel buses; b) 749 Sedan cars; c) 267 microbuses; and d) 1,785 buses.

All the above means of transportation are using fossil fuels that negatively impact the city’s air quality, resorts and hotels nearby or in the heart of the urban part of the city. This problem is not limited to roads, but also extended to water transport means, especially tourists’ small boats that run by fossil fuel in the Red Sea, which are causing water and air pollution to beaches nearby the shores.

The Governorate has no public transport (service operated or managed by public authorities) and only depends mainly on private network.

 Short-term (3 to 5 years)

There are only few options to reduce energy consumption (and thus reduce GHG emission) from traffic in the City of Hurghada. It seems that the only option would be to promote a negotiation process with all transport providers to adopt a common charter for global improvement of transport services aiming at clarifying routes, stops, timing, in order to promote synergies and avoid competition that will hamper the development of an efficient system.

 Long- term (5 to 15 years)

A lot of work needs to be done on public awareness and behaviour. However, behavioural change would be only possible when real alternatives are offered to allow people to actually change their current mobility practices.

Ideally, a city committed to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions such as the City of Hurghada, Governorate 50 of the Red Sea, would implement a Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan (SCGUMMP) that could entail the following: - Integrating transport and city planning policies, while prioritising public transportation as the first option, active modes of mobility for people (walking and cycling) and low emission modes for the transport of goods, - Structuring the urban transport sector by empowering a public transport authority to take action for the improvement of urban transport in the city. In the case of the City of Hurghada, this would mean a close collaboration between the Governorate services and the GOPP. It will also require the evolution of some of the current rules applying to transport and mobility, which appear counterproductive. - Developing communication and participation strategies involving the public, with the aim of facilitating behavioural changes, - Encouraging the rollout of new engine technologies in private and collective vehicles to help reduce fossil fuel consumption in particular, - Promoting active modes of mobility, especially walking and cycling, in particular by providing safer conditions for the users and developing the use of electric bicycle, - Adopt Rapid Transit Bus (RTB) system from the airport to the city centre of Hurghada, - Proposing a specific action plan for tourism operators to offer appropriated services that would undermine the City attractiveness on the long term, and - Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits deriving from the development of sustainable urban mobility.

Such a comprehensive plan would require a strong leadership from the Governorate. The design would need the contribution of a team of experts to explore the best options combining recommendations regarding city planning, governance of the public transport system to be set up, governance – in partnership with the Governorate – of transport private operators, promotion of best practices and appropriate technologies, promotion and communication.

Only when such a comprehensive plan would have been designed, it will be possible to detail investment required and time scale to transform the transport and mobility systems in the City of Hurghada.

4.2.1.2 Expected results Assumptions: - Improved management and awareness among transport operators could lead to a 10% reduction in energy consumption from 2020 onwards (without significant investment), and - Providing the Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan implementation would have started in 2020 at the latest and would demonstrate a 50% progress in implementation in 2030; the expected impact of such a plan should generate a reduction of 30% by 2030. This would include: . New engine technologies will allow securing a 10% reduction, . Active mobility development (cycling and walking) allowing 5% reduction, . Urban planning allowing traffic optimization that will reduce consumption by 10% and . Public transport system and RTB service to the airport resulting in another 5% reduction.

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030

GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU

Transport 1,301,117 351,746 - 521,160 - 140,891 453,753 - 31%

Common charter for transport service - 130,290 -35,223 improvement

Sustainable urban mobility plan:

51 - Promoting new engines - 130,290 -35,223

- Active mobility development - 65,145 - 17,611

- Traffic optimization through - 130,290 -35,223 urban planning

- Public service and RTB - 65,145 - 17,611

4.2.1.3 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI. Common charter for transport service improvement 50,000 € Less than a year 170,000 € Sustainable urban mobility plan design: - Technical expertise for information collection (maps, data, etc.) prior to 40.000 € designing plan design - Facilitation of a series of 3 workshops to explore scenarios 45.000 € - Synthesis of option and cost benefit analysis 60.000 € - Wrap up the plan in a comprehensive document 5.000 € - Search for potential funders for the implementation of the plan 20.000 € - Promoting new engines 100.000 € Not relevant - Active mobility development 2,000,000 € 2 to 3 years - Traffic optimization through urban planning 2,000,000 € 2 to 3 years - Public service and RTB To be defined

* Not relevant: such measure that could take the form of an incentive for people to switch their old car for a new one with less polluting engines which will have a direct benefit for car users and an indirect benefit for the City of Hurghada (less pollution, less sites degradation, etc…) then the return on investment is difficult to assess without an in-depth analysis.

4.2.2. Tourism Sector

The tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, is one of the foremost sectors that urgently need to be addressed as it holds the highest rank in energy consumption with 43% of the total consumption, translated to 1,196 GWh/year. Also, it is measured first in GHG emissions with 44% of the total emissions, translated to 490 kteCO2/year (33%).

Presently, there are 150 hotels in the city, 60% having solar water heaters on their roofs, but mostly in low capacity and functioning. Based on a rough calculation, there are 44,400 rooms and an average occupancy rate of 62% and 3,953,665 tourists every year. In addition, there are 162 tourist companies, and 28 safari offices operating desert tours, as well as 96 aqua centres. Moreover, there are 101 touristic restaurants.

There are also various activities that require transportation such as yachts, cars, buses, etc. There are 189 diving centres operating 452 boats for diving, 2,226 yachts and 590 hotels’ buses (532 Diesel + 58 Gasoline). Also, there are 2,104 other vehicles run by diesel (1,785 large buses, 267 microbuses and 52 cars), and 697 cars run by gasoline. The average distance travelled by tourists’ in the City is 38 Km/day.

Hotels in the City of Hurghada consume 653,939 MWh/year of electricity, 18,000,000 m3/year of Natural gas and 4,986,505,000 m3/year of water, while 2,238,145,000 m3/year of sewage water is produced. In addition to this, hotels consume 36,500 tons of diesel and gasoline each year for water heating.

As for waste, hotels produce an average of 150 tons of solid waste daily, which is around 54,750 tons yearly. Waste transportation is also an issue, 262,667 litres of diesel and 14,143 litres of gasoline are consumed each year in transporting waste from the hotels to the landfill.

4.2.2.1 Possible actions The City of Hurghada has the desire to move forward to holistically solve environmental challenges by promoting

52 sustainable and green tourism through developing a comprehensive tourism strategic and efficient solution – “Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan – SGTP.’’ The SGTP should integrate sustainability measures and technologies to a green tourism approach in the city including: hotels and tourist boats as well as sea marina at diving centres and their activities.

 Short-term (2 to 3 years)

On the short term, a dynamic awareness campaign targeting hotels, resorts, diving centres, tourist operators and safaris should help promoting responsible behaviours: energy and water careful consumption, waste management etc.; all these activities will set the ground for a more structural transformation of the tourist sector on the mid and long term.

 Long- term (impact to be seen after 3 to 5 years)

Much work needs to be done on awareness and behaviour related to leisure activities. However, behavioural change would be only possible when real alternatives are offered to allow people to actually change their current practices in the Red Sea water activities.

Ideally, a city committed to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions such as Hurghada would develop, design and implement a Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) based on smart eco-solutions that could entail the following: - Structuring the tourism sector at the Governorate by empowering leisure and tourism authorities within the Governorate and the city of Hurghada to take action for the improvement of tourism and leisure activities in the city. In the case of Hurghada, this would mean close collaboration between the Municipal council and the Egyptian Tourism Authority (ETA) and the evolution of some of the current rules, which appear to be counterproductive to reduce energy consumption; - Developing communication and participatory strategies involving the tourism sector, with the aim of facilitating behavioural changes; - Convert touristic boats to operate with natural gas (CNG) instead of fuel and when appropriate and feasible to run on electric engines powered by PV cells. Additionally, all services on board should be covered by renewable energy sources; - Integrate renewable energy in seaports, marinas and diving centres along the shore of the city of Hurghada; and - Promote a charter for responsible tourism that will also engage the tourists themselves to take care of the fragile environment they enjoy when visiting the City of Hurghada.

Such comprehensive plan (SGTP) would require a strong leadership from the Governorate and the Municipal Council, which is obviously noticed in the Governor’s vision and the Governorate.

Hotels and resorts

The City of Hurghada is willing to engage hotels and resorts in the energy transition, promoting significant efforts to reduce energy consumption, improve waste management and switch, as far as possible, from fossil fuels to renewable energy (solar water heating, solar PV, biogas, etc.). Energy efficiency in hotels and resorts should be promoted through highlighting the positive return on investment of any efforts engaged to reduce energy consumption: adequate air-conditioning management, efficient lighting. Resorts and hotels have been promoting the efficient use of water inviting their customers to minimize their demands in new towels and bed sheets. They now have to promote electricity saving through responsible behaviour from their clients apart from Card Control room. They also can adopt all technologies that will provide more efficient use of energy. Resorts and hotels should also use the large surfaces they have in roofs to install solar systems to produce heat and electricity (Solar thermal and PVs), which are the two types of energy services they actually need. In most cases, solar water heaters could be sufficient to produce sanitary water and warm swimming pools.

Last but not least, a special project could be developed to reduce food wastage and collect food waste from hotels and resorts. These facilities produce an average of 150 tons of solid waste daily (close to 55,000 tons per year). Most of this waste is organic waste. So, this material combined with other sources of bio-waste, available in the City of Hurghada,

53 could be used to feed in bio-digesters that would produce biogas to be used in buses or cars, thus reducing air pollution and GHG emissions. Such transition is not obvious for tourism operators who have always been working in a classical way (BaU), consuming cheap energy as if it would always be without any adverse consequences. To shift behaviour and speed up the shift, the Governorate of Red Sea should elaborate on its Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) to provide advice to tourism operators willing to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy and propose energy audits to any resort and hotel willing to make the necessary investments to contribute to the SECAP adopted in the City of Hurghada. The SGTP could also set up a revolving fund that would help resorts and hotels doing the right choice, for example through providing loans at an attractive rate as an incentive to support the transition. Hotels and resorts having benefited from subsidies or loans from the fund, would be invited to replenish this fund with a contribution proportionate to the savings obtained through refurbishment operations. The revolving fund could also support investments in developing renewable energy production (Solar water heaters and PVs). Indeed, hotels and resorts need electricity for specific uses (lighting, elevators, and ventilation) and heat (or cold) (sanitary water, swimming pools, air conditioning). Such energy services can easily be covered by renewable sources, particularly solar energy. The SGT plan to connect hotels and resorts from the Northern part of the City to the natural gas grid could be a distraction from the real priorities: improve efficiency and develop renewable energies. Connection to the natural gas grid only makes sense if gas is seen as a complementary source to renewable energy production. Nowadays, there are technical innovations that provide heat or cold from solar energy (without using electricity) and the City of Hurghada could be a platform to promote such innovations in Egypt and more widely in the Middle East.

Cruise ships and diving boats

Like for hotels and resorts, there are significant margins for improvement in energy efficiency of diving and cruise boats. Different options could be combined to promote more efficient diving trips and sea tours: - Optimize occupancy on board: to avoid having two boats leaving harbour half empty and instead regroup visitors on one boat, more efficiently used for the day. - Upgrade engines’ performance and reduce pollution by converting engines from diesel to natural gas. - Cover basic on-board functions (air cooling, food refrigeration, lighting, etc.) with solar PV. - Improve waste management on board. - Raise awareness on marine life and coral reef protection. Occupancy on cruise and diving boats is probably more complex to organize. However, the City of Hurghada can facilitate a negotiation among operators to promote different models of planning diving cruises with the objective of reaching the optimum energy consumption per visitor on board (more tourist on a boat meaning less energy consumption per capita, and a better benefit for diving boats’ operators). Converting boat engines from diesel to gas is not that complex and costs rank from US $6,000 to 20,000 for large boats. Lower costs of gas allow for a good return on investment. Hence the City of Hurghada should set up a revolving fund for boat engines conversion, with some incentives for the early adopters and a structural investment for refuelling stations in the harbour. The very same revolving fund should allow investments on solar PVs to equip boats. Such devices will cover basic needs on board (air cooling, food refrigeration, lighting, etc.) avoiding the use of fossil fuels. As mentioned earlier, it is also necessary to improve waste management on board of boats to avoid marine pollution. Collecting waste on the dock, will also allow separating bio-waste that could be then processed in bio-digesters to produce biogas (in connection with the waste separation in hotels and resorts). The fleet improvement programme should extend to redesigning the docks to make them a demonstrative example of what a “green harbour” on the Hurghada seashore could be. Obviously, the new plans should promote solar PV equipment as a major source of renewable energy supply for all activities along the docks. Hence, renewable energy will supply diving boats avoiding unnecessary use of diesel motors when they are not sailing. Such equipment will also

54 power air compressors for diving activities.

4.2.2.2 Expected results Assumptions: - Awareness raising and improved management of energy could easily result in a 10% reduction of energy consumption in hotels, resorts and diving centres, - Refurbishment in hotels and resorts could lead to 30% energy consumption reduction (50% hotels engaged achieving 60% cuts), - Awareness raising and improved management of diving and cruise boats’ occupancy could lead to a 10% cut in energy consumption, - On the longer term, a fleet refurbishment programme (switching from diesel to gas) would result in a 50 % cut in energy consumption from boats, - Efficiency in lighting and renewable energy in harbour and diving centres could lead to 20% electricity consumption reduction.

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030

GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU

Tourism 1,196,294 490,915 - 439,958 - 218,077 633,280 34 %

Awareness raising (hotels & resorts) (10%) 1,114,026 - 111,402 - 46,084

Hotel & resort refurbishment 1,002,624* - 300,787 - 164,564

Awareness raising and occupancy optimisation 50,489 - 5,049 - 1,340 in diving boats

Diving boats refurbishment** 45,440 - 22,720 - 6,089

Efficiency and renewable energy in harbour pm pm * Overall energy consumption of hotels after 10% cut due to awareness raising efforts ** 50% after all efforts made on efficiency due to awareness

4.2.2.3 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI. Awareness raising on the two targets (hotels, diving centres & boats) 100,000 € 1 year Diving boats refurbishment 5,000,000 € 2 to 3 years Hotel and resort refurbishment (revolving fund) 10,000,000 € 2 to 3 years

4.2.3. Residential buildings

4.2.3.1 Current situation The residential building sector is the 3rd largest energy consumer with 441 GWh/year, or 12% of the total energy consumed in the city (3,338 GWh Final Energy/year as of the 2015 reference). It is also one of the key sectors to be addressed, as it is also third in GHG emissions of 215 kteqCO2/year or 16 % of the total emissions of energy consumption (1,338 k teqCO2/year).

With a population of 279,684 persons (2015), the City of Hurghada - Governorate of Red Sea had 56,341 house owners in 2015 and 60% of these residential houses are connected to the natural gas grid; however, the natural gas grid is still under development and designed to reach a connection rate of 80% by end of 2017.

55 Residential buildings in the city consume a total of 257,782 MWh/year of electricity, with a connection rate of 100 per cent. Also, the annual natural gas consumption in residential buildings is 80,000,000 m3, and 494,026 LPG cylinder/year as well as 480 litres/year of gasoline representing a total Final Energy of electric, natural gas, liquid gas (LPG) and gasoline of 257 GWh/yr, 87 GWh/yr, 96 GWh/yr and 4 MWh/yr respectively. The Governorate of the Red Sea, in particular the City of Hurghada has the desire to move forward to holistically solve the challenges faced in the energy consumption of the residential sector by promoting a comprehensive plan to reduce energy use, enhance energy efficiency and promote renewable energy, incorporating solar PV and SWH systems.

The “Green Residential Plan” (GRP) should integrate sustainability solutions and technologies to green the building sector in the city of Hurghada.

4.2.3.2 Short-term actions (3 to 5 years’ time frame) There is a lot to do to raise public awareness on energy issues, inviting inhabitants to reduce their consumption and, as a consequence, cut their energy bill. This is to be applied on residential buildings. An awareness campaign doesn’t require a huge amount of money and can bring interesting results for both parties: the client learning to use less energy and the electricity utility improving its services.

Such awareness campaign to promote efficient behaviour should focus on measures such as: - Promoting the proper temperature at home: using excessive air cooling is not good for the public health and results in huge electricity consumption. Adjusting air conditioning systems’ thermostats to be always at 24 degrees Celsius during summer would save up to 25% of the energy consumption, - Promoting behavioural changes at home: turning off lights, proper management of refrigerator, time of use of washing machines, boiling waters in kettles and replacing classical bulbs with efficient ones, - Promoting energy efficient cooling/ heating devices, as the one on the market are not good enough. People usually buy cheap equipment without taking into account the higher level of energy consumption, which results in a higher “global cost” over a certain period of time, compared to buying green label appliances, - Control elevators’ use to limit their use to the 3rd floor unless users have medical issue/problems, and - Apply plastic sheets on windows’ glass/glazing to reduce the impact of solar radiation impending on the external buildings’ façades.

A rough calculation is realized considering that a widespread awareness campaign could result in a 20% reduction of electricity consumption (estimation being more difficult on other fluids) in 50% of households and private buildings.

4.2.3.3 Medium-term actions (3 to 10 years’ time frame) The most obvious plan to develop on the mid-term is the promotion of Solar Heating Systems to produce hot sanitary water and avoid unnecessary electricity consumption. - Promote the use of solar water heating (SWH) systems instead of the current electric water heating (EWH) systems used in most buildings. Currently, there are only few users of solar water heating systems in the city of Hurghada and this action could tremendously reduce the electricity consumption for the specific need of hot sanitary water. It will be important to demonstrate the financial benefit of choosing a SWH system against EWH one, - Involve and train companies that will produce, sell and install SWH systems, and - A possible model to market SWH would be to ask for a monthly fee that would be minimal compared to the electricity bill people are used to pay, allowing the company, not only to recover the cost of the installation after few months but get recurrent revenues on the long run, from “selling hot water” and ensuring the maintenance of the equipment.

4.2.3.4 Long-term actions (5 to 15 years’ time frame) In the long term, it would be necessary to develop a renovation programme targeting less energy efficient buildings, where basic insulation and ventilation could significantly improve comfort while reducing energy consumption. 56

To design and implement an adequate energy-retrofitting plan for residential buildings, the City of Hurghada should engage in the following steps: - Assess the need through a detailed mapping of housing, registering average energy consumption per square meter, date of construction, location, - Train small local companies that will have the flexibility to work in different types of conditions while performing adequate retrofitting programmes aiming at significant energy reduction, - Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the necessary investment to cover the cost of the buildings’ retrofitting. The bank will recover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings allowed by the retrofitting programme, and - Promote retrofitting in selected targets offering the best potential in terms of return on investment and, elaborating on these showcases to further deploy the plan.

The main constraints of such a plan will be the mobilization of appropriate resources to fund renovation programmes, as in many cases house owners will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is why such a programme requires a partnership between the Governorates offering the guarantee that retrofitting will result in actual energy bill reduction, and the bank providing the funds. Such a plan should also include the adoption of efficient cooling devices. In addition, it could include the installation of solar PV panels to contribute to renewable electricity production, or/and install vegetal green roofs (if possible along with Solar PV panels) to reduce high temperatures, especially during the very hot summer period in Hurghada.

4.2.3.5 Expected results Assumptions: - Awareness can lead to 20% cuts in 40% of the households, - EWH consumes 30% of households’ electricity and the programme can manage to install SWH in 50 % of the households by 2030, and - Building retrofitting will concern 20% of the buildings by 2030, ensuring a 40% improvement in energy efficiency.

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030 GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/ BAU

Residential buildings 441,283 215,216 - 114,555 - 57,892 277,628 21 %

Awareness to reduce consumption - 44,128 - 21,216

Housing renovation plan for EE* 397,000 - 31,760 - 15,489

SWH system installation** - 38,667 - 21,187

* After all efforts made due to increased awareness and concerns 20 % of building. ** Can be either considered as avoided consumption of electricity

4.2.3.6 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI. Awareness to reduce consumption and pilot design 100,000 € Less than 1 years Pilot project: LED lighting + SWH + retrofitting (1000 units) 1,000,000 € 6 to 7 years Housing renovation plan (revolving fund 10.000 units) 6,600,000 € 6 to 7 years

57 4.2.4. Tertiary buildings

4.2.4.1 Current situation Tertiary buildings are considered in two different categories: buildings owned and managed by the Governorate and other buildings (shops, offices, public administration buildings - different from the Governorate ones, educational facilities, hotels, restaurants, banks and other service industries, health centres and hospitals, sport or cultural facilities, leisure equipment’s, religious buildings, etc.). Governorate buildings and street lighting have already been addressed in previous sections dedicated to the direct scope of responsibility of the Governorate. We are here looking “non- governorate” tertiary buildings.

The tertiary buildings’ sector is the fourth sector in terms of energy consumption with 303 GWh/year (8%) and 157 k tCO2eq/ year GHG emissions (an equivalent to 11%) in 2015.

4.2.4.2 Possible actions Addressing the tertiary sector is always complex. The action plan should make a distinction between tertiary buildings owned by entrepreneurs who can see a direct benefit in energy savings, as this will increase their profitability, and tertiary buildings owned or managed by groups that don’t have a direct interest in cutting costs. Entrepreneurs will be sensitive to an awareness campaign highlighting the financial benefit of any effort to improve building efficiency. Instead, other groups will be more interested in the symbolic value of contributing to the energy transition in the City of Hurghada. It is necessary as a first step to properly assess the need through a detailed mapping of tertiary buildings, registering average energy consumption per square meter, date of construction, location. This will help targeting buildings offering the best potential for saving. It is important to note the importance of tourism infrastructures in the city of Hurghada and the efforts dedicated towards greening the tourism sector will seemingly pave the ground for a dynamic change in the tertiary sector. Hence the action plan could be structured with two components:

Private entrepreneurs and services - Unroll a vast awareness raising campaign among entrepreneurs to invite them to invest in energy efficiency in their building (air conditioning system, efficient lighting, etc.). The awareness could be built on the same model developed for the residential buildings, - Offer them technical support (using the Green tourism plan mentioned earlier) to speed up change in their tertiary building, and - Reward the more effective efforts offering official support and media coverage. Non-commercial services’ providers - The Governorate should develop partnerships with some of these “services’ providers” to develop showcases of efficient buildings also using renewable energy, and - Promote energy efficiency in hospitals and health centres, offering the possibility for these institutions to use savings for re-investing in improving their capacity to deliver services.

4.2.4.3 Expected results Assumptions: - Awareness raising and specific training of premises’ managers results in 30% cut in 50% of the buildings. - Specific actions on commercial buildings can lead to 50% reduction in 50% of these buildings, which are considered to represent 20% of the overall sector.

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030 GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/ BAU

Tertiary buildings 302,857 156,528 - 60,571 - 31,305 201,921 16 %

Awareness to reduce consumption - 45,428 - 23,479

Pilot projects - 15,143 - 7,826

4.2.4.4 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI. Awareness to reduce consumption 50,000 € Less than 1 year Pilot projects 1,000,000 € 2 to 3 years

4.3. Renewable energy development

Despite the availability of sun, wind, and water in the Governorate of Red Sea, like in many other parts of Egypt, renewable energy is only strongly emerging in the past 3 years. People are used to relying on electricity produced in utilities powered by fossil fuels and classical solution for mobility based on diesel or gasoline.

The global uptake of renewable energy should push the Governorate to explore all opportunities available to develop new production models. Following this route, the Governorate of Red Sea will reduce its dependency on “imported energy” and spark a new economy that will create jobs and generate revenues for local industries and people.

4.3.1. Solar PV

The Egyptian government is willing to support renewable energy development and for this reason adopted a feed-in- tariff policy. If this policy seems to be adapted to large-scale investments, it doesn't represent a real boost for households’ units. Indeed, the gap between FiT (Feed-in-tariff) offered for such small units and the price of electricity for individuals is not significant to speed up investment.

Feed-in-Tariffs for solar power

FiT (1) FiT (1) EUR FiT (2) FiT(2) EUR cents cents

Households (piasters kWh) EGP 84.80 4.0 102.90 4.9

Commercial up to 500 kW (piasters kWh) EGP 90.10-97.30 4.3-4.7 108.50 5.2

500 kW – 20 MW (US cents / kWh) 13.60 11.5 7.90 6.7

20 MW – 50 MW (US cents / kWk) 14.30 12.1 8.40 7.1

Source: Egyptian Electricity Holding Company - EEHC, MoERE Exchange rate of NBE for 1 Euro = 20.8608 EGP

Large-scale investments facilitated by foreign companies are not facing the same type of problem. The Governorate of the Red Sea should develop a partnership with companies willing to develop solar PVs, targeting different objectives: - Develop solar PV units on all Governorate buildings: Potential of Solar PV equipment has been explored for various public buildings and a first experiment seems to be very promising, - Develop specific projects for other symbolic buildings: schools, mosques, churches, hospitals and health centres, to be used as demonstrators in order to promote the technology, 59 - Implement solar “umbrella” on parking lots and bus stations. This would be particularly appropriate for parking lots close to the harbour. They will offer a valuable shade for people and cars, and would be used to power lighting and equipment in diving centres and harbour facilities, and - Promote small scale units for households. There are other projects in development as part of the new Government of Egypt’s Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) program launched in late 2014 for both solar and wind.

Solar PV for residents and private owners

The plan would be to develop solar PV units in every possible place, inviting inhabitants to contribute to this development. Through this process city residents will benefit of additional income after the payback period and will become energy producers, as well as being energy consumers. The City of Hurghada could set up a revolving fund to support this development.

Different options could be proposed to develop this process: - The City of Hurghada proposes residents to invest and install 5 kW units on their roof. The electricity produced goes to the electric utility. When the total value of electricity produced matches the initial investment, the PV unit ownership gets transferred to the residents, who will then receive income from the electricity sold to the utility. In this system the financial balance remains the same for the City / Utility. It covers the initial investment and receives in return electricity, which will not be bought from other sources, generating an economy equivalent to the initial investment. When the PV unit gets transferred to the resident, it buys electricity from him and not from an outside source, - The City of Hurghada invites residents to share the investment. In that case, the residents will cover part of the investment and will benefit a shorter period before getting revenues from the solar PV production. The overall economy of the system remains the same. However, one can consider that sharing the investment with residents will push them to get more ownership on the energy issue and then be more conscious of the benefit of working for energy conservation and efficiency along with developing their own production, and - The City of Hurghada passes a deal with a bank that will offer attractive loans to residents. Residents benefiting from the loan, cover 100% of the investment. The City utility offers its guarantee to secure the loan and commits to buy all the electricity produced. This mechanism could allow for the faster development of PV units. As solar PVs seem to be booming in Egypt, it is key for the City of Hurghada to ensure that this boom not only benefits big foreign investors but also contribute to the solar energy take off in all sectors of the society, as this form of energy that can be developed in many different types, from large scale units to individual small-scale production capacities.

4.3.2. Solar heating

Solar heating could be widely used for covering the households’ needs and tourism sector’s heat consumption (for sanitary water and swimming pools). Solar heating could also be used in some industries, shops, restaurants, etc. that require hot water. Modern equipment is allowing for very good performance to match specific industrial needs.

This component of the plan could then: - Raise awareness in all sectors on the expected benefits of this technology; - Identify the specific needs of individuals, tourism operators, and industry related to heat and hot water requirements; - Identify technical solutions to match these needs with solar heating devices; and - Develop pilot projects to promote these new production capacities.

Solar heating is a simple technology than can easily be developed with the support of local technicians producing solar water heaters in small workshops, stimulating the economy and creating jobs. The role of the Governorate would be to promote the technology, develop show case projects in its own buildings, value initial investment and reward the most remarkable realisations.

4.3.3. Biogas

As previously mentioned, there is huge potential in organic waste to be collected from hotels and resorts (150 tons a day) and processed in bio-digesters. The City of Hurghada should command a comprehensive study to explore the benefit of such technology in the City, possibly combining other bio waste (for example the bio-waste fraction of domestic waste generated by inhabitants or sludge from wastewater treatment). This study would be the basis for recommending the most appropriate set up: number of units and size; bio-waste collection system; energy production expected and recommended use (heat, electricity or fuel for vehicles). Such a pre-study would require an investment of € 20.000 that would be necessary before entering the detailed conception phase.

4.3.4. Expected results

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2014 Cut expected in 2020 Situation in 2020 GHG in tCO2eq/year Electricity* GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU

Renewable energy production + 44,000 - 13,150 1,726,652 0.8 %

Solar PV public buildings (750 MWc) + 12,000 - 6,575

Solar PV households & private (750MWc) + 12,000 - 6,575

Other technologies will require further investigation before assessing production potential.

4.3.4.1 Budget These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI Solar PV public buildings (750 MWc) Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc* 10,000,000 € 4 to 5 years Solar PV households & private (750 MWc) Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc* 10,000,000 € 4 to 5 years Solar power plant 2000 MWc (Tera Sola) Not relevant (outside SECAP funding)

*The 10 m€ revolving fund allow to install 7.5MWc that will produce 57 MWh/year offering a 4 to 5 years ROI (providing the feed- in-tariff remains at the same value 102 piasters/KWh)

5. Conclusion The current action plan will result in achieving a 27% reduction in GHG emission compared to the business as usual scenario in 2030 for the concerned sectors where emissions would reach 1,727 ktons CO2eq/year. It is pretty hard to identify where additional cuts could be made, as the proposed plan is already very ambitious. Note that this plan reaches a reduction of 469 ktons CO2eq/year in 2030 representing a reduction of 35% compare to the level of 2015 GHG emissions for the same perimeter.

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2030/ Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 GHG in tCO2eq/year BAU Scenario Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG Cut All Governorate municipal buildings 2 613 1 429 -965 -529 3371 -16% Street lighting 10 984 6 019 -2 648 -1 451 7 764 19% Water delivery 2 452 1 325 -1 104 -605 1 709 35% Solid waste management 7 381 21 990 -1 476 -4 398 30 076 16% City of Hurghada Fleet 1 773 484 -887 -242 624 39% City buildings & services 25 203 31 247 -7 080 -7 225 Residential buildings 441 283 215 216 -114 555 -57 892 277 628 21%

Tertiary buildings 302 857 156 528 - 60 571 -31 305 201 921 16% Transport 1 301 117 351 746 -521 160 -140 891 453 753 31% Tourism 1 196 294 490 915 - 439 958 -218 077 633 280 34% Industry 15 520 4 394 Agriculture 55 880 88 444 Renewable energy production 44 000 -13 150 1% All stakeholders 3 312 951 1 307 243 -591 715 -461 315 TOTAL 3 338 154 1 338 490 -598 795 -468 540 1 726 652 -27% * Counted as fossil energy substitution / Not added up to energy consumption ** Industry and Agriculture doesn’t appear in this table as there are no specific actions addressing these sectors

The overall budget required for this plan amounts to €69 million at this stage, breaking down as follows.

Sector Activity Reduction in GHG Cost GOVERNORATE BUILDINGS Staff awareness campaign 10 % 30,000 Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems 30 % 100,000 Switching to more efficient AC devices 30 % 150,000 STREET LIGHTING Expand LED deployment 40 % 230,000 Street lighting strategic plan 30% 118,000 WATER DELIVERY Switch to variable power pumps 30% 150,000 SCADA system 15 % 30,000 WASTE Energy efficiency 20% 100,000 HURGHADA PUBLIC FLEET Improve fleet management 20% 20,000 AWARENESS PROGRAM Various initiatives 10% 140,000 TRANSPORT Common charter for service improvement 10 % 50,000 Sustainability mobility and transport strategic plan design 170.000 - Promoting new engines 10% 100,000 - Active mobility development 5 % 2,000,000 - Traffic optimization through urban planning 5 % 2,000,000 TOURISM Awareness raising (hotels, diving boats ¢res) 10 % 100,000 Diving fleet refurbishment 50 % 5,000,000 Hotel and resort refurbishment (revolving fund) 9 % 10,000,000 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR Awareness and pilot design 10 % 100,000 Pilot phase (100 housing units) 10 % 1,000,000 Expansion (10,000 units) Revolving fund 20 % 6,600,000 TERTIARY SECTOR Awareness to reduce consumption 15 % 50,000 Pilot projects 12.5% 1,000,000 RENEWABLE ENERGY Solar PV public sector Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc 10,000,000 1.3% Solar PV private sector Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc 30,000,000 TOTAL in € 69,068,000

Of this amount, 60.6 million € are engaged in the form of loan or revolving funds

Section IV: Climate Adaptation Plan

1. Summary The current chapter aims to provide Climate Action for internal guidance to the Governorate of the Red Sea regarding the vulnerability to climate change, climate risk assessment and climate adaptation. The proposed structure has been developed based on extensive literature review. This study, which is an integral part of the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP), is a strategic document as well as an operational tool. Current trends indicate that Climate Change (CC) is happening due to increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in the recent years as a result of burning great quantities of fossil fuels and deforestation. In the recent decades, changes in climate have caused impacts on natural and human systems worldwide. Evidence of CC impacts was observable in different sectors that also have consequences for social and human aspects of the built environment. This chapter describes the SECAP - Climate Adaptation Actions (CAA). It comprises three main parts that are dedicated to analysing the existing situation in Egypt and the Governorate and city of Hurghada. The chapter conducts a Risk Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment in order to define the adaptation actions already in place or suggested to be implemented by the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada.

2. Current Status Analysis

This chapter focuses on an introduction to climate change impacts, particularly in the Mediterranean countries. It also highlights the National and Regional Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation.

This is followed by a part dedicated to climate data feeding in estimations of the climate change impacts in the future, as well the evolution of the climate conditions in the area (temperature increase, rainfalls etc.).

The last part of this chapter focuses on the adaptation scoreboard, based on the self-assessment from the Governorate of Red Sea against the standard adaptation scoreboard in the SECAP template.

2.1. Introduction to Climate Change Impact

The Mediterranean region is rich in a large variety of complex climatic phenomena, linked with its morphology and geographical location. Indeed, the Mediterranean Sea is in a transitional band between subtropical and middle latitude regimes, offering large climate variability at multiple timescales and a strong seasonal variability of precipitation in many areas (Lionello 2012). The Mediterranean region has been identified as one of prominent “Hot-Spots” in future climate change projections (Giorgi 2006).

The water cycle and its extremes are one of the major concerns, since there are many countries that are over exploiting water resources, a problem that is expected to deteriorate in the future.

Episodes of extreme precipitation are also taking place and disastrous floods are a major threat for the region, especially the coastal areas. In addition to the above, cultivation of marginal land, overgrazing and firewood harvesting put more pressure on the environment, particularly in the Southern Mediterranean Countries, such as (Lionello 2012).

According to Luterbacher et al. (2006), the Mediterranean region has experienced drastic changes in its climate over the years.

Figure 12 presents the seasonal mean temperature for the period 1961-1990 depicted in panels A-D, while the total precipitation maps for the same period are depicted in panels E-H.

63 Figure 12: Seasonal (winter: December – January – February; spring: March – April – May; summer: June – July – August; autumn: September – October – November) mean temperature (oC, panels A-D) and total precipitation (mm per season, panels E-H) maps for the period 1961 -1990 based on CRU data - Source: Lionello, 2012

Figure 13: Multi Global Model Ensemble (MGME) average change in surface air temperature for the four seasons, 2071– 2100 minus 1961–1990. Units are °C. DJF is December–January– February, MAM is March–April–May, JJA is June–July–August, SON is September–October– November

Source: Giorgi et al., 2008

According to the European Investment Bank (EIB) report of 2008, for the Mediterranean region, climate experts anticipate during the 21st century: • An increase in air temperature in the range of 2.2 C° to 5.1 C° for the countries of Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region over the period 2080 – 2099 with respect to the period 1980 – 1999; • A significant decrease in rainfall, ranging between -4 and -27 % for the countries of Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region (while the countries of Northern Europe will report a rise between 0 and 16 %); • Increase in drought periods manifested by a high frequency of days during which the temperature would exceed 30 C°. Extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts or floods, are likely to be more frequent and violent; and • An increase of the sea level, which, according to some specific studies, could be around 35 cm up to the end of the century.

Giannakopoulos, et al., (2005) underlines that, the most significant temperature increases in the 21st century are expected in Eastern Egypt and especially the Nile Delta, Lebanon, Israel and the Maghreb.

It is therefore evident that the more vulnerable Mediterranean areas will be those of North Africa adjacent to desert areas, the major deltas (such the Nile one), the coastal areas (Northern rim and Southern rim of the Mediterranean basin), as well as the high-demographic growth and socially vulnerable areas (Southern and Eastern rim, densely 64 populated cities and suburbs).

