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Monitoring Some Environmental Impacts of Oil Industry on Coastal Zone Using Different Remotely Sensed Data

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Monitoring Some Environmental Impacts of Oil Industry on Coastal Zone Using Different Remotely Sensed Data The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (2010) 13, 63–74 National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences www.elsevier.com/locate/ejrs www.sciencedirect.com Monitoring some environmental impacts of oil industry on coastal zone using different remotely sensed data M.N. Hegazy a,*, H.A. Effat b a Geological Application Division, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), 23 Joseph Tito St., El Nozha El Gedida, P.O. Box 1564, Alf Maskan, Cairo, Egypt b Environmental Studies and Land use Division, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), 23 Joseph Tito St., El Nozha El Gedida, P.O. Box 1564, Alf Maskan, Cairo, Egypt Received 14 May 2009; accepted 9 August 2009 Available online 13 October 2010 KEYWORDS Abstract This research paper is concerned with the impact of oil exploration and production Landsat ETM+; activities on the physical and environment parameters of a coastal zone. Such impacts are the main SRTM; environmental stress that led to the deterioration of the overall environment of the area under inves- Landuse/land cover; tigation. Different remotely sensed data were used in an integrated way for conducting this research. Terrain characteristics; The remotely sensed data include images from landsat enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+), shuttle Surface water regime; radar topography mission (SRTM), and data from ground geo-electrical investigation. Geo-electrical investigation; Sequential landsat satellite images were used to identify changes that occurred in the land-cover and GIS; land-use classes including changes in water bodies, sabkhas, vegetation cover and areas of crude oil Coastal zone leakage as a point contamination source. SRTM data was used to build a digital elevation model (DEM) and to study some terrain characteristics of the area, including surface topographic features and surface water and contamination regime. Based on the findings of a geo-electric survey using Sch- lumberger geo-electric sounding, the ground water level was measured and the presence of fresh, brack- ish or salt water was identified. A field investigation was conducted and the surface and ground water contaminations were monitored and measured. A geographic information system (GIS) was applied to include all these data layers as an active database for the area for the purpose of identifying hot spots and prioritizing locations based on their environmental conditions as well as for monitoring plans. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.N. Hegazy), haeffat@ yahoo.com (H.A. Effat). 1110-9823 Ó 2010 National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Peer review under responsibility of National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.ejrs.2010.07.008 Production and hosting by Elsevier 64 M.N. Hegazy, H.A. Effat Various environmental parameters which might be affected by pollution resulting from activities related to the oil industry were identified and hot spots that might be subjected to environmental dete- rioration were pointed out for immediate measures for environmental protection. Ó 2010 National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction coast of the Gulf of Suez. The study area includes six large oil fields (Table 1) and there are several others in its vicinity to the The coastal area of Ras Ghareb is located in the north Eastern north and south. Furthermore, in the nearby mountainous Desert, Egypt, on the western coast of the Gulf of Suez. It is range to the west, there are several occurrences of industrial located between latitudes 27° 450 and 28° 450 N and longitudes minerals and rocks such as kaolin, glass sand, quartz, feldspar, 32° 000 and 33° 300 E. The main town in the area is Ras Ghareb marble and other ornamental stones, as well as raw materials which represents a purely oil exploration, production and ex- that can be used in building and construction industries. port town, with a population of about 60,000. The area can Water is considered the chief environmental problem in the be reached by the coastal road extending from Suez to Halaib, study area, where fresh water is a critical resource. The surface where Ras Ghareb is located at 184 km south of Suez, and it is water provided by run-off after the scarce rainfall, is potable connected to the other towns on the Red Sea coast by the fresh water but limited in quantity and non-existent in rainless coastal main road (Fig. 1). Also, there are two new roads cross- years. During the occasional winter rains, run-off from the ing the north Eastern Desert; one extends from Kattamiya, mountains may result in some