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FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture

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FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries and for a world without hunger Aquaculture Department National Aquaculture Sector Overview Zambia I. Characteristics, Structure And Resources Of The Sector IV. Trends, Issues And Development a. Summary V. References b. History And General Overview a. Bibliography c. Human Resources b. Related Links d. Farming Systems e. Cultured Species f. Culture Systems II. Sector Performance a. Production b. Market And Trade c. Contribution To The Economy III. Promotion And Management Of The Sector a. Institutional Framework b. The Governing Regulations c. Applied Research, Education And Training Characteristics, structure and resources of the sector Summary The most common type of aquaculture in Zambia is that based on species from the Cichlidae family. Aquaculture is in its infant stage of development compared to agriculture. There has been a number of donor supported aquaculture development programmes targeting small-scale farmers. The successful introduction of fish farming methods from Eastern Europe led to an explosive interest and a number of farmers adopted the practice in various parts of the country. However, there was a rapid decline due mainly to decreased extension services and lack of incentives for commercial farmers to increase their production. However, fish production is important in Zambia for employment, earnings and as a source of food. Zambia has the potential for further development of aquaculture. Zambia is among the major aquaculture producers of Sub-Saharan Africa with estimated production exceeding 8 500 tonnes/year. Various fish farming practices are used and culture is carried out on small-scale, smallholder and commercial level. A variety of species are farmed, including breams, the common carp, Nile tilapia and crayfish. An institutional framework is in place. A national aquaculture strategy has been formulated and the Zambian government is revising the fisheries legislation to include aquaculture development. History and general overview Fish farming in Zambia dates back to the 1950s when the first attempts were made to raise indigenous species of the Cichlidae family, mainly tilapias, in dams and earthen fish ponds. A number of donors have subsequently taken an active part in assisting the government to encourage farmers to adopt aquaculture. This has been done by introducing pond culture in rural areas as a way of improving nutrition. The government has provided extension services which have made a marked improvement to fish culture activities. There are currently more than 6 000 small-scale fish farmers with over 13 000 fish ponds throughout the country, predominantly in the eastern, north western, northern and Luapula provinces. There are also 15 active large commercial fish farms spread along the railway line in Copperbelt, Lusaka and Southern provinces where ideal business conditions exist. Joint extension efforts by the private sector and the government have seen aquaculture expand in all nine FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department provinces of the country, putting Zambia among the largest aquaculture producers in Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated production in 2000 exceeding 8 500 tonnes at a value of US$ 19 million. These figures are based on unrecorded data and calculations done by the authors. FAO statistics, which are based on official government sources, report a different situation for 2003 when the quantity of production was 4 501 tonnes and the value reported to be US$ 5 669. Fish farming systems range from extensive to intensive and from multi-species to mono-species culture. There are three levels of fish farmers: small-scale, smallholder and commercial. The small-scale farmers are family based and labour extensive, carrying out extensive culture and producing between 1-2 tonnes/ha/year. The smallholders combine fish farming with livestock and crops. Apart from providing food security, they generate income, apply inputs and an element of investment is developing through the use of hired labour for various tasks. Production is from 2-2.5 tonnes/ha/year. Commercial fish farming is usually carried out on very large production units. It is intensive, involving higher levels of investment, is market oriented and may include processing for specialized markets. Average fish production from commercial ventures is 6 tonnes/ha/year or more, whilst the average production in cages is 3.5 tonnes per cage measuring 216 m3 . Human resources Fish production is very important in rural Zambia. An estimated 25 000 fishers and another 30 000 in fish processing and trading derive their livelihood directly from fishing and fisheries related activities. The fish farming sector is estimated to benefit 6 860 people directly involved in it. A number of donor agencies have been involved in promoting aquaculture and capacity building. Most active have been the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA), Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD), and, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Other notable organisations include Aquaculture for Local Communities (ALCOM), a programme sponsored by FAO, United States Peace Corps Volunteers (PCV), and Africare who have all provided finance, materials and personnel in the form of administrators, experts and extension volunteers for the implementation of national aquaculture programmes, including training for local staff and fish farmers. There are people working full-time on private fish farms and in government institutions such as the fisheries and agriculture departments, farmer training colleges, the Natural Resources Development College and the Kasaka Fisheries Training Institute. There are also some government agencies and non-governmental organisations which periodically carry out duties relevant to the sector. The full-time employees - 80 percent male and 20 percent female - working on donor programmes and in public institutions have technical and professional training. However, a lack of training staff continues to limit the effectiveness of public extension support to improve the technical skills of most small-scale fish farmers and those they hire to assist with their operations. Pond units and fish farms are mostly family owned or owned by partnerships. Commercial fish farms are all partnership owned. The smaller fish farms are family owned and used as a status symbol. Pond ownership among family members is estimated to be 30 percent female owned, although the number is increasing, as female owned ponds perform better than those owned by males. Commercial farmers employ 12 people per hectare, whilst small-scale farms and smallholdings employ 1-2 people per hectare. Farming systems Zambia is in central Africa between latitudes 80 and 180 S and longitudes 220 and 340 E. It covers a total area of 752 614 km2 , of which 11 890 km2 comprise lakes, rivers and swamp lands which are linked to seasonally variable water table levels caused by seasonal variations in temperature and water availability. Because agriculture production is dependent on rainfall, the country has three distinct agro-ecological zones I, II and III. Zone I in the south receives less than 800 mm annual rainfall. Zone II in the centre receives between 800-1 200 mm annual rainfall. Zone III in the north receives more than 1 200 mm annual rainfall. Aquaculture development has not been uniform, the major determining factors being rainfall (abundant availability of water) and markets. There tend to be larger concentrations of small-scale fish farms in areas or districts which receive FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department 700 - 1 400 mm rainfall per year. Since commercial fish farmers have the capacity to store and manage water throughout the year by means of reservoirs and dams, the location of their operations is determined by markets. Cultured species The commonly used species for aquaculture include the three spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii ), the longfin tilapia (Oreochromis macrochi ) and the redbreast tilapia (Tilapia rendalli ). The Kafue river strain of the three spotted tilapia is the most commonly farmed species, particularly in the commercial sector. Other species include the common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ) and the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii ). In the 1950s, on the Chilanga and Mwekera farms using Tilapia rendalli and Oreochromis macrochir , feeding and domestication experiments were intensified using broodstock collected from the wild. Fingerlings were raised to stock dams and other fish culture installations throughout the country. Oreochormis andersonii and Clarias gariepinus were later added to the list of candidate species. The latter was added to control tilapia populations in dams and ponds.In 1972, eastern European fish farming methods were introduced. In 1980, common carp was introduced from Malawi into Chilanga fish farms and in 1981 scaled carp came from Czechoslovakia. In the 1970s, the Zambia Sugar Company in Mazabuka imported stocks of Oreochromis niloticus for use in an intensive raceway system and irrigation dams from the University of Stirling in the UK. The fish was originally obtained from Israel. The fish found its way into the Kafue river where it is now established and makes up 40 percent of the fish catches. This facility closed down due to a change
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