In the Mediterranean region, 50% of the urban population lives in an altitude of less than 10 meters from the sea level, in areas, which are vulnerable to sea level rise. In addition to the above, tourist destinations in these areas are vulnerable not only due to the sea level rise, but also due to the temperature increase encountered (Plan Bleu, 2009).

The impacts of CC on the Mediterranean environment will relate particularly to (EIB, 2008): • Water, via a change of its cycle due to a rise in evaporation and a decrease in rainfall. This water problem will be of crucial importance for sustainable development in the region; • Soil, via the acceleration of already existing desertification phenomena; • Land and marine biological diversity (animal and plant), via a displacement northward and in altitude of certain species, extinction of less mobile or more climate sensitive species, and emergence of new species; and • Forests, via a rise in fire hazards and parasite risks. These impacts will exacerbate already existing pressures on the natural environment connected with anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture and fishery (reduction of yields), tourism attractiveness (heat waves, water scarcity), coastal areas and infrastructures (significant exposure to the action of waves, coastal storms and other extreme weather events, rise in sea level), human health (heat waves), the energy sector (water needs for power plants, hydropower and increased consumption).

In line to the above, the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs) appear to be more vulnerable to CC than the Northern Mediterranean Countries (NMCs). Indeed, they are, on the one hand, more exposed to accelerated desertification, soil aridity and water scarcity and, on the other hand, presenting economic structures that are more strongly dependent on natural resources, as well as technical and financial capacities that are too limited to help implement large-scale adaptation options (EIB, 2008).

The Mediterranean, and more especially the Southern and Eastern rim, are and will be more affected by climate change than most other regions of the world in the course of the 21st century. The impacts of the rise in temperatures, the decrease in rainfall, the multiplication of the number and intensity of extreme events and the possible rise in sea level overlap and amplify the already existing pressures of anthropogenic origin on the natural environment.

Through the crucial issue of scarcity of water resources, their impacts are fraught with consequences in the 21st century for human activities, in particular agriculture, fishery, tourism, infrastructures, urbanized coastal areas and hydropower production. To minimise the economic losses and damages as much as possible, several adaptation options must be thought out and implemented.

Energy production lies at the heart of the climate issue. On the one hand, it is the main GHG emitting sector, and CO2 emissions in the future must be contained. On the other hand, hydropower production, significant in certain countries (13% of power production in the SEMCs), is affected by climate and water regimes changes, as are plant cooling systems.

Lastly, the energy demand (in particular, electricity) is growing at a very high pace in the region and is likely to be further accelerated by the additional demand in response to climate change (water desalination, air-conditioning of buildings, and other).

Analysing the BEI results of the City of Hurghada, it shows that there are three main sectors that generate the highest rate of GHG emissions. These are: a) Tourism; b) Transport; and c) Residential and Tertiary buildings. Hence, adaptation actions are needed to reduce emission and CC risks on the governorate and city level.

2.2. Climate Change Impacts in Egypt

Many sectors will be influenced by CC risks: sea level rise, water scarcity, food insecurity, deteriorating human health and ecosystems, disruption of the built environment in different scales ranging from building to cities, losses for economic sectors across continents, especially in developing countries such as Egypt as shown in Figure 14.

65 • Temperature • Heat waves Direct • Rain falls patterns • Storms impact • Floods • Droughts

• Agricultural • Food security • Ecosystems • Water Indirect • Coastal zones • Energy impact • Forests • Desert • Tourism • Health • Fishery

Figure 14: Classification of climate change impacts on cities

One of the major impacts in Egypt is desertification, which is already threatening many continents, namely: Africa, Asia and Latin America12. Desertification means that sand encroachment to vegetation causes land loss, land degradation and difficulty in vegetation growth, especially to farmland adjacent to desert.

Desertification is already affecting one quarter of the total land surface of the globe13. It occurs due to drought caused by climatic variations, mainly high temperatures and irregular rainfall14. This is a typical climatic characteristic of the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea, thus increased pest and disease due to high temperatures in winter will be a suitable weather for mosquitoes to attack crops in spring that threat food security15

On the national scale, Egypt is facing major challenges as a result of CC impacts among all sectors that reflect on the built environment, which ranked as the most exposed and vulnerable sector, as a result of sea level rise (SLR) in the coastal areas, whereas in non-coastal areas such as the city of Hurghada, global warming would be a great impact on the thermal comfort, air and water quality as well as pressure on the energy sector.

Although Egypt emits about 1% of the world’s GHG emissions, it is one of the developing countries vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change. The following pictures show climate change impacts in Egypt in the past years in several cities such as: Alexandria, Aswan, Hurghada and the Red Sea area (Figure 15).

12 Alberto Marini, Mohamed Talbi, Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, p. 274. 13 Olagunju, Temidayo Ebenezer. Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., "Drought, desertification and the Nigerian environment," academic journals, Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment., vol. 7, pp. 196-209, July, 2015. 14 UNESCO, "What is desertification? Objective: Introduce the phenomenon of desertification," Available at: www.unesco.org/mab/doc/ekocd/chapter1.html - (Accessed on July 15, 2017). 15 E.C. OERKE, Institute for Plant Diseases, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Nussallee 9, D-53315 Bonn, Germany, "Crop losses to pests," The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. Volume 144, no. Issue 01, pp. pp 31-43, February 2006. 66

Severe floods hit Alexandria, 24th Oct 2015 and 2016 resulting from climate change impacts

a. Discourling of river Nile, Cairo b. Destruction by floods c. Vehicles sub-merged in floods Severe floods hit Ras Ghareb, Governorate of the Red Sea, Nov. 1, 2016 – climate change risks

Stormy floods in Sinai Stormy floods in Taba Stormy floods in Aswan Stormy floods in Sinai, the Red Sea and Aswan, Egypt, May 2014

Snow sever storm and cold spell, Cairo-Egypt, 19th December 2013 Figure 15: Classification Climate change impacts on Cities - Egypt

2.2.1. Climate Change impacts – Urban areas

The impact of CC on urban areas is witnessed in temperature rise that led to increasing the Heat Island Effect (HIE), thus increase air pollution in urban areas. The higher the temperatures are, the more ozone pollution on ground level that exacerbates diseases such as asthma and breathing difficulties even in healthy individuals. Heat stress affects public health, especially children, the elderly and respiratory patients and causes mortalities16.

In line with the above, an extraordinary heat wave hit Egypt, between the 9th and 18th of August 2015, and resulted in 200 people suffering from heat stress and being hospitalised; besides this, 98 elderly were reported dead17 18. Since

16 Elizabeth Martin Perera and Todd Sanford, "Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution," Union of Concerned Scientists, June 2011. 17 Egyptian Weather forecast Centre, (EWFC) 18 Ministry of Health report, August 17, 2015

67 1960, global warming’s effect has increased in Egypt and resulted in an increase in the frequency of warm nights and a decrease in cool nights between 1960 and 2003, as well as an increase in the summer temperatures’ averages. It is estimated that temperature will increases over Egypt between 3-3.5°C by 210019. Also, reports state that air quality is a problem - 20,000 people die annually due to diseases caused by air pollution. The cost of air pollution on Egypt’s economy is ranging from 1 to 3% of GDP20.

Urban infrastructures are also vulnerable to CC impact, especially those located in the coastal zones. Floods along coastal areas due to the sea level rise (SLR) are leading to damage of properties and disruption of infrastructure, namely the international coastal road, which is an important corridor that links the North-western coast to North eastern cost of Egypt.

The high temperatures and coastal erosion will also increase the cost of maintenance of paved roads. For example, in 1980 the heat wave that hit the USA damaged hundreds of miles of highways21. It is projected that floods in Egypt will damage properties, infrastructure and displace people, e.g., flooding that took place in January 2010 affected over 3,500 people and claimed 12 lives22. The annual loss in properties’ values due to sea level rise (SLR) would be 1 to 2 EGP billion and 7 to 16 billion EGP by 2030 and 2060 respectively23. The predicted 50 cm rise in sea level would threaten 2 million people and force most of them to be displaced out of the risky zones near coastal areas. Also, the migration waves due to the floods will be forced to move to urban centres and rural settlements, hence increase the pressure on cities and their infrastructures, which are already suffering from heavy traffic due to population growth. In addition, the salt water intrusion will affect the foundations of buildings, roads and water quality24.

2.2.2. Climate change impacts – Costal zones

The northern coastal zone of Egypt and the Nile Delta – 1,200 km along the Mediterranean coast – are exposed to inundations (sea waves and floods), loss of land due to sea level rise (SLR), that is estimated at 704 Square Kilometres by 202517. A study predicted that 50 cm rise in sea level would threaten 2 million people in Alexandria alone. The middle SLR scenario projects that 276,748 houses are vulnerable to SLR of 7 cm by 2030, and then increase to 338,178 houses vulnerable to SLR of 27 cm by 206025. The SLR will also lead to seawater intrusion that would result in a negative impact on water quality26. The Northern coasts of Egypt are threatened by coastal erosion27. In addition, the Nile Delta is already subsiding at a rate of 3 to 5 mm per year. Moreover, the city of Alexandria will lose about 30% of the city area due to inundations. Based on a study conducted on climate change impact in Egypt, it is predicted that over 1.5 million people will be affected and lose 195,000 jobs as well as land; with properties’ damage estimated of USD30 billion28.

According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the relative SLR for North Middle Delta in high SLR

19 "Climate: Observations, projections and impacts," UK Met Office, 2011. 20 David Tresilian, "Egypt and climate change," Ahram weekly, May 2014. Available at: weekly.ahram.org.eg /News/6060/32/Egypt-and-climatechange.aspx - Accessed in April 2016. 21 Christopher R. Adams, "Impacts of Temperature Extremes", available at: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/ socasp/weather1/adams.html/. Accessed in April 2016. 22 "Historical Climate Variability and Change, Egypt dashboard", The World Bank Group, 2016. Available at: sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/home.cfm?page=country_profile&CCode=EGY&ThisTab=RiskOverview, Accessed in April 2016. 23 Joel Smith, Bruce McCarl Texas, Paul Kirshen James Malley and Mohamed Abdrabo, "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Egyptian Economy 2013," United Nations Development Programme, Cairo, Egypt, 2013. 24 Alexandra Fielden Intern, "Ignored Displaced Persons: the plight of IDPs in urban areas," Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR, no. 161, July 2008. 25 C. P. Kumar, "Climate Change and Its Impact on Groundwater Resources," International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 43- 60, October2012. 26 Omran E. Frihy, Khalid M. DewidarMohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol. 30, pp. 281-295, January 1996 27 Omran Frihy, Khalid Dewidar, Mohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol.30, pp. 281-295, January 1996. 28 Shardul Agrawala, Annett Moehner, Mohamed El Raey, Declan Conway, Maarten van Aalst, Marca Hagenstad and Joel Smith, "Development and Climate Change in Egypt: Focus on Coastal Resources and the Nile," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD, 2004. 68 scenario is estimated to be about 110 cm by 2060 and would cause loss of 52.7 per cent of agricultural lands. In the North Middle Delta and West Delta, 60 cm and over 55 cm SLR would cause loss of 10.4 per cent and 13.2 per cent of agricultural lands respectively. Hence, this indicates that the North East Delta is the most vulnerable area to SLR17.

2.2.3. Climate change impacts – Agriculture

Agriculture is one of the main sectors in Egypt that will be influenced by climate change impact due to water supply, less rainfall, and high heat waves, as well as population increase. Agriculture is an important sector of economy, which represents about 14% of Egypt’s GDP and it employs the largest number of people than any other sector - providing 30% of all employment. Most of agricultural productivity comes from agricultural lands in the Mediterranean coast and Nile Delta29. Also, the rise in temperatures will change crop production. In addition, agriculture will suffer from water stress that would lead to increasing pressure on irrigation systems due to negative impact of climate change on water resources. Inundations along the coasts and low-lying due to SLR, threatening agricultural lands along the Mediterranean coast and Nile Delta by 205017, that would result in reducing crop production, loss of agricultural lands and increasing soil salinization by water shortage and SLR30.

2.2.4. Climate change impacts – Water

Egypt is one of the developing countries that is vulnerable to water stress due to cc impact which rapidly increases the gap between water supply and demand due to population growth. By the year 2020, water demand will increase by 20 per cent due to increased population. The total population of Egypt increased by 36 million from 1950 to 2010, while the population will increase to between 120-150 million by 205031. In March 2017, the population of Egypt reached over 100 million people32 including 8 million abroad. Most of water consumption is consumed by the Agriculture sector, which represents 85% of the annual total water resources33. The impact of CC will affect Egypt’s water resources, especially the Nile River that supplies 95% of Egypt’s total water. Optimistic scenarios project a flow increase of one- fourth, and pessimistic scenarios project reduced flow by more than one-third, but 70% of studies predict a decline in Nile water availability. Climate change will also decline the share of water from 700 m3 to 350 m3 per capita annually by 2040, and a 50% reduction of rainfall on Egypt’s Mediterranean coast. The total annual precipitation for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 recorded a decline of 54 mm. Sea water intrusions will increase the water salinity and affect farms that depend on underground water. Moreover, CC will increase the number of informal settlements without access to safe water and sanitation.

2.2.5. Climate Change impacts – Ecosystems

Ecosystems will be highly affected by climate change. Many areas in Egypt that include fragile ecosystems are exposed to such impacts. The Mediterranean coastal shorelines of Egypt contain five large lakes that constitute about 25% of the total wetlands in the Mediterranean region. The Low-lying coastal zones and Nile Delta are exposed to sea level rise. The land subsidence in coastal zones, at least 1.6, 1.0, and 2.3 mm per year at Alexandria, Burullus, and Port-Said would exacerbate the impacts of rising seas and may exceed the expected value of 18-59 cm by the end of this century. Seawater intrusion and increasing soil evaporation due to high temperature play a key role in increased salinity of almost 35% of the agricultural lands in Egypt, which harm the ecological system34.

Erosion due to SLR is affecting the costal zones of Damietta city, where more than 500 m retreated between 1983 to1995. Also, Aswan dam plays a role in reducing sediment in the Nile delta and increasing vulnerability to coastal

29 "World Development Indicators: Freshwater," World Bank, Available at: wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5/ 30 Hossain, "Global Warming induced Sea Level Rise on Soil, Land and Crop Production Loss in Bangladesh," in 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia, August 6, 2010. 31 "Water Scarcity in Egypt," Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt, February 2014. 32 CAPMAS - Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics – available at www.capmas.org.eg 33 Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu and J.P. Palutiko, "Analyzing regional aspects of climate change and water resources," IPCC Secretariat, 2008. 34 Mohamed El Raey, "Impacts and Implications of Climate Change for the Coastal Zones of Egypt," The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, 2010.

69 erosion35, but the biggest danger that accelerates the pace of climate change impact are the anthropogenic pressures. In Manzala Lake (North of Egypt), human induced practices such as conversion of wetland ecosystems to agricultural lands, land use change, lack of appropriate management systems, and discharge considerable amounts of sewage and industrial wastes directly into the wetlands and lakes, increase vulnerability of ecosystems in addition to natural pressures.

The SLR is expected to increase the rate of saline leakage to the topsoil of the Delta and would change the low-lying land into “sabkhas” (very saline land) due to the effect of SLR that will be increased over time and may have a serious impact on agriculture and groundwater resources in the upper Nile Delta, increasing the salinity of Manzala Lake with negative impacts on ecology and fisheries of the lake36.

In terms of endangered species, a substantial number of the currently endangered species might be lost due to climate change impacts on the habitats in the Northern lakes of Egypt such as: the lagoons of Maryut, Edku, Borullus, Manzala and Bardaweel37. The northern part of the Nile Delta Natural Protectorates of the “Bays of El Gamil”, “Ashtoon El Gamil”, and “Al Manzala lagoon” in Port-Said Governorate represent wetlands and natural restricted area for birds that might be affected by SLR, and similarly in “El-Brolus” protected area in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This is the habitat of almost 135 amphibious plant species and has a significant role in receiving immigration of wild birds exposed to “Zaraniq” Protected Area and “El Bardwaeel Marsh” in the North Sinai Governorate, which is key for bird migration in the world and the habitat for living and reproduction. Over 270 species of birds have been recorded in the area such as Pelicans, herons, storks, crested lark, quail, white stork, lark, avocet, Hem Harrier Rail and falcon38; and climate change will affect them all.

A study conducted in 2014 on coral reefs in Red Sea coasts showed a significant decline on the growth of coral reefs due to bleaching as a result of water temperature changes and acidity in addition to human that induced pressure and caused damage. These coral reefs are also exposed to water pollution form a high volume of commercial shipping, oil spills, sewage and nutrient loading from hotels and resorts and over fishing39. In Hurghada, coral reefs recorded a decline in growing and faced a 40 % decrease during 1987–2000. It is estimated that these coral reefs face more drastic declines of about 49% and 45% between year 2000 and 2013 respectively. This decline affects the biodiversity concerning over 1,000 species, besides the mangrove vegetation in the coasts40.

2.2.6. Climate Change impacts – Tourism

Tourism is one of the sectors that will be affected by climate change. In 2010, tourism accounted for 11% of Egypt’s GDP and provided employment for about 12% of Egypt's workforce41. Almost 85 percent of visits to Egypt are for leisure and recreation that resulted in recreational expenditures on Red Sea corals of US$472 million (2.6 billion EGP). In 2000, 75% of tourism activity in Egypt was concentrated on the Sinai and Red Sea for leisure and diving. One of the climate change manifestation is that the rise in temperatures and the increased seawater acidification would increase coral reefs’ bleaching.

According to a recent study, an 80% increase in coral reefs’ bleaching in the Red Sea is also expected by 2060. Coral reefs’ growth already decreased by 30% in 201317. In addition, losses in internal tourism due to SLR are already taking

35 Elsharkawy H., Rashed H., & Rached I., "The impacts of SLR on Egypt," 45th ISOCARP Congress 2009. 36 M. EL-RAEY, KR. DEWIDAR AND M. EL-HATTAB, "Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change," Springer, Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 343-361, September 1999. 37 Ben Haj, S., Cebrian, D., Limam, A., Grimes, et. Al., "Vulnerability and impacts of climate change on marine and coastal biological diversity in the Mediterranean, Arab Countries," UNEP, Tunis, 2009. 38 "Natural Protectorates Description," Ministry of Environment (MoE), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Available at: www.eeaa.gov.eg/enus/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx./ - Accessed on October 2015. 39 T. J. Done, "Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance," Springer Link, Vol. 247, No. 1, pp. 121-132, November 1992. 40 H. El-Askary, S. H. Abd El-Mawla, J. Li, M. M. El-Hattab & M. El-Raey, "Change detection of coral reef habitat using Landsat-5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI data in the Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt)," International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 2327-2346, 2014. 41 "Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared," Reuters Africa, October 2009 - Available at: af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE59J0PG20091020?sp=true. Accessed on : July 2015. 70 place in many cities such as Alexandria, Port-Said, Ras el Barr, Gamasa, and Baltiem by 202542. The SLR causes threat to archaeological sites in areas like Abu Keer, Qaitbey Citadel, Selsela (Eastern harbour) in Alexandria43. Moreover, heat waves will affect the attractiveness and tourism movement in Egypt due to the fact that most of the tourists prefer moderate weather44.

2.2.7. Climate Change impacts – Health

Egypt already suffers from air and water pollution. Diseases that are caused by poor water quality and sanitation kill 17,000 children per year. Air pollution concentration level in the urban centre of Greater Cairo was 82.6 mg/m3, when the World Health Organization standard is 10 mg/m3. This dramatic situation leads to 20,000 premature deaths annually in Cairo and Alexandria and costs Egypt’s economy 3 to 6 % GDP.

Climate change could increase air pollution because high temperatures and low precipitation tend to increase the pollution in the air, so the annual mortality will increase by hundreds to thousands and Egypt’s losses would be 10 to 24 billion EGP per year17.

Air and water pollution levels in Egypt contribute to many premature deaths and morbidity. About 17,000 children per year, one-fifth of all childhood deaths, are estimated to be a result from poor water quality, inadequate hygiene, and poor sanitation.

These conditions also contribute to high levels of infectious diseases among children and adults, particularly diseases caused by worms and other parasites that result in an annual loss of 615,000 disability adjusted life years (DALYs; World Bank, 2002).

TABLE 10: RANKING OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES IN EGYPT (OECD)

Resources/ Risk Certainty of Severity of Importance of risk ranking impact impact resources

Coastal - SLR High - medium High High resources - Coastal erosion Soil salinization

Water - Decrease Nile flow Medium High High resources - Low precipitation / Salt water intrusion / Decrease Nile flow - Low precipitation - Salt water intrusion

Agriculture - SLR Medium - low Medium - low High - Medium - Soil salinization - High temperature

Energy - High temperature Medium - low Medium - low Medium - low Resources - Decrease Nile flow

3. National and Regional Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation

This section focuses on the national and regional strategy on climate change adaptation, if applicable. It includes a description of three main sections:

42 "Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction," the Egyptian cabinet information and decision support center, December 2011. 43 "Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands," International Workshop on Submarine Archaeology and Coastal Management. Available at: www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/alex7.htm. Accessed on: July 2015. 44 Ma Bele´n Go´mez Martı´n, "WEATHER, CLIMATE AND TOURISM A Geographical Perspective," Elsevier, Barcelona, Spain, 2005.

71 • The commitments in place at the national level within the international environment (UNFCCC) and the agreements that have been signed for CC, • The national strategy, its goals and commitments, etc., and • The regional strategy, if applicable, based on the national one, and the specificities the region faces.

3.1. The commitments in place at the national level

The Egyptian Government responded early to climate change and signed the following environmental agreements, namely: • Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), 1992, • Kyoto Protocol, 1999, and • Paris Agreement - new global climate change agreement, December 2015. On December 12, 2015, the Paris Climate Change Agreement was approved by the 196 Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention of the Climate Change (UNFCCC) at COP21 in Paris - France. Egypt signed the Paris Climate Agreement on the 22nd of April 2016 at a signature ceremony in Paris where 175 participated but has not yet ratified it. “We respect the experience of others, but we will do it our way. We will ask for your support, but we will look after the well-being of the Egyptian people,” Minister of Environment declared.

On November 11, 2015 Egypt submitted its new climate action plan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) comes in advance of COP21. The Paris agreement already entered into force, empowering all countries to prevent average global temperatures rising above 2 degrees Celsius and to reap the many opportunities that arise from a necessary global transformation to clean and sustainable development. Egypt’s INDCs were developed in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

The INDCs set a series of measures intended to be applied by the country to face climate change in terms of adaptation (to climate change impacts) and mitigation (reducing GHG emissions). It includes the following three main elements: • National circumstances that address general economic conditions, including economic and population growth rates, major sustainable development goals (SDGs), and political circumstances, • National efforts implemented to combat climate change in Egypt, in terms of treating impacts in different sectors (agriculture, water resources, coastal zones, etc.) or efforts made to reduce GHGs emissions in different sectors (energy, transportation, industry, etc.), and • Required implementation mechanisms to achieve the objectives of the plan (funding, capacity building, and technology transfer)45.

3.1.1. The national strategy, its goals and commitments and sectors affected

In 2007, Egypt established its National Committee on Climate Change's decision in order to develop strategies and policies to deal with CC. As a result, several strategies and policies have been developed, mostly with the support of international donors, including: • Initial National Communication on Climate Change, Egypt, 1999 – MoEnv and EEAA46 • Second National Communication on Climate change, Egypt, 2010 – EEAA and UNDP47

45 http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Egypt/1/Egyptian%20INDC.pdf 46 Egypt’s first National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 1999, EEAA - Available on: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync1.pdf/ (Accessed: 24.08.2016) 47 Egypt’s Second Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on May 2010, EEAA and UNDP, 2010 - Available on: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync2.pdf/ 72

• Third National Communication on Climate change, Egypt, 2014 – EEAA and UNDP48. • National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction 2011, (NSACCDRR) – UNDP49 • National Air Quality Policy 2015, NAQP – UNEP50 • Egypt’s Indicators Development, and • National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP) 2015 – GIZ. The Egyptian Cabinet – Information and Decision Support Centre (IDSC) - in collaboration with the UNDP developed Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR) in December 2011. The NSACCDRR’s main objective is to increase the flexibility of the Egyptian community when dealing with the risks and disasters that might be caused by climate change and its impact on different sectors and activities. It also aims to strengthen the capacity to absorb and reduce the risks and disasters to be caused by such changes.

The Economic Cooperation and Development Division (SECO) of the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs from Switzerland has developed measures based on collaboration with the Egyptian government, to address the strategic objective No.3:

Support basic environmental infrastructure: • Contribute with technology and know-how transfer to improve the infrastructure with a positive effect on the environment, the climate and employment, • Sectorial activities including water supply, wastewater treatment, waste management (solid and liquid toxic waste), renewable energy and energy efficiency, and urban sustainability, • Contribute to better corporate governance and financial sustainability in the management of investment projects and the operation and maintenance of public infrastructure, • Adhere to policy dialogue on provision of infrastructure jointly with other donors, and • Creation of new/ higher quality jobs in the area of environmental and RES51. In 2008, Climate Change Risk Management Programme (CCRMP) was established as a result of a partnership between Egypt and the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDGAF).

The three main objectives of CCRMP are to: • Integrate GHG mitigation into national policy and investment frameworks; • Increase CC adaptation capacities, particularly in agriculture and water; and • Raise awareness regarding the impacts of climate change52. Key achievements that came out of this joint programme are to successfully assist in and support the establishment of the following units and capacity building:

a. Clean Development Mechanism Awareness and Promotion Unit (CDMAPU),

b. Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) that advises the Cabinet on energy efficiency,

48 Egypt’s Third Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 2014, EEAA and UNDP, 2014 - Available on: http://www.eg.undp.org/content/dam/egypt/docs/Environment%20and%20Energy/Signed%20TNC%20Project%20Document.pdf/ (Accessed: 24.08.2016) 49 Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR), 2011- available at: http://cairoclimatetalks.net/sites/default/files/Adaptation%20Strategy%20-%20Final%20-%20E.pdf (Accessed: 24.08.2016) 50 http://www.egyptictindicators.gov.eg/en/Pages/default33.aspx/ 51 Swiss Economic Cooperation and Development, Egypt Country Strategy 2013-2016 - available at: www.seco- cooperation.admin.ch/laender/.../index.html?lang 52 Climate Change Legislation in Egypt: The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study - A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries, 2015, http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EGYPT.pdf (Accessed: 25.08.2016)

73 c. The MoWRI’s capabilities to forecast climate change scenarios, and

d. The irrigation research and climate change crop simulation activities of the Ministry of Acclamation of Land Resources (MALR) 51.

In 2010, Egypt published, in response to the SNC to UNFCCC a National Environmental, Economic and Development Study (NEEDS) for CC which outlines the financial and institutional needs for implementing prospective and on-going adaptation and mitigation measures. This study recognizes that the next phases of CC planning should include a National Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) and National Low Carbon Economy Plan (NLCEP). The NEEDS report highlights the urgency for developing a GHG monitoring system that aggregates and disseminates information about GHG emissions across sectors. In 2014, the Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) signed an agreement with the Italian counterpart to transform El-Gouna City into the first carbon-neutral city in Africa51.

In addition, the UNEP developed the National Strategy Study entitled: ‘Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study (EERENS), which was developed in 2007 as part of both the Mediterranean and National Strategies for Sustainable Development under Priority Field of Action 2: Energy and Climate Change53.

The key players of this strategy study are the "Plan Bleu" - a regional activity centre of the UNEP/MAP (Mediterranean Action Plan), created, funded and steered by EC54. As far as the CC risks are concerned, Africa is the most vulnerable continent globally, where Egypt is located.

3.1.2. Regional strategy and the specificities the region faces

The Governorate of the Red Sea put forward a strategy to address climate change risks and adaptation. Such strategy is based on the National Strategy on climate change. Its main focus is to adapt and reduce risks and disasters caused by climate change, increase awareness of the Governorate’s staff and enhance its participation aligning with Hurghada City’s goals to become the centre of culture and tourism. This strategy will have to be regularly updated due to the possibility of unpredictable changes in climate.

The Governorate of the Red Sea road map includes: strategic objectives, strategic components, and actions. These are as follows:

Strategic objectives: − Define all Climate Change risks for all sectors, − Increase the sustainability issues in all sectors, − Reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, − Promote renewable energy sources, − Involve all Governorate’s and municipality’s staff in the effort to transform the city and governorate to be green and sustainable, and − Make the infrastructure of the city of Hurghada and Governorate of Red Sea resilient and a world-class tourism destination, − Raise awareness and capacity building on climate change risks, impacts, and adaptation, and − Regular assessment and evaluation of the strategy and current situation.

Strategic components: − Increase the communication with all stakeholders and Governorate departments and directorates of all ministries operating in Hurghada. − Built a vertical communication mechanism to response to extreme events and disasters. − Promote sustainability and sustainable energy actions in all the Governorate’s institutions and Municipal departments to encounter CC risks.

53 http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/mediacenter/reports/guidelines.aspx/ (Accessed: 10.08.2016) Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd Edition, Ministry of Environment, EEAA, January 2009: http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/N-EIA/English_EIA_guidelines.pdf/ (Accessed: 09.08.2016) 54 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf 74

− Develop a database for all changes in the climate in coordination with the National Weather Authority and Hurghada international airport.

Strategic Actions − Built an observatory in the Hurghada local municipality to monitor the pattern of rainfall and temperature increases and rain fall patterns, − Give alerts on severe events before happening in the Governorate, − Construct water barriers in storm areas to collect storms upon occurring to lessen floods impacts, − Install capacity of about 300 kWp solar panels that generate electricity from renewable energy sources to feed in four Governorate buildings in the city of Hurghada, and − Street lighting change from conventional lighting to LED lighting that save about 80% of the energy consumption.

4. Climate data and Climate Change projections

4.1. Climate overview in Hurghada

The climate in Egypt is generally hot in summer and cold in winter but is known for its very low humidity. The annual mean temperatures increase from around 20°C on the Mediterranean coastline to around 24°C on the Red Sea coastline, with a difference of 5°C. It is 25°C in Cairo (the capital) and 26°C further south in Luxor and Aswan, with a seasonal variation of about ±7°C.

The typical daytime maxima in mid-summer ranges from 30°C in Alexandria and to 41°C in Aswan (Upper Egypt); while the corresponding temperature’s north-south range in mid-winter daytime maxima is ranging from 18°C to 23°C. This makes even winter day-times in the south pleasantly warm and sunny, with cool nights, as further north. On the northern coastal strip, the winter cyclonic disturbances moving eastwards along the Mediterranean Sea bring some significant rainfall and, even at Alexandria on the coast, the total annual rainfall averages are only 196 mm.

In Cairo (160km inland), the average annual rainfall is reduced to 25 mm and it is reduced further to only 5 mm at Hurghada on the Red Sea coast and less than 2 mm in Luxor and Aswan. However, in central and southern Egypt, several years may pass without any significant rainfall.

The Governorate of the Red Sea is characterised as a desert climate, which means that the summers are long, hot, and arid, while the winters are cool and dry. There is virtually no rainfall during the year. There are only two distinct seasons in Hurghada, a hot summer and a mild winter.

The average annual temperature is 22.9 °C. There is a difference of 1 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. In addition, the average temperatures vary during the year by 13.7 °C.

Summer – Hurghada The months of June, July, August and September are the hottest time of the year in the Governorate of Red Sea with temperatures ranging between an average high of 31 °C and 34.2 °C, nevertheless, July and August are the hottest months of the year with night time lows of between 23 °C and 24 °C. August is the warmest month of the year. The average temperature in August is 29.2 °C (Figure 16).

Winter – Hurghada In winter the temperatures are very mild, and the sky is usually clear. The rains are very rare even in this season. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of 15.5 °C. Also, January is the driest month with 0.0 mm of rain. Most precipitation falls in October, with an average of 1 mm. Climate data that covers mean temperature and precipitation levels are highlighted in Figure 16.

a. Ambient temperature (2000-2012) b. Precipitation and Average Rainfall days Figure 16: Climate date (Mean Temperature and Precipitation, Hurghada Source: http://www.sekem-reisen.de/en/practical-travel-info-Egypt.asp http://www.holiday-weather.com/hurghada/averages/

According to Figure 16.a, the warmest months of the year are July and August, with an average temperature of 27 °C with a highest average temperature of 37°C. In January, the average temperature is 11°C, which is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.

Also, it is clear from Figure 16.b, that Hurghada has low rate of rainfall ranging from 1 day to none each month, and September has the highest average precipitation with 1.00mm, and 24-28 days of rain fall at 5.00 mm to 6.00 mm in March, July, October, December and January. The hours of sunshine in Hurghada are shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Climate data (Hours of sunshine 2016), Hurghada Source: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/Egypt/Hurghada.htm

a. Maximum & Minimum temperature Feb – July 2017, Hurghada Source: www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=62405&ART=MXMN&CONT=afri&R=0&LEVEL=150®ION=0011&LAND=EG&NOREGION=1&MOD=&TMX=&TMN=&SON= &PRE=&MONAT=&OFFS=&SORT=&MM=07&YY=2017&WEEK=24

b. Yearly maximum & minimum temperature - 2017), Hurghada

Source: www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=62405&ART=MXMN&CONT=afri&R=0&LEVEL=150®ION=0011&LAND=EG&NOREGION=1&MOD=&TMX=&TMN=&SON= &PRE=&MONAT=&OFFS=&SORT=&MM=07&YY=2017&WEEK=24

c. Maximum and minimum temperature measured and pressure 2017, Hurghada Figure 18: Climate data - City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea Source: weatheronline.co.uk

4.2. Climate trends

The decadal trends in seasonally averaged temperatures for Egypt between 1960 and 2010 indicate that there is a spatially consistent warming signal for temperature over Egypt55. Figure 18 describes both summer consistent warming (June to August) and winter (December to February).

In the city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, there is a warming period during summer of 0.25 °C to 0.5 °C per decade compared with that during winter of 0.05 °C to 0.1°C per decade as shown in Figure 19. In line with the increase in the mean temperature, warm nights have become more frequent.

They increased by +2 to +3.5 percent per decade, whereas cool nights are less frequent due to the decrease by - 1 to - 2% per decade as shown in Figure 20.

Figure 19: Decadal trends in seasonally averaged temperatures for Egypt and surrounding areas over the period 1960 to 2010 Source: UK Met Office, 2011

55 Egypt Climate: Observations, projections and impacts, UK Met Office, 2011 - The research was led by the UK Met Office in collaboration with experts from the University of Nottingham, Walker Institute at the University of Reading, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, University of Leeds, Tyndall Centre — University of East Anglia, and Tyndall Centre — University of Southampton – available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/4/j/egypt.pdf 78

4.2.1. Main climate trends

Temperature

In terms of climate projection, Figure 20 shows the percentage change in average annual temperature by 2100 from the baseline climate of 1960-1990, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models.

Therefore, the projected temperature over the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea increase by around 3°C to 3.5°C.

Figure 20: Change in cool nights (a,b), warm nights (c,d), cool days (e,f) and warm days (g,h) for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990. Source: UK Met Office, 2011 Rainfall

Regarding climate projection, Figure 21 illustrates the percentage change in average annual precipitation by 2100 from the baseline climate period of 1960-1990, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models.

It indicates that Egypt is projected to experience a decrease in precipitation, which is seen as common with the wider Mediterranean and the majority of the Middle East.

In the city of Luxor, the decrease of -5% to -10% is projected, whereas it is projected -10% to -20% in the city Hurghada.

79 a) Decadal trends & b) Area average annual time series for 24.375 - 35.625°E, 21.25 - 31.25 °N. Figure 21: Total annual precipitation for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990 from HadEX (Alexander et. al, 2006) Source: UK Met Office, 2011

4.2.2. Climate change weather scenarios

The CC World Weather Gen generates the climate change weather scenarios for 2020, 2050 and 2080 for worldwide locations to be used in building performance simulation programs. It is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report56. The Energy plus weather data used in the simulation was taken from the energy plus program, validated by U.S. Department of Energy (DoE).

TABLE 11: SCENARIO DAY (1 JULY) – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA

Dry-bulb Temperature Relative Humidity G Horizontal Radiation Wind Speed Year °C % W/m2 %

1980-2003 34 28 559 7.2

2050 37.5 15 612 2.6

2080 39.8 25 555 7

56 Climate Change World Weather File Generator for World-Wide Weather Data – CCWorldWeatherGen – avaliable at : http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/ccworldweathergen/ 80

The following figures present the scenarios Day 1 July for the city of Hurghada in the years 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080. The scenarios show that the increase will be manifested in temperature by 2050 and 2080, whereas the relative humidity, G horizontal radiation, and wind speed will witness a decrease by 2050 and 208049.