flash floods that reach as far east of Cairo, to Ain Sukhna, and the other connects Sheikh as the coast of the Gulf of Suez, causing some damage in roads Fadl in the Nile Valley to Ras Ghareb. Since the big discovery and constructions. On the other hand, wadi floods make their of the first commercial oil field in Ras Ghareb in 1938, oil re- chief contribution in recharging the groundwater aquifer sys- sources provide an important foundation for life and develop- tem In the sandy floor of the wadis, water can be reached at ment in the area. With increasing oil fields, the area became depths of around 10 m, but in the fringes of coastal flats and one of the important oil producing provinces along the western sabkhas, the groundwater is usually brackish not suitable for human consumption, but some of it is drinkable for camels. Currently, the supply of fresh water is based mainly on groundwater aquifer and desalination of sea water, where there are small salt marshes at Ras Ghareb. With the increas- ing activities in oil industry and the consequent development projects in this area, there is an environmental threat of oil pol- lution to soil and groundwater as well as to the coastal and marine ecosystem. Most of the productivity of natural living systems is confined to the coastal strip, which is the area asso- ciated with human activities and environmental pressure. The waste water from oil exploration and production activ- ities is usually brine, contaminated with petroleum hydrocar- bons and heavy metals. Leaks, spills and discharge of this water in land may contaminate both soil and groundwater. Meanwhile, disposal of these untreated waste water and drilling mud to the sea could harm the marine ecosystem. According to Frihy (2001), rapid and uncontrolled coastal development, together with improperly designed projects, has had a damaging impact on the Egyptian coastal ecosystem. He made an evaluation to 13 selected projects pertaining to their negative environmental reactions on the coastal zone of the Figure 1 Location map of the study area. Mediterranean Sea. These projects involve harbors/marinas, Table 1 Oil fields in ras ghareb area (After EGPC, 1996). S. No. Field name Date of discovery Coordinates Remarks Latit., N Longit., E 1 Ras Ghareb 1938 28° 210 2100 33° 050 5700 225 km SE of Suez 2 Um El-Yusr 1967 28° 200 5300 33° 130 5400 15 km SW of Ras Ghareb 3 Kareem 1958 28° 120 4600 33° 020 2900 17 km S of Ras Ghareb 4 Shukeir 1966 28° 050 5600 33° 130 2600 30 km SE of Ras Ghareb 5 Kheir 1972 28° 090 1400 33° 100 4500 35 km SE of Ras Ghareb 6 Al-Ayun 1968 28° 140 3000 33° 030 5900 16 km SW of Ras Ghareb Monitoring some environmental impacts of oil industry on coastal zone 65 recreational centers, protective structures, estuaries and lagoon 2.2. Ground geophysical survey inlets. Accordingly, it is vital to identify the hot spots that are or The geophysical survey applied in the study area comprised could be subjected to environmental deterioration, in order to electrical exploration of the geological and hydrological fea- carry out the appropriate protective or remedial actions and tures in the area. The survey dealt with the electrical state of measures. In this work, different remote sensing data from the earth and provided conclusions concerning the electrical Earth-observation satellites and ground geophysical survey, properties of rock formation, particularly resistively, under field studies and laboratory analyses are applied in an inte- different geological environments. So, the electrical resistively grated way to delineate areas subjected to different natural method was carried out using Schlumberger configuration and man-made stresses in the Ras Ghareb area. (vertical electric sounding) to detect the subsurface geology and to determine the thickness of the different lithologic layers through the subsurface section. 2. Materials and methodology In this method, an electric current (a direct current or very low frequency alternating current) is introduced into the 2.1. Satellite imagery data ground by two or more electrodes, and the potential difference is measured between two points (probes) suitably chosen with Satellite images, with high spatial and spectral resolution, were respect to the current electrodes. The potential difference acquired, processed and interpreted to produce baseline maps for a unit current sent through the ground is a measure of for the physical environment of the study area. For this pur- the electrical resistance of the ground between the probes pose, two different types of satellite data were used to identify (Bhattachary and Patra, 1968). the geomorphic features in the area, particularly the drainage basins and flood routes that affect the general ecology and 2.3. Water and soil sampling and analyses cause some environmental stress and deterioration. During the field work for ground-truth information and check- 2.1.1.
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