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A Review on Ethnic Plants of Assam (India) and Their Anti Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical www.jmpas.com And Allied Sciences ISSN NO. 2320 - 7418 REVIEW ARTICLE Correspondence A REVIEW ON ETHNIC Pallab kalita Institute of pharmacy, down PLANTS OF ASSAM (INDIA) town university, Guwahati AND THEIR Assam, India. ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY. [email protected] Keywords Kalita Pallab1*, Deka Satyendra 1, Sharma Rama Kanta 2 Antioxidant, free-radical, reactive nitrogen species. 1. Institute of Pharmacy, Assam down town University, Received Assam, India. 01 November 2014 2. Department of RS & VK, Govt. Ayurvedic College, Assam, India. Reviewed 06 November 2014 Accepted 08 November 2014 ABSTRACT Antioxidants are free-radical scavengers that provide protection to living organisms from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Although almost all organisms possess antioxidant defence and repair systems but these systems are insufficient to cope over entire damage. So, dietary antioxidant supplementation is a promising mean to strengthen the antioxidant defence and repair systems. The aim of this study is to review some of plants of Assam having antioxidant activity. Assam is rich in medicinal plants and the pharmacological activity of various plants is not yet studied scientifically. Such type of study will give proper information about those plants and that will be beneficial to the society. Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 20-28 20 INTRODUCTION including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases and other Now a day, medicinal plants are getting disorders. Oxidative stress, pollution, popularity and great demand to prevent and smoking, easy life styles and many factors treat of the complex diseases like are working as a fuel in the generation of the atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, diseases. Oxygen is needful to survive a life. Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, antioxidant- But inhaled oxygen, after mixing with the based drugs are now tremendous demand in blood, it generates the energy and free the market. So, different companies are radical as a form of bi-products under cells. making formulations with the herbs, which Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive are showing the anti-oxidant activity (1). nitrogen species (RNS) are the by-products Medicinal plants are easily accessible, resulting from the cellular redox process. affordable and culturally appropriate sources Reactive species exert beneficial effects on of primary health care. Treatment of cellular redox signalling and immune diseases like cancer, diabetes etc. is not easy function at low or moderate levels, but at for the poor family due to high coast of the high concentrations, they produce oxidative treatment. Now a time, there is widespread stress, a harmful process that can damage interest to promote the traditional health care cell function and structures responsible for systems to meet primary health care needs. varieties of Major diseases (3). Anti Coast of modern synthetic medicines is very oxidants are the substances, which reduce high and governments find it increasingly the oxidative stress to damaging the free difficult to meet the cost of pharmaceutical- radicals. Diseases are occurring due to the based health care (2). As it is not possible to Oxidative stress. Primary sources of discuss all the plants which are used naturally occurring antioxidants are whole traditionally in Assam for Diabetic grains, fruits and vegetables