Figure 22.a represents the dry-bulb temperature for the abovementioned years. It is clear from Figure 22.a that temperature will increase by 10.3 percent from 34°C in 1980-2003 to 37.5 °C by 2050, and an increase in temperature of 17.1% by 2080.

Figure 22.b shows the RH trend for the years 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080. By 2050, the RH will decrease by 10.7%. It will be further decreased in 2080 by 4% and 14.3% from the baseline (1980-2003).

Figure 22.c represents the G horizontal radiation (W/m2) for the abovementioned years. It is clear from Figure 22.c that the G horizontal radiation will decrease from 559 W/m2 in year 1980-2003 to be 555 W/m2 by 2050; a decrease of 0.7%. However, it will decrease by 1.1% in 2080 compared to the baseline years 1980-2003.

In the wind speed scenario for the same day (1 July), Figure 22.d. shows the wind speed for 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080. By 2050, the wind speed will decrease by 2.8%. It will be further decreased in 2080 by 1.4% and 4.2% from the baseline (1980-2003).

28 39.8 37.5 25 34 24

Hurghada 1980- Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080 Hurghada 1980- Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080 2003 2003

a. Dry-bulb temperature (°C) scenarios b. Relative humidity (%) scenarios

559 7.2

7 555 6.9 553

Hurghada 1980- Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080 2003 Hurghada 1980- Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080 2003

c. G Horizontal Radiation (W/m2) scenarios d. Wind speed scenarios

Figure 22: Climate scenarios for the city of Hurghada 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080

4.2.3. Climate Change risks – Hurghada

Climate change impact in the city of Hurghada will be in different sectors. The city will be exposed to risks in sectors such as agriculture, water, tourism, urban and health. Table 12 (below) describes these climate change risks in detail.

TABLE 12: CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS BY SECTORS – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA

Climate Change Risks by Sectors Vulnerability

Agriculture and food security Global and regional studies indicate generally deficits and decline in crops’ yields Not applicable for wheat, rice and maize. National-scale studies agree with each other that crop yields in Egypt could Not applicable decline with climate change impacts. Increasing pressures on food security as a result of climate change. Low Exposure Water stress and drought Water stress could increase with climate change. Exposed Mean precipitation patterns could decrease with climate change. Exposed Groundwater could experience increased of its salinity due to sea level rise (SLR) Low Exposure or droughts. Ecosystems Coral reefs’ growth suffered from underwater activities – a decline in growth by 40% during 1987–2000. A drastic decline of ~49% and 45% between 2000 and Exposed 2013 respectively. In addition, coral reef bleaching in the in sea areas will increase 80% by 2060. Water acidification, which affect and treat mangroves in sea biodiversity, could Exposed include over 1,000 species. Tourism Heat waves will affect attractiveness and tourism movement in Egypt. Exposed Loss in beaches’ tourism due to coral reefs bleaching in the sea area Exposed Urban Increase thermal discomfort and heat strokes, particularly in urban areas due to Exposed high temperatures and pollutions. Infrastructure failure due to storms and resulted floods. Exposed Air quality in cities decreases due to climate change. Exposed Health Higher temperatures, water stress and malnutrition increase rift valley fever, avian Exposed influenza, and diarrhoea. Dust and sand storms affect patients with respiratory history and problems. Exposed Heat waves and higher temperatures increase cases of heat strokes and death in Exposed elderly citizens.

4.2.4. Adaptation Scoreboard

The adaptation scoreboard is part of the SECAP template developed by the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Commission.

The city of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea has realized a self-assessment of its adaptation status, putting a grade from A to D, in line with its progress regarding the Adaptation Cycle Steps.

This was based on meetings and interviews with Coordinator of Planning Dept, Governorate of Red Sea between July 82 and August 2017.

More specifically: • “A”, corresponds to completion level of 75 - 100%, • “B”, corresponds to completion level of 50-75%, • “C”, corresponds to completion level of 25-50%, and • “D”, corresponds to completion level of 0-25%.

The city of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea (Municipality) has developed a score based on grades ranging from A to D according to the above four grades to each one of the adaptation cycle specific steps, as presented in the following Table 13.

TABLE 13: GOVERNORATE’S (MUNICIPALITY’S) SCORE IN THE ADAPTATION CYCLE SPECIFIC STEPS (SECAP TEMPLATE AND JRC GUIDELINES) - CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA

Adaptation Cycle Steps Actions Grades (A – D)

Adaptation commitments defined/integrated into the Step 1: local climate policy A Preparing the ground for Human, technical and financial resources identified B Adaptation Adaptation team (officer) appointed within the municipal administration and clear responsibilities assigned D Horizontal (e.g. across departments) coordination mechanisms in place A Vertical (e.g. across governance levels) coordination mechanisms in place A – B Consultative and participatory mechanisms set up, fostering the multi stakeholder engagement in the adaptation process

B Continuous communication process in place A Mapping of the possible methods and data sources for carrying out a Risk and Step 2: Vulnerability Assessment conducted Assessing risks and A vulnerabilities to climate change Assessment of climate risks and vulnerabilities undertaken D Possible sectors of actions identified and prioritized C Available knowledge periodically reviewed and new finding integrated B Full portfolio of adaptation actions compiled, Steps 3 and 4: Identifying, assessing and selecting Documented, and assessed D adaptation options Possibilities of mainstreaming adaptation in existing policies and plans assessed, possible synergies and conflicts identified

B Adaptation actions developed and adopted C – B Implementation framework set with clear milestones C Step 5: Adaptation actions implemented and mainstreamed as defined in the SECAP N/A Implementing document Under development Coordinated actions between adaptation and mitigation set of measures

C Monitoring framework in place for adaptation actions C – D Step 6: Appropriate monitoring and evaluation indicators identified Monitoring and C – B evaluation Regular monitoring of the progress and reporting to the relevant decision makers A Adaptation strategy and/or Action Plan updated, revised and readjusted according to the findings of the monitoring and evaluation procedure D

However, the Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a set of actions to meet Step 1: Preparing the ground for climate adaption. For example, the Governorate established a Unit for Crises Management (GCM) to deal with any climate extreme events and any other crises in the governorate.

In this respect, an observatory station has been incorporated in one of the Governorate’s (municipal) buildings to monitor climate change.

The Governorate of the Red Sea also created a daily communication tool with the National Weather Forecast Authority (NWFA) and the Governorate’s Central Operation Room (COR) to track any changes or extreme events in the weather or climate, record and coordinate with concerned department to deal with such extreme events, whether in the Governorate of Red Sea or in the city of Hurghada.

5. Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Analysis In order to conduct a risk assessment and vulnerability analysis, as a first step, the climate hazard types should be identified. These hazard types in general for the Maghreb and Mashreq countries in particular including Egypt, are presented in Table 14 below.

TABLE14: CLIMATE HAZARD TYPES General Climate Hazard Types Applicable for Maghreb and Mashreq regions Governorate of the Red Sea, Egypt

Extreme heat √

Extreme cold

Landslides

Storms* √

Droughts √

Sea level rise** √

Floods √

Extreme precipitation

Forest fires

Ice and snow Took place in Cairo, Egypt in December 2013 after 112 years and in Alexandria in 2015 and 2016

* Took plan in the Governorate of the Red Sea, mainly in Ras Ghareb in October 2016. ** The Red Sea has very little waves and SLR is not comparable to that of Mediterranean.

The Governorate of the Red Sea (municipality) was called in to assess the impact that each climate hazard type has a series of Vulnerable/ Impacted sectors, such as:

• Population (Public Health), • Infrastructure (Transport, Energy, Water, and Social), • Built environment (Building stock and materials), • Economy (Tourist and Agriculture), and • Biodiversity (Coastal zone ecosystems, Green zones/ forests).

These sectors have been identified as the most relevant for the Maghreb/ Mashreq region, utilizing info from Future Cities Adaptation Compass Tool, Governors’ (Mayors) Adapt, as well as the European Climate Adaptation Platform website.

In order to conduct the vulnerability analysis, the Governorate (municipality) formulated and filled in the table, presented below (Table 15). This exercise is based on sources such as the Future Cities Adaptation Compass Tool and UNFCCC.

The vulnerability analysis was carried out. Thus, the next step is to elaborate a risk assessment, in line with the above. To this end, the development of Table 16 has been conducted based on interviews with the Coordinator of Governorate of the Red Sea and it was realised.

Although the probability of each risk cannot be estimated without specific climate data for each region, the impact of each risk is identified in the scale of High – Medium – Low.

This has been conducted in Table 16 based on interviews with the Director of Environment Department and Coordinator of the Governorate of Hurghada.

In case specific climate projections are available, a risk analysis combining probability and impact was realized, by formulating the Table 17 and Figure 23.

The vulnerability analysis, combining the results is presented in the following pages.

Although the probability of each risk cannot be estimated without specific climate data for each region, the impact of each risk is identified in the scale of High – Medium – Low. This has been conducted in Table 16 based on meetings and interviews with Coordinator of the Governorate of the Red Sea for the CES-MED project.

85 TABLE 15: VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS (BASED ON THE FUTURE CITIES ADAPTATION COMPASS TOOL) 1-5

Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event Extreme - Heat stress Everyone, but especially workers in In the Governorate of the Red Sea, heat - Deaths due to cardiovascular diseases outdoor environments, elderly the most affected by extreme heat - Spread of vector born and infectious diseases people, babies, children, and are labours working outdoor and - Altered allergic pattern sensitive groups of people elderly. Droughts* - Asthma and cardiovascular diseases All people living or working in the * Not applicable, as Hurghada has - Accumulation of trace elements area high relative humidity so no droughts are occurring. Sea level - Asthma and respiratory allergies All people living or working mainly in

Rise - Water-borne diseases the coastal area especially Public Health - Forced migration and mental health impacts Fishermen. Storms* - Casualties and deaths All people living or working in the * Not applicable in the city of Population area Hurghada, but at the Governorate level, few people died and were injured in the 2016 storm in Ras Ghareb. Floods - Damages and causalities All people living or working in the Injuries and deaths (Governorate - Injuries and deaths area level, Ras Ghareb) - Water-borne diseases - Asthma and respiratory allergies Extreme - Higher maintenance costs Roads, railroads*, public transport*, * No rail network and public Transport heat - Road and (Rail)* network damages people mobility transport is present in Hurghada. - Change in behaviour patterns

86 Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event - Air quality problems

Droughts - Difficult transport of bulk material Waterways, water management * Not applicable, as Hurghada has high relative humidity so no droughts are occurring. Sea level - Damages Roads, rail ways, roads*, public * No rail network and public rise - Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas transport*, people mobility transport is present in Hurghada. However, in the Governorate of the Red Sea, there is very little waves motion in the Red Sea as such. Storms - Damages Roads, railroads*, public transport*, * No rail network and public - Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas people mobility transport is present in Hurghada.

Infrastructure Floods - Damages Roads, public transport, people * No rail network and public - Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas mobility transport is present in Hurghada. However, there were some road problems in Ras Ghareb due to floods in 2016. Extreme - Altered electricity peaks/demand Conventional power plants, heat - Damages electricity providers and consumers - Cooling problems Energy - Reduction of efficiency yield from conventional power plants and distribution grid - Higher maintenance costs

87 Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event - Higher maintenance costs * Not applicable, as Hurghada has Droughts* Conventional and renewable energy - No/lower production from hydro power plants high relative humidity so no facilities (hydro**, PVs, etc) - Energy supply and demand patterns’ shift droughts are occurring. - Cooling problems ** No hydro power exists in the Governorate of the Red Sea or the city of Hurghada. - Higher maintenance cost Sea level All facilities in coastal areas (usually - Damages rise conventional plants that are nearby - Operational difficulties water resources) - Damages and losses Storms All facilities in the electricity It does not exist (no damages or production and especially the wind losses) turbines, as well as the distribution grid Infrastructure - Damages Floods All facilities in the electricity - Operational difficulties generation and distribution grid in the affected areas - Higher water demand Extreme Public health, water infrastructures In the city of Hurghada, there is a - Water quality issues heat high demand of water especially in - Higher maintenance costs summer and heat waves. Water - Water scarcity Droughts* Public health, water infrastructures * Not applicable, as Hurghada has - Water quality issues high relative humidity so no - Higher maintenance costs droughts are occurring.

88 Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event - Water management issues Sea level Public health, water infrastructures * No underground water is - Damages rise present in Hurghada as the city - Water quality issues depends on the desalination of - Higher maintenance costs the Red Sea water. - Increased salinity of underground water* - Water management issues Storms* Public health, water infrastructures * Not applicable - Water quality issues Floods - Water quality issues Public health, water infrastructures - Water management issues - Damages - Higher maintenance costs Extreme - Higher electricity demand to cover cooling Hospitals, schools, public places,

Infrastructure heat needs municipal facilities/infrastructure, - Changes in behaviour patterns, e.g. living athletic facilities outdoors - Burdening of the health care facilities due to the increased number of patients in hospitals Social Droughts* - Difficulties in meeting water demand for Hospitals, schools, public places, * Not applicable, as Hurghada has athletic facilities (e.g. swimming pools) and municipal facilities/infrastructure, high relative humidity so no green public spaces athletic facilities droughts are occurring. Sea level - Impacts on public spaces (e.g. loss of beaches) Hospitals, schools, public places, rise - Damages on coastal facilities municipal facilities, athletic facilities Storms - Damages in social facilities in afflicted areas Hospitals, schools, public places,

89 Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event - Burdening of the health care facilities due to municipal facilities, athletic facilities the increased number of patients in hospitals Floods - Flooding of social facilities in afflicted areas Hospitals, schools, public places, - Burdening of the health care facilities due to municipal facilities, athletic facilities the increased number of patients in hospitals Extreme - Concrete’s damages All buildings infrastructure heat - Increased cooling demands - Higher maintenance costs - Urban heat island effect

Droughts - Higher water demand All building infrastructure

Building Sea level - Sinkholes collapse* All buildings infrastructure, road * The Red Sea is clear with little stock and rise - Extensive damages network etc. wave action due to the presence material - Flooding at the city level of all building of coral reefs, thus these effects infrastructure are negligible. Built Environment Built Storms - Damages All buildings infrastructure - Higher maintenance costs Floods - Damages All buildings infrastructure - Higher maintenance costs Extreme - Increased demand for cooling Tourists, tourist infrastructure,

heat - Lower touristic flows during the impacted tourist related economy Tourist seasons

Economy - Higher water demand

90 Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event Droughts* - Increased pressure on water resources, Tourists, tourist infrastructure * Not applicable, as Hurghada has escalating water scarcity issues high relative humidity so no - Increased water supply costs droughts are occurring. Sea level - Damages in touristic infrastructure, which are Tourists, tourist infrastructure, * The Red Sea is clear with little rise located at coastal areas tourist related economy wave action due to the presence of coral reefs, thus these effects are negligible. Storms - Damages in touristic infrastructure and related Tourists, tourist infrastructure costs for repairs Floods - Damages in touristic infrastructure and related Tourists, tourist infrastructure costs for repairs Extreme - Changes in growth cycle Farmers, food industry, consumers heat - Damages / loss of harvest Economy - Livestock loss and impacts on health - Lower crop yields Droughts - Damages / loss of harvest Farmers, food industry, consumers * Not applicable as no agriculture Agriculture* - Lower crop yields is present in Hurghada. It is a - Livestock loss and impacts on health touristic city. - Land degradation Sea level - Damages / loss of harvest in coastal areas Farmers, food industry, consumers rise - Increased water salinity will result in existing crops’ long-term destruction

91 Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event - Loss of fertile grounds near coastal areas and especially the deltas Storms - Damages / loss of harvest in afflicted areas / Farmers, food industry, consumers loss of livestock Floods - Damages / loss of harvest in afflicted areas / Farmers, food industry, consumers loss of livestock Extreme - Increased coral bleaching Ecosystem, fish industry, consumers * Altering “flora and fauna, new heat - Migration of coastal species towards higher and invasive species" is not altitudes applicable in Hurghada. * - Reduction of vulnerable fishing stock - Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive species* Droughts* - Increase of coastal water salinity Ecosystem * Not applicable, as Hurghada

- Loss of species has high relative humidity so no Coastal zone - Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive droughts are occurring. ecosystems species*

Biodiversity Sea level - Increased coastal erosion Ecosystem, fish industry, consumers rise - Salinization of surface and ground waters - Displacement of coastal lowland and wetlands and reduction of certain fish species Storms - Pollution of natural resources Ecosystem

Floods - Loss of species Ecosystem * Altering “flora and fauna, new and invasive species" is not

92 Extreme Receptors weather Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate event - Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive applicable in Hurghada. * species* Extreme - Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora Ecosystem heat and fauna Droughts - Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora Ecosystem Green zones/ and fauna * Not applicable as no forests are Forests* Sea level - Increase of underground water salinity and Ecosystem present in Hurghada, thus there rise destruction of the ecosystem are no fire occurrences. Storms - Damages Ecosystem

93 TABLE 16: RISK ASSESSMENT (1-3)

Receptors Weather Future Risk Impact Impact Sensitivity per risk - Increased number of deaths Low Low- - Reinforcement of heat stress Medium Medium Extreme heat - Increased infectious diseases Low - Altered allergic patterns Low - Increased allergic incidents Low Low- Droughts - Decreased air quality Low Medium - More respiratory problems Medium

- Increased incidents of asthma and Low Low Public Sea level rise* pneumonia Health Significantly fewer - Increased water-borne diseases Low Population waves due to corals - Limitations to the healthcare access Low - Limitations to the healthcare access Low Low Storms - Increased numbers of injuries and Low deaths - Limitations to the healthcare access N/A N/A Floods - Increased numbers of injuries and N/A deaths - Damages on roads Low Low - Modification of transport frequency Low and means Extreme heat - Air quality problems Low - Higher maintenance costs Low Droughts - Difficult transport of bulk material Low Low Transport Sea level rise* - Damages N/A N/A Significantly fewer waves due to coral reefs - Damages Low Low Storms - Mobility problems Low

Infrastructure - Damages Low Low Floods - Mobility problems Low - Blackouts and inability to cover N/A N/A demand load Extreme heat - Damages, especially in the thermal N/A power plants Energy - Blackouts and inability to cover N/A N/A demand load Droughts - Higher maintenance costs N/A - Cooling problems in power plants N/A

- Damages Low Low Sea level rise* - Shut down of power plants near rivers, Significantly fewer etc. - Operational difficulties waves Low - Higher maintenance cost due to coral reefs Low - Damages / Failures in the production Low Low Storms facilities and distribution grid / power cuts Floods - Damages / power cuts Medium Medium

- Water scarcity* (Desalinated water) Low Low Extreme heat - Water quality issues** (bottled water)

- Water scarcity* (Desalinated water) N/A N/A Droughts - Water quality issues** (Desalinated N/A water) - Increased underground water salinity Low Low Sea level rise* - Water management issues Low - Damages Low Significantly fewer - Water quality issues Low waves due to coral - Higher maintenance costs Water reefs Low

- Increased damages and related Low Medium Storms maintenance costs Medium - Water management issues Medium - Increased damages and related Low Low maintenance costs Floods - Water management issues Low - Water quality issues Low - Increased need for air-conditioned Medium Medium Extreme heat public spaces

- Increased numbers of people Low Low presenting respiratory problems and burdening the health care facilities Droughts - Inability to cover the water demand Low - Difficulties in the operation of certain facilities due to lack of water (e.g., Low Social swimming pools) Sea level rise* - Potential damages in the coastal area Low Low facilities Significantly fewer - Loss of coastal public spaces (beaches waves due to coral Low reefs etc.) - Damages Low Low Storms - Increased maintenance costs Low Floods - Damages Low Low

95 - Increased maintenance costs Low - Flooding at the city level of the Low afflicted public building infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.) - Difficulties in providing the envisaged services - Concrete’s damages High High - Increased cooling demands High Extreme heat - Higher maintenance costs High - Urban heat island effect High - Higher water demand Droughts Medium Medium Buildings’ stock and Sea level rise* - Sinkholes collapse Low Low materials Significantly fewer - Extensive damages and loss of waves due to coral property

Built Environment Built reefs - Impact on coastal zone economy - Damages Low Low Storms - Increased maintenance costs - Damages Low Low Floods - Increased maintenance costs - Change of the tourism season – lower Medium Medium touristic flows Extreme heat - Reduction of the tourism related economy - Increased water supply costs Low Low - Potential increase of indirect costs for Droughts Low the tourists (infrastructure related) & reduction of touristic flows Tourist Sea level rise* - Damages and even complete Medium Medium Significantly fewer destruction of touristic infrastructure, waves due to coral nearby coastal areas and deltas reefs

Storms - Damages to touristic facilities Medium Medium - Damages to touristic facilities Medium Medium

Economy Floods - Potential effects on the touristic flows, in areas with flooding history - Changes in growth cycle N/A N/A - Damages / loss of harvest N/A - Livestock loss and impacts on health N/A Extreme heat - Lower crop yields - Increased fire risks Agriculture N/A N/A - Damages / loss of harvest N/A N/A - Lower crop yields Droughts N/A - Livestock loss and impacts on health N/A - Land degradation

- Increased fire risks N/A N/A Sea level rise* - Damages / loss of harvest in areas N/A N/A near delta, sea etc. Significantly fewer - Increased water salinity will result in waves due to coral N/A reefs existing crops’ long-term destruction. - Damages/ loss of harvest in afflicted N/A N/A Storms areas - Surface soil erosion N/A - Damages/ loss of harvest in afflicted N/A N/A areas Floods - Livestock loss N/A - Surface soil erosion N/A Extreme heat - Loss of specific species (fish, etc.) Medium Medium

Droughts - Increase of coastal water salinity Low Low

Coastal Sea level rise* - Loss of specific species (fish, etc.) Medium Medium zone eco- Significantly fewer - Soil erosion waves due to coral - Water salinization systems reefs Storms - Soil erosion Medium Medium

Floods - Soil erosion Medium Medium

Extreme heat - Fires and destruction of the N/A N/A ecosystem, flora and fauna

Biodiversity Droughts - Fires and destruction of the N/A N/A ecosystem, flora and fauna Green Sea level rise* - Increase of underground water Low Low zones/ Very less waves due salinity and destruction of the Forests to corals ecosystem Storms - Destruction of trees and other N/A N/A damages

Floods - Destruction of trees and other N/A N/A damages

The vulnerability analysis of the city of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, was carried out by combining the results of Table 16 and the probability of scale 1 (High), 2 (Medium), and 3 (Low) for each of the 10 receptors.

The Risk Assessment of the receptors and Risk Assessment of the city of Hurghada are presented in Table 17 and Figure 23.

97 TABLE 17: RISK ASSESSMENT OF RECEPTORS, CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA Receptors Impact Probability R1 - Public Health 1 2 R2 - Transport 1 1 R3 - Energy 1 1 R4 - Water 1 2 R5 - Social 1 1 R6 - Buildings' stock & Materia 2 2 R7 - Tourists 2 2 R8 - Agriculture 0 0 R9 - Costal zones - ecosystems 2 3 R10 - Green zones - Forests 0 0

3.5

3 R9 2.5

2 R1, R4 R6, R7

1.5 Probability Probability 1 R2, R3, R5

0.5

0 R8, R10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Impact

Figure 23: Risk assessment figure in case of climate data availability – Hurghada

6. National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures

There is a noteworthy legal framework, but nevertheless many policy plans are in implementation and many government agencies responsible for integrating CC into the national policy agenda were executed. However, the Governorate of Red Sea should develop their local policy and agenda for CCAMM. The Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies are falling under the mandate of the MoEnv and its executive arm EEAA. A climate change unit (CCU) was established in the EEAA in 1992, which has since been upgraded to the Central Department for Climate Change (CDCC).75

6.1. Climate Change Action Plan - CCAP

The Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) has been developed by the MoEnv through the Second National Communication (SNC) to UNFCCC that was established in 2000. An inventory of GHG emissions, including policies has

been created to mitigate and evaluate their economic impacts after reduction. Such policy was not implemented or released until 201575. Results of the inventory of GHG emission yield an increase of the total emissions at an average of 5.1% annually. The GHG emissions were highly influenced by four sectors that contribute significantly to total emissions. These are: a) energy, which accounted for 61% of the total in 2000, 27%, of which was transportation-related; b) agriculture by 16%; c) industrial processes by 14%; and d) waste by 9%. Despite, the reduction of GHG emissions reported above there are barriers to GHG mitigation. Such barriers can be summarised as follows: • Institutional capacity constraints, • Lack of information about GHG reduction opportunities and technology, and • Limited access to investment capital needed to execute mitigation technologies and procedures.

Nonetheless, an estimate of nearly 8.3mt CO2-e reduction due to the existing mitigation efforts, which focused on three areas: a) Fuel substitution; b) Renewable energy; and c) Energy efficiency75. In addition, a Climate Change Risk Management Programme (CCRMP) was established in 2008 as a result of a partnership between Egypt and the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDGAF). The three main objectives of CCRMP are to: • Integrate GHG mitigation into national policy and investment frameworks; • Increase climate change adaptation capacities, particularly in agriculture and water; • Raise awareness regarding the impacts of climate change75. Key achievements that came out of such joint programme are to successfully assist in and support the establishment of the following units and capacity building: • Clean Development Mechanism Awareness and Promotion Unit (CDMAPU) within EEAA, • Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) that advises the Cabinet on energy efficiency, • The MoWRI’s capabilities to forecast climate change scenarios, and • The irrigation research and climate change crop simulation activities of the Ministry of Acclamation of Land Resources (MALR).

Further to the SNC to UNFCCC, Egypt published in 2010 a National Environmental, Economic and Development Study (NEEDS) for CC to outline the financial and institutional needs for implementing prospective and on-going adaptation and mitigation measures. This study recognises that the next phases of CC planning should include a National Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) and National Low Carbon Economy Plan (NLCEP). The NEEDS report highlights the urgency for developing a GHG monitoring system that aggregates and disseminates information about GHG emissions across sectors.

6.2. Adopted Measures within the framework of the INDCs

There are national efforts, which have been realised in the adaptation and mitigation. Egypt's adaptation efforts can be outlined as per the INDCs 2015 as follows:

6.2.1. Adaptation Challenges

The vulnerability of Egypt's water resources to climate change depends on Nile flows, rainfall, and ground water.

Agricultural sector Climate change studies expect that the productivity of two major crops in Egypt - wheat and maize –will be reduced by 15% and 19%, respectively, by 2050. Losses in crop productivity are mainly attributed to frequent temperature increase, irrigation water deficit, and pests and plant disease.

In addition, 12% to 15% of the most fertile arable land in Nile Delta is negatively affected by sea level rise and salt water intrusion. In terms of livestock production, current evidence shows that temperature rise leads to harmful heat stress, which negatively impacts livestock productivity. New animal diseases have emerged in Egypt, which have strong negative impacts on livestock production. These include bluetongue disease and rift valley fever, which are both attributed to significant changes in the Egyptian climate. Climate change is expected to increase seawater temperature, shifting fish distributions northwards to live in deeper waters. In addition, increased water salinity in the coastal lakes in Egypt is expected to negatively affect fish species. Coastal zones Costal zones are expected to suffer from climate change’s direct impacts. These include sea level rise and the overflow of low-level land. Estimations indicate that sea level rise by 50 cm leads to serious impacts on low-level lands in Delta and adjacent highly populated cities such as Alexandria and Port Said. Consequently, this will result in a more significant challenge, which is the migration of people from the affected areas to other areas, thus affecting the efficiency of different services and increasing the financial cost required for their development.

As for the tourism sector, coral reefs, which constitute a major attraction in the Red Sea resorts, are highly vulnerable to climate change.

In urban areas, heat islands formed by hot air arising from the increasing energy use in buildings represent the main concern in hot arid climates. One of the most significant potential negative impacts of climate change is the harm inflicted on national heritage as a result of temperature rise, sandy winds and ground water. However, this isn’t just a national concern. Instead, it is a global challenge since this heritage is part of the human heritage. Health sector

In terms of Health, climate change increases direct and indirect negative impacts on public health in Egypt. For example, in 2015 the negative impacts are represented in higher death rates due to heat stress.

Energy sector

In the energy sector, the increase in temperature negatively affects the efficiency of conventional power plants and photovoltaic cells. Also, the rise in sea level threatens the electric power plants and networks located along the coasts. In addition, the negative impact of climate change on rainfall rates and rain distribution across different regions negatively affects power generation from hydropower plants, especially in Upper Egypt. Moreover, the increased demand in electricity consumption rates as a result of the excessive use of air conditioners due to unprecedented heat waves that hit Egypt in August 2015 for 2 weeks at 49 degrees Celsius.

6.2.2. Egypt's intended actions to promote resilience

6.2.2.1 Water Resources Several measures are currently being considered in Egypt to adapt to decreasing water resources or increasing Nile flows. These primarily include: - Maintaining water level of Lake Nasser, - Increasing water storage capacity - Improving irrigation and draining systems, - Changing cropping patterns and farm irrigation systems, - Reducing surface water evaporation by redesigning canal cross sections, - Developing new water resources through upper Nile projects, - Rain water harvesting – Desalination, and - Treated wastewater recycling - Increased use of deep groundwater reservoirs.

In addition, public awareness is being raised on the need for rationalizing water use, which has been manifested at the national level in 2015 and increasingly in 2016.

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6.2.2.2 Coastal Zones Adaptation options for coastal zones are highly site-dependent. However, changes in land use, integrated coastal zone management, and proactive planning for protecting coastal zones are necessary adaptation policies. Providing job opportunities in safe areas (in locations that are not impacted by CC) is an important priority to successfully absorb the affected population.

6.2.2.3 Agricultural Security Changing sowing dates and good management practices are among the important adaptation measures oriented to mitigate climate change. Changing cultivars to those that are more tolerant to heat, salinity and pests, and changing crop pattern are the most promising adaptation measures at the national level. Moreover, using different multi-level combinations of improved surface irrigation systems and applying deficit irrigation are successful means of increasing surface irrigation system capacity in traditional lands to overcome the negative impacts of climate change. For the livestock, improving the current low productivity of cattle and enhancing feeding programs are being considered. There is an urgent need for further studies on the impacts and adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector in order to develop an adaptation strategy that would overcome the barriers for implementing adaptation measures. These barriers include limited scientific information and strategic visions, and lack of financial support.

6.2.2.4 Additional Adaptation Policies and Measures According to the INDCs of November 2015, Egyptian authorities are currently focusing on the following additional policies and procedures: − Building institutional capacities of comprehensive collection and analysis of monitoring and observations and geographic data; − Identifying indicators and conducting an assessment of vulnerable sectors and stakeholders; − Enforcing environmental regulations; − Identifying and applying protection measures of vulnerable touristic and archaeological sites and roads against extreme natural phenomena such as floods, dust storms and extreme weather conditions; − Building capacities for using regional water circulation models; − Proactive planning and integrated coastal zone management; and − Risk reduction; and increasing awareness of stakeholders for energy and water utilisation.

6.2.3. National Adaptation Action Plan Coastal Zones:

1. Reduce climate change associated risks and disasters. 2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters. 3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to climate change and the reduction of associated risk. Water Resources and Irrigation:

1. Increase investments in modern irrigation systems. 2. Cooperate with Nile Basin countries to reduce water evaporation and increase its capacity. 3. Develop national policies to encourage citizens on water use rationalization. Agricultural Sector:

1. Build an effective institutional system to manage climate change associated crises and disasters at the national level. 2. Activate genetic diversity of plant species with maximum productivity.

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3. Achieve biological diversity of all livestock, fishery, and poultry elements to protect them and ensure food security. 4. Develop agro-economic systems and new structures to manage crops, fisheries and animal production, which are resilient to climate changes. 5. Increase the efficiency of irrigation water use, while maintaining crop productivity and protecting land from degradation. 6. Review of new and existing land use policies and agricultural expansion programs to take into account possibilities of land degradation in Delta and other affected areas resulting from Mediterranean Sea level rise. 7. Develop systems, programs and policies to protect rural community and support its adaptive capacity to the expected trend in land use change, plant and animal production, and internal migration due to climate change. Health Sector:

1. Identify potential health risks as a result of climate change. 2. Raise community awareness about CC risks and means of adaptation. 3. Increase the efficiency of the healthcare sector and improve the quality of health services in dealing with climate change. 4. Support the Ministry of Health efforts to improve the social and economic status and population characteristics. Urban Sector - Population:

1. Draw a baseline scenario for the optimal regional distribution of population and economic activities within the geographical boundaries of Egypt up to the year 2100, taking climate change into consideration. Tourism Sector:

1. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas. 2. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy. 3. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies. 4. Raise environmental awareness. 5. Cooperate with international bodies. 6. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt. 7. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas. Energy Sector:

1. Conduct comprehensive studies to assess the impact of CC on the energy sector, propose appropriate adaptation measures, and estimate the economic cost of the proposed adaptation measures. These studies should also determine the safe locations for the construction of power generation projects. 2. Build institutional and technical capacities of different units in the energy sector in climate change issues. 3. Support research and technological development to enable the electricity sector to deal properly with climate change.

7. Adaptation Actions in the City of Hurghada The governorate, having compiled the vulnerability analysis and risk assessment, needs to identify a specific set of actions that will allow it to adapt to the situation it faces. A list of adaptation actions, identified from the international literature and best practices available, are presented in the following chapter, for each one of the five sectors studied above. Of course, additional measures, depending also on the local needs and situation would be necessary. However, the actions listed below are considered to be a good starting point. For each one of the five sectors, a further distinction of the adaptation actions in four categories is realised: • Strategic actions: Actions regarding the formulation of action plans, or strategic policy planning documents that set the basis for all the actions to come in the specific sector,

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• Alert /Communication actions: These are focusing on alerting the citizens on a situation, such as an extreme climate event or hazard (high temperatures, floods, tsunamis etc.), • Educational actions: The focus in this case is on increasing the awareness raising level of the citizens of a specific threat or situation that the municipality is faced with and requires the citizens’ collaboration in one way or another, and • Technical actions: Activities that are directly addressing technically specific climate hazard. Following tables focus on a set of suggested adaptation actions on the population and public health, infrastructure, built environment, economy and biodiversity.

7.1. Public health and quality of life

Extreme weather events - particularly heat peaks and heavy rains or floods - might have significant impact on public health and potential diseases outbreak.

7.1.1. Strategic actions

Health action plan for the extreme events: This is mainly about improving monitoring systems to ensure that any disease development or strong disturbance in public health will be detected early and addressed by competent public health services in the City of Hurghada (and later on across the Governorate of the Red Sea). This plan is currently under development. To optimise reactivity in case of a problem, a collaborative approach with the regional medical services needs to be developed. This includes processes to reach the appropriate preparedness level.

Improve sheltering capacities: Improve air conditioning in public services (hospitals, city hall, etc.) using climate friendly options to offer appropriate extreme heat protection to those citizens that lack the infrastructure to protect themselves. Such sites should also be considered as potential shelters when other types of extreme weather events will affect the more vulnerable groups (storms, floods).

7.1.2. Alert / Communication / Education

This focuses on developing an early warning system to alert citizens in the case of extreme weather events or natural disasters such as heat waves, floods, etc. This system needs to be set up as early as possible connected with national monitoring centres to be able to transmit appropriate information as early as possible to the citizens of Hurghada. Aerial mapping, maps and records are already used for evaluation of such alert actions, but the system needs to be refined to reach the appropriate level of effectiveness.

Educational and awareness raising campaigns are regularly conducted to inform people about health impacts of heat waves, floods, vector borne diseases, etc., and educate residents on the ways to protect their health and prevent infection or disease outbreak.

7.1.3. Technical measures

Mitigate risk of disease outbreak is currently secured through appropriate maintenance of city cleanliness, as well as regular quality control of sewage and drainage systems. Indeed sewage, waste dumps and dormant waters are reservoirs for serious diseases. Unless the City properly manages the sewage collection and treatment system, as it currently does, health risks would remain high in the city. A mapping of hot spots for the development of communicable and vector borne diseases are under development to design the most appropriate remediation plan when any problem occurs.

Improving water quality control is also necessary as water availability is essential. First, to cover basic needs of people, particularly during the period of heat waves. Secondly, because water can be a vehicle for spreading disease if quality control is not sufficient. Systems are already in place ensuring continuous monitoring of water quality across the city. However, the mechanism in place needs a continuous improvement process to match the ambition of Hurghada being

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a world-class sustainable tourism destination. Such improvement could be implemented along the water delivery system upgrading proposed to reduce energy consumption of this sector (see Section III Chapter 5.1.3 / p35).

