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Another Successful Non-Native Freshwater Fish Introduction in South Africa

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Another Successful Non-Native Freshwater Fish Introduction in South Africa African Journal of Aquatic Science ISSN: 1608-5914 (Print) 1727-9364 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taas20 First record of Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841) in the Crocodile River (West) system: another successful non-native freshwater fish introduction in South Africa JH Erasmus, W Malherbe, R Gerber, OLF Weyl, B Sures, V Wepener & NJ Smit To cite this article: JH Erasmus, W Malherbe, R Gerber, OLF Weyl, B Sures, V Wepener & NJ Smit (2019) First record of Labeocapensis (Smith, 1841) in the Crocodile River (West) system: another successful non-native freshwater fish introduction in South Africa, African Journal of Aquatic Science, 44:2, 177-181, DOI: 10.2989/16085914.2019.1616529 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2019.1616529 Published online: 08 Jul 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 17 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=taas20 African Journal of Aquatic Science 2019, 44(2): 177–181 Copyright © NISC (Pty) Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC SCIENCE ISSN 1608-5914 EISSN 1727-9364 https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2019.1616529 First record of Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841) in the Crocodile River (West) system: another successful non-native freshwater fish introduction in South Africa JH Erasmus1* , W Malherbe1 , R Gerber1, OLF Weyl2,3 , B Sures4, V Wepener1 and NJ Smit1 1 Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa 2 DST/NRF Research Chair in Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa 3 Centre for Invasion Biology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa 4 Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] South Africa is one of six global fish invasion hotspots and as a result, non-native fishes are common components of the fish assemblages in all of the major river systems. The rate of establishment for introduced fish into South African rivers is high (79%) and the vector responsible for the highest establishment rate is interbasin transfer schemes with 80%. Introductions of non-native fish into river systems can negatively affect native fish species through hybridisation, competition for food sources and predation, and the introduction of associated parasites and diseases. The aims of the current study were to provide evidence of the introduction of Labeo capensis into the Crocodile River (West) system, using morphological and molecular techniques, and to record the fish health and gonadosomatic index to determine the invasive status of L. capensis. From the fish health assessment index and gonadosomatic index of L. capensis collected from Olifantsnek Dam, it can be concluded that L. capensis is a healthy reproducing population. Because this fish species can survive and reproduce in newly colonised river systems, it has the potential to compete with the native fish species for food and habitat, but can also hybridise with native Labeo species. Keywords: fish health, genetic barcode, gonadosomatic index, invasion hotspots, translocation Introduction Fifty-five fish species (27 alien, 28 extralimital) have the opening of the Orange-Fish River tunnel in 1975, been introduced into or translocated within South African L. capensis were soon sampled from Grassridge Dam in freshwater ecosystems (Ellender and Weyl 2014). These 1977 and from the Great Fish River in 1980 (de Moor and introductions are associated with human activities, such Bruton 1988). The completion of the Cookhouse tunnel in as recreational angling (35%), conservation translocation 1978 facilitated the dispersal of this species to the Sundays (22%), aquaculture (17%), ornamental fish trade (11%), River system (Woodford et al. 2013). Similarly, the Thukela- interbasin transfer schemes (IBTs) (9%) and bio-control Vaal and Grootdraai emergency augmentation schemes are (9%) (Bruton and van As 1986; Ellender and Weyl 2014). likely to be responsible for the occurrence of L. capensis As a result of a high establishment rate (79%) following in Kilburn Dam (SAIAB specimen No.: 130019; 132857; translocation of species, South Africa is one of six 133024; 37045), and in the downstream Majaneni stream global fish invasion hotspots (Leprieur et al. 2008), and (SAIAB specimen No.: 36072; 36074), Kilburn Dam on the non-native fishes are common components of the fish Thukela River (SAIAB specimen No.: 131402; 200731) assemblages in all of South Africa’s major river systems and in the Groot Olifants (Limpopo River catchment) in (Ellender and Weyl 2014). Mpumalanga (SAIAB Specimen No.: 203357). Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841) is a fish species endemic Given the demonstrated ability of L. capensis to to the Orange-Vaal River system (Jubb 1965; de Moor hybridise with the closely related moggel, Labeo umbratus and Bruton 1988; Skelton 2001), which has successfully (Smith 1841) in their introduced range (Ellender and Weyl used human-built corridors to disperse to regions where it 2014), there is concern that these translocations will did not previously occur. The best example is the Orange- compromise the genetic integrity of the Thukela labeo, Fish-Sundays River IBT, which was constructed in the late Labeo rubromaculatus (Gilchrist and Thompson 1913) and 1970s to transfer water from the Orange River catchment the rednose labeo, Labeo rosae (Steindachner 1894) in to support agriculture in the Great Fish and Sundays the Limpopo River catchment. It is therefore important that River catchments (Cambray and Jubb 1977). Following these fish, and the extent of other invasions, are monitored. African Journal of Aquatic Science is co-published by NISC (Pty) Ltd and Informa UK Limited (trading as Taylor & Francis Group) Published online 08 Jul 2019 178 Erasmus, Gerber, Weyl, Sures, Wepener and Smit Invasions are seen and normally described on a global Materials and methods scale, whereas less attention is paid to within-country or between watershed translocations. Many studies focus Study area on the primary invasive species (i.e. Common carp, The Hex River is located in the North West province in Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758), Largemouth bass, South Africa and drains in a northerly direction into the Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède 1802) and Rainbow Crocodile River, forming part of the Limpopo River system trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)) that have (Almécija et al. 2017). Three impoundments are situated successfully invaded across continents. The smaller within the Hex River system, Olifantsnek Dam in the upper scale invasions, would also result in non-endemic fish reaches, Bospoort Dam in the middle reaches and Vaalkop species for certain ecosystems, which might have severe Dam in the lower reaches (Figure 1). Olifantsnek Dam is impacts on the natural fish communities. These within- mainly used for irrigation, but is also used for recreational country or between watershed translocations place purposes i.e. fishing and sailing. closely related fish, but usually naturally separated, into the same environment, which can lead to interbreeding Fish collection and total introgression. Surveys were conducted in May and November 2017 in the The current paper provides evidence of the introduction Hex River, as well as in Olifantsnek and Bospoort Dams. of L. capensis into the Crocodile River (West) system, The necessary permit (HO 09/03/17–125 NW, North West Limpopo River catchment, North West province, and uses province, Department of Rural, Environmental and Agricultural an evaluation of fish health and reproductive status to infer Development) and ethical clearance (NWU-00282-17-A5) its establishment. for collecting and euthanizing fish were obtained prior to Legend AFRICA Study site River Limpopo South Translocated occurence Africa NAMIBIA Native distribution range iver Crocodile h R Olifants is Hardap Dam Water body F Town 25° S Vaalkop Dam Roodekopjes Dam Bospoort Dam Hartebeespoort Dam Hex r e OLIFANTSNEK DAM v i R MOZAMBIQUE h s i al F Vaal Dam Va Bloemhof Dam Orange/Vaal catchment Sterkfontein Dam O ra n Spioenkop Dam g Kilburn Dam e Thukela Katse Dam 30° S Vanderkloof Dam Durban SOUTH AFRICA Gariep Dam Grassridge Dam ATLANTIC G INDIAN r OCEAN e OCEAN a t Fi sh S East London Darlington Dam u nd a ys Cape Town 150 km Port Elizabeth 35° S 20° E 25° E 30° E Figure 1: Map of the endemic and translocated distribution of Labeo capensis, as well as the study site (new translocated distribution site in the Olifantsnek Dam in the Crocodile River (West) system, South Africa). GBIF Occurrence Download doi:10.15468/dl.ijxwsh accessed via GBIF.org on 8 Sept 2018 African Journal of Aquatic Science 2019, 44(2): 177–181 179 sampling. Fish were collected using multifilament gill nets VF1 t1 (5’-TTCTCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGG-3’) (45 × 3 m, consisting of five 9 × 3 m sections with stretch mesh (Ivanova et al. 2006) and the reverse primer VR1 t1 sizes of 45, 60, 75, 100 and 145 mm), that were deployed (5’-TAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCAAAGAATCA-3’) (Ward et al. shortly after dawn for nine hours and were checked every 2005). The PCR thermal cycler profile was as follows: initial three hours. Other equipment used included fyke nets (5 m DNA denaturation for 3 min. at 95 °C followed by 35 cycles total length, height of 50 cm (D-ring) with a mesh size of with 30 sec. DNA denaturation at 94 °C, 30 sec. primer 15 mm) and seine nets (25 × 1 m × 25 mm mesh). annealing at 55 °C, and 2 min. at 72 °C for primer extension. The specimens were identified a priori using the key by A final extension step of 7 min. at 72 °C was followed by Skelton (2001) on the basis of the number of lateral line storage at 4 °C.
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