7.2. Infrastructure management

Current infrastructure (roads, harbour, dock sides) has not been designed in consideration of the risks generated by dangerous climate change. It is now time to implement the appropriate measures to monitor occurrences of possible problems and design appropriate remediation action.

There are no bridges in the city of Hurghada. The only new bridge in the Governorate has been built near Safaga, complying with the appropriate climate adaptation specifications.

7.2.1. Strategic actions

A Water and Waste Water management plan has been designed by the company in charge. This plan is designed to ensure proper management of water flux particularly in the case of heavy rains that could overpass absorption capacities of the current system. This plan actually considers artificial areas that speed up water run-off.

Improving infrastructure monitoring, particularly docksides, to anticipate any problems that would undermine their resistance to high seawaters and floods. Although appropriate monitoring is done on a weekly basis and report back during a dedicated “infrastructure meeting”, action plans in case of problem still needs to be improved to ensure immediate remediation process will take place.

Modelling predicted demand and supply in electricity to adapt production capacities to actual requirements. Heat waves will increase the demand as well as degrading performance of solar PV. This is then the key to developing models that will ensure a perfect match between demand and supply to avoid blackout when people particularly need electricity.

7.2.2. Alert / Communication / Education

Early warning system is up and running to alert citizens in case a part of the infrastructure has been severely damaged, and citizens should avoid using it or even worth get prepared to major disaster. When infrastructure is unavailable, diversion routes are proposed.

Educational and awareness raising campaigns are conducted regularly delivering guides and advices for citizens on how to save water and energy, especially during climate crisis. This should be more systematically embedded in the different awareness messages developed as part of the campaigns to promote energy conservation and efficiency measures.

7.2.3. Technical measures

Establish underground water reservoirs and develop a flood control system. Reservoirs are necessary to retain water in case of heavy rains. Such reservoirs should be located in strategic areas where water gets channelled. Reservoir will retain water and avoid dramatic run off that could cause adverse impact to the built environment downstream. Such reservoirs should be part of a flood control system that will monitor occurrence of heavy rain. Upgrading of the flood defence system is also underway through building new lakes water breakers.

New desalinisation plants are about to be built to complement the existing ones operating in the Governorate to secure the potable water supply in any possible situation.

The drainage system is currently subject to a major upgrading plan in Hurghada.

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Controlled flood management zones have been identified and new equipment is under development after residents were moved away from affected areas.

The Governorate of Red Sea has already started some adaption actions in Ras Ghareb, city of Hurghada and south of the Governorate, including ten storm water dams, and six artificial lakes.

Ras Ghareb: Three storm water dams have been built in the Governorate of Red Sea to protect the city from storms’ effect and floods as follows: 1- Wadi Al droub west of Ras Ghareb: Strom water dams in Wadi Hawashia: i. Hawashia I: 258 m long x 49 m wide x 4 m high, ii. Hawashia II: 370 m long x 49 m wide x 4 m high, and iii. Hawashia III: 500 m long x 49 m wide x 4 m high. 2- One artificial lake to store the rain and storm water. Hurghada: Three storm water dams and 4 lakes in the city of Hurghada are under construction: 1- Faleq Al Sahel and Faleq Al Wa’ar - west of Hurghada: a. Faleq Al SaheI: 395 m long x 76 m wide x 8.50 m high), west of Hurghada, and b. Faleq Al Wa’ar: 295 m long x 92 m wide x 9 m high. 2- Four artificial lakes to store the rain and storm water. i. Umm Dalfa lake: 1500 m long x 300 wide x 2 m deep, ii. Faleq Al Sahel 2 lake: 1500 m long x 200 m wide x 2 m deep, iii. Faleq Al Wa’ar 3 lake: 1500 m long x 150 m wide x 2 m deep, and iv. Wadi Melieka lake: 600 m long x 150 m wide x 2 m deep. Marsa Alam: Four storm water dams south of the city of Hurghada are under construction. Also, a water direction wall is under construction to protect the village from storm water and floods.

Al Shalateen: One storm water dam south of Marsa Alam and Al Qusair is under construction to protect the city from storms’ effect and floods. (Wadi Hudaeen: 170 m long x 117 m wide x 12 m high).

7.3. Land planning, building management ad biodiversity protection

7.3.1. Strategic

Modify the building codes to promote more energy efficient and heat tolerant structures. Upper Egypt has been the place where very efficient building techniques have been developed in the old times. The Nubian Vault is one these techniques only requiring mud and clay (no cement, no wood, no iron) to elaborate buildings that are particularly well adapted to hot regions. This technique has been re-activated by some architects and researchers, but also by a French NGO “Association voûte nubienne”57. More than 3,000 buildings were produced in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Ghana, Benin) offering very qualitative results at an affordable cost. The City of Hurghada could develop a set of buildings using this technique in demonstrative districts and valuing this “come back” of a building method invented in Upper Egypt 3500 years ago.

Set up incentives for innovative climate friendly buildings. This could be done, for example, through the provision of reductions on the municipal taxes for those proceeding in adoption of adaptation measures in their houses.

Develop an integrated land use planning with zoning system depending on the different areas exposed to risk, dedicated to protection infrastructures or areas, and/or to innovative building methods. This land planning should take into account the most important element of pressure that combines in the City of Hurghada: growing urbanisation and

57 www.lavoutenubienne.org/en

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tourism on the seashore. The Governorate is currently designing such a land use planning. It would be necessary to include as early as possible consideration on climate mitigation and adaptation in this exercise as well as objective to better preserve biodiversity along the shore and in city’s surrounding desert environment.

7.3.2. Education & awareness raising

Actions are regularly conducted to raise awareness among all stakeholders living and/or using the City of Hurghada territory, to highlight how fragile this environment is, flagging the interdependencies between the different components that nourish the City’s economy: tourism, building and services. Specific actions should be developed to educate tourists on ways to conserve natural resources, preserve water and save energy, especially as they are the one enjoying this fragile environment.

7.3.3. Technical measures

Develop greening infrastructure such as buildings’ roofs and walls covered with greenery to increase the amount of shade and refresh the environment. The very presence of trees and plants generates a cooling effect on the immediate environment.

A pilot project on a Governorate’s building roof is underway to study economics and generalising on all public buildings.

Likewise, developing green areas in the city by planting trees and set fountains will help reduce the heat island effect. Trees and green areas were already established in the city’s streets to increase shades and more projects are underway.

Build exemplary districts with climate friendly and climate adapted urban forms and buildings. The combination of innovative techniques (including the Nubian Vault mentioned above), adequate district design and greenery development could result in much appreciated urban environment. Other techniques such as white roofs, natural shading and bioclimatic design could be integrated in these exemplary districts.

Protect the biodiversity. This programme should include tree planting (using native species) along the shore and the Wady to improve biodiversity protection. The programme should also develop action to preserve the very specific biodiversity of the desert surrounding the City of Hurghada.

Beach nourishment or replenishment is the artificial placement of sand, gravel and small pebbles, on an eroded shore to maintain the amount of sand present in the foundation of the coast. This allows to compensate for natural erosion and to protect the area against storm surge. Beach nourishment also often aims at maintaining beaches (beach width for tourism and recreational purposes).

In Hurghada, costal area and beaches benefit protection actions against erosion and maintenance. Note also that the law prohibits touching the coral reefs and/or using it as building material. Costal zones management law has been enacted in new development of beaches.

7.4. Adopted adaptation actions per sector– City of Hurghada

Tables 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 focuses on a set of suggested adaptation actions on the population and public health, infrastructure, built environment, economy, biodiversity in City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea.

TABLE 18: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR POPULATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA Actions’ Adaptation Actions Actions 2017 characteristics Governorate of the Red Sea, city of Hurghada Health action plan for the extreme events that the municipality is Not developed Strategic facing, e.g., heat, etc., (Heat health action plan). Provide access to air conditioning in public buildings during heat waves Public buildings to shelter

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or other extreme events, for those citizens that lack the infrastructure affected citizens in the case of to protect themselves (people living in underground apartments during storms, but not in the case of floods, or lacking AC during extreme temperatures etc.). heat waves Collaboration with the regional medical services to increase Collaboration exists preparedness level. Developing an early warning system to alert citizens in the case of Aerial mapping, maps and Alert / extreme weather events or natural disasters such as heat waves, floods, records are used for evaluation of Communication tsunami, etc. such alert actions Educational and awareness raising campaigns about health-related Education, awareness raising, Educational effects of heat waves, floods, vector-borne diseases, etc., and educate campaigns are continuously residents on the ways to protect their health, prevent infection/impact. conducted Regular cleaning and maintenance of the sewage and drainage system Done regularly Identification of potential hot spots for the development of vector Done during observation and Technical borne diseases monitoring Frequent monitoring of water and air quality Instant monitoring

TABLE 19: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA Actions’ Adaptation Actions Actions 2017 characteristic Governorate of the Red Sea, city of Hurghada Strategic Water and Waste Water Management plan (WWWM) There is a plan in the WWWM company New specifications for bridges, according to maximum expected flow There are no bridges in the city of during floods or sea level rise and highest temperatures Hurghada. The only new bridge near Safaga is a new one according to specifications. Modelling predicted supply changes in the electricity from the locally Not yet done available RES sources that serve the community, as a result of the climate change Frequent monitoring of the infrastructure in order to spot and quickly Monitoring is done on a weekly repair any damages basis during infrastructure meeting Alert / Issuing alerts in case a part of the infrastructure has been severely Alerts have been issued / Communication damaged and citizens should avoid it diversions were made Educational Developing guides and awareness raising campaigns for citizens on Done and conducted how to save water and energy, especially during crisis continuously Technical Integration of sustainable drainage systems Under execution Establishment of underground water reservoirs Not existing Building desalination plants based on the best available technologies Desalination plants (DPs) were built and new DPs are under construction New or upgrade of (coastal) flood defence systems near affected Upgrading of FDS is underway facilities. Potential re-engineering to increase the height of quaysides. through building new lakes water breakers Development of controlled flood management zones near afflicted Development is underway after facilities residents were moved away from affected facilities.

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TABLE 20: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA Actions’ Adaptation Actions Actions 2017 characteristic Governorate of the Red Sea, city of Hurghada Modification of building codes to allow more energy efficient and heat Not done tolerant structures Modification of building codes against seismic activity According to national laws

Strategic Provision of reductions on the municipal taxes for those proceeding in Not exist adoption of adaptation measures in their houses Integrated land use planning with zoning system depending on the Not done different areas (e.g. red for areas to be heavily afflicted by floods or sea level rise) Alert / Not applicable N/A Communication Educational Educational campaigns on informing the citizens on the benefits of Training and educating staff and adopting the suggested actions in their premises labours on these actions was done. Awareness is done for citizens Greening infrastructure such as buildings’ roofs and walls A pilot project on a Governorate’s building roof is underway to study economics and generalising on all public buildings. Increasing the amount of shade and green areas in the city by planting Trees and green areas were put trees to reduce the heat island effect in the city’s streets to increase shades and more projects are Technical underway. Building exemplary districts with adapted urban forms and buildings Not done White roofs (cool colours), shading and bioclimatic design Not done Rainwater collection and use Not done Adoption of methods to reduce water demand Grey water is used for irrigation Using water resistant construction materials Using materials resistant to salts (Humid climate)

TABLE 21: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR ECONOMY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA Actions’ Adaptation Actions Actions 2017 characteristic Governorate of the Red Sea, city of Hurghada Strategic Elaboration of drought, water and ground water management Doesn’t exist plan Adoption of integrated land use planning for the touristic A proposal has been activities developed by Governorate Educational Educating tourist personnel on ways to conserve natural Tourist personnel in Tourism resources, especially during extreme weather events sector were trained.

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Technical Utilization of drip irrigation practices It has been adopted in the new green areas in the city of Hurghada using grey water for irrigation Adoption of energy efficient and water conservation programs Systems and programme exist at resorts in hotels and resorts Reducing cooling needs in resorts by installing automations and Power saver system is setting thermostats at given temperatures installed in all resorts and hotels’ rooms Promotion of RES (SWH, PVs) in resorts There are few SHW systems in some hotels and resorts

TABLE 22: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA Actions’ Adaptation Actions Actions 2017 characteristic Governorate of the Red Sea, city of Hurghada Establishment of a fire management plan There is a Plan in place Strategic Elaboration of an integrated coastal management plan Under development Early warning system for flooding or fire hazards Done through observatory, Alert / mapping floods and hazards Communication zones & climate reporting Educational Educating the citizens Not done

Trees planting Done in the city of Hurghada and more tress are underway to green the city

Establishment of controlled flooding zones Not done Beach nourishment or replenishment. - Costal area and beaches It is the artificial placement of sand on an eroded shore to maintain received Technical the amount of sand present in the foundation of the coast, and this a protection action against way to compensate for natural erosion and to a greater or lesser erosion and maintenance, extent protect the area against storm surge (nourishment may also - There is a law prohibits use gravel and small pebbles, in particular for the shores’ face). touching the coral reefs, Beach nourishment also often aims at maintaining beaches (beach - Costal zones management law width for tourism and recreational purposes) has been enacted in new development of beaches.

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Section V: Project Fiches

1. City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea – Priority Action # 1 for SECAP

1. General presentation

Title: URBAN SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY MASTER PLAN # 1

Summary of the Action Location: City of Hurghada, Current Status – Transport in the City of Hurghada (Governorate of the Red Sea) Governorate of the Red Sea

Transport in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea is one of the key Start date: December 2017 concerns to be addressed, as this sector is both a significant domain of energy consumption (39% with 1303 GWh/year, of which 1,773 MWh/year are from Project lifetime: 5 years Municipal fleet) and the first GHG emitter (33% with 639,649 tons CO2 End: December 2022 equivalent/year, of which 607 tCO2 equivalent/year (0.09%) are from Municipal fleet. Also, the GHG emission from tourists’ transport amounts to 115,531 tonsCO2eq/year Estimated cost € (1,302,887 MWh/year), making the total GHG emissions 755,180 tons CO2eq/year. In addition, to 35,972 private vehicles and 10,405 motorcycles on the roads. 240 k€ initial investment Citizen Mobility and transports’ services are ensured by commercial transport (Taxi – 50K€ Common charter for 3905 & Public Buses – 117, with total 4022). Also, there are 27 Taxis with Counter and transport services. 56 Microbus between Governorates, and 1129 Microbus (service) – these are at the Governorate level; a mix of private vehicles shared taxis are ensuring transport within 170 K€ Urban sustainability the city of Hurghada and its boundaries and with neighbouring cities, nearby mobility master plan design. Governorates. Moreover, there are 66 small trucks for transporting goods in the city. 20 K€ for training. By including the tourists’ transport there are 3,391 vehicles for moving tourists, 4.1 m€ key components including: a) 590 Hotel buses; b) 749 Sedan cars; c) 267 microbuses; and d) 1785 buses. 100 K€ Incentives for new All the above means of non-clean transport are using fossil fuels that negatively engines. impact the city’s air quality, resorts and hotels nearby or in the heart of the urban part 2 m€ Investment on active of the city. Such problem is not limited to roads, but also extended to water transport’ mobility (cycling & walking) means, especially tourists’ small boats that run by fossil fuel in the Red Sea, which are 2 m€ Urban planning for traffic causing water and air pollutions to beaches near by the shores. optimization. The Governorate has no public transport, but depends mainly on private network and horses’ carriages for moving tourists around heritage sites. The Governorate of the Red Sea, particularly the city of Hurghada (Municipality) now wants to move forward to holistically solve these challenges by designing a “Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan – SCGUMMP” integrating urban planning, infrastructure management, technical innovation and behavioural change to promote a green and resilient city.

General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

The “Sustainable Urban Mobility Master Plan” will be Hurghada’ strategic roadmap to • New improve mobility, while reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions from the • Planned highest emitting sector - Transport. • Following previous action. The aim of this master plan is to switch to green transport and mobility, including

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tourists’ transports that currently use fossil fuel. This plan will lower GHG emitting from transport sector, reduce air and water pollution near the coastal zones, and hotels and resorts in the city, as well as improve the quality of life in the City of Hurghada. This action supports the Governorate to attain the SDS 2030 and contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives under energy and environment sectors.

National Strategy, Policies, Laws and Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

Egypt’s Vision 2030,

- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and

- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030. Specific Strategy and Policy Strategy

- Transport Strategy and Action Plan, - Freight Transport (MFT) strategy MoTr and JICA, - Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),

- National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management – NSICM, MoEnv, - EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007), - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014),

- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011), and - EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007). Policies - National Sustainable Transport Policy, - Transport Policy and Planning, and - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015). Climate Change Policies - Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015), - Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014), - Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999). Legislations, Laws and Decrees Laws

- New Investment Laws (2017),

- Climate Change Legislations (2015), - Clean Development Mechanism – CDM (2010),

- Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM (1994),

- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and - Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010).

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Decrees

- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990), - Public Authority for Rivers’ Transportation (1979), - Regulating Private Sector’s Participation in Infrastructure Projects – Services and Public Utilities (2010), - Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990), and - Public Authority for Rivers’ Transportation (1979). Plans and Programmes Programmes

- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015),

- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009), - Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),

- National Environmental, Economic and Development Study – NEEDS (2010), and

- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007–2012). Plans

- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS,

- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP, Plan and programmes - Climate Change

- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015), - Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM, - Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP, - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, - National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013). Initiatives - Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016), - Environment - Air and Water Quality, JICA and MoEnv (2006 – 2016), and - Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014).

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department, • City Council represented by the Governor Governorate of Red Sea • General Organisation of Physical Planning (GOPP) • Ministry of Local Development • Ministry of Interior – Traffic Department, Red Sea • Ministry of Environment

Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy

The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is centred and developed that the city should be a carbon neutral city. This would be through a clean and green Transport and smart and efficient mobility network. The Governorate is also intending to support the plan to green in the transport and upgrade the mobility network to include a public efficient transport system to reduce the use of fossil fuel in the City of Hurghada

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in particular and in the Governorate in general. In decarbonisation efforts based on clean energy, the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea plans to shift from non-clean transport to green transport. Also, the Governorate is planning to the raise awareness of all citizens on the important of using clean transport and public network to reduce GHG emission and improve air quality in the city, as well as to support the transfer to the city to be a world-class sustainable touristic destination.

The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, indicates among 10 receptors including tourists is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact.

Therefore, the planned action on greening mobility is complementing the vision and strategy of the Governorate of the Red Sea and supporting its implementation.

Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Hurghada develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, Energy Strategy 2035 and National SDS 2030.

This strategy is structured around two folds: - Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts, and - Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy needs from these decarbonised sources.

The Priority Action #1 – Sustainable Urban Mobility Master Plan is in line with the City of Hurghada vision and strategy.

Process

• Preliminary Mobility Master Plan (MMP) submission and approval, • GOPP consider, review, and approve the SCGUMMP to study the impact on land use and density and taxation, • Expert meeting (Local Municipality Environment, Transport, Traffic Department), • Final Master Olan detailed for Approval • City of Hurghada Council approval and final Governor’s approval.

2. Technical description

Link to Governorate development plan

Mobility is key point of concern for Governorate of Red Sea. The City of Hurghada urban area urgently needs a strategic and comprehensive approach to improve mobility in the city and change the current system to more sustainable one, cleaner and greener. The city is a line of urbanization along the shore of Red Sea. This represents a strong geographical constraint for mobility services.

With the large number of tourists and visitors as well tourist buses and diving boats, it is vital to develop a comprehensive planning of green mobility services and infrastructures to ensure Hurghada will preserve its future development while improving quality of life in a sustainable urban area, yet meeting Egypt’s vision and SDS 2030.

This priority action #1 on greening transport and mobility would also support the National Adaptation Actions. It also supports the Governorate strategy attaining the set policies in the National Climate Change Communication Report, mainly the policies targeting development that is more sustainable based on four pillars: • More efficient use of energy, especially by end users.

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• Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources. • Use of advanced locally-appropriate and more-efficient fossil fuel technologies, which is less-emitting. • Energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and economic growth.

Implementation plan

Component 1: The City of Hurghada first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of mobility needs across the city and issues to be solved: • Traffic movements and intensity in different parts of the city, • Mobility habits of residents, • Needs for goods transport management, • Main issues to be solved (traffic jam, air pollution, GHG emissions), and • Specific assessment of tourists’ transport needs and evolution of fluvial circulation management and transport needs. This scoping study will gather all information and data required to design the most appropriate master plan.

Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the study will draw strategic priorities with a double objective in mind – improve mobility services for people, goods, and tourists while reducing the environmental foot print of the transport sector and its interaction within the city urban area and shores. This could include: • Designing a new organisation of transport services integrating transport needs and city planning policies, while prioritizing collective / public transportation instead of private / individual vehicles and active modes of mobility for people (walking and biking) in particular by providing safer conditions for the users, • Structuring the urban transport sector by empowering a public transport authority to take action for the improvement of transport in and around the city. In the case of the City of Hurghada, this would mean a closer collaboration between the Governorate, GOPP and Traffic Department, • Review traffic management rules and circulation routes to improve the flow of traffic, • Explore innovative solution that would significantly change the mobility paradigm in Hurghada (tramway, RTB, electrical buses in reserved lane, etc.), • Developing incentives as well as regulation measures adding constraints on the use of private motor vehicles and making other modes a more attractive choice, • Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits deriving from the development of sustainable urban and water transport and access to the shores of Hurghada.

Component 3: will articulate the different options in comprehensive scenarios taking into account all components of the evolution of mobility services (efficiency, comfort, energy consumption and GHG) and will assess the environmental impacts of the different proposed scenarios.

Component 4: will assess costs of the preferred scenario to help the Municipality Council making the appropriate choice with the best return on investment.

Component 5: Institution capacity building is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of the master plan. This would involve cost estimate, feasibility studies, funding schemes.

Component 6: Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of transport to public sharing modality and to assist in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city (bicycles, small fishing and diving boat, cruises and boats to run by gas not fossil fuel and clean transport.

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3. Organization and procedures

Formal approval Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action

City council represented by the Governor of Red Sea needs to The following services will contribute: decide for the implementation of such an investigation in • Governorate of the Red Sea, coordination with GOPP investigation. • City of Hurghada, This would include the following entities: • City Council – Hurghada represented by the • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation Governor, and • GOPP. • Governor of the Red Sea • City Council represented by the Governor • Traffic Department – City of Hurghada • Ministry of Local Development

Staff training needs Role of Partners

Governorate (Municipality) and Traffic Department staff, - Stakeholders (taxi drivers, transport companies, related to the issue of Sustainable Mobility, need to receive traffic department, Tourist department, Hotels coaching and training on two subjects: and resorts. private users, all big institutions generating a lot of transport needs – schools, • Strategic management of mobility issues, and hospitals, etc.) should be invited to specific • Technical and organisational solutions to be promoted, workshop to design the strategic road map to A Special Strategic Unit to be developed and structured to improve urban mobility, make this design oversee the training of staff and all concerned as well as the process as inclusive as possible. implementation of the plan at the governorate. - Training also needs to transfer the message of clean and green transport.

4. Summary of related Awareness Raising actions

A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable mobility plan to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city including bike lanes and dedicated pedestrian walkways for each and every individual and for the general benefit of the City of Hurghada. The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could encompass several actions: - The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters, - The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:

. Information on national energy policies and local implications, . The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, and . The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP. Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Convention of Mayors (CoM).

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5. Assumptions and risks

Mobility is a very complex issue and the potential impact (good or bad) of the different scenarios is very difficult to assess, which may lead to options hard to distinguish on their merits. Beyond promoting new sustainable services and/or new green infrastructures, reducing mobility needs and mobility demand is very dependent on public mobilization on the issue. Public mobilization is also highly dependent on a combination of different factors: . Costs of current transports (gasoline and diesel) have not been expensive; it is hard to convince car drivers to switch to other options that might be less costly but also appeared to be less practical, . People will change behaviour adopting for example collective transport when these solutions would prove to be reliable and efficient. Hence any innovation would need to be supported by public authorities for a while, before people understand the many benefits of this solution, and . This is why long-term planning of both solution and investments are required (guided by the master plan).

6. Key success factors

• The huge nuisances generated by poorly organized mobility services mean that people are willing to act, a soon as they see potential green and public solutions that answer their personal needs while taking into account the collective commitment the Governorate implement, • Public participation can help designing ambitious solution, • Determination of the Governor of Red Sea (with the support of Ministry of Interior, GOPP and Traffic Dept.) to seriously act on the issue is obviously an important element to consider. Hence, the approval from the Governor and his backing towards political and local authorities is absolutely essential, and • Availability of funds to prepare the plans and to implement the proposed actions.

7. Cost estimates

Common charter for transport service improvement in the City 50,000 €

Design of the Mobility Master plan (SCGUMMP) (see detail in SECAP) 170,000 €

Incentives to new engines 100,000 €

Training for Governorate staff 20,000 €

Active mobility development 2,000,000 €

2,000,000 € Traffic optimisation through urban planning

8. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed

Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs

International Financial Institutions58: EU Funds & Programs and other external funds - The World Bank (WB), - United Nations Development Program (UNDP),

58 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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- European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB), - European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), - OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB), - African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED), - Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD) - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED), - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower Expected annual cost savings to City budget

9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target year)

Assumptions: - The Common charter for transport service improvement in the City will - 130,290 MWh/y improve management and awareness among transport operators, leading to a 10% reduction in energy consumption from 2020 onwards (without significant investment). - Providing the Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan implementation would have started in 2020 the latest and would demonstrate a 50% progress in implementation in 2030 the expected impact of such a plan should generate a reduction of 30% by 2030. This would include: - New engine technologies will allow securing a 10% reduction - Active mobility development (cycling and walking) allow 5% reduction - 130,290 MWh/y - Urban planning allow traffic optimization cutting consumption by 10 % - 65,145 MWh/y - Public transport system and RTB service to the airport result in another 5% - 130,290 MWh/y reduction - 65,145 MWh/y Total reduction 521,160 MWh/y

Renewable energy production MWh/y Not relevant

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CO2 reduction t CO2/a -140,891

- Reference Year 2015

- Target Year 2030

- Percentage of net reduction on the territory (compare to 2015 emissions) - 11 %

- Reduction as related to BAU scenario - 31 %

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2. City of Hurghada (Governorate of the Red Sea) – Priority Action #2 for SECAP

1. General presentation

Title: SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN BOATS – TOURISM AND WATER # 2 TRANSPORT

Summary of the Action Location: Current Status – Tourism and Water Transport in the City of Hurghada City of Hurghada, Governorate (Governorate of the Red Sea) of the Red Sea

The tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, is one Start date: of the foremost sectors that urgently need to be addressed as it holds the first December 2017 highest sector, after transport, in energy consumption 1,626 GWh/year (43%) and first in GHG emissions with 606 k teCO2/year (44%). Project lifetime: 5 years There are 451 diving boats and 2226 leisure yachts. Visitors are using 189 diving centres, 162 tourist companies as well as 96 aqua centres. End: December 2022 The initial approach would be to raise awareness among diving centres and diving boats or yacht operators to promote responsible tourism practices: optimisation Estimated cost € of boats occupancy, energy conservation, water and waste management, careful and responsible approach of coral reef and marine environment. Awareness campaign already mentioned in priority action #3 The plan will be then to convert boats’ engines to run on natural gas instead of hotels and resorts. fuel and diesel and to cover on board energy needs from solar PV on board. 5,000,000 € revolving fund for These activities will be part of the comprehensive tourism strategic plan: boats’ engine conversion. “Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan” (SGTP) developed by the City of Hurghada to support the Governorate meeting the SDS 2030 and helping to achieve SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, particularly Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives (energy and environment sectors).

General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

The aim is to switch tourist’s boats that currently use fossil fuel to operate with • New natural gas and solar energy (for on board needs). This option will lower GHG • Planned emissions, reduce air and water pollution near the city and resorts, and enhance • Following previous action. quality of life in the City of Hurghada. This project will be a major contribution to promote for green tourism, while supporting the Governorate in its attempt to meet the SDS 2030 and contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

National Strategy, Policies, Laws, Plans and Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

Egypt’s Vision 2030,

- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and

- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.

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Specific Strategy and Policy Strategy

- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013), - Transport Strategy and Action Plan, - Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),

- National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management – NSICM, MoEnv, - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014),

- New Investment Laws (2017),

- Climate Change Legislations (2015),

- Clean Development Mechanism – CDM (2010),

- Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM (1994),

- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and - Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010). Decrees

- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990). Plans and Programmes

- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS, - Green Industrial Development (2015), - National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),

- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP, - Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),

- National Environmental, Economic and Development Study – NEEDS (2010), and

- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).

Plan and programmes - Climate Change

- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015), - Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM, - Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,

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- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, - National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013). Initiatives - Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016), - Environment - Air and Water Quality, JICA and MoEnv (2006 – 2016), - Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014), - Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative – RESTI, - Green Star Hotel – MoTrm, - Eco-label Initiative (voluntary) hotels’ Green Stars Award – MoTrm, - Private Sector Tourism Infrastructure and Environmental Management – WB (2003), and - Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association – HEPCA, GoRS (1992).

Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy

The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city with the ultimate goal of achieving the transition towards a carbon neutral city. As the vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada indicates among 10 sectors that tourists - Tourism is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact of dangerous climate chance. Therefore, action #2 is essential to promote a model of green tourism, particularly focusing on diving activities and marine life discovery.

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department, • City Council represented by the Governor of the Red Sea Governorate of the Red Sea • Hotels owners and Management in City of Hurghada • Ministry of Petroleum (MoPMRs) - Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS)

- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea • Ministry of Transport - Maritime Inspection Authority (MIA) • Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)

2. Process

Technical Process

LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) is a generic name for a mixture of hydrocarbons - mainly propane and butane retrieved from an oil refinery. When this mixture is lightly compressed and cooled it changes from a gaseous state to a liquid. This is an advantage for the utilisation of LPG because the liquid fuel, having an acceptably similar volumetric energy density to diesel can be comfortably stored at ambient temperature in conventional pressure vessels.

Natural gas, mainly composed of methane, can be stored as liquid (LNG) or in compressed form (CNG), although such

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storage and associated refuelling facilities are not yet widely available. The cost of converting low-pressure natural gas to CNG and LNG is significant, particularly LNG. However, technology is taking off in many parts of the world for cars, trucks buses and boats.

The estimated average cost of transferring each boat/yacht in Egypt is about 3,815 € for CNG adaptation or 5,085 €, including the ability to keep double option (CNG or Diesel).

Kindly note the below calculation is made roughly on the average of 5,085 € per boat.

Hence, investment could be proposed in three phases: • Phase 1: 150 diving boats + 700 yachts = 850 x 5085 € = 4,322,250 €. • Phase 2: 150 diving boats + 700 yachts = 850 x 5085 € = 4,322,250 € • Phase 3: 150 diving boats + 700 yachts = 850 x 5085 € = 4,322,250 €

This means that after phase 3 100% of diving boats and yachts will have been converted. Considering that the return on investment will be attractive enough for boats’ owners it is recommended to set up a revolving fund of 4.5 m€ supporting investment, asking boats’ owners to pay back the investment after 2 to 3 years in order to replenish the fund an allow for more investment to be supported. With such a mechanism all boats could be converted before 2030. The municipality of Hurghada could set up a dedicated unit to manage the revolving fund. The initial investment could be 5 million Euro of which 100K€ will be set aside per year to cover management costs and administration of the revolving fund.

The planned action is set through the following assessments and development: • Develop a thorough assessment of the situation of tourists diving and fishing boats: - Assess the condition, engine size and capacity of the 451 diving boats and 2,226 yachts. - Explore the best technical options and the more efficient ones to inform decision. - Investigate the adequate dimension of the fuelling station to be installed in the harbour (the assumption is that as the market for CNG will be secured by the switching program the Egyptian gas company will cover the investment and secure its access to this new market.

• Establish a plan for all stakeholders’ involvement in the program and • Develop a study to install PV panel onto small tourist boats for lighting and supply the basic need in electricity from solar energy instead of diesel.

The implementing plan, to transfer at least 400 touristic and diving boats as well as 2000 yachts to operate with natural gas and solar PV in the next five years. Administrative and coordination process • Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets, • City Council represented by the Governor approval, • Hotel owners and management in Hurghada – approvals, • Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) – study and approve the quantity of the natural gas needed for these boasts switch, including:

- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS) – study and approvals,

- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea (approval for NG supply). • Ministry of Transport, - Maritime Inspection Authority (MIA) – inspections and approval for safety.

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• Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) – renew license as part of the hotel license renewal, • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the environmental impact and benefits, and • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.

Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals • Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality), • Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by Law 9/2009, • EEAA approval and process: a Preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social Impacts (SESIs), • Safety and Operation permit by Maritime Inspection Authority – Ministry of Transport, and Ministry of Petroleum permits to supply natural gas.

3. Technical description

Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan

The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, greenhouse gas emissions from tourism and leisure activities are vital for the Governorate of Red Sea strategy of the climate change adaptation. The tourism sector is one the five main sectors that will be affected by climate change risks. The tourist activities such as diving, fishing and sport boats that are running by non- clean energy (diesel) are adding to such risks. The costal zones of the City of Hurghada that experiencing heavy tourist activities including water sport and leisure are in need of a strategic and comprehensive approach to improve the sustainability of tourism activities.

With the large number of tourists and visitors using tourist boats diving boats, it is vital to develop a comprehensive greening of these boats and mobility services in the Red Sea to ensure that the water and air near costal zones in the City of Hurghada will be preserved for the long-lasting stability of tourism and quality of life.

This program will improve the Governorate sustainable energy prospectus, yet contribute to achieving meeting Egypt’s vision and Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. In this respect, the Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy:

Hence, this planned action #2 on greening the tourist boats would also support the National Adaptation Action, especially in the following costal zones and tourism sectors:

Costal Zones sector: 4. Reduce climate change (CC) associated risks and disasters. 5. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters.

59 Nihal El-Megharbel, Presentation on Egypt's vision 2030 and planning reforms, First Assistant to the Minister of Planning, Monitoring and Administrative Reform, October 2015.

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6. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to CC and reduction of associated risk. Tourism sector: 1. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas. 2. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy. 3. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies. 4. Raise environmental awareness. 5. Cooperate with international bodies. 6. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt. 7. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas.

Implementation plan

Component 1: The Governorate first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of water-mobility across the city and issues to be solved. Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the plan will draw strategic priorities with a double objective in mind – improve boats sustainable operation and reducing their environmental footprint: • Establish a coordination unit/organisation of tourist boats and water mobility needs and policies, while prioritizing collective action to change mind set of boats owners such as hotels and diving companies to promote sustainable practices, • Review the current status of tourist boats, diving boats and yachts as well as operation rules to switch to natural gas and improve efficiency, • Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly change the tourist and diving boats, • Engage boats’ engines conversion phases and demonstrate the benefit both on short term (business profitability) and the long term (environment protection), • Developing incentives as well as regulations’ measures adding constraints on the use of private motor boats run by diesel and making it a more attractive choice to use natural gas instead, and • Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits deriving from the development of sustainable boat operations by natural gas. Component 3 The plan will articulate the different options in comprehensive scenarios taking into account all boats operating starting by the boats owned by hotels for “better tourists and diving mobility services” (efficiency, comfort, energy consumption and GHG emissions) and will assess the environmental impacts of the different proposed scenarios once these boats are converted to run by natural gas instead of fossil fuel mainly diesel. This includes the below options:

- The CNG system would consist of a fuel tank, pressure regulator, high and low-pressure fuel lines, etc. A modified engine electronic control unit, sensors and special injectors are also required. Retrofit systems are now available locally in Egypt with an average cost of 5,085€. - The CNG doesn’t go bad in storage, and emissions are relatively clean, reducing air and water pollution by 70 percent. Evaporative emissions and fuel spills are nil. The only constraint is the equipment of reservoirs that will suits diving boats requirements. What works with long distance trucks in Europe should easily be adapted 60 to diving boats. At present time, the cost of CNG ranged from € 1.26 - € 2.30 per GGE.

60 http://www.sportfishingmag.com/alternative-fuels-for-boats-fishing-power-future#page-5

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Component 4 It will assess costs of the preferred scenario to help the Governorate (Municipality) making the appropriate choice with the best return on investment of converting these tourists and diving boats. The priority action #2 Sustainable and green tourist and diving boats, will bring many benefits:

- 70% less fuel cost than gasoline, - Zero carbon deposits in the engine, - Fast pay-back on the BGM natural gas fuel system, - Reduce air and water pollution by 70%, - Eliminate all engine smoke and exhaust odour, and - Eliminate risks of pollution from diesel or fuel spill. Component 5: Institution capacity building is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of the boats conversion plan to NG. This would involve cost estimate, feasibility studies, funding schemes Component 6: Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of using non-clean fuel for tourist and diving boats to assist in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city, cruises and boats to run by gas not fossil fuel and clean water mobility.

Deliverables should be as follows: • Integrated Sustainable mobility of Tourist small boats, yachts, and diving boats for a period of 5 years to improve the City of Hurghada green stance and attain to Egypt’s vision, SDS 2030 and SDG 7, 9, 11, 12, 14 and 17 and as well as the Governorate’s Climate Action Adaptation, • Implemented plan, including priorities to be addressed on the short and medium terms to transfer 400 touristic and diving boats as well as 2000 yachts to operate with natural gas, in three phases: - 150 diving boats and 700 yachts converted to run by Natural gas by end of 2019 - 150 diving boats and 700 yachts converted to run by Natural gas by end of 2020 - Revolving fund progressive replenishment and conversion of 100% of the fleet before 2022. • Environmental protection and adaption measures to reduce adverse impacts (locally and globally).

4. Organization and procedures

Formal approval Staff allocated to implement and monitor action #2

The conversion of tourist boats and diving boats would • Governorate of the Red Sea and City of require the following entities for issuing permits, approvals Hurghada, and follow up process: • City Council represented by the Governor, - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation • MoPMRs (EGAS and City Gas Company), (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding for IFCs, • MoTr (MIA), - Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), • MoTrm and MoEnv (EEAA). - Ministry of Petroleum represented by EGAS and City Gas company in the city of Hurghada,

- Ministry of Transport (MoTr) represented by the Maritime Inspection Authority (MIA), - Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm)for renewing the hotel facilities and services, including converted tourist and diving boats, - Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to assess and conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) for the impact of converting the boats in accordance of the Law

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No. 4/1994 and its amendments, the Law on Protection of the Environment, - The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) – MoEnv to conduct the screening of ESIAs, - Operation permit by MoTr – MIA for operation, - EGAS and City GAS approvals to supply of natural gas, - City Council represented by the Governor, - Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval.

C. Staff training needs d. Role of Partners

Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of Stakeholders: Sustainable Energy and Green Tourism will be assigned to - All stakeholders should be invited to specific receive coaching and training on three subjects: workshop to design the strategic road map to start transferring boats and speed boats from • Strategic Management of Sustainable Energy issues, Fossil fuels to Natural gas. This could include • Organisational solutions and technical questions boats; owners and hotel managers. related converting tourist boats by natural gas - Training is also needed to transfer the message development, of clean and green tourism to all parties • Project management. involved, - The Governorate and City of Hurghada to

coordinate the procedures approval with A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed different related authorities in close contact with and established to oversee the training of staff and all the Governorate such as: Ministry of Petroleum, concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan EEAA, MoTr, including MIA and City Gas actions of SECAP. Company to ensure constant supply of natural gas to dock and hotels and marina and diving centres - All should be invited to specific to facilitate the action project to follow up the implementation upon funding, and - The MIA of MoTr and EGAS through City Gas Company to be involved to check on the installation procedures, implementation and test the safety of converted boats and monitor the operation and re-license.

5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions for action #2 (Green Tourist Boats)

A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city including the use of natural gas instead diesel in running tourists and diving boats in the Red Sea. Also, adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help Governorate promote the value of Green Tourism Activities through greening tourists’ small boats, yachts and diving boats as well as the benefit both for individual and hotels (boat owners and for the entire city of such a move. Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green tourism development does not mean that energy will become abundant. On the contrary such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use of NG instead of non-clean energy will make tourist and diving boats reduce GHG emissions and make air and water less polluted.

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6. Assumptions and risks

- The key challenge will be to change the mid set of some owners of boats and diving boats as well as yachts - Organise a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate functioning of engines and on-board electricity production, to secure an adequate return on investment (R.o.I.), - The medium to low price of diesel set by Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a challenge, but this will change in 2018 with new planned energy tariffs.

7. Key success factors

• The development of Green tourist boats, diving boats and yachts, is an essential part of the Governorate of Red Sea vision and strategy and will get the adequate political support. • Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and an incentive.

• The action plan is divided into two stages to make the benefit of investments more visible.

8. Cost estimates

Awareness campaign and preliminary study already mentioned in priority action 5,000,000 € revolving fund to #3 (Hotels and resorts) support investment of 5,085 € Revolving fund to support boats’ engines conversion to natural gas in average / boat

Approximate annual cost saving: 50% reduction in cost per year / boat (average) 8,109 € (per boat)

Return on Investment per boat Less than a year

9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed

Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs

International Financial Institutions61: EU Funds, IFCs tools, financial programmes, and - The World Bank (WB), external funds. - United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB), - European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), - OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB),

61 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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- African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED), - Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD), - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), - Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED), - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and - Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower Expected annual cost savings to City budget

10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030

Energy savings GWh/y • Awareness raising and occupancy optimisation in diving boats 43,071 MWh/y • Diving boats’ engines conversion - 193,495 MWh/y

Renewable energy production MWh/y pm

CO2 reduction t CO2/y

- Reference Year 2015

- Target Year 2030

- Net reduction 63,691 tCO2/y

- Percentage of net reduction on the territory 4,5%

- Reduction as related to BAU scenario 11,5%

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3. City of Hurghada (Governorate of the Red Sea) – Priority Action # 3 for SECAP

1. General presentation

GREENING HOTELS AND RESORTS – TOURISM AND ENERGY # 3

Summary of the Action Location:

Current Status – Tourism - Hotels and Resorts in the City of Hurghada City of Hurghada, Governorate (Governorate of the Red Sea) of the Red Sea

The tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, is one Start date: December 2017 of the foremost sectors that urgently need to be addressed as it holds the first highest sector after transport in energy consumption 1,626 GWh/year (43%) and Project lifetime: 6 years first in GHG emissions with 606 k teCO2/year (44%). End: December 2023 Tourism in the City of Hurghada consumes 653,939 MWh/year of electricity, 18,000,000 m3/year of Natural gas, 4,986,505,000 m3/year of water, and lastly Estimated cost € 2,238,145,000 m3/year of sewage water. In addition, hotels and resorts consume 36,500 tons of diesel and gasoline yearly for water heating. As for waste, hotels 100 K€ awareness and training produce an average of 150 tons of solid waste daily, which is around 54,750 tons 180 K€ management unit for the yearly. Waste transportation is also an issue, 262,667 litres of diesel and 14,143 revolving fund litres of gasoline are consumed yearly in transporting waste from hotels. 1,500 K€ revolving fund for SWH system deployment and hotel There are more than 150 hotels and resorts with many small tourist boats and retrofitting. yachts on their seashore. Based on a rough calculation, these hotels and resorts have 44,400 rooms at average occupancy rate of 62% lodging about 4 million (3,953,665) tourists every year. In addition, visitors from various parts of Egypt during the festive seasons and holidays as well as summer vacation and global events such as al Gouna Film Festival 2017. In addition, there are 162 tourist companies, and 28 safari offices operating desert tours as well as 96 aqua centers. The tourists and visitors are using 189 diving centres operating 451 boats for diving, 2,226 yachts, and 590 hotel buses. Most of these boats and yachts that are owned by hotels, diving centres and private sectors mainly individuals. Apart from the control systems and programmes that exist in hotel and resort facilities such as power saver system installed in all resorts and hotels’ rooms, there are few Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems integrated on these hotels and resorts roofs. Also, little measures of green building such as occupancy and motion sensors, smart lighting, and VRV systems are not used in order to reduce energy consumption and lower GHG emissions from tourists and visitors in Hurghada.

The initial approach would be to promote a negotiation process with all hotel owners and leisure activities managers in coordination with the Governorate of the Red Sea to adopt a common charter for global improvement of the tourism sector in Hurghada aiming to reduce energy consumption, improve energy efficiency in hotel and resorts and more generally preserve the environment. The plan will be then to convert (retrofit) hotels and resorts to increase energy efficiency (improving natural venting and using LED lamps would reduce energy

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consumption by 75%) and use clean energy to mitigate GHG emission. One option is to substitute fossil fuel with natural gas in combination with solar water heating systems (including to heat swimming pools). The City of Hurghada will develop a comprehensive tourism strategic plan: “Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan” (SGTP) supporting the Governorate meeting the SDS 2030 and helping to achieve SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives under energy and environment sectors.

General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

The aim of this planned action is to switch hotels and resorts that currently using • New fossil fuel to operate under a more energy efficient model and rely on less • Planned emitting energy sources (natural gas and solar). • Following previous action. The plan aims to address at least 100 of the 150 hotels and resorts in the city in order to lower energy consumption, GHG emissions, reduce air pollution near the city, and resorts as well as to enhance quality of life. The Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) will contribute to: - Ensuring energy security, - Increasing the contribution of energy sector to the GDP, - Maximising utilisation of domestic energy resource, - Enhancing rational and sustainable management of the sector, - Reducing the intensity of energy consumption, - Limit the environmental impact of the sector's emissions, and - Improve the quality of the urban environment.

National Strategy, Policies, Laws, Plans and Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

Egypt’s Vision 2030,

- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and

- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030. Specific Strategy and Policy Strategy:

- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013),

- Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),

- Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014), and

- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011). Policies: - National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), and - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015). Climate Change Policies: - Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015), - Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),

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- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999). Legislations, Laws and Codes Laws and Regulations:

- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), - New Investment Laws (2017), - Climate Change Legislations (2015),

- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and - Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010). National Codes: - Code for Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and - Code for Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009). Plans and Programmes

- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),

- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).

Plan and programmes - Climate Change

- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015), - Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM, - Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP, - National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013). Initiatives - Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016), - Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014), - Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative – RESTI, - Green Star Hotel – MoTrm, and - Eco-label Initiative (voluntary) hotels’ Green Stars Award – MoTrm. Institutions and rating systems

- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014), - Green Pyramid Rating System – GPRS (2012), and - The Egyptian Green Building Council Ministerial Decree (2009).

Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy

The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is centred and developed so that the city should be a carbon neutral city. This would be through clean and green tourism activities based on clean energy production and green system in the tourism sector. The Governorate is also intending to support the plan to green in hotels and resorts and upgrade the current solar thermal used in hotel and integrate SWH systems to heat water instead of using non-clean energy to reduce the use of fossil fuel in the City of Hurghada in particular and Governorate in general. In de-carbonisation efforts based on clean energy, the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea plans to expand

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the natural gas network usage to hotels and resorts located in the northern part of the City of Hurghada to complete phase 1 of the connection in the south of the city. Also, to supply these hotels and resorts with clean energy sources instead of diesel through solar thermal system. In addition, the Governorate is planning to the raise awareness of all hotel owners, management, including staff and labourers on the impact of climate change risks and adaptation actions, as well as to support the transfer to the city to be a world-class sustainable touristic destination. The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, which was carried out by combining the results the probability and impact (scale 1-3) of the 10 receptors including Tourists. The risk assessment, based on climate data availability in Hurghada, indicated that Tourism is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact. Therefore, this planned action #3 is in line with the vision and strategy of the Governorate of Red Sea and support its implementation.

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) - New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) • Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) - Green Tourism Unit (GTU) • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA - Green Building Unit (GBU) • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)

2. Process

Technical Process

Natural gas is an interesting option for reducing fuel cost and lower greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) due to lower carbon to hydrogen ratio than diesel fuel. However, it must be used in combination with renewable solutions, particularly solar heating, as this combination will more significantly reduce GHG emission.

The planned action will develop as follows: - Understand the specificity of hotels and resorts energy profile. - Explore technical options available for improving energy efficiency (envelop, lighting and AC - VRV) and develop renewable energy in order to decide on the best and fastest solutions, - Assess the amount of natural gas needed to fuel hotels in combination with SWH systems, - Establish a plan for of stakeholders’ involvement and Natural Gas Companies, and - Unroll the plan to connect hotels to the natural gas grid and install SWH system on hotels and resorts.

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Administrative and coordination process • Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets, • City Council represented by the Governor approval, • Hotel owners and management in Hurghada – approvals, • Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) – study and approve the quantity of the natural gas needed for these Hotel connection, including:

- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS) – study and approvals,

- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea (approval for NG supply), • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) – NREA to approve the plan of SWH systems, • Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) – Award GB license as part of the hotel license renewal, • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the environmental impact and benefits, and • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.

Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals • Initial approval of the Governerate (Municipality), • Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by Law 9/2009, • EEAA approval and process: a Preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social Impacts (SESIs), • Safety and Operation permit by EGAs and City GAS – MoPMRs, and • MoPMRs approve the supply natural gas.

3. Technical description

Link to Governorate and municipal development plan

The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, the reduction of GHG emissions from tourism and leisure activities is vital for the Governorate of Red Sea strategy on climate change mitigation and adaptation. As more than 4 million tourists visit Hurghada every year a strategic and comprehensive approach to improve the sustainability and change the current hotels and resorts is urgently needed.

The Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy:

• Secure energy resources, • Increase reliance on local resources, • Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and • Raise the actual economic contribution of energy sector in the national income62. This planned action ≠3 on greening the city hotels and resorts would also support the National Adaptation Action, especially in the tourism sector: Costal Zones sector: 1. Reduce climate change (CC) associated risks and disasters.

62 Nihal El-Megharbel, Presentation on Egypt's vision 2030 and planning reforms, First Assistant to the Minister of Planning, Monitoring and Administrative Reform, October 2015.

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2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters. 3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to CC and reduction of associated risk. Tourism sector: 1. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas. 2. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy. 3. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies. 4. Raise environmental awareness. 5. Cooperate with international bodies. 6. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt. 7. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas. This Action Plan ≠ 3 – Sustainable and Green Hotels and Resorts would also support the Governorate strategy in meeting the set policies in the Nation Climate Change Communication report, mainly the policies targeting development that is more sustainable based on four related pillars: 1. More efficient use of energy, especially by end users. 2. Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources. 3. Use of advanced locally appropriate and more efficient fossil fuel technologies, which is less-emitting. 4. Energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and economic growth.

Implementation plan

Component 1: The Governorate first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of hotels and resorts level of sustainability across the city and issues to be solved.

Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the study will draw strategic priorities with a double objective in mind – improve hotels/ resorts sustainable operation and reducing their environmental footprint. This could include: • Establish a coordination unit to manage the action plan, prioritizing collective action to change mind set of hotels and resorts and highlight the benefits of using clean energy, providing healthier conditions for users, • Review the current status of hotels and resorts as well as operation rules to switch to natural gas and SWH systems and improve efficiency, • Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly convert these hotels/ resorts, • Developing incentives as well as regulations’ measures adding constraints on hotels/resorts that to run by diesel and making it a more attractive choice to use natural gas and SWH systems instead, and • Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits deriving from the development of sustainable hotels/resorts operations by Natural Gas/ SWH. From data collected through the BEI establishment an hotel in Hurghada consumes in average: • 4,360 MWh/y of electricity, • 1,305 MWh/y of natural gas, and • 1,679 MWh/y of diesel. When hotels are not connected to the natural gas grid, they consume more diesel and electricity instead of gas. Component 3: Clean energy and Natural gas – for 32 hotels The plan will articulate the different options in comprehensive scenarios taking into account all hotels and resorts operation (efficiency, comfort, energy consumption and GHG emissions) and assess the environmental impacts of the different proposed scenarios once these hotels and resorts are converted to run with clean energy (natural gas combined with SWH) instead of the current fossil fuel (diesel consumption reaches 365 tons/yearly/ hotel in average)

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The action plans (stage A) to supply natural gas to 32 hotels in the northern part of the city and install SWH. Each hotel will then change its energy mix from electricity and diesel to electricity, natural gas and solar.

This means in average, moving from 5,065 MWh/y electricity (2,275 tCO2eq) + 2,279 MWh/y of diesel (611 tCO2eq) to 3,000 MWh/y electricity (1,644 tCO2eq) + 3,000 MWh/y of gas (606 tCO2eq) + 232 MWh/y solar heating. Better performance of gas and solar for heating water allow for an overall consumption reduction of 15%. This new mix will result in electricity consumption reduction of 2,065 MWh/y per hotel so 66,080 MWh/y for 32 hotels, and reduce diesel consumption to zero meaning a global cut of 2,279 x 32 hotels = 72,928 MWh/y. However, the gas consumption will increase by 3,000 x 32 hotels = 96,000 MWh/y. Hence, the global energy consumption gain represents 66,080 + 72,928 – 96,000 = 43,008 MWh/y (1,344 per hotel).

This new mix will also generate a GHG emission reduction from 2,886 tCO2eq to 2,270 tCO2eq = 616 tCO2eq/hotel meaning 19,712 tCO2eq for the 32 hotels concerned by this program. These 32 hotels and resorts would need in average 275,000 cubic meters per year amounting 9 million cubic meters for this group of 32 hotels.

Component 4: Renewable energy / Solar Water Heating for 70 hotels Hotels and resorts need water for their visitors and their equipment (swimming pool). Solar is an easy solution to warm water. Any hotel / resort with 300 rooms will need around 50.000 litres per day (166 litres per room per day) half of it been warm enough for sanitary use and washing (towels, sheets, soils). To produce 25,000 litres of warm water it means a minimum collector surface of 250 square meters (250 collectors of 1 square meter). Kits available on the market are composed of a tank connected to 3 collectors. Each units’ costs EGP 12,000 (€ 584) all-inclusive (2017 prices). Full equipment for one hotel will then cost around 50,000 € (84 units at 584 €). Such an installation will produce 231,800 kWh/y avoiding electricity expenses of 8,200 €/y, hence offering a payback period of 6 years. In the meantime, it will reduce GHG emission by 127.5 t CO2eq/y.

The plan is to equip 70 hotels and resorts to operate with SWH systems. Among the 150 hotels in the City of Hurghada, 32 are already counted in the component 3 above, and 40% are already equipped with SWH systems.

Each hotel will then change its energy mix from electricity, natural gas and diesel to electricity, natural gas and solar.

This means moving from 4,360 MWh/y electricity (2,389 tCO2eq) + 1,958 MWh/y of natural gas (396 tCO2eq) + 1,024 MWh/y of diesel (274 tCO2eq) to 3,000 MWh/y electricity (1,644 tCO2eq) + 3,000 MWh/y gas (606 tCO2eq) + 232 MWh/y solar heating. Better performance of gas and solar for heating water allow for an overall consumption reduction of 15%. This new mix will result in an electricity consumption reduction of 1,360 MWh/y per hotel so 95,200 MWh/y for 70 hotels, and reduce diesel consumption to zero meaning a global cut of 1,024 x 70 hotels = 71,680 MWh/y. However, the gas consumption will increase by 1,042 x 70 hotels = 72,940 MWh/y Hence the global energy consumption gain represents 95,200 + 71,680 – 72,940 = 93,940 MWh/y (1,342 per hotel). This new mix will generate a GHG emission reduction from 3,059 tCO2eq to 2,250 tCO2eq = 809 tCO2eq/hotel meaning 56,639 tCO2eq for the 70 hotels concerned by this component of the program. These 70 hotels and resorts will need in average 275,000 cubic meters per year amounting 19 million cubic meters for this group of 70 hotels (1 million cubic meters than what is currently supplied to hotels in the City of Hurghada).

The overall cost of SWH equipment for these 70 hotels would reach 3.5 m€. Considering that the return on investment will be attractive enough for hotel owners it is recommended to set up a revolving fund of 1.5m€ asking hotel owners to start pay back the investment from year 1 in order to replenish the fund in 6 years an allow for more investment to be supported. With such a mechanism all the 70 hotels and resorts targeted could be converted before 2025.

The City of Hurghada will set up a management unit to administrate the fund (With an overall cost of 30 K€ per year).

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Component 5: The team will assess costs of the preferred scenario to help the Governorate (Municipality) making the appropriate choice with the best return on investment of converting these hotels and resort.

Component 6: Institution capacity building is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of hotels/resorts conversion plan to NG and SWH. This would involve cost estimate, feasibility studies, funding schemes.

Component 7: Awareness-raising is vital to change the current mode of using non-clean fuel in Hotels and resorts to assist in the implementation of the plan to transform hotels and resorts.

4. Organisation and procedures

Formal approval Staff allocated to implement and monitor action #3

The development of converting hotels and resorts would • Governorate of the Red Sea and City of Hurghada, require the following entities for issuing permits, approvals • City Council represented by the Governor, and follow up process: • MoPMRs (EGAS and City Gas Company), - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation • MoERE and NREA, (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs, • MoTrm (GTU), and - Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), • MoTrm and MoEnv (EEAA). - MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on hotels/resorts, - Ministry of Petroleum represented by EGAS and City Gas

company in the city of Hurghada, - Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) represented by the GTU - Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to assess and conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) for the impact of converting the hotels/ resort with renewable energy such as SWH systems in accordance of the Law No. 4/1994 and its amendments, the Law on Protection of the Environment, and its executive regulations, - The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) – MoEnv to conduct the screening of ESIAs, - Operation permit by MoHUUD – for buildings modification permit, - EGAS and City GAS approvals to supply of natural gas, - City Council represented by the Governor, - Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval.

C. Staff training needs D. Role of Partners

Governorate (Municipality) staff Stakeholders: related to the issue of Sustainable - All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop to design the Energy and Green Tourism will strategic road map to start transferring Hotels and resorts from fossil receive coaching and training on fuels mainly diesel to natural gas. This could include hotel/resorts three subjects: owners and managers. • Strategic Management of - Training is also needed to transfer the message of clean and green Sustainable Energy issues, tourism to all parties involved, • Organisational solutions and - The Governorate and City of Hurghada to coordinate the procedures technical questions related approval with different related authorities in close contact with the

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converting Hotels and resorts by Governorate such as: MoPMRs, MoERE and NREA, EEAA, MoTrm, natural gas development and including GTU and City Gas Company to ensure constant supply of integrate Solar water heating, and natural gas to Hotels and Resorts, • Project management. - All should be invited to specific to facilitate the action project to follow up the implementation upon funding, and A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit - The GTU of MoTrm and EGAS through City Gas Co. to be involved to (SSEU) to be developed and check on the installation procedures of the connections, established to oversee the training of implementation and test the safety of converted Hotel in the northern staff and all concerned issue and part of the city to operate by natural gas, and meters installation, and ensure the implementation of the monitor the operation and re-license. plan actions of SECAP.

5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions for Action ≠3 (Green Hotels & Resorts)

A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city, including the use of natural gas instead diesel in hotels and resorts and for heat water. Also, an adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help Governorate promote the value of Green Hotel/resorts through greening these facilities as well as the benefit hotels owners and managers of such move. Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green tourism development doesn’t mean that energy will become abundant. On the contrary such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use of NG instead of non-clean energy and integrate SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted.

6. Assumptions and risks

- The key challenge will be the time there is a need to change the mind-set of some owners of hotels and resorts, - Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH systems, yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.), - The medium to low price of diesel set by the Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a challenge, but this will change in 2018 with new planned energy tariffs.

7. Key success factors

• The development of green hotels and resorts is an essential part of the Governorate of the Red Sea vision and strategy and will get the adequate political support. • Cost of a new energy tariff means that any savings will be of significant value and an incentive. • The action plan is divided in two stages to make the benefit of investments more visible. • The Governor’s vision and backing of connection of these hotels and resorts with the natural gas network instead of using diesel to help mitigate GHG emission is of a vital success factor, • Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation.

8. Cost estimates

Awareness campaign and technical support to design plans: 90.000 € - Scoping study on hotels and resorts 20.000 € - Energy audits on a set of buildings 5.000 €

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- Pilot operations to be used as demonstrators 65.000 €

Training for Municipality staff 10.000 €

Revolving fund management unit (30K€/year for 6 years) 180,000 €

Revolving fund 1.500.000 €

Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement)

Return on Investment (draft calculation) 6 years - Hotel average fuel consumption = 365 t/year (Diesel) equivalent 3,480 MWh/y - Hotel average expense for fuel consumption = 62.640 €/y - Investment per hotel for SWH system = 50,000 € - Energy expenses saved with SWH device 50% = 8,318 €/y - Return on investment (50,000 / 8,318) = 6 years

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower

9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed

Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs

International Financial Institutions63: EU Funds, IFCs tools, financial programmes, - The World Bank (WB), and external funds. - United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB), - European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), - OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB), - African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED), - Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD), - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), - Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),

63 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and - Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030

CO2 reduction t CO2/y

- Reference Year 2015

- Target Year 2030

- Net reduction (49 kt from awareness raising + 76 kt from natural gas + 125 kt CO2/y SWH)

- Percentage of net reduction on the territory 7%

- Reduction as related to BAU scenario for the tourist sector 20%

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4. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea Priority Action # 4 for SECAP

1. General presentation

Title: GREEN GOVERNORATE BUILDINGS PLAN # 4

Summary of the Action Location: City of Hurghada, Current Status – Governorate Buildings in the city of Hurghada – Red Sea Governorate of the Red Sea

The Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (municipality) owns many Start date: December 2017 municipal buildings representing a total of 60,000 square meters in addition to 349,000 square meters of education buildings. Project lifetime: 5 years Details of these municipal buildings are as follows: • 20,000 square meters of offices, including the main Governorate’s End: December 2022 buildings, • 40,000 square meters of offices in Hurghada’s City Council buildings, Estimated cost €

• 330,000 square meters of 66 schools, and 20 K€ technical support and • 19,000 square meters College of Education – a higher education training. institution. 10,564 K€ revolving fund for These Governorate’s buildings only (60,000 square meters) represent a efficient equipment, LED lamps, potential 55,000 square meters of roofs to be equipped with solar PV to solar PV, etc. generate electricity. The Governorate already took early steps in this direction by installing 100 solar panels on the roof of its main building with a production capacity of 25 kWp.

All public buildings in the city of Hurghada consume 2.6 GWh/year (2015 reference) forming 10 per cent of the total Governorate services’ consumption.

This consumption is only composed of electricity for lighting, cooling and heating, office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.), elevator, etc. The electricity bill from Governorate buildings alone represents 93,463 € per year (2015), an equivalent of 1,930,000 EGP.

General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

The City of Hurghada wants to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy • New in public buildings through the development of a comprehensive plan to reduce • Planned energy consumption and consequently the GHG emissions. To that end, the • Following previous action. Governorate wants to implement a “Green Municipal Buildings Plan” (GMBP) integrating sustainability measures and technologies to green buildings, improve energy efficiency and promote renewable energy solutions in the Governorate buildings.

National Strategy, Policies, Laws and Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

Egypt’s Vision 2030,

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- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and - Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030. Strategy and Policy Strategy - Energy Strategy 2015 – 2030 (MoPMRs), - National Renewable Energy Action Plan – NREAP 2015, - Strategic Energy Efficiency Roadmap and Energy Prices 2014, - Strategy for Renewable Energy 2027 (20% by 2020), - National Strategy on Market for Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources 2014, and - Politically Viable Institutional Strategy for Energy Efficiency – PVISEE 2014. Policies and Plans Policies - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012 – 2015), and - Energy Efficiency Plans and Capacity Building Schemes (2012). Plans - Energy Efficiency Plans in Electricity Sector – EEPES (2012 – 2015), - Mediterranean Electricity Regulatory – MEDREG (2013), - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012), - Employment Promotion through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – EPRREE 2016, and - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study – EERENS, UNEP 2007. Laws, Regulations and Decrees Laws and Regulations - New Investment law and execution legislations 2017, - New Electricity law 2015, - Renewable Energy and Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2017, - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law No. 203 – REEEL 2014, - Incentives for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources 2014, and - Public Private Partnership – PPP 2010. Decrees - New Electricity Tariff Ministerial Decree 2016, - Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source 2015, - Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2nd Feed-in-Tariff 2016, - Net Metering 2013, and - Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources 2012. Programmes and Initiatives - Power Purchase Agreement – Egypt ERA 2014, - Design of Feed-in Tariffs 2012, - Egyptian-German Joint Committee Programme on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 2015 – 2018, and - Renewable Energy Fund – REF 2012.

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Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy

The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a vision to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is centred on the fact that the city should be a carbon neutral. The greening of Governorate’s buildings, based on promoting energy efficiency and incorporating solar PV and SWH systems, will help reducing the use of fossil fuel in the city of Hurghada. The Governorate is also intending to support the plan by informing and raising awareness of staff and users about these measures and actions to support its execution. Therefore, this planned action #4 is in line with the vision and strategy of the Governorate of Red Sea and support its implementation.

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department, • City Council represented by the Governor of Red Sea Governorate of Red Sea • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) • New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) • Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (MoHUUD) • Egyptian Green Building Council (Egypt-GBC) • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)

2. Technical description

Link to Governorate development plan

The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from Governorate services and public buildings, is essential to achieve its objective of making the city of Hurghada carbon neutral and improve quality of life in the urban area. This comprehensive plan will also enhance the Governorate’s sustainable energy prospectus, yet contributing to achieve Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 and contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy, e.g., energy: - Secure energy resources, - Increase reliance on local resources, - Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and - Raise the actual economic contribution of the energy sector in the national income.

Implementation plan

Component 1: Develop the “Green Municipal Buildings Plan” (GMBP) awareness component mobilising managers and staff. This plan should focus on the following measures: - Promote change in day to day practices of pubic building users: - Open curtains and window shutters during daytime to avoid artificial lighting when outside air temperature is between 20 ͦC and 25 ͦC, - Keep the inside air temperature between 24°C - 25°C in summer to ensure good comfort all year long and make a strong cut in energy consumption (30 per cent of AC power consumption), - Avoid elevator and choosing staircase when going up or down one or two floors, only allow employee with heart problems to use elevators,

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- Turn off electric equipment at the end of working time or when not actually in use, and - Unplug all electricity cables from wall’s sockets as this could save about 5 per cent of the energy use, - It would be interesting to promote a challenge between services/units to invite all workers from the Governorate to make efforts to save energy and cut GHG emissions. The best performing service would be celebrated as “energy saver/ climate saver’’ and would get a special gratification. - The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) to be set up within the Governorate to promote these activities in coordination with the Governorate related staff. Component 2: Beyond promoting awareness and behavioural change, it is necessary to develop a clear and comprehensive plan to replace old devices and equipment and install energy efficient systems that will help reducing electricity consumption. Ideally, this programme should be implemented, in a first phase, in a small number of buildings (starting with the more symbolic one: the main Governor’s building or city hall), but covering all type of devices and equipment, in order to concentrate many initiatives on the selected buildings and demonstrate the benefit of these structural changes: - Switch from AC/ Heating reverse systems to central management of heating and cooling. - Switch to LED lighting installation and incorporate motion sensors in offices of Governorate buildings. This device turns the lights off during un-occupied periods. This can reduce lighting consumption by 20% to 80% depending on the occupancy type of these spaces.

These technical solutions need to be tightly monitored to register impacts on energy consumption reduction to prepare progressive enlargement to a larger number of targeted building.

Assumptions: - 1 LED Lamp costs 75 EGP (3.60 €) and reduces lighting consumption by 70% - A Solar PV unit of 1KW costs 1,300 €) and produces 1898 kWh/y. - According to Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC), the Feed in Tariffs for 2017 are as follows: . 108.58 piasters (0.053 €) per 1kWh for commercial activities less than 500 kWh, . 7.88 piasters (0.004 €) per 1 kWh from Solar PV power plant 500 kW to less than 20 MW.

Switch to LED lamps and sensor systems: Assuming a replacement of 20,000 LED lamps in Governorate buildings including schools (70 buildings), i.e., on average 275 LED lamp per building, we would need 72,000 € for replacing conventional lamps by LED. This switch will result in saving of 364 MWh/y and 199 tCO2eq/y.

Switching to more efficient AC devices: Switch from AC/Heating reverse systems to central management of cooling/heating in these buildings is estimated at 150,000 €. This will result in saving 546 MWh/y and 299 tCO2eq/y.

Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems: Basic assumption: a 300 litres production unit with three collectors offering 6.75 square meters’ produces 5 MWh/y. With a basic cost of € 582 while substituting to electricity the payback period will be 40 months (3 years + 3 months). A rough calculation for one Governorate building with 100 staff and 25 visitors a day on average would need 2,500 litres per day of hot water (20 litres per person). Such needs can be covered by 8 SWH units (300 litres and three panels - 2.50m x 0.9m each) requiring a total surface of 55 square meters at a cost of 8 x € 582 = € 4,656.

This equipment will produce 50,600 kWh/y to be substituted to electricity consumption saving 28 tCO2eq/y.

Considering additional equipment and connection to the water grid the overall cost for such a building would be 5K€. Applying this model to 10 Governorate buildings, the required investment would be 50,000 € allowing a production capacity equivalent to 500 MWh/y. Hence, avoiding a cost of 370 kEGP (17.620 €/y), meaning a return on investment

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(RoI) of 3 years. This plan will also avoid 280 tCO2eq of GHG emission per year.

Expending to school - 10 classes with an average of 30 pupils per class and 25 staff – the plan would require 1 units per school (to warm 650 litres per day) occupying an area of 7 square meters at a cost of 582 € rounded at 600 € with additional equipment. Such a system would produce 6 MWh/y with a value of 212 €/y saving 3 tCO2eq/y (offering a 3 year RoI).

For 70 educational building (65 schools and 5 college), we would need 42,000 € investment for a global production equivalent to 420 MWh/y hence avoiding a cost of 14,800 €/y and saving 210 tCO2eq/y.

This plan could be unrolled in three proposed phases: - Phase 1 - 2018-2019 - 10 Governorate (Municipal) buildings at a cost of 50,000 €, - Phase 2 - 2019-2020 - 30 School buildings at a cost of 21,000 €, and - Phase 3 - 2020-2021 - 30 School buildings and a college, at a cost of 21,000 €.

The total cost of SWH will amount 92,000 €, producing 920 MWh/y and avoiding 490 tCO2eq.

Solar PV power generation: Having 80,000 square meters of offices in public equipment roofs (440.000 square meter of buildings of 4 to 5 store buildings), considering that SWH systems will consume 600 Sq.m., and knowing that 1 kW Solar PV units requires about 7 square meters, the total capacity for solar PV “on roofs” could reach 10,000 units (i.e. a potential of 10 MWp). A cautious plan would be to start with a first round of 7.5 MWp (75% of the full potential). 7.5 MW (7,500 units of 1 kWp) would require an investment of close to 10 million €. Setting up a revolving fund of 10 m€ will allow producing 14,250 MWh/y generating revenues of 712,500 € offering a 14 year return on investment (based on actual feed in tariffs for small installation). The fund could be replenished gradually as producing institutions will sell electricity at feed in tariffs to EETC. After 15 years another 7.5 MW could then be installed in and around Hurghada on any kind of buildings.

This set up will result in a global production of 14,250 MWh/y from Solar PV avoiding 7,808 t CO2eq/y.

The City of Hurghada would set up a dedicated unit in charge of managing the revolving fund with a 50K€/y budget.

3. Organization and procedures

Formal approval Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action

The development would require the following entities for issuing - Governorate of the Red Sea and City of Hurghada, permits, approvals and follow up process: - City Council represented by the Governor, - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) - MoERE and NREA, to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs, - Al-Qanal Distribution Company and EETC in case - Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), of on-grid connection, - MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on buildings roofs, - MoHUUD and - The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency - MoEnv (EEAA). (EEAA) –Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) study on the impacts of converting Governorate buildings with renewable energy such as solar PV and SWH systems, - Operation permit by MoHUUD – for buildings modification permit – Governorate issue, - City Council represented by the Governor,

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- Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval.

Staff training Role of Partners

Governorate (Municipality) team, which will be Stakeholders: assigned to the EAU, need to receive a proper training - All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop to on several subjects, including: receive training in order to transfer the message of clean • Technical questions related PV development and and green Governorate (municipal) buildings plan (GMBP) energy issues related to CAA, to all parties involved to coordinate with the Governorate, • Pedagogy and communication to run efficient including MoRER, NREA and MoEnv, awareness programmes, - The Governorate and city of Hurghada to coordinate the • Strategic management of sustainable energy procedures approval with different related authorities in issues, close contact with the Governorate, such as: MoERE and NREA, EEAA, MoHUUD to ensure constant operation and • Organisational solutions and technical questions efficiency, related refurbishment of buildings to operate by - NREA to be involved to check on the installation solar PV and SWH, and procedures of the connections, implementation and • Project management. testing, and monitor the operation and to facilitate the Also, a Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be action project follow up the implementation upon developed and established to oversee the training of funding. staff and all concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.

4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions ≠4 (Green Governorate Buildings)

A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the city of Hurghada as a clean and green city including the use solar PV cells and SWH systems on Governorate (municipal) buildings’ roofs. An adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to assist the Governorate of the Red Sea promoting the value of Green Governorate (Municipal) Buildings Plan - GMBP through greening such buildings as well as the benefits of such move. Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green buildings development doesn’t mean that energy will become abundant. On the contrary, such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use of solar PV and SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted. The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and managers that could encompass several actions: - The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters, - The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories: • Information on national energy policies and local implications, • The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, • The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP, and successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).

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5. Assumptions and risks

- The key challenge will be the mobilization of appropriate resources to fund the GMBP renovation programmes, as in many cases Governorate (Municipal) Building will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is why such a programme requires a partnership between the Governorate (Municipality) offering the guarantee that retrofitting will result in actual energy bill reduction, and the bank providing the funds. Such a plan should also include adoption of efficient cooling/heating devices. In addition, it could include the installation of solar PV panels to contribute to renewable electricity production, or/ and apply green roofs with Solar PV panels to reduce high surface temperature effect on the panels surfaces, - Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure best generation form PV panels and the SWH systems, yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.), and - The medium to low price of diesel set by Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a challenge, but the Tariffs will be increased in 2018/2019 with new planned electricity and energy tariffs.

6. Key success factors

• The Governor’s vision and backing of promoting Sustainable Energy (RE and EE) in the city Hurghada and the Red Sea instead of using diesel and non-clean energy sources, would reduce energy consumption and mitigate GHG emission is of a vital success factor, • The Governor of Red Sea determination to seriously act on the energy issue, is obviously a vital element to the success of this action success, • Municipality determination to act comprehensively on the issue of sustainable energy (Solar PV, SWH and EE), • The approach and development of greening Governorate (Municipal) Buildings is part of the Governorates’ vision and strategy, hence would assist in reducing the annual use non-clean energy and in greening the city, • Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and great savings, • The action plan is divided in three phased to make the investment visible and implementation easier, • Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation, and • Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH systems, yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.)

7. Cost estimates

Technical support & Training for Municipality staff 20,000 €

LED replacement in public buildings 72,000 €

Air conditioning up grading 150,000 €

Solar water heating deployment in public buildings 92,000 €

Revolving fund for solar PV development in public buildings 10,000,000 €

Revolving fund management unit (50 K€/y for 5 years) 250,000 €

TOTAL 10,584,000 €

Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement) 65,181 € - LED lamps 364 MWh/y = 3,125 € - AC conditioning 546 MWh/y = 19,656 € - SWH systems overall production equivalent to 32,400 € Additional revenues from solar PV: 715,000 € In addition, the Solar PV will generate an overall production equivalent to 715,000 €

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Return on Investment (draft calculation) - For public building refurbishment (LED, AC, SWH) RoI will be around 5 years - For Solar PV production RoI will be 14 years

8. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed

Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs • N/A • Renewable Energy Fund 2014

International Financial Institutions64: EU Funds & Programs and other external funds - The World Bank (WB), - United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB), - European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), - OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB), - African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED), - Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD), - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), - Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED), - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and - Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower Expected annual cost savings to City budget 65,181 €/y

9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target)

Energy savings GWh/y LED lamps 364 MWh/y AC conditioning 546 MWh/y

Renewable energy production MWh/y SWH 920 MWh/y

64 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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Solar PV 14,250 MWh/y

CO2 reduction t CO2/a

- Reference Year 2015

- Target Year 2030

- Net reduction 998 tCO2eq/year

- LED programme 199 tCO2Eq/y

- AC programme 299 tCO2eq/y

- SWH equipment 490 tCO2eq/y

- NOTE: Solar PV allows off setting an additional 7,800 t CO2eq/y

- Percentage of net reduction on the territory 0,5 %

- Reduction as related to BAU scenario for the public building sector 70 % (1429 tCO2eq in 2030) without considering the offsetting potential from solar PV

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5. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea Priority Action # 5 for SECAP

1. General presentation

Title: GREEN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS PLAN # 5

Summary of the Action Location: City of Hurghada Current Status – Residential Buildings in the City of Hurghada Governorate of the Red Sea

In the City of Hurghada, the residential building sector is the 3rd largest in energy Start date: December 2017 consumption of 441 GWh/year representing 12% of the total energy consumed in the city (3,338 GWh Final Energy/year as of the 2015 reference). Project lifetime: 6 years

The residential building is also one of the key sectors to be addressed, as it is also End: December 2023 third in GHG emissions of 216 kteCO2/year representing 16% of the total emissions of energy consumption (1,275 kteCO2/year). Estimated cost €

With a population of 279,684 persons, the City of Hurghada - Governorate of the 7,700 k€ for 6 years Red Sea had 56,341 house units in 2015 and 60 per cent of these residential houses are connected to the natural gas grid, however; the natural gas grid is still under 50 k€ Awareness campaign development and designed to reach a connection rate of 80 per cent by end of 2017. 1,050 k€ Pilot project for 1000 housing units Residential buildings in the city consume a total of 257,782 MWh/year of 6,600 k€ Expansion to 10,000 housing Electricity, with a connection rate of 100%. Also, the natural gas consumption yearly units in residential buildings is 80,000,000 m3, and 494,026 LPG cylinder/year as well as 480 litres/y of gasoline representing a total Final Energy of electric, natural gas, liquid gas (LPG) and gasoline of 257 GWh/yr, 87 GWh/yr, 6GWh/yr and 4 MWh/yr respectively.

The Governorate of the Red Sea, in particular the City of Hurghada has the desire to move forward to holistically solve the challenges facing the energy consumption in residential sector by promoting sustainable approach to green the residential buildings in the city through the development of comprehensive plan to reduce energy use in the residential buildings and enhance energy efficiency by promoting renewable energy and incorporate PV and SWH systems utilizing the abundant solar energy by adopting “Green Residential Plan – GRP.’’

The GRP should integrate new sustainability and green measures solutions and technologies to green the residential building sector in the City of Hurghada, including: residential houses (public and private), besides raising awareness of residents and users of the need to save energy and improve energy efficiency in their units/ buildings.

The plan action ≠5 is to Green Residential Buildings GRP – City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea.

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General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

This sustainable approach to the residential sector aims at reducing energy • New consumption and GHG emissions through an awareness programme to enhance • Planned users’ behaviours and the promotion of solar water heating (SWH) instead of • Following previous action. electrical water heating (EWH). On the longer term the action plans to support refurbishment of less energy efficient housing.

The Green Residential Plan – GRP while supporting the city in attaining the National Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 will also contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and communities, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic Objectives

National Strategy, Policies and Laws, and Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

Egypt’s Vision 2030,

- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and

- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030. Specific Strategy and Policy Urban Planning Strategy - Strategy to Promote Green Building – MoEnv (2012), - Strategic Development Plan (SDP) of Southern Egypt – UNDP (2007), - Sustainable Environmental Compatible Building – SECB, and - National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011). Policies & Plans: - National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), - National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), and - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015). Climate Change Policies: - Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015), - Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014), - Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999). Laws, Regulations, Decrees and Codes Laws and Regulations:

- New Investment Laws (2017), - National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), - Unified Building Laws (2008), - National Building Law (1997), - National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), - Climate Change Legislations (2015),

- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and

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- Public Private Partnership – PPP (2010). Decrees:

- The new electricity tariff Ministerial decree (2016), - Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source (2015), - Feed-in-Tariff (2014) and 2nd Feed-in-Tariff (2016), - Net Metering (2013), and - Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources (2012). National Codes: - Ventilation in Buildings (2013), - Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), - Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009), - House Design Standards (2009), - Improving Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings (2005) , - Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and - Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009). Plans and Programmes: - Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015), - Green Building Programme – UNDP (2014), - Green Building Guideline – GBG (2013), - Calculate Your Carbon Footprint (2012), - Renewable Energy and Energy Rationalization in New and Urban Communities, - National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009), - National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP, - Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - Clean Production Mechanism - CPM (2010), and - Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).

Plan and programmes - Climate Change

- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014), - Green Pyramid Rating System – GPRS (2012), and - The Egyptian Green Building Council Ministerial Decree (2009).

Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy

The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is centred on the fact that the city should be a carbon neutral city. The Green Residential Plan (GRP) will contribute to this general objective. In the decarbonisation efforts, the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea plans to:

- Expand the natural gas network to most of residential buildings,

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- Support the GRP to inform and raise the awareness all stakeholders including citizens as well all companies working in energy efficiency and renewable solutions to support any initiatives helping the GRP implementation. - Inform stakeholders of the necessity of integrating solar PV and SWH systems to heat water instead of using non- clean energy such as EWH, and - Reduce fossil fuel consumption in the sector to mitigate GHG in the City of Hurghada and Governorate of Red Sea. The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the the Red Sea, carried out by combining the results the probability and impact (scale 1-3) of the 10 receptors, including Buildings' stock and Materials - BSM, indicated that BSM is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact. Therefore, this planned action #5 Green Residential Building sector - City of Hurghada is in line with the vision and strategy of the Governorate of the Red Sea and support its implementation.

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department, • City Council represented by the Governor of the Red Sea Governorate of Red Sea • Building owners, mothers and children • Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) - Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS) - City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) - New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) • Ministry of National Housing and Building Research Centre (HBRC) - Egyptian Green Building Council - Green Building Unit (GBU) • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)

2. Process

Technical Process Applying green measures in the building sector, mainly residential (that consumes 13% of the total city energy use), is an interesting option for reducing cost for inhabitants while cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The planned action is set through the following means and development:

• Investigate the specificities of the residential units and pattern on energy use through per-action studies; - Assess 10% of the total housing units (5,634) in terms of energy consumption, - Explore availability of green measures through a pilot study on 1,000 units to identify best options regarding improving building envelop, lighting and/ or other measures to decide on the best and fastest solutions, - Assess the amount of PV/ SWH that could be installed in order to boost the local market and ensure local entrepreneurs cover instalment requirements. • Establish a plan for involving stakeholders including companies providing PV and SWH (components/materials), • Set a plan to raise awareness as part of the Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) to inform and train all the stakeholders, including governorate staff, users and suppliers. This EAU will be set through the following actions: - Preliminary plan and specific study for preparing the development of the Environmental Awareness Unit - Allocating Staff to the EAU, - Involving stakeholders, - Initiate plan to install solar PV and SWH systems onto the residential buildings’ roof.

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Administrative and coordination process • Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) to review the action plan and its components: GRP and EAU, • Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets, • City Council represented by the Governor approval, • Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development MoHUUD – approvals, - Department of Housing at the Governorate for the refurbishment, • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE), - NREA to approve the plan of solar PV and SWH systems • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the strategic environmental and social impacts (SESIs) and benefits, • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.

Government Procedures and Approvals • Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality), • City of Hurghada to coordinate all approvals with the listed entities to execute the GRP: • Refurbishment permit: MoHUUD and Governorate, • Operation permit: NREA for PV and SWH connection, • EETC and AEDC permit: in the case of on-grid connection, and • Height permit: MOCA and EAA for height regulation. European Union (EU) Commission Directives which apply to projects financed by IFCs for Action ≠5 Committed to the adoption of EU environmental principles, practices and substantive standards are essential, including the following list that provides a brief description for the key pertinent EU Directives: - Directive 2001/42/EC (SEA Directive) on the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans and programmes with a view to promoting sustainable development, and - Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, and its amendment (Directive 2014/52/EU). Atmosphere and Air Pollution - COP 21 Paris climate change agreement, - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, - Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, - London Amendment to Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and - (Copenhagen) Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer.

3. Technical description

Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan

The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, the GHG emissions from Residential sector are vital for the Governorate of Red Sea strategy on climate change adaptation - CCA.

Residential sector is one the five main sectors that will be affected by climate change risks. Thus, it is vital to develop a comprehensive plan to green the residential buildings to attain the vision of the City of Hurghada and Governorate the

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Red Sea. The GRP will also increase the use of RE to improve the Governorate’s sustainable energy prospectus, yet contribute to achieving Egypt’s Vision and National Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030.

Implementation plan

Component 1: Phase 1: Setting up the EAU – Allocating staff – Installing basic equipment, Phase 2: Priority programme targeting municipality staff with basic information on climate change and energy:

- Reduce artificial lighting and take advantage of daylight, - Manage temperature inside buildings to reduce use of AC/heater, - Shut down electric equipment at end of working time, and - Remove electrical pins from electrical socket when the day ends. Phase 3: Develop a specific programme “GRP”, mobilising women and household owners. Thus, mainly focus on: - Promote the apt temperature set at home: usually homes consume large amount of energy I summer when a reasonable cooling/ heating temperature can result in 20-30 per cent cut in energy use, - Foster behavioural changes at home: turning off lights when not in use, good management of refrigerator, washing machines’ time of use, boiling waters in kettles, and replacing classical bulbs with efficient devices such as LED lamps, - Advance use of energy efficient cooling/ heating devices: with good devices enough to ensure efficient performance. People usually buy inexpensive equipment without taking into account the higher level of energy consumption – even with green labelling devices act, this could lower energy consumption, but more awareness is needed to emphasise on buying green label appliances, - Control elevators’ use: set operation programme and limit their use to 3rd floor unless users have medical issue/problems, - Adjust Air conditioning systems’ thermostats: be always at 24 degrees Celsius in summer, which would save up to 25 per cent of the energy consumption, and - Apply 3M sheets on windows’ glass/glazing: would reduce the impact of solar radiation impinging on the external buildings’ façades, reduce cooling loads, and lower energy consumption. A rough calculation allows considering that a widespread awareness campaign could result in a 20 per cent reduction of electricity consumption (estimation being more difficult on other fluids) in 50 per cent of households and private buildings.

Component 2: The plan is to develop solar PV and SWH wherever possible and appropriate in residential buildings. All combinations are possible, from small 5kW units on a roof to larger units of 200kW or even more when surface available allows it. Such project should focus on few measures:

- Promote the use of SWH systems instead of the current electric water heating (EWH) systems. Currently, in most of residential buildings EWH systems are used instead of SWH due to low cost electricity tariff during 2010- 2015. With the increased in tariffs, this action could tremendously reduce electricity consumption. - Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the investment solar energy units’ installation (for example through a process where the bank will cover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings allowed by the installation of PV and SWH programme), - Involve and train staff and companies that provide and sell PV and SWH systems to identify the benefits of installing the SWH instead of the EWH. The price of the SWH can be calculated and deducted virtually from the monthly electricity bill and given to the company as it represents the amount of saving. This could be done for 2-3 years; the occupants will own the SWH after that period and will eventually save money due to this installation. Component 3: On the long term, it would be necessary to develop a renovation programme targeting less energy efficient building, where basic buildings envelop insulation could significantly reduce energy use while improve comfort. To

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design and implement an adequate energy-retrofitting plan for residential buildings in the City of Hurghada - Governorate of Red Sea should engage in the following steps:

- Assess the need through a detailed mapping of housing units, registering average energy consumption per square meter, date of construction and orientation, - Train small local companies that will have the flexibility to work in different type of conditions while performing adequate retrofitting programmes, the result in significant energy reduction, - Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the investment (for example through a process where the bank will cover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings allowed by the retrofitting programme), - Promote retrofitting in selected targets offering the best potential in terms of return on investment and, elaborating on these showcases further deploy the plan.

LED lighting - Considering the pilot phase of 50 buildings representing 1000 housing units of similar capacity, and assuming each unit has 25 lamps, replacement requires 25,000 LED lamps. Given the cost of 75 EGP (3.62 € per lamp), the total cost for 1000 units amount to 1,875,000 EGP (90,000 €). These LED lamps would save at least 70% of the energy consumed for lighting (i.e. 20% of electricity consumption in residential buildings). An average housing unit consumes 4,575 kWh/y of which lighting is 915 kWh/y. Switching to LED cuts by 640 kWh/y.

Electricity consumption reduction for 1000 units represents 640 MWh/y and avoids 351 tCO2eq/y.

SWH Systems - One building represents in average 20 housing units occupied by 20 families, each encompassing 4 persons each. Such a family would need 70 gallons per day (265 litres) of which 25 gallons day (95 litres) need to be hot water. This means for one building 95 x 20 = 1,900 litres of hot water per day, requiring at least 20 collectors or 7 SWH units (sets of 3 collectors (2.50m x 0.9m) with a 300 litres tank). Such a unit costs 12,000 EGP (582.00 €) (all inclusive). The SWH cost per building will be then 84,000 EGP (4,074 €) producing 18,400 kWh/y and avoiding 10 tCO2eq/y. Avoided electricity consumption represents 648 €/y allowing a 6 years R.o.I (at 2017 electricity price). Note: SWH systems can be assigned to one family or preferably manage collectively, as this will be far more energy efficient. Then the building manager will ensure the proper maintenance of equipment and will ensure adequate payment of hot water consumption per households to reimburse the initial investment and cover maintenance cost. Such a payment will be cheaper than the electricity consumed for the same service as price of electricity goes up.

The pilot phase of 1000 housing units, in 50 buildings represents: • 203,700 € investment for 50 x 7 SWH units, • 920 MWh/y avoided electricity consumption, and

• 504 tCO2eq avoided GHG.

Energy Efficiency measures – Housing refurbishment Beyond raising awareness, switching lamps to LED and promoting SWH, there are basic refurbishment actions that will lead to further energy consumption reduction in housing units. Such actions can entail: switching AC to more efficient device, improving ventilation, and tacking advantage of natural light. A lump sum of 12,600 EGP (600 €) will be allocated for each housing unit included in the pilot phase. In average, a housing unit consumes 4,575 kWh/y of electricity meaning 3,390 EGP/y (161 €/y) and 3,258 kWh/y of fossil fuel (natural gas, liquid gas, fuel) at a cost of 1,238 EGP (59 €/y). As refurbishment could allow a 40% cut in energy consumption, the annual saving would reach 1,851 EGP/y - 40% of annual expenses at 4,628 EGP/y - meaning 88 € (40% of 220 €/y). Compare to the initial investment of 12,600 EGP we will have a 6 years RoI (more or less depending on variation of energy costs). The pilot phase (1,000 housing units) will require and investment of 600,000 € offering an energy efficiency gain of 3,186 MWh/y and avoiding 1,326 tCO2eq/y and saving

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The pilot considering 1,000 housing units is meant to test what will be the best combination of actions (ventilation, AC, natural light) to get the best energy efficiency gains. Monitoring energy consumption will allow designing plan to expand the program at a larger scale with the ambition of covering 20% of the residential sector in the next 5 years (11,000 housing units at least meaning another 10,000 after the pilot phase). This implementing plan, will require setting up a revolving fund of 6,000,000 € that could be replenished by housing occupants’ contribution from the saving they will gain from the retrofitting activities. The management of this revolving fund should be organised by the City of Hurghada. Deliverables should be as follows: • Integrated sustainable energy in residential buildings to contribute to the greening of the city of Hurghada, • Global awareness campaign to help households reducing their daily energy consumption, • Pilot project focusing on 1000 housing units addressing lighting by switching to LED, water heating by installing solar water heater and other initiatives to further reduce energy consumption. • Expansion plan targeting at least 10,000 housing units by 2030, setting up a revolving fund to support investment in energy efficiency activities (switching to LED, SWH development, other retrofitting actions).

4. Organization and procedures

Formal approval Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action

The development would require the following entities for issuing - City of Hurghada - Governorate of the Red permits, approvals and follow up process: Sea, - Governor’s approval - MoERE and NREA, and - City of Hurghada (Municipality and - MoHUUD. - Governorate of the Red Sea and City Council represented by the Governor - MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on buildings, - Operation permit by MoHUUD – for buildings modification permit, - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs.

Staff training Role of Partners

Governorate (Municipality) team which will be assigned to the EAU Stakeholders: as part of the SSEU need to receive a proper training on several - Training is also needed to transfer the subjects: message of clean and green residential • Technical questions related EE, PV and SWH development as well plan to all parties involved, as CCA, - The Governorate and City of Hurghada to • Pedagogy and communication to run efficient awareness coordinate the procedures approval with programmes, different related authorities in close contact • Strategic Management of sustainable energy issues, with the Governorate such as: MoERE, NREA and EEAA, • Organisational solutions and technical questions related - All should be invited to specific to facilitate converting residential buildings to operate by Solar water heating, the action project to follow up the and implementation upon funding. • Project management.

A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed and established to oversee the training of staff and all concerned issue

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and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.

5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) of action ≠5 (Green Residential buildings)

- A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (energy efficiency) mainly the GRP to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city including the use of SWHs to heat water and EE measures, - An adequate awareness raising actions will also be necessary to help Governorate promote the value of Green residential plan (GRP) through greening these buildings as well as the benefit household of such move, - Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green buildings development doesn’t mean that energy will become abundant. On the contrary, such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use of SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted, - The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and household owners and managers that could encompass several actions: - The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters,

The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories: . Information on national energy policies and local implications, . The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, . The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP. Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).

6. Assumptions and risks

- Considering the time to change the mind set of building users which may take time, it will take a smart concept to engage the public in collective actions that will generate individual benefits (saving money from their own budget through reduced energy and water consumption) as well as global impact (reducing dependency on imported oil and mitigating climate change, etc.), - The main constraints of such a plan will be the mobilization of appropriate resources to fund renovation programmes, as in many cases house owners will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is why such a programme requires a partnership between the Governorate (Municipality) offering the guarantee that retrofitting will result in actual energy bill reduction, and the bank providing the funds or with MoERE and NREA to promote GRP. - The absence of a maintenance plan could reduce the efficiency of the installed SWH systems, thus it is important to ensure good performance of SWH.

7. Key success factors

• The Governor’s vision and backing of promoting Sustainable Energy (RE and EE) in the city Hurghada and the Governorate of the Red Sea is of a vital success factor, • The approach and development of GRP is part of the Governorates’ vision and strategy, hence would assist in reducing the annual use of fossil energy, • Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be of significant value, • The action plan is divided in two phases to make the investment visible and implementation easier, • Any reduction in the usage of fossil fuels will be great success due to its huge cost annually, and

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• Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH systems, yields securing interesting enough return on investment (R.O.I).

8. Cost estimates

Training for Municipality staff, users and stakeholders 50,000 €

Pilot project for 100 housing units 1,050,000 € - Switching to LED 90,000 € - SWH development 204,000 € - Housing retrofitting 600,000 € - Technical support and management 56,000 €

Revolving fund for supporting retrofitting expansion 6,600,000 € - Revolving fund (to be replenished after 6 years – zero interest loan) 6m € - Management technical support and administration of the fund 100 k€/y (6 years)

Approximate annual cost savings (after initial investment reimbursement) 968,000 € (88€/y/unit)

Return on Investment (draft calculation) 6 to 7 years depending on energy cost

9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed

Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs

International Financial Institutions65: EU Funds & Programs and other external - The World Bank (WB), funds - United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB), - European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), - OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB), - African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),

65 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD), - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), - Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED), - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and - Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower Expected annual cost savings to City budget

10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target

Assumptions:

- Awareness can lead to 20% cuts in 50% of households 44,183 MWh/y 114.555 MWh/y - EWH consumes 30% of electricity households 31,760 MWh/y and the program can manage to install SWH in 50% of households by 2030. - Building retrofitting will concern 20% of buildings by 2030, 38,667 MWh/y ensuring a 40% improvement in energy efficiency

Renewable energy production MWh/y 38,667 MWh/y

CO2 reduction t CO2/y 57,892 t CO2/y

- Reference Year 2015

- Target Year 2030

- Percentage of net reduction on the territory 4,5%

- Reduction as related to BAU scenario 21%

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6. Governorate of the Red Sea, Hurghada – Priority Action # 6 for SECAP

1. General presentation

Title: ENERGY SUPPLY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT # 6

Summary of the Action Location: Governorate of the Current Status: Renewable Energy Development – Governorate of the Red Sea Red Sea (Al-Shalateen, Marsa Alam, Halayeb, Abu Ramad and Arab Saleh)

Renewable energies (RE) in the Governorate of the Red Sea are key to addressing all Start date: Dec. 2017 sectors that consume fossil fuels and emit GHG. Solar radiation is abundant in the Governorate, especially in the southern part. It is characterised as one of the highest in Project lifetime: 2 years the country and the world (more than 2800 kWh/m2/year of direct solar radiation with about 12 hours of sunshine per day. The coastal area of the Governorate of the Red Sea End: December 2019 is also known for its high wind speed (more than 10 m/sec) offering high potential for generating electricity from wind. Currently the New and Renewable Energy Authority Estimated cost € (NREA) registers about 500 MW of wind power capacity in operation and 1340 MW under development. 30K€ technical expertise 30M€ initial investment to Many projects in the solar electricity production are already running under MoERE - NREA install solar PV capacities and international agencies in Egypt (JICA, AFD, kfW & WB) partnerships in the Red Sea. reaching 22 MWp These projects represent 1210 MW capacity (730 MW installed & 480 MW under installation): No Capacity Location Duration Financed by 1 250 MW Gulf of Suez 2017-2021 KFW 2 20 MW Gulf of Suez 2016-2019 JICA 3 240 MW Gabal El Zayt 2012 2017 KFW 4 220 MW Gulf El Zayt 2010-2017 JICA 5 120 MW Zafarana 2015 (in operation) JICA 6 200 MW West, Gulf of Suez 2015 (in operation) AFD 7 160 MW Zafarana 2004-2008 KFW

Renewable Energy at the Governorate of the Red Sea – South Region The Governorate of the Red Sea installed 13.25 MWp solar energy production capacities. No Capacity Location PV Panels Generating output 1 5 MW Marsa Alam 15,880 4.6 MWp 2 5 MW Al-Shalateen 15,880 4.5 MWp (12 hrs) 3 1 MW Halayeb 7,740 0.90 MWp 4 2 MW Abu Ramad 15,470 1.80 MWp 5 250 kWp Arab Saleh Residential buildings - (on top of their roofs)

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Renewable energy at the city of Hurghada The City of Hurghada has: • 4.8 MWp wind farm between Hurghada and Al-Gouna resort. • A small solar power plant on the main Governorate’s building with 100 PV panels with a capacity of 25 kWp. • A 3-Km long light posts using solar energy with an installed capacity of 27 kWp.

The vision of the Governorate of the Red Sea is to expand its renewable energy production tapping on the solar and wind potential to reduce its dependency on conventional energy sources and cut CO2 emissions. Taking into account the fact that cost of PV installations is going down year by year and considering the increasing cost of electricity in Egypt, return on investment is now getting attractive (5 to 6 years), a special effort should be made to speed up development of solar energy. The Governorate of the Red Sea efforts in Sustainable energy is willing to contribute to reaching the National Sustainable Energy Policy Roadmap and Targets: - 22% of total electricity consumption sourced from renewables by 2022, - 20% of total new electricity generation from renewables by 2020 (63% wind, 2% solar, 10% CSP, and 25% Hydro), and - 80% of electricity demand from local generation by 2020. Developing solar PV in five towns south of the Governorate can assist in boosting the local economy. Considering the huge potential of development of this technology and taking into account that installation and maintenance must rely on local companies, yet can sustain local employment. Hence, the Governorate of the Red Sea is planning to move forward to holistically improve sustainable energy production from clean sources. Thus, to develop solar energy plants in the southern region of the Governorate of the Red Sea (Al-Shalateen, Halayeb and Abou Ramad) in addition to use the none-utilised generated power to feed the water desalination plant. This action is to upgrade installed solar PV capacity from 13 MW to 35.25 MW:

• Increase Marsa Alam power plant capacity from 5 MW to 10 MW (no grid there), • Increase power capacity of Al-Shalateen from 5 MW to 10 MW, and utilised the power for support the water desalination plant in the town, • Increase Halayeb power plant capacity from 1 MW to 5 MW, • Increase Abou Ramad solar power plant from 2 MW to 10 MW, • Provide a small solar power plant of 250 kWp generating capacity for the remote nomadic residential settlements in Arab Saleh area.

General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

The “Energy Supply and Renewable Energy Development Plan” will be the Governorate of • New the Red Sea’s strategic roadmap to improve energy supply, while reducing dependency • Planned on fossil fuel and cut GHG emissions: • Following previous • Add 22.25 MW of renewable energy production in the southern region of the action. Governorate, upgrading current installation or building new ones. • Reduce loads on the national grid, • Contribute to build a sustainable energy strategy for the entire Governorate,

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• Develop technical capacity locally to promote the technology, • Provide support to investors willing to develop solar PV in the southern region, namely Marsa Alam, al-Shalateen, Halayeb, Abou Ramad and Arab Salah.

National Strategy, Policies, Legal framework and Laws, and Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

Egypt’s Vision 2030,

- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and - Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030. Strategy and Policy Strategy - Egypt’s Strategy 2030 – MoPMRs. - Energy Strategy 2015 – 2030, - National Renewable Energy Action Plan – NREAP 2015, - Strategic Energy Efficiency Roadmap and Energy Prices 2014, - Strategy for Renewable Energy 2027 (20% by 2020), - National Strategy on Market for Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources 2014, and - Politically Viable Institutional Strategy for Energy Efficiency – PVISEE 2014. Policies and Plans Policies - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012 – 2015), and - Energy Efficiency Plans and Capacity Building Schemes (2012). Plans - Energy Efficiency Plans in Electricity Sector – EEPES (2012 – 2015), - Mediterranean Electricity Regulatory – MEDREG (2013), - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012), - Employment Promotion through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – EPRREE 2016, and - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study – EERENS, UNEP 2007. Laws, Regulations and Decrees Laws and Regulations - New Investment law and execution legislations 2017, - New Electricity law 2015, - Renewable Energy and Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2017, - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law No. 203 – REEEL 2014, - Incentives for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources 2014, and - Public Private Partnership – PPP 2010. Decrees - The new electricity tariff Ministerial decree 2016, - Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source 2015, - Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2nd Feed-in-Tariff 2016, - Net Metering 2013, and - Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources 2012. Programmes and Initiatives - Power Purchase Agreement – Egypt ERA 2014,

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- Design of Feed-in Tariffs 2012, - Egyptian-German Joint Committee Programme on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency 2015 – 2018, and - Renewable Energy Fund – REF 2012.

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department, • City Council represented by the Governor Governorate of the Red Sea • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) • New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) • Ministry of Petroleum (MoPMRs)

2. Process

Technical Process • Run a detailed assessment of current Solar PV capacities to design the most appropriate upgrading plan. • Unroll plans to upgrade solar power plants • Structure local maintenance system

Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals • Initial approval of NREA and MoRER • Power plant construction permit: according to the presidential decree of Egypt, No. 326/1997, to establish the Regulatory Body for Electric Utility and Consumer Protection. This permit is required as an authorisation from the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Agency – EgyptERA for the construction of PV plants • Building construction permit approval for building with the plants: in accordance with Unified Building Laws (2008) and National Building Law (1997) and Law 101 from 1996. Responsibilities: Local Government Unit on the District/ Markaz level is responsible for issuing the permit for buildings (Governorate) • Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by Law 9/2009. • EAA approval and process: a Preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social Impacts (SESIs) , • Water abstraction license: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994, amended by Law 9/2009 and Egyptian Law for the Irrigation and Drainage, Law 12/1984. The Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources has to approve any construction or operations that result in abstraction of water from the Nile River and issue a permit to that effect. In case of underground water usage, the investors/ developers have to request a well digging permission and abstraction authorisation, • Operation permit: according to the presidential decree No. 326/1997, to establish the Regulatory Body for Electric Utility and Consumer Protection. This permit is required from Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Agency to authorize the operation of electric utilities, • Height construction permit: according to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) and Civil Aviation authority (CAA), • City Council represented by the Governor and Municipality approval, and • Governor’s approval.

Coordination with relevant authorities - National Centre for Planning State Land Uses (NCPSLU) for land allocation of the SPP,

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- Egyptian Armed Forces Operations Authority EAFOA), MoD to obtain ‘No objection’ for the construction of the project in the allocated land of the SPP and coordination with the EAFOA during project construction.

3. Technical description

a. Link to Governorate (Municipal) Solar Development Plan

The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Solar energy offers significant potential and is pretty easy to develop. The Energy Supply and Renewable Energy Development Plan will contribute to increase the share of generating electricity from renewables and promote a “new culture” regarding energy in the south part of the country. The Governorate plans to increase the share of solar electricity production capacity from 13 MW to 35.25 MW. This project will assist the Governorate in reducing dependency on fossil fuels and decrease the cost of fuel transport to power plants that run on diesel in the southern region of the Governorate. It will also enhance the Governorate sustainable energy prospectus, yet contributing to Egypt’s vision and Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 and its targets of having 22% RE in the energy mix by 2022. In this respect, the Governorate will contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy.

b. Implementation plan

The plan is to develop additional Solar PV capacities in 5 towns of the Governorate of Red Sea: Marsa Alam, Al-Shalateen, Halayeb, Abou Ramad and Arab Salah.

Assumptions: - Cost of a 1KW unit = 1,500 US$ = 1,278 € in the south region of Red Sea Governorate, - 1 kW in Egypt would produce around 5.2 kWh/day and 1898 kWh/year - KWh purchase is based on 2017 Feed in Tariffs regulation implemented by EETC (Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company) set as follows: - 102.32 piasters per 1 kWh (49.6 € / MWh) for houses – capacity less than 200 kWh, - 108.58 piasters per 1kWh (53 €/MWh) for commercial activities less than 500 kWh, - 78.8 piasters per 1 kWh (40 € /MWh) from Solar PV power plant 500 kW to less than 20 MW Exchange rate of EGP Piasters = € at 0,21 / € to US$ at 0,8523 (1 € = EGP 20.65 as per the ECB of 08.10.2017) The project could be phased in order to facilitate its implementation, however, the sooner the Governorate will invest the greater the impact will be on the overall economy and energy balance. So the recommendation would be to plan investments in two rounds as explained below. The very first phase of the project will require a precise assessment of existing capacities and a detailed analysis of additional capacities to be added and the identification of the best options for managing these additions. The first round of investment over the first two years aims for an increase of 15 MW and includes: - Upgrade the current 5 MWp in Al-Shalateen solar power plant to 10 MWp, i.e. adding 5 MWp. This investment would be 6,390,000 € adding a production of 9,490 MWh for an annual income of 474,500 €. - Upgrade the current 1 MWp in Halayeb (serving residential houses adding 4 MWp. This investment would be 5,112,000 € adding a production of 7,592 MWh for an annual income of 379,600 €. - Upgrade the current 5 MWp in Marsa Alam serving the city to 8MWp, i.e. adding 3 MWp. This investment would be 3,834,000 € adding a production of 5,694 MWh for an annual income of 284,700 €. - Upgrade the current 2 MWp in Abou Ramad plant serving Abou Ramad small town to 5 MW i.e. adding 3 MWp. This investment would be 3,834,000 € adding a production of 5,694 MWh for an annual income of 284,700 €. This first round of investment will amount 19,170 K€*

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* Calculation based on 1,278 € per KWp installed, knowing that for larger installation the cost per KW will go down significantly. The second round of investment, over the third year, aims for an increase of 7.25 MW: - Ensure another upgrade of Marsa Alam plant from 8MWp to 10 MWp adding another 2 MWp (after the first upgrade of 3 MWh completed in the first round). This investment would be 2,556,000 € adding a production of 3,796 MWh for an annual income of 189,800 €. - Ensure another upgrade of Abou Ramad solar power plant to reach 10MWp, adding 5 MWp (after the first upgrade of 3 MWh completed in the first round). This investment would be 6,390,000 € adding a production of 9,490 MWh for an annual income of 474,500 €. - Provide a small solar power plant of 250 kWp generating capacity for the remote nomadic residential settlements in Arab Saleh area. This investment would be 319,500 € adding a production of 474 MWh for an annual income of 23,725 €. This second round of investment will amount 9,265 K€* As highlighted in the following table return on investment would be 15 years for these two rounds, with an attractive profitability for the overall life-time of the equipment. Investment Annual Operational Actualisation Actualised Year Money flow Capital cost revenues cost rate Money Flow 1 10 224 000 759 200 20 000 -9 484 800 0,990 -9 390 891 -9 390 891

2 8 946 000 1 423 500 60 000 -7 582 500 0,980 -7 433 095 -16 823 986

3 9 265 500 2 111 525 80 000 -7 233 975 0,971 -7 021 225 -23 845 211

4 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,961 1 952 256 -21 892 955

5 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,951 1 932 926 -19 960 029

6 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,942 1 913 788 -18 046 240

6 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,942 1 913 788 -16 132 452

7 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,933 1 894 840 -14 237 612

8 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,923 1 876 079 -12 361 533

9 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,914 1 857 504 -10 504 028

10 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,905 1 839 113 -8 664 915

11 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,896 1 820 904 -6 844 011

12 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,887 1 802 875 -5 041 136

13 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,879 1 785 025 -3 256 111

14 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,870 1 767 352 -1 488 759

15 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,861 1 749 853 261 094

16 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,788 1 600 905 1 861 998

17 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,776 1 577 246 3 439 244

18 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,765 1 553 937 4 993 181

19 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,754 1 530 972 6 524 154

20 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,742 1 508 347 8 032 501

21 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,731 1 486 056 9 518 557

22 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,721 1 464 095 10 982 652

23 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,710 1 442 458 12 425 110

24 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,700 1 421 141 13 846 251

25 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,689 1 400 139 15 246 390

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Long-term plans As long as the Governorate conducts these first investments, additional capacities could be added where more appropriate as the potential is quite high. However, it is important to also take into account other components to secure the appropriate exploitation of such solar units. One of the constraints could be the electric grid capacity to absorb these additional productions. This why it is difficult at this stage to plan more investment. The cautious approach would be to assess the performance of capacities added in the first and second round before moving forward. Another constraint to consider is that solar plants produce electricity during the daytime when consumption is also required at night. Storing electricity is not a simple operation. Batteries are very expensive and not as efficient as expected. The most efficient products on the market today can reach a cost of 3,000 € for a 1 KWp solar PV, meaning three time the cost of the solar PV itself. However, technologies are evolving fast and a promising solution will be available in the coming years. Hence, it would be interesting to start with a technical study to increase availability of electricity in Al-Shalateen through storage of electricity produced by the plant offering an upgraded capacity of 10 MWp (after the two rounds of investment). Batteries could be an option but only for very limited consumption capacity coverage.

4. Organisation and procedures

a. Formal approval b. Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor the action ≠ 6

The development of Renewable energy plans would require the following • Governorate of Red Sea, entities for issuing permits, approvals and follow up process: • City of Hurghada, - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to • City Council represented by the coordinate loans and funding for IFCs, Governor, - Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), • MoERE, - Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) for power plant • NREA, construction permit, • EETC, - New and Renewable Energy Authority (NERA) for approval and • Al-Qanal Distribution Company coordination process, in case of on-grid connection - Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Agency (EgyptERA) approval for constructing the solar PV power plants, - National Center for Planning State Land Uses (NCPSLU) for land permit for the Power plants allocated land, - MoHUD – NUCA (Municipality/ Markaz) for Building construction permit for the building at PV plant, - The Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to assess and conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) for new projects and expansions or renovations of existing projects in accordance of the Law No. 4/1994 and its amendments, the Law on Protection of the Environment, and its executive regulations, - The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) – MoEnv to conduct the screening of ESIAs of the planned project, - Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (MoIWR) permit for water abstraction license (if the water is taken from the River Nile or/and in case of underground water usage on site, - Operation permit from Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Agency to authorize the operation of electric utilities,

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- Ministry of Defense (MoD) and Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) and Civil Aviation authority (CAA) for height construction permit, - EETC approval and follow up: execution and purchase generated power - City Council represented by the Governor, - Municipality approval, and - Governorate – Governor’s approval.

C. Staff training needs d. Role of Partners

Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of Stakeholders: Sustainable Energy will be assigned to receive coaching - NREA to coordinate the procedures approval with and training on three subjects: different related authorities in close contact with the • Strategic Management of Sustainable Energy Governorate such as: Ministry of Defence, EEAA, MoCV issues, and CAA as well as the National Centre Planning State • Organisational solutions and technical questions Land Uses (NCPSLU) and local company involved in the related solar PV development, and construction of Solar PV plants should be invited to • Project management. specific to facilitate the action project to follow up the implementation upon funding, and A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be - EETC to check on the installation procedures and developed and established to oversee the training of implementation and test the power plant output and staff and all concerned issues and to ensure the monitor the purchase process. implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.

5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) to action ≠6 (RE Development)

A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (Renewable energy and Energy Efficiency) plan to brand the city of Hurghada as a clean and green city including Solar PV power plants in the above mentioned towns in the south region of the Governorate. Also, adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help the Governorate promote the value of electricity production through PV and the benefit for both individual producers and for the entire city. Awareness should also focus on the fact that Solar PV development does not mean that electricity will become abundant. On the contrary, such an awareness campaign should highlight that combining electricity conservation and efficiency with PV production will allow these towns to become independent from conventional energy sources for their electricity consumption. The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could encompass several actions: - The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters, - The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories: . Information on national energy policies and local implications, . The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, . The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP, and . Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).

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6. Assumptions and risks

- The key challenge will be to organise a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate electricity production, yields securing an attractive enough Return on Investment (R.O.I), - As renewable electricity production is growing in Egypt, the grid should be maintained and upgraded to support integration of local production in varying intensity and quantity. This might be a challenge in the southern part of the Governorate of Red Sea. Grid upgrade and proper network management will become extremely important, - The relatively low purchase price (FiT) set by EETC. - Beyond promoting new sustainable services and/or new green infrastructures, reducing energy demands from non-clean energy sources is dependent on public mobilization.

7. Key success factors

• The development of renewable energy (RE) is an expansion of the existing 13.25 MW solar power capacities, meaning the Governorate already has robust experience in solar energy production. • Cost of new Electricity Tariff and energy means that any saving will be a significant value and an incentive, • The action plan is divided in 2 phases to make the investment visible, • Municipality determination to act in a comprehensive way on the issue of Sustainable energy mainly RE, • Determination of the Governor of the Red Sea, to seriously act on the energy issue, is obviously an important element to the success of this action, • The Governor’s vision and backing of expanding the current solar PV power plants, reduce energy consumption and mitigate GHG emission is of a vital success factor, • Availability of Funds to prepare and to execute the planned action, and • Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation.

8. Cost estimates

Initial and start-up expenses: technical investigation 30,000 €

Approximate operational Costs (Setting up a Solar PV maintenance unit) 80,000€/y in routine

Funding through a loan at 3% annual rate over 15 years) 30,000,000 € investment

28,435,500 for solar PV + additional equipment and administration set up.

Profitability calculated based on feed-in-tariffs at 40 € per MWh.

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Draft calculation of the NPV and return of Investment (IRR). 15 years (see table page 5)

9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed

Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs

International Financial Institutions 66: IFCs including EU Funds, Programs, financial - The World Bank (WB), tools and other external funds - United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB), - European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KFW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),

66 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB), - African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED), - Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD), - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), - Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED), - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and - Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower Expected annual cost savings to city budget

10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030

Energy savings GWh/y Not relevant

Renewable energy production MWh/y 42,230 MWh/y after 3 years (for 30m€ investment)

Avoided CO2 emission t CO2/y (compare to current CO2 content of electricity 23,142 t CO2/y

- Reference Year 2015

- Target Year 2030

- Percentage of net reduction on the territory (compare to 2015) 1,6%

- Reduction as related to BAU scenario in 2030 1,3%

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7. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea Priority Action # 7 for SECAP

1. General presentation

Title: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS UNIT – # 7 HURGHADA GREEN CITY

Summary of the Action Location: Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea

The City of Hurghada is a well-known city for its tourists’ activities, mainly leisure and water Start date: Dec. 2017 sports and diving. Like everywhere in Egypt, there is a need for more awareness on environmental issues. It is not only good to educate and enhance the capacity and skills of Project lifetime: 2 years the Governorate (Municipality) staff for them to make necessary efforts to promote energy conservation and environmental protection in their daily work, but also to develop and brand End: December 2019 of the city as a Green city as it is also necessary to develop the Governorate (Municipality) Estimated cost € capacity to promote awareness among all stakeholders in the City of Hurghada.

The transformation of the City of Hurghada to be sustainable and green, and approach to the 140 K€ for 2 years city’s urban areas is a part of the Governorate strategy including: Providing the City of - Enhance the desert corridors southern Hurghada that link main road with resorts; Hurghada allocate staff to - Reduce the fossil fuel use by setting energy efficiency in multiple sectors; do the job (3 or 4 FTE). - Reduce littering and improve waste management; - Brand Hurghada as a sustainable hub of hospitality and world’s class tourism; and - Use soft means of mobility such as bike lanes and other means. As Governorate staff, population and local stakeholders lack information and need to be mobilised to act on energy conservation / efficiency and environmental protection, it is necessary to strengthen efforts to inform and engage all the public in contributing to the implementation of the different components of the SECAP. The City of Hurghada - Governorate of the Red Sea wishes to develop an awareness campaign to brand the city as a Green city through the Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) that involves various stakeholders (Governorate staff, Ministry of Education and Ministries of Transport and Tourism, Hotels and Resorts as well as NGOs, etc.), to tackle the following main issues:

- Lessen fossil fuel use by setting energy efficiency practices in multiple sectors, - Reduce littering and improve waste management, - Brand the City of Hurghada and the Red Sea Governorate as a green sustainable hub of hospitality and world’s class tourism city, and - Use soft means of mobility such as bike lanes and increase walkable area.

General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

The objective of action # 7 Environmental Public Awareness – Hurghada Green City is to focus • New on 3 priority targets - Municipality staff, Transport and Tourism to improve energy • Planned management (conservation and efficiency) and waste minimisation to preserve the unique • Following previous marine environment. action. The action #7 Environmental Public Awareness Unit – Hurghada Green City aims also at

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supporting the Governorate to achieve its goals and strategy in making the city carbon neutral.

In addition, this action will promote green tourism, while supporting the Governorate in attaining Egypt’s SDS 2030 and contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All.

National Strategy, Policies and Laws, Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

Egypt’s Vision 2030,

- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and

- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030. Specific Strategy and Policy Strategy:

- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013),

- Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),

- Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014), - Transport Strategy and Action Plan, - National Sustainable Transport Policy, - Transport Policy and Planning, and

- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011), Policies: - National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), and - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015). Climate Change Policies: - Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015), - Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014), - Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999). Legislations, Laws, Decrees and Codes Laws and Regulations:

- New Investment Laws (2017), - National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), - Climate Change Legislations (2015),

- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), - Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010), - Regulating Private Sector’s Participation in Infrastructure Projects – Services and Public Utilities (2010), - Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990) – Decree National Codes: - Code for Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and - Code for Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009). Plans and Programmes

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- Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),

- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP, - Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),

- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS, - Model Freight Transport (MFT) strategy developed by MoTr and JICA, and - Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).

Plan and programmes - Climate Change

- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014), - Green Pyramid Rating System – GPRS (2012), and - The Egyptian Green Building Council Ministerial Decree (2009).

Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy

The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city with the ultimate goal of achieving the transition towards a carbon neutral city. To achieve this ambition the Governorate considers its key to raise awareness of staff, stakeholders and citizens about the importance of greening the city and instruct all of them on what they can do to contribute to the global objective. The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada indicates, among 10 sectors, that tourism is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact of dangerous climate chance. Therefore, the action #7 is also essential to help stakeholders getting prepared to any possible disasters they may face.

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning • City Council represented by the Governor of Red Sea Department, Governorate of the • Hotels owners and Management in City of Hurghada Red Sea • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) • New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) • Ministry of Education (MoEd) – Schools • Ministry of Housing (MoTrm) • Ministry of Transport (MoTr)

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• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA • Green Building Unit (GBU) and Green Tourism Unit (GTU) • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)

2. Process

The Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts expected for the action plan, depends on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders to cease the opportunities offered to make the City Green and doing so contribute to the success of the SECAP. The planned action is set through the following assessments and development:

- Preliminary plan and specific study of developing the Green City Awareness Unit - GCAU, - Allocating Staff for the GCAU, - Involvement of Stakeholders, and - Commence the GCAC programme.

Administrative and coordination process - Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipal), - Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets, - City Council represented by the Governor approval, and - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.

Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals - Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality) of the GCAU, and - Governor’s to approve the final set up and structure of GCAU and its targets.

3. Technical description

Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan

The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. It is vital to develop a comprehensive planning of the Green City Awareness Unit to attain the vision of the Governorate of the Red Sea in making the City of Hurghada Carbon Neutral and improving quality of life in the city sustainable urban area, yet attaining Egypt’s vision 2030. It will also enhance clean energy profile and improve the Governorate sustainable energy prospectus, and still contribute to achieving meeting Egypt’s vision and Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. In this respect, the Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy, e.g., Energy and Environment: - Secure energy resources, - Increase reliance on local resources, - Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and - Raise the actual economic contribution of energy sector in the national income.

The Action #7 – Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) would also support the Governorate of the Red Sea’ vision and strategy and achieve the set policies in the Nation Climate Change Communication report, mainly the policies targeting development that is more sustainable based on related pillars:

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1. More efficient use of energy, especially by end user as energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and economic growth. 2. Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources. 3. Improve waste management and reduce littering to preserve the marine environment.

Implementation plan

Component 1: The Governorate first needs to set up the Green City Awareness Unit GCAU to ensure successful executing of the SECAP and accomplish the Governorate’s vision and strategy Component 2: The Governorate’s Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) will be a key component of support for other planned actions developed for the City of Hurghada and the south region of the Governorate. In addition, the GCAU will launch its mission focusing on three priority targets – Governorate (municipality) staff; school teachers and management, office managers, airport staff and hotels owners as well as all tourism operators – to inform on issues at stake regarding Green City elements, climate change mitigation and adaptation, energy management and environment challenges in the city, provide guidance to behavioural changes, and invite all stakeholders to engage in concrete actions to help greening the City of Hurghada, including: reducing energy consumption at no cost, and improve the urban environment (preserving water, reducing waste and littering to promote a cleaner city). The Green City Unit (GCU) will develop the city branding its activities and engaging cooperation with existing groups and institutions: - Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) to remind everyone of the importance of Green and Resilient City (GRC). This must include training given by Governorate (Municipality) employees, - Develop an annual event “Energy festival or Energy day” where best practices could be demonstrated and innovative projects celebrated. Such a festival could be promoted through a large advertising campaign mobilising all traditional media but also social networks online, - Unroll specific awareness campaigns among specific target groups, and - Developing a network of “Positive Green schools” and “Positive Green Hotel” producing more energy than they consume and less waste, through a combination of GRC measure, including energy conservation, energy efficiency and green waste and the development of Solar PV and axial wind turbines on schools’ roofs. Also, school teachers and management, and hotel management should be engaged in such Awareness programmes to use all the potential of the technical development, as support for training teachers and staff and inform pupils.

Component 3: The City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea wishes to engage in a specific programme with schools: improved design for 5 schools and 10 hotels per year, refurbish old schools, raise child awareness, and develop specific projects engaging school pupils in the GRC including energy saving activities, - Mobilise families through the training of women/mothers, and - Promote an awareness raising campaign in mosques, developing solar PV equipment and wind axial turbines and inviting imams to promote responsible behaviour regarding GRC, and - Raising awareness would be the support to gather more official, staff, university researchers, businessmen, communication experts and local citizen groups, with the Governorate (Municipality) team, to work together on a broad mobilization to Green and Resilient City (GRC) and reduce energy consumption and develop renewable energy production. Raising awareness should also be seen as a tool to push citizens to take ownership of the GRC and energy saving issues, engage in energy conservation efforts or participate in renewable energies take off, and doing so, actively contribute to the implementation of the local and sustainable Green City of Hurghada, which will reduce dependency on fossil fuel resources and will improve local economy.

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4. Organization and procedures

Formal approval Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action ≠7

The development and set up of GCAU (CES-MED Unit) would require the • Governorate of the Red Sea, approval of the Governor of the Red Sea and Secretary General of the • City Council – Red Sea represented by the Governorate of Red Sea. Governor, The following entities would also support this GCAU to grasp the available • Directorate of Education, opportunities of funds to follow up the GCAU processes: • Directorate of Environmental Affairs, and - Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) support the approval, • Others - International Cooperation (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs, - Operation permit: Governor Approval of the GCAU structure, - City Council represented by the Governor, - Municipality and Governorate, and - Governor’s final approval to commence the action.

Staff training Role of Partners

The Governorate staff dedicate to support the Green City Awareness Stakeholders: Unit (GCAU) and its programme Green City Hurghada will be assigned to - Training is also needed to transfer the receive coaching and training on three subjects: message of Green City and green plan to • Strategic management of green city issues, all parties involved, • Organisational solutions and technical questions related - The Governorate and City of Hurghada to converting the city to be green, and coordinate the procedures approval within • Project management. the Governorate through the Secretary General office and Governor The GCAU will be part of the Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to - All should be invited to specific to facilitate be developed and established to oversee the training of staff and all the action project to follow up the concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of implementation upon funding. SECAP.

5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) action ≠7 (Environmental Awareness Unit – Hurghada Green City)

A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic sustainable awareness campaign for each and every individual and for the general benefit of the City of Hurghada - Governorate of the Red Sea. The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) as a tool of the GCAU, would include lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could encompass several actions: - The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters, - The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories: . Information on national energy policies and local implications, . The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, . The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP, and

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. Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM). Some of the actions include: • Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) on how to save energy. To include training given by municipal staff, • Creating an annual “Energy festival/day” to demonstrate best practices and celebrate innovative projects. Would be promoted through traditional media and online social networks, • Mobilising families by training women/mothers, • Developing a network of “Positive energy schools” that produce not only more energy than they consume, but where teachers integrate the project into their curricula to train students, develop projects, etc., • Lessen the use of fossil fuel by setting energy efficiency practices in multiple sectors, • Brand the City of Hurghada and the Governorate of Red Sea as a green sustainable hub of hospitality and world’s class tourism city; and • Use soft means of mobility such as bike lanes and increase walkable areas.

6. Assumptions and risks

- The key challenge will be the time needed to change the mind-set of stakeholders, but with proper mobilisation of resources, this action will overcome such a challenge, - The continuation of funding to reach 100% of the stakeholders through ARP and GRC programmes, and - Organise proper follow and monitor procedures during and after the Green City Awareness programme to ensure adequate flow of information about the ARP and GRC.

7. Key success factors

• The development of Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) and Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), since it is part of the Governorate of the Red Sea vision and strategy, would be assist in reducing the yearly consumption of non-clean energy and contribute to making the City of Hurghada sustainable and green, • Governorate determination and approval to act comprehensively on greening the City of Hurghada, • Governor of Red Sea determination to seriously act on the all issued related to energy consumption reduction issue will be great success due to its huge usage annually and is clearly a vital element to this action success, • The Governor’s vision and backing of the establishment of GCAU is of a vital success factor, • Capacity of Governorate staff to liaise with the public and stakeholders that will engage real actions.

8. Cost estimates

Technical support for designing the GCAU – Year 1 20,000 €

Training for Municipality staff - Year 1 20,000 €

Running cost and fund to support innovative initiatives – Per Year 100,000 €

Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement) Not relevant, as energy and Return on Investment (draft calculation) GHG reductions are counted in each specific sectors

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9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed

Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs

International Financial Institutions67: EU Funds & Programs and other external funds - The World Bank (WB), - United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB), - European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), - OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB), - African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED), - Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD), - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), - Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED), - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and - Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower Expected annual cost savings to City budget

10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target year)

As mentioned above, the awareness action plan will have impacts across the different sectors. In order to avoid double counts, this impact is only registered with the different specific sectors (see other action fiches).

67 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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8. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea – Priority Action # 8 for SECAP

1. General presentation

Title: GREENING PUBLIC AREA AND CITY LANDSCAPE # 8

Summary of the Action Location: Hurghada

Current Status – Urban Landscaping Master Plan of the City Hurghada Start date: December 2017 The City of Hurghada is a well known as an international tourists’ hub, hence the urban setting should meet international standards. Hurghada is characterized by its amazing Project lifetime: 1 years beaches and open urban areas. Hurghada counts with a total of 7 public beaches with End: December 2018 an area of 320,000 square meters. The city also constructed a 60 meters wide promenade for tourist that extends 4 km and another 70 meters wide that extends for Estimated cost € 3 km, which makes the total area of the promenade 450,000 square meters. The city of Hurghada also encompasses 17 gardens and green areas with a total surface of 100,000 865 K€ for the City Urban Green square meters. Also, the City of Hurghada has 505 restaurants and cafes, 285 diving and Plan (CUGP) aqua centre along its promenade, which makes it a very dynamic and vibrant city. As for • 50 K€ Study of Urban sports and leisure activities, the city owns 6 open courts and 33 secondary tennis courts. Landscaping City of Hurghada, As the tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, is one of the • 50 K€ Orthophotos flyover foremost sectors that urgently need to be addressed and it holds the first highest rank assessment study of the City after transport in energy consumption 1,626 GWh/year (43%) and first in GHG emissions of Hurghada, and with 606 k teCO2/year (44%), hence, greening the city would contribute to reducing • 755 K€ Landscaping of the main South Road to Hurghada such consumption and GHG emission. Increasing the landscape area is vital as it will International airport. significantly improve tourists comfort in open spaces. • 10 K€ for Awareness campaign The Governor and the Governorate want, as part of their strategy, to improve the urban and staff training on the City setting of the City of Hurghada, increase greenery and improve the landscape. Thus, the Urban Green Plan CUGP. Governorate of Red Sea is currently developing in the city of Hurghada two new walking and open spaces for the public and increasing the plantation in most of the main streets. However more actions are needed to make the city green and sustainable. There is an urgent need for more awareness on environmental issues. Action summary This action is to develop a City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) to enhance the visual and aesthetic image of the city, increasing the urban green coverage (UGC) and its soft landscaping plan to improve the sustainability of Hurghada. This includes a sub-action to increase the landscape in the desert corridors southern of the City linking the main airport road with city resorts – 2,420m long and 25m wide (60,500 Sq.m.).

This plan will help supporting the Governorate meeting the SDS 2030 and helping to achieve SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives under energy and environment sectors.

General Objectives of the project Status of the Action:

The aim of this planned action is to increase the area of green landscape in the city of • New Hurghada, particularity the south road to Hurghada International Airport, planting trees, • Planned seedlings and flowers as part of the City of Hurghada beautification and landscaping Following previous action.

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plan. The plan aims at greening a two-way road of 2,420 meters long and 25 meters wide that links the south road to Hurghada airport and the main hotels and resorts. This will help absorbing part of air pollution near the city and resorts, and will increase carbon storage hence improving the GHG emission balance. On top of this, it will offer a major enhancement of quality of life in and around the City. The City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) will contribute to: • Increasing the contribution of overall Governorate strategic plan, • Maximizing utilization of domestic energy resource, • Enhancing rational and sustainable management of the city, • Reducing the intensity of energy consumption, • Ensuring a better urban setting, • Reduce GHG emissions, • Limit the environmental impact of the sectors emissions, and • Improve the quality of life and the urban environment.

National Strategy, Policies, Laws, Plans and Programmes

General: Vision and Strategy

- Egypt’s Vision 2030, - Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and - Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030. Specific Strategy and Policy Strategy:

- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013), - Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014), - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014), and - National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011). Policies: - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015)

Climate Change Policies: - Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015), - Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014), - Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999). Legislations, Laws and Codes Laws and Regulations:

- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), - New Investment Laws (2017), - Climate Change Legislations (2015), - Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and - Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010). Laws - Energy Efficient Building Guideline – EEBG (2013) - Energy Efficient Building Codes – EEBC (2013) - Energy Efficiency Guide – EEG for Egyptian Enterprises (2010) - National Energy Efficiency Strategy NEES (2000) National Codes: - Code for Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and

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- Code for Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009). Plans and Programmes

- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009), - National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP, - Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010), and - Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012). Plan and programmes - Climate Change

- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014)

Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy

The Governorate of Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy set the objective for the city to be a sustainable city. This would be through a clean and green tourism activities based on clean energy production and green system in the tourism sector. The Governorate is also intending to support the plan to increase the landscape and green areas in main roads and upgrade the current southern road to Hurghada international airport in order to improve the urban condition using trees and plantation seedlings in the City of Hurghada in particular and Governorate in general. In addition, the Governorate is planning to the improve the urban spaces within the City of Hurghada and raise awareness of all stakeholders on the impact of climate change risks and adaptation actions and how the CUGP could assist as well as to support the city transitioning towards a world-class sustainable touristic destination. A vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea was carried out combining probability and impact (scale 1-3) of the 10 receptors, including tourists and inhabitants. The risk assessment, based on climate data available in Hurghada, indicated that tourism is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact. Hence improving the landscaping would support this receptor. Therefore, this planned action #8 - City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) for increasing the City’s Urban Green Coverage is in line with the vision and strategy of the Governorate of Red Sea and support its’ implementation.

Principal partners and stakeholders Contact person in the local authority

• Governorate of Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department, • City Council represented by the Governor of Red Sea Governorate of Red Sea City of Hurghada (Beatification and Landscape)

2. Process Technical Process Increasing the plantation and Urban Green Coverage (UGC) is an interesting option for reducing Urban Heat Islands Effect (UHIE) and air pollution. It also might have a very marginal effect on cooling loads in buildings that are very close to the green areas. The Orthophotos flyover will help assessing hot spots of UHIE, particularly in the city centre, hence allowing the

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most adequate location of green areas to limit the UHIE. This will improve comfort in the city but will not have any significant impact in reducing energy consumption and GHG attenuation. Instead, landscaping of the south road can be seen as a first attempt to store carbon, even if the impact on GHG balance will again minimal.

The planned action will develop a study for greening the city of Hurghada urban areas (main squares and roads) as well the soft landscaping of the South Road to Hurghada International airport as follows: • Understand the specificity of urban green areas and connected roads profile, • Assess the current urban green coverage in all urban zones in the City of Hurghada to explore the technical options for improving the landscaping and to decide on the best and fastest solutions with less irrigation system and desert plantations, • Assess the amount of green planting seedlings in suggested urban areas to improve UGC, • Establish a master plan study for the landscape of the urban areas of City of Hurghada, and • Develop a pilot plantation scheme for the main road connecting South entrance of the City to Hurghada International airport. Administrative and coordination process • Governorate of Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets, • City Council represented by the Governor approval, and • Ever-Green Company (Implanter). Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals • Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality), • City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, and • The Governor and Hurghada City Council headed by Governor.

3. Technical description

Link to Governorate development plan

The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, the mitigation of UHIE and the development of Urban Green Coverage (UGC) in the city of Hurghada and the soft landscaping of the main south road to City of Hurghada International Airport is an important component of climate action. As more than 4 millions’ tourists visit Hurghada every year a strategic and comprehensive approach to improve the sustainability and improve and increase the current UGC as well as the plantation seedlings and trees of the South Road connecting the South entrance of the city to Hurghada international airport are needed to portray the city as a green city and improve the city liveability index (CLI). The Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy:

• Secure better quality of life,

• Increase the reliance on local resources,

• Reduce the air pollution in touristic cities, and

• Raise the actual economic contribution of urban sector in the national income68. This planned action ≠8 on City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) would also support the National Adaptation Action, especially in the tourism sector and Global Liveability Index (GLI):

68 Nihal El-Megharbel, Presentation on Egypt's vision 2030 and planning reforms, First Assistant to the Minister of Planning, Monitoring and Administrative Reform, October 2015.

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Costal Zones sector: 1. Reduce climate change (CC) associated risks and disasters. 2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters. 3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to CC and reduction of associated risk. 4. Improve the health and quality of live due to the reduction of air pollution.

Tourism sector: 1. Improve quality of life. 2. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas. 3. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy. 4. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies. 5. Raise environmental awareness. 6. Cooperate with international bodies. 7. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt. 8. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas. This Action Plan ≠ 8 – City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) would also support the Governorate strategy in meeting the set policies in the Nation Climate change Communication report, mainly the policies targeting development that is more sustainable based on four related pillars: 1. Efficient use of energy resulting from increasing the urban green coverage (UGC). 2. Increased UGC areas would mitigate UHIE and support the adaptation to climate change risks. 3. Improve air quality and quality of life (Liveability). 4. Lower energy consumption in summer due to the impact of increased UGC areas in lowering air temperature. Health and Liveability dimension (quality of life) is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and economic growth.

Implementation plan

Component 1: The Governorate needs a comprehensive study for the Urban Landscape of the all open-spaces in the City of Hurghada to mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE). This would offer a more sophisticated understanding of Urban Green Coverage (UGC) than need to be improved.

Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the study will draw strategic Urban Green Coverage (UGC) of the city centre and surrounding urban open-spaces to make the city resilient and adapt to climate change risks, yet enhance air quality, liveability (quality of life). This master plan of the UGC study could include: • Establish a coordination unit to manage the action plan, prioritizing collective actions to enhance the City Urban Green Coverage (UGC) and highlight the benefits of increasing it as a key action to mitigate UHIE, • Review the current status of city urban areas to identify the areas that need more UGC to improve quality of life in the city and mitigate the UHIE, • Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly make these urban space using less water for irrigation, • Add another action for climate change adaptation, • Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits deriving from increasing UGC and improving the city urban spaces. Component 3: Soft landscape of the South road to Hurghada International airport – 2,420 meters long. The plan articulates an option of greening the road as per the assumption taking into account the water constraint in a desert environment (efficiency, comfort, water consumption and GHG emissions) and assess the environmental impacts of the road on the city.

Soft landscaping of South Road – City of Hurghada Assuming a section of 12 meters long as shown in Figure 1 (below in page 6), the soft landscaping is estimated as follows:

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1. The cost of greening the shoulders of the south main road - Section A: - It has 4 areas each is 36 Square meters, - Each shoulder has 5 palm trees, - Cost of a palm tree average from EGP1000-1500 (€60-65*) - Cost of green area per square meter is EGP150-200 (€7-9) - Sub-total cost of each shoulder including 5 palm trees and plantation is = 5 x EGP1250 (€63) + 36 x EGP175 (€8) = EGP6250 (€287) + EGP6300 (€289) = EGP12550 (€ 576), - The sub-cost of the 4 shoulders is = 4 shoulders x EGP 12550 (€576) = EGP 50,200 (€2,303). Having the length of the road of 2,420 meters, thus, the cost for the 4 sections A is = EGP 10,123,667 (€464,282).

2. The cost of plantation of the mid area of the South main road (B): The area is 13m x 12m = 156 m2. - The green area for each square meters is EGP200 (€9), and - Sub total cost is = 156 x EGP200 (€9) = EGP 31,200 (€1,431).

Having the length of the road of 2,420m, then the total cost is = EGP 6,292,000 (€ 288,558). So, the total cost = A + B = EGP10, 123,667 (€464,282) + EGP6,292,000 (€288,558) = EGP16,415,667 (€752,840). The cost of plantation of the whole south main road is estimated at EGP 16.5 million (€753,000). *NBE exchange rate of 1 EUR is EGP 21.805.

Fig 1: Plan of the south Road to Hurghada Int’l airport This UGC in the urban spaces of the City of Hurghada will be managed by the management unit to administrate the fund (With an overall costs of 20 K€ per year). Component 4: Awareness-raising is vital to increase and encourage urban green converge in cities to assist in the implementation of the plan to transform Hurghada into a green city.

4. Organisation and procedures

Formal approval Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action

The development of landscaping master plan study • City of Hurghada - Governorate of Red Sea, would require the following entities for issuing • City Council represented by the Governor, and

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permits, approvals and follow up process. Since the • Ever Green Company (Field Manager). Road and Master plan study is with the city administrative boundaries no Ministries would be involved in the approvals process except the MoIIC in case of International loans or funding: - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs funds, - Landscape consultant to submit the master plan study and soft landscaping of the South Road to City Hurghada international airport, - City of Hurgada to assess and evaluate the master plan study and soft landscaping of the South Road, - City Council represented by the Governor to approve the master plan study and soft landscaping of the South Road - Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval, - City of Hurghada to call for tender, - The Contractor currently ever green to implement the project, - The city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, to monitor and approve the phases of implementation, Commissioning, final submission, and operation and maintenance plan.

Staff training needs Role of Partners

Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of Stakeholders: Urban Green Coverage (UGC) and mitigating the All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop to design impact of Urban Heat Island will receive coaching and the Master plan and Soft landscaping of the South Road – City of training on three subjects: Hurghada to improve air quality and quality of life. This could include staff from the City and representatives of Ever-Green • Strategic Management of UHIE and greenery and Company. landscaping issues, • Technical questions and organisational solutions related to improving the city urban space and increase UGC as well reducing the impact of UHIE, • Project management. Training is also needed to convey the message of the benefit of green urban spaces and green city to all publics. A Climate Action and UHIE Sub-Unit shall be installed within the Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to handle climate action and UHIE to be developed and established to oversee the training of staff and all concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.

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5. Summary of related Awareness Raising actions

A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive climate action to lower sustainable energy and mitigate UHIE in the city by increasing the UGC areas as well greening the city south main road to Hurghada international airport. Such communication efforts will help portraying the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city. This would include the increasing of green areas, plantation seedlings and trees in the designated south road to Hurghada international airport. Also, an adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help the Governorate promoting the value of the City of Hurghada Urban Green Plan through increasing the UGC. Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green City development would mean better health, quality of life and better liveability. Such awareness campaign should highlight that increasing the UGC areas will improve air quality, enhance quality of life and reduce cooling loads in summer due to lowering the UHIE, hence will lower GHG emissions due to the fact that the air in the city is less polluted.

6. Assumptions and risks - The key challenge will be the absence of operation and monitoring plan to ensure the UGC is maintained on the long term, especially in desert climate environment. - Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of irrigation water, yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.).

7. Key success factors • The development of City UGP and increasing the UGC areas is an essential part of the Governorate of Red Sea vision and strategy and will get the adequate political support, • The cost of new planting trees and planting seedlings are relatively low will be a significant value as an incentive. • The action plan is divided in two stages to make the benefit of investments more visible, • The Governor’s vision and backing of making the city green and carbon to assist in mitigating UHIE and GHG emission is of a vital success factor, and • Governorate is also already started a plan in increasing the UGC in some city squares in the City of Hurghada.

8. Cost estimates Urban Green coverage of the City of Hurghada - technical support plans: 765.000 € - Scoping study on green landscaping study 50.000 € - Orthophotos flyover to assess hot spots in the city 50.000 € - Pilot plant the South main road to int’l airport 15.000 € - Soft landscaping of South Road to Hurghada international Airport 740,000 €

Training for Municipality staff 20.000 €

Revolving fund -

9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed Local authority's own resources: National Funds and Programs

International Financial Institutions69: EU Funds, IFCs tools, financial programmes, and external funds. - The World Bank (WB), - United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - European Commission (EC), - European Investment Banks (EIB),

69 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)

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- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD), - French Development Agency (AFD), - United States Agency for International Development (USAID), - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW), - German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), - OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), - Islamic Development Bank (IDB), - African Development Bank (ADB), - Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED), - Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), - Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD), - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), - Khalifa Fund For Enterprise Development (KFED), - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), - Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and - Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).

Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Lined up private investments

Loans and potential borrower Expected annual cost savings to City budget

10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030 This project will not generate any energy reduction and the impact on CO2 balance will be very marginal. Carbon storage from tree planting along the south road could only be accounted as carbon storage after 7 years according to GHG Protocol, which is the worldwide reference on the subject. In the very arid environment of Hurghada, trees will grow very slowly and will only gain a pretty small size and height over time representing a very small amount of carbon stored. Having no guarantee regarding the proper maintenance of the green areas created by the project, it would be irresponsible to propose any figure regarding CO2 storage over time as a result of the development of green areas in and around the city. Again the benefit of the project is not measurable, neither in energy consumption nor in GHG emission. This impact will be real on comfort in public spaces and their users, air quality improvement and positive appreciation from tourists visiting the city, all of these having an economic value on the long term.

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Section VI: Citizens Awareness Promotion Plan

The Red Sea Governorate Hurghada, sustaining tourism for a better development

1. Preparing and including the “Awareness Raising Actions” component in the SECAP

In addition to the requirement linked to the public consultation of the SEAP, a Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan (CAPP) has to be elaborated by the municipality as part of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan document (SEcAP).

Identification of CAPP actions through participatory training workshops The CES-MED project has conducted a tailored communication and CAPP training workshop for the local authority and it communication team in coordination with (and attended by) the Focal Point and the SECAP Consultants. Prior to conducting the workshop, which was led by CES-MED key communication expert (KE), three parts “Communication Kit” was handed on to the local authority and SEAP Consultant, who were asked to get acquainted with its content prior to conducting the training.

The “Communication Info Kit” (annex1) includes:

- Part 1: the “CAPP Guidelines” document: a tailored comprehensive manual prepared by CES-MED for the use of cities/municipalities on how to identify, plan and conduct awareness raising actions (Arabic, English and French versions)

(http://www.ces-med.eu/publications/recommendations-and-guidelines-development-citizens-awareness- promotion-plan-capp)

- Part 2 includes;

o PPT Presentation of the CAPP Guidelines

o Presentation of “how to prepare and implement a communication and an awareness campaign” showing techniques, materials and models

o Pools of benchmark examples and references to best practices from across the world towards citizen engagement and behaviour change, with adaptation to the CES-MED cities context

- Part 3: consists of 4 Tables to assess CAPP conditions and identify actions.

o Table 1 is used to conduct a rapid investigation to identify awareness situation, levels and needs linked to behavioural change in the city; and to initiate discussions with the workshop participants towards the identification of target audiences and the SECAP CAPP actions.

o Table2: presents the content of a plan to implement a CAPP action related to a Pilot Project.

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o Table 3 presents the proposed actions related to the general sustainable energy challenges and to the city.

o Table 4: presents the proposed CAPP actions linked to each SECAP priority projects. During the workshop, the “Communication Kit” material was explained. The following discussions, assessment and analysis addressed awareness raising conditions and challenges, communication concepts and CAPP methodologies, tools, techniques before examining and multiple benchmark applications.

A practical exercise was then conducted to specify the SECAP’s CAPP actions, whereby the local authority general awareness raising needs and SECAP’s priority actions (proposed in the Project Fiches) were looked over and proposed. In doing so, the template tables were filled by the participants and the KE.

Following the workshop, the participants have thoroughly reviewed the tables and finalized them with CES-MED KE and the SECAP Consultants, prior to including them in the SECAP (below).

The Communication Info Kit and specially the CAPP Guidelines are to be used as reference work manuals for the subsequent detailed planning and implementation of the CAPP actions proposed in the in the SECAP document and other similar awareness raising actions.

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Preparation of a COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROMOTIONAL PLAN (CAPP)

Template 1- Situation analysis of Hurghada

Aim

The questions in the attached templates cover various areas of actions and levels of awareness linked to behavioural change. It has been used to conduct a quick investigation on the awareness situation and level of perception of the citizens in the city concerning renewable energy and energy saving.

The exercise of filling the templates has identified and assessed the conditions in the municipalities prior to preparing a CAPP and to answers a number of questions, including:

1) Who is the target audience of a CAPP? 2) What are the priority issues to be addressed by the CAPP (that also could be identified by the PAED as priority actions)? 3) What is the level of awareness of energy key problems? And what are the first issues to raise awareness about? 4) What are previous awareness raising actions, so that he CAPP can build on them? 5) What is the situation as related to public consultation, based on which public consultation is to be designed?

The exercise of filling the template helped pointing out how raising awareness can be utilized as a tool for improved energy policy to facilitate implementation of its actions; it has allowed initiating discussions in the Communication Workshop and helped identifying appropriate campaigns and actions.

Specific objectives: (i) Provide the necessary information about the current conditions and the situation regarding awareness of energy saving and renewable energy, (ii) Help to identify the most appropriate a) awareness raising campaigns that would accompany the SECAP vision/strategy and b) the awareness raising actions that would accompany the priority actions determined in the SECAP.

Steps to follow:

(i) The SECAP team of the municipality has filled the templates based on their understanding and perception of the of the city’s inhabitants. They were free to seek the opinion of a limited number of persons to help fill the answers.

(ii) The filled templates were discussed in the “CES-MED Communication Workshops”, which were led by CES-MED Communication Expert and attended by the SECAP consultant and the SECAP municipal team. In parallel, the vision/strategy of the city and the proposed pilot actions in the SECAP were reviewed as part of the workshop exercise.

The outcome guided the selection of the most appropriate awareness raising campaigns and actions of the SECAPs, including the ones related to priority projects.

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I. Identification of the target audience and the importance they give to Sustainable Energy (audience targeted by the awareness raising campaigns and actions)

Age group Very important Important Not important

Youth X

Middle Age X

Seniors X

Others (young children to middle school) X

II. Identification of priority issues to be addressed by a sustainable energy action and their level of importance

Level of importance Issue Very important Important Not important

Expensive oil prices X

Availability/lack of energy X

Availability of transport X

Waste management X

Clean environment X

III. Identification of level of awareness (energy problems) and education of energy related issues

Very aware (through Aware but not Not Aware Issue media or research) convinced

Impact on environment X

Cost of energy X

Waste of energy X

Climate change X

Ways to save energy consumption X

Existence of renewable energy X

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IV. Previous awareness actions conducted by the city/municipality or by other actors

Has the city or local authority done Yes, for energy issues previous actions

If yes, who conducted the actions (the Yes, with all of them city/municipality, NGO, national authority…)

A reforestation campaign: “Plant a tree to reduce the city's carbon emissions”. If yes, describe the action “Sons of the sun”: a school awareness campaign to introduce the environment and its issues and pollution

From executive bodies (governorate) If yes, what was the budget and how did you fund it From the civil society who provided hardware equipment support but no financial assistance

The campaigns for reforestation have resulted in community and youth participation, reflected in the conservation and expansion around homes. If yes, outcome, impact and feedback Other issues and campaigns, most of them educational school for young people whose results are not yet clear despite the passage of years

V. Public consultation

Does the city practice public YES; one community meeting was conducted with the governor on the consultation? Zahar project and was subject to strong criticism

Has the city done public consultations NO for SEAP?

Is it part of the legislative process? NO

With hotel owners, hotel operators and energy

With yacht owners and those who operate yacht marinas Foreseen consultation(s) Campaign to expand the use of solar water heater with civil society (campaign knock on the doors) but the cost of installation and the lack of technical bodies and suppliers in the city is a major obstacle

Does the city liaise with national YES institutions, stakeholders?

Situation analysis

From this study concerning the target audience and its profile, it appears that the groups that are aware and informed about energy challenges are the young people who have reached the age of working; they represent 65% of the population. These groups should be identified as our main target as they are well-aware of issues related to the energy

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sector. It would be recommended to carry out the awareness actions with them and get their full involvement as opinion sharing people who will disseminate ideas and new behaviour.

The middle age population and the school children seem to grant the subject some importance; We need to enhance their awareness of the purpose of energy efficiency characteristics, standards and labels and benefits of more efficient products as costs saving conduct so that they become the future ambassadors of sustainable energy on the territory.

The survey does not show evidence that gender is an important factor in identifying the importance of sustainable energy. Therefore, women population should be better considered as an important target to talk to when it comes to energy saving in the household as well as in their working places. As for the oldest respondents, they very little interest in the topic and would need more persuasion to suppress ambiguity and change their perceptions and behaviour through awareness raising actions.

Concerning the identified priority issues, the main leverages on which we can use and base our communication upon are: The expensive price of oil, the non- availability of energy (power cuts and the wavering of electrical current produce expensive bills and are problematic for the population because of the damages caused to household appliances; moreover, water motors in homes are a problem due to continuous consumption of energy as stopping them means cutting water supply to residential units); the waste management issue (especially construction waste as it is the most polluting besides the lack of control and management); and the cleanliness of the environment (the city's cleanliness is fairly acceptable but cleanliness of the marine environment is at risk because of diesel waste and oil leakage from boats.). The ambiguity lays in the fact that they don’t seem to link the environment matters to transports and do not consider this issue as being very important.

The population is very aware of the high cost of energy and existence of Renewable Energy (Solar lighting poles at the city entrance); however, the main problem is the high cost of RE equipment at community level.

The city of Hurghada has carried out some awareness raising actions and campaigns related to sustainable energy towards the civil society and some were successful and engaging. However, it seems that these were one-shot campaigns and no follow up has been done since. It has also conducted a public consultation on a different project; nothing has yet been done for the SECAP that was prepared; more consultations are foreseen with the several institutions and concerned stakeholders.

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Template Two- Communication Plan 2.1.1

Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy

- Title of the Pilot Project: The green touristic City of Hurghada.

- Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project: Sessions with owners and the responsible staff of environmental management and energy in the tourism facilities. Coordinate with the Governor, the Secretary General of the Governorate, the Tourism Investment Association (Businessmen Association), the Chamber of Companies (as a Specialized Chamber of Commerce), and the Tourism Promotion Authority (Ministry of Tourism).

- Location (site/place/site or place/schools…): In the hotels, preferably the Beau Rivage Hotel (Management by Major General Ali Reza from the Tourism Investment Association)

- Summary of the Communication Action

- General objective(s): Sustainability and improving the environment.

- Key Message: Branding the Green tourism as the future of international tourism, and to position Hurghada on the map of green tourism

- Theme: Green Tourism and Hotels;

Target group:

Resorts and hotels’ owners as well as managers of the departments concerned with tourism facilities; officials of the environment sector, energy consumption sector officials.

- Tools and channels: Presentation of case studies to explain and demonstrate the difference in energy consumption and positive reflection on environment. Presentation of international standards, agreements on commitment steps;

Activation of the supervisory role and environmental inspection campaigns of the members of the Department of Environmental Affairs to periodically detect the violations and analyse their current environmental impact to be presented during the sessions with the Directors of the Environment to show its impact over the medium and long term.

Hearing sessions, awareness campaigns and coordination with the owners and managers of the departments concerned with tourism facilities.

- Organisation

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- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team): Campaign management by the Department of Information, Education and Environmental Training under the chairmanship of Ms. Ibtisam Ahmed.

Support for the campaign from: Environmental Inspection Department to determine the environmental impact assessment, the legal department to determine the value of fines and possible reconciliation, etc.

Management of green areas, landscaping and swimming pools by the Department of Energy and Water. All departments are a part of the General Directorate of Environmental Affairs of the Governorate.

- Project lifetime (start and end date): Preferably in the low touristic season, a three-month campaign to start in, as March to September is relatively less active in fishing trips so would be more appropriate for the subjects of the campaign (yacht owners and marina managers) to be more receptive.

- Link to other opportunities and/or events: The Bicycle Festival

- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)

- Staff training needs: The management team is required to develop methods and tools necessary to plan, manage and follow awareness campaigns, monitor and measure their impact and report to the director of the department and their team. Training of 8-10 individuals at the headquarters with the availability of training methods is a must.

- Technical assistance and expert needs: A modern camera for documentation, a laptop, 3 USB flash-memory, a modern projector, a screen or two mobile display, prints and banners.

- Cost estimate

- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation): 80,000 to 100,000 L.E. (4000-5000 Euros)

- Funding source (available and foreseen): Tourist Investment Association, Russian Tourism Agency TEZ, Large Touristic Companies: Travco, Flash Tour, Blue Sky

- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs

- Next steps: Following up

- Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment: Follow-up of environmental inspection campaigns and legal fines as referred to in point 5 above, in order to prove the seriousness of the government's implementation.

- Annexes or references to annexes

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Template Two - Communication Plan 2.1.2

Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Environment

1. Title of the Pilot Project: The green touristic City of Hurghada.

2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project: International Bicycle festival: The world is hosted by Green Hurghada.

3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…): The first proposal: from Huwaidq Square to the Marine Sports Club (6 kilometres) or the second proposal: the village road to the Swiss Institute (about 6 km) or the third proposal: Arabia Road, Hurghada new tourist port and back (about 10 km long) or possible integration to work in stages according to the proposed work plan

4. Summary of the Communication Action - General objective(s): Spreading the culture of green mind-set and combating carbon emissions

- Key Message: Save energy, buy your health

Hurghada, City of Green Tourism - broadcast the support of the city and the Governor in practice to create attractive events for tourism, which motivates hotel owners and tourism companies to respond to the campaign 2.1.1.

- Theme: Green Tourism and Hotels;

A sports festival with a competition, will take place locally first, and grows to be replicated as an international marathon or carnival race. In parallel, cultural activities such as Tanoora, and Air Balloon would take place with bazars throughout the track of the art as well as activities for children. The day will end with a concert during which the winners of the competition will be honoured. This hotel will be the top sponsor of the festival and host the concert with pre-booked tickets.

- Target group: Youth, foreign communities, tourists who are present or have come to participate in the event, tourism companies and hotels.

- Tools and channels: Office of the Governor, Department of Environmental Affairs, Youth Civil Society Organizations, Youth and Sports Department in the Ministry of Sport, Tourism Companies, Audiovisual Media for Marketing and broadcasting Event.

5. Organisation - Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team): The Governor and the Secretary General of the Governorate (for direct supervision to ensure coordination) with the support of Traffic Department security department to secure the closure of the road and the

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Carnival competition (Ministry of Interior) and the Ambulance (Health directorate in the governorate) to secure points of relief and health support along the path, the environmental management, marketing and coordination, - Project lifetime (start and end date): Festival to be held as a one full day event during the month of March.

- Link to other opportunities and/or events: The Festival and the associated carnival will support and do the marketing for the “green hotel” campaign.

- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles

- Staff training needs: Supervision and coordination with festivals organizing agencies in addition to training as in 2.1.1

- Technical assistance and expert needs: Contracting with professional events-planners for the support of the organization of the festival.

6. Cost estimate - Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation): Marathon, Marketing campaign and awards 500,000 L.E. (25,000 Euros)

- Funding source (available and foreseen): Bicycle Union in Hurghada (Support Bicycle Renting), Yala Bike (Support for Bikes), Rental Points for Sale of Products along the Walk or Path by the Governorate, Advertising and Sponsorship Companies for the Festival, Hotels overlooking the Walk, Tourism Companies.

- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs

7. Next steps: Invest in the success of the event, assess its impact and draw the lessons learnt to replicate it every year

Develop a vision to put the festival on the global map after a few years.

8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment: Through the management of the environmental awareness unit, a questionnaire could be used during the event, and after to a random sampling between different groups of attendees in order to measure the effectiveness of the concept of the festival and its message, and how it reflects on their understanding about the importance and application of these principles in their lifestyle.

9. Annexes or references to annexes

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Template Two - Communication Plan 2.2

Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy

1. Title of the Pilot Project: The Green City of Hurghada

2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project: Energy rationalisation campaign and expansion of renewable energy use in the residential sector

3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…): Hafr Al Batin District (Hamid Johar District) as an experimental area for the rest of Hurghada.

This location is selected because it is a restricted area (where results can be measured on its 1 km2) and the variety of social layers (sub-medium and above average) and sectors it has. Also, it is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in the city. It has Mubarak housing (above average) low-cost housing as well as public buildings.

4. Summary of the Communication Action - General objective(s): Spreading awareness about the importance of rationalization in electricity/energy and expanding the use of solar energy.

- Key Message: No to power-cuts and save on your monthly payments (your investment in energy is an investment for your children)

- Theme: A door-to-door awareness campaign (where the awareness team visit randomly members of the community, knocking at their doors to introduce themselves and the subject of the campaign), as well as a 'Manadar' awareness campaign (room combining popular sectors, for seniors in families and tribes) and events through popular concerts in the youth centres of the district.

- Target group: Youth, especially women (responsible for consumption), heads of civil society from heads of families, tribes and sectors (such as the sheikhs and craftsmen). All categories can and should be involved.

- Tools and channels: National Council of Women and Al-Salheen NGO

5. Organization - Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team): The Environmental management to communicate with the Al-Salheen NGO for its popularity, the required social networks and the National Council for Women (coordinating with the various sectors of society and with those in front of the Ja'far Al Tayyar Mosque for Friday sermons and preaching religious lessons) to spread the culture of sustainability and its applications through the campaign. The campaign includes knocking on doors, meetings with the heads of the community (Manader campaign) and day- gathering to demonstrate simple scientific presentations on the possibility of energy-saving, its economic impact and

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benefits and the feasibility of investing in LED lamps, Solar heaters and surface power generation (less power-cuts and better life by saving money).

Coordinate with producers of solar power generation, solar water heaters, energy saving lamps, main supply and installation of electrical appliances (such as B-Tech, Shams and Venus) to qualify local technicians and suppliers for Hurghada and neighbourhood with this equipment at a special marketing price throughout the campaign period; thus, using the events as an opportunity and a way out for sale.

Involve the Electricity Department in the governorate in the festival activities.

Coordinate with the culture-hubs and youth centres to organise 2-3 popular concerts in the form of a festival for starting and entertaining the residents.

- Project lifetime (start and end date): 3 Months, from 15 June till 15 September after the Month of Ramadan and Iftar Eid.

- Link to other opportunities and/or events: Template 2.1.2 (Bicycle Festival) with reference to recreational activities in youth centres sharing a common goal.

- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)

- Staff training needs: The required training as in Template 2.1.1

- Technical assistance and expert needs: Same as in Template 2.1.1

6. Cost estimate - Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation): 100,000 EGP (5,000 EUR)

- Funding source (available and foreseen): Governorate headquarters, and sponsors from renewable energy producing companies such as B-Tech, Shams and Venus.

- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs

7. Next steps

8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment: In coordination with the Electricity Department to monitor the difference in electrical consumption and supply from producers in the district of the LED lamps and other solar generating units, solar heaters. Also, to compare sales before, during and after the campaign.

9. Annexes or references to annexes

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Template Two- Communication Plan 2.3

Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy

1. Title of the Pilot Project: Awareness sessions for yachts’ owners, sailors and managers.

2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project: Rationalize the energy consumption of Marinas and yachts, and expand the use of clean energy.

3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…): In the Marinas where the activity is happening and with several meetings/visits

4. Summary of the Communication Action - General objective(s): Reduce carbon emissions and marine pollution.

- Key Message: Hurghada, The green city in land and sea for high global tourist branding (green tourism).

- Theme: Awareness campaigns, inspection and presentation of alternatives to lighting and charging of yacht power by generators driven with diesel generators or solar power stations in each marina thus keeping the fossil fuels dependence only to yacht engines supply; especially with the availability of spaces on sidewalks and the possibility of installing cells on yachts’ surfaces to reduce the amount of fossil fuel which reduces carbon emissions in the Marinas.

- Target group: Yachts’ owners, yacht owners’ association, tourist associations, fishing tour operators, directors of marines, labour and fuel-supply workers.

- Tools and channels: Launching campaigns by a team of 4 to 5 members from the Department of Environment and Department of Environmental Planning to explain the impact, in coordination with the Association of Tourism Investment and the organisers of yachts and fishing trips to facilitate the meetings.

Enhancing the supervisory role and environmental inspection campaigns of the Department of Environmental Affairs to periodically detect the violations and analyse the current and accumulated environmental impact to be presented during the meetings with the directors of the departments of the environment and owners to show the impact in the medium and long term.

5. Organisation - Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team): Environmental awareness management unit in coordination with the Association

- Project lifetime (start and end date):

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6 months apart from heavy tourist seasons or fishing seasons; starts from March till September.

- Link to other opportunities and/or events: Showcase of suppliers of solar power panels to be made available through the follow-up display as in Template 2.3.

- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)

- Staff training needs: Similar to Template 2.1.1

- Technical assistance and expert needs: There is no need for assistance; the measurements are taken before meetings and there is an ongoing cooperation as technical support is provided in coordination with the Red Sea Protected Areas Sector, Ministry of Environment.

6. Cost estimate - Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation): Staff and inspection fees, certificates and gifts to attend and host a miniature ceremony for the most committed marinas, banners and publications explaining the impact and purpose: 100,000 EGP (5000 EUR).

Air and water quality measuring tools: available.

- Funding source (available and foreseen): Touristic companies organizing trips for tourism and fishing, hotels’ yachts of or owners renting their yachts.

- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs

7. Next steps: Strengthening inspection and applying fines.

8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment: Measurement of the quality of water in and near the Marinas and the pollution of the coasts by the management of marine protected areas.

Follow-up, inspect and account of any carbon impact and the extent of water pollution; check if it decreases during the campaigns and later on periodically.

9. Annexes or references to annexes

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Template 2 - Communication Plan 2.4

Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Environment

1. Title of the Pilot Project: Reduce emissions of harmful gases and pollution of the city emanating from solid and liquid waste transport. 2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project: Raising awareness of effective management of solid and liquid waste transport and arranging for their dumping in public landfills.

3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…): Governor’s office

4. Summary of the Communication Action - General objective(s): Ensure and confirm the determination on the method of solid waste (particularly construction waste) and liquid waste (sewers) disposal.

- Key Message: Together we make Hurghada a green city - no pollution, no violations, no fines

- Theme: Creating an awareness campaign to publicize the law about waste transport, locating landfills, defining the legal consequences for the lawbreaker and a security campaign in return.

- Target group: Private fleet owners for the transport of solid and liquid waste (transport vehicles, tricycle and drivers).

- Tools and channels: Traffic Department in the Governorate (Ministry of Interior) developing a penalties campaign controlled by applying the non-renewal of licenses to those who are caught breaking the rules.

5. Organisation - Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team): Environmental Management to coordinate with the Governor's Office (to apply the necessary rules), where the senior fleet owners and drivers of the solid waste transport fleet and liquid waste are called to hold meetings and discuss their positions, places of presence and the traffic management to activate the violations and fines and applying the non-renewal of licenses to those who are caught breaking the rules, as a warning.

- Project lifetime (start and end date): 3 months, at any time of the year.

- Link to other opportunities and/or events:

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- With the campaign 2.1.1, link the campaign of Green Hotels to possibly extend the work to include water treatment plants to treat sewage water such as gray water, thus saving it to irrigate the plants for hotels landscape.

- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1):

- Staff training needs: Similar to 2.1.1

- Technical assistance and expert needs: Similar to 2.1.1

6. Cost estimate - Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation): 40,000 EGP (2000 EUR)

- Funding source (available and foreseen): Governorate headquarters

- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs

7. Next steps

8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment: The Environment office and City Council (under the General Directorate of Environmental Affairs) to measure the amount of the waste dumped in landfills;

The Water and Sewage Authority will be directed to measure how much liquid waste was disposed of.

9. Annexes or references to annexes

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Template 3.1

Identification of CAPP CAMPAIGN TOPIC related to sustainable energy challenges

Once the Sustainable Energy challenges and priorities, general awareness raising priorities, and specific awareness raising needs related to SECAP actions have been identified, the CAPP’s main areas of intervention and activities can be defined. The table below portrays the challenges, priorities and related AR activities.

Awareness Raising Priorities, Topic & Challenges: Priorities: Activities of CAPP Campaign

Reduce energy Rationalise energy consumption and Topic: consumption and carbon expand the use of solar energy. Save energy: adopt better social behaviour emissions in hotels and Rationalise water consumption since towards its consumption tourism facilities water in Hurghada comes through Activities: pumps from Upper Egypt lines. Hold raising awareness sessions and Promote and practice responsible campaigns against environmental violations controlled water consumption (to save (2.1.1) water and reduce the water bills). Hold hearing sessions, awareness and Mitigate pollution and reduce the coordination with the owners and officials of greenhouse gas emissions impacts. the departments concerned with tourism facilities.

Create “green teams” to ensure sustainability efforts are applied.

Provide practical tips to tourists, employees, engineering staff and gardeners on how to reduce energy consumption through leaflets, instructions cards, eco-friendly labels and pocket guides on the environment.

Huge energy consumption Promote consumption rationalization Topic: in the Residential Sector and expand the use of renewable Adopt Energy-saving measures in daily small energy from solar power and SWHs steps. Reduce energy consumption and costs Activities: while relying on alternative energies. A door-to-door campaign; Campaigns of Reduce the city’s energy bills. “Manadar” (rooms combining popular sectors, for seniors in families and tribes) and events through popular concerts in the youth centres

of the district

AR campaign of being eco-citizen: Explain the side effect of greenhouse gas emission and the usage of renewable energies technologies

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(electricity from natural resources). Set a department within the city council to provide energy advice to the citizens, raise their awareness and encourage them to replace lighting units with energy efficient ones.

The dependence of Marinas Consumption rationalisation and Topic: and yachts on fossil fuels expand the use of renewable energy Because marine life interconnects with all the causes huge emissions and from solar power generators rest: protect it pollutes marine life You can make the difference; reduce fossil fuels

Activities:

Awareness campaigns, inspection and presentation of alternatives to lighting and charging of yacht power by generators driven with diesel generators or solar power stations in each marina thus keeping the fossil fuels dependence only to yacht engines supply; especially with the availability of spaces on sidewalks and the possibility of installing cells on yachts’ surfaces to reduce the amount of fossil fuel which reduces carbon emissions in the Marinas.

Activities: 2.3 awareness sessions and campaigns of environmental violations

Use social media as a platform to make an impact by showing through photos and fact sheets the difference one can make on wildlife and ecosystem.

Create a “Save my Red Sea” poster campaigns.

Reduce carbon emissions Expand the use of bicycles and Topic: from transportation encourage clean means of transport Facilitating the movement of residents in a from natural gas or electricity among sustainable and environmentally friendly way all drivers. Activities: Mitigate CO2 emissions. Sponsor a local sports festival to become a Change behaviours to using mass regular and international marathon or carnival transport, cycling, and environmentally race. It will include oriental celebrations friendly methods (Tanura and hot balloon), advertising and Promote the importance of the project selling points (bazar) throughout adult and kids for the community life: a clean and entertainment activities, a concert and healthy environment for everyone and sponsors. an attractive city for tourists. Bicycle festival (Activities: 2.1.2)

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Explain the negative effects of traffic congestion on the environment and citizen’s health.

Raise citizens’ awareness about decreasing CO2 emissions through mass media and social media, banners, leaflets, carpooling, a day without cars.

Activate the role of local community participation for being a partner in setting the sustainable and environmentally friendly future vision through the ‘’Citizen Advisory Committees’’.

Create a sticker with a slogan to create a community of people “against CO2”.

Solid and Liquid waste Improving solid and liquid waste Topic: management and transport management service and increasing Modernising solid waste management, fleet the efficacy of waste collection collection and transportation. operations to landfills in order to save costs and reduce pollution and GHG Activities: emissions. Create an awareness campaign to publicize the Raising the efficiency and transforming law about waste transport, locating landfills, the sector into a more sustainable one. defining the legal consequences for the Practice responsible and integrated lawbreaker and a security campaign in return waste management within the city. (Activities: 2.4 awareness sessions and campaigns of environmental violations). Increase the awareness for reduction Explain and clarify the measures set to identify of waste consumption. the routes and programmes for waste collection and transportation. Provide incentives and taxes related to the solid waste in commercial and residential sectors Increase the awareness for reducing the thrown amount of waste at the source and efficient ways to re-use and recycle.

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Template 3.2

CAPP activities as related to SECAP Priority Actions of Hurghada

This template will guide the municipality in the implementation of a strategy and the identification of adequate awareness raising activities according to the target group and its needs and related to the priority actions identified in the SECAP.

SECAP Priority Actions Related CAPP Activities:

1- Urban Sustainable Mobility Target Audience: Master Plan - Civil society (specifically youth), private and public operators - Professionals in energy sector and service providers in the private and public sectors - foreign communities

- Tourists visiting or participating to the event, - Tourism companies and operators; hotels

Key Message: - Hurghada, City of Green Tourism - Broadcast the support of the city and the Governor in practice to create attractive events for tourism, which motivates hotel owners and tourism companies to respond to the campaign 2.1.1 - To save energy and zero carbon: Save energy, Buy your health

Objectives: - Limit the impact of the emission of the greenhouse gas. - Spreading the culture of green mind-set and combating carbon emissions

Communication Tools: Use media and visibility tools available in the Governor office, Department of Environmental Affairs, Youth Civil Society Organizations, Youth and Sports Department in the Ministry of Sport, Tourism

Companies, Audiovisual Media for Marketing and broadcasting the event.

Use all media forms and produce imaginative posters, local TV and radio press articles to alert citizens on city’s action. The actions will be accompanied by strong visual campaign in the city council and local media.

Raise awareness about decreasing CO2 emissions by introducing citizens to renewable energy technologies through leaflets, carpooling, a day without cars. Set a department within the city council to provide energy advice to the citizens.

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2- Sustainable and green Boats Target Audience: – Tourism and Water - Civil society Transport - Private and public operators - Yachts’ Owners, Yacht Owners Association - Tourist Associations, - Fishing Tour Operators - The Ministry of Transportation. - The Ministry of Tourism. - Directors of Marines - Labour and Fuel-supply Workers.

Key Message: - Hurghada, The green city in land and sea for the highest global tourist branding (green).

Objectives: - Reduce carbon emissions and reduce marine pollution. Communication Tools: Launch campaigns by a team of 4 to 5 members from the Department of Environment and Department of Environmental Planning to explain the impact, in coordination with the Association of Tourism Investment and the organizers of yachts and fishing trips to facilitate the meetings. Enhance the supervisory role and environmental inspection campaigns of the Department of Environmental Affairs to periodically detect the violations and analyse the current and accumulated environmental impact to be presented during the meetings with the directors of the departments of the environment and owners to show the impact in the medium and long term. Boats working on clean energy will be used as a media conveying messages. Conduct a communication campaign on branding Hurghada as a green city for sustainable tourism. Set up meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could encompass several actions: The creation of a permanent municipal information point, the organisation of an open house, the publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, the distribution of brochures and posters.

3- Greening Hotels and Resorts Target Audience: – Tourism and Energy - Civil society - Hotel and tourism facilities’ owners, - Environmental sector managers, - energy consumption sector staff such as the chef or service officials

Key Message:

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- Smart service for smart people - Branding for green tourism as the future of international tourism, and to put Hurghada on the map of International Green Tourism

Objectives: - Sustainability and enhancing the environment - Improve the services to the public and limit the impact of the emission of the greenhouse gas.

Communication Tools: Communicate on the hotels sustainability efforts to the guests and get their supports (in booking websites, cards in the rooms, press releases…) Promote the actions and the city identity and vision through tour operators locally and internationally (leaflets, posters, in specialized magazines…). Presentation of case studies to explain and demonstrate the difference in energy consumption and positive reflection on environment. Presentation of international standards, agreements on commitment steps; Activation of the supervisory role and environmental inspection campaigns of the members of the Department of Environmental Affairs to periodically detect the violations and analyse their current environmental impact to be presented during the sessions with the Directors of the Environment to show its impact over the medium and long term. Hearing sessions, awareness campaigns and coordination with the owners and managers of the departments concerned with tourism facilities.

4- Green Residential Buildings Target Audience: Plan - Civil society - Youth, especially women (responsible for consumption) - Heads of civil society from heads of families - Tribes and sectors (such as the sheikhs and craftsmen) - All categories can and should be addressed

Key Message: - No to power-cuts and save on your monthly payments (your investment in energy is an investment for your children)

Objectives: - Spreading awareness about the importance of rationalization in electricity and expanding the use of solar energy - Promote the use of renewable energy in buildings. Communication Tools: Communicate through the Environmental management to with the Al- Salheen NGO for its popularity, the required social networks and the National Council for Women (coordinating with the various sectors of

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society and with those in front of the Ja'far Al Tayyar Mosque for Friday sermons and preaching religious lessons) to spread the culture of sustainability and its applications through the campaign. The campaign includes knocking on doors, meetings with the heads of the community (Manader campaign) and day- gathering to demonstrate simple scientific presentations on the possibility of energy-saving, its economic impact and benefits and the feasibility of investing in LED lamps, Solar heaters and surface power generation (less power-cuts and better life by saving money). Coordinate with producers of solar power generation, solar water heaters, energy saving lamps, main supply and installation of electrical appliances (such as B-Tech, Shams and Venus) to qualify local technicians and suppliers for Hurghada and neighbourhood with this equipment at a special marketing price throughout the campaign period; thus, using the events as an opportunity and a way out for sale. Involve the Electricity Department in the governorate in the festival activities. Coordinate with the culture-hubs and youth centres to organise 2-3 popular concerts in the form of a festival for starting and entertaining the residents. Create awareness with posters. The actions will be accompanied by strong visual campaign in the city council and local media.

5- Environmental Awareness Target Audience: Unit - Civil society Hurghada Green city - Tourism sector - Transport sector - Governorate staff - Ministries of Electricity, Education, Tourism, Investment - Schools and Mosques

Key Message: - Practice responsible behaviour toward our city. - Make our city great again!

Objectives: - Brand Hurghada as a sustainable hub of hospitality and world’s class tourism - Spread the benefits to all related sectors (mobility means, hotels and resorts…waste management - Engage and mobilize population - Improve quality of life in the city by a More efficient use of energy, Improved waste management and use of RE

Communication Tools: Create the Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) Provide information to population and local stakeholders and need to be mobilized to act on energy conservation / efficiency and environmental

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protection, Promote green tourism identity of the city through a social media platform. Raise of governorate staff awareness and provide guidance to behavioural changes; invite all stakeholders to engage in concrete actions to help greening the city of Hurghada, including: reducing energy consumption at no cost, and improve the urban environment (preserving water, reducing waste and littering to promote a cleaner city). Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) to remind everyone of the importance of Green and Resilient City (GRC). This must include training given by Governorate (Municipality) employees. Participate to the worldwide annual event “Energy festival or Energy day” where best practices could be demonstrated and innovative projects celebrated. Such a festival could be promoted through a large advertising campaign mobilising all traditional media but also social networks online.

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Recommendations:

These tables have been thought and prepared by the communes and municipalities. In this approach, they aim to promote in a particularly innovative and ambitious way local communities’ response to current challenges identified in the SEAPs and SECAPs, notably in the management of energy and the promotion of renewable energies. They allow us as well to identify the most appropriate communication actions to reach the local community.

In the case of Hurghada specifically, the city seems to have identified various challenges and plans to develop awareness actions to address these challenges in order to promote a sustainable tourism that significantly reduces tourism’s impact on the local environment and global climate. It is also planning to raise awareness on the climate risks, adaptation challenges and possible actions to speed up the energy transition towards clean and sustainable solutions and mobilize all stakeholders in and around the City of Hurghada.

More than ever, applying the energy saving methods should be a collective responsibility and commitment. For that awareness campaigns are an indispensable tool for the dissemination of good practices, to help reduce energy consumption on a day-to-day basis. It should be carried out through partnerships: including indigenous people, local communities, visitors, industry and government, citizens, private sector, NGO participation in the development and management of energy resources and renewables. Moreover, educating and informing the local population and actors about the new city’s vision in favour of sustainable energy. More specifically engaging with all tourism operators to ensure they contribute to the necessary energy transition and highlight the many benefits they will get from this transformation.

First, establish The Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) that will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts expected for the action plan, depends on the adequate mobilisation and engagement of stakeholders to cease the opportunities offered to make the City Green and doing so contribute to the success of the SECAP. Then stick to the vision slogan in every communication; and highlight the goal aimed at and attain it (Sustaining tourism for a better development);

The Governorate of Red Sea needs to create Hurghada brand identity and slogan and use it in all communications. Then develop robust communication campaign not only all across the City of Hurghada and the Governorate but on the international level as well. Developing a strong and comprehensive communication methodology will allow all actors to be involved in and contribute to the city’s efforts it should include: The creation of a permanent municipal information point; the publication of articles in local, regional and international newspapers; the production of brochures, posters and information letters with success stories.

For that, it is essential to implement and empower a communication cell within the city council, strengthen its capabilities and its human resources; Build a proper Website of the city as well as social networks, promoting them as communication tools between the city and its citizens to create cohesion and therefore persuasion concerning the ongoing projects and the future ones. Last but not least, draw attention to the importance of sustainable tourism in the city as a tool for development; raise awareness among the tourists as well to make them conscious travellers; be part of international days (such as the World Tourism Day, celebrated in September 27); Highlight the interdependencies between the different components that nourish the City’s economy, and develop specific actions to educate citizens on ways to conserve natural resources, preserve water and save energy; Train the staff responsible for environmental management to become properly qualified and have the awareness, knowledge and skills to implement environmental best practices in accordance with regional and international standards.

Therefore, it is essential to give the civil society enough empowerment to get it involved, learn to behave responsibly in relation to the environment, and actually become aware of its adherence to this cause; It is strongly recommended that the municipality of Irbid relies on the role of university students and academia, as partners in setting the sustainable and environmentally friendly future vision.

Express a clear political commitment to involve individual target groups in future planning procedures to

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adapt/improve measures according to specific demands; set up a permanent forum with representatives of the various target groups; boost energy rationalization at the municipality level will aim at not only protecting the environment, reducing the costs but also setting the example and encouraging citizens to master their consumption, know about renewable and efficient energy, and encourage their production and use; communicate and promote at the city/authority zone level about actions and measures toward energy saving and energy efficiency that could influence the customer consumption and buying behaviour and improve the quality of life in the city;

Educate the audience by offering helpful energy efficiency tips to reduce cost and usage through entertainment, talk shows, special guests and things happening; This will convey a resonance regarding the populations’ own energy consumption (e.g. using energy efficiency to save money in the long term); and will make people aware of the positive effect their actions can have on their global and local environments.

Last but not least, use adequate and well-targeted media to deliver its message; raising awareness should be carried out in an interconnected manner between the municipality and its citizens to create cohesion and therefore persuasion and change in behaviour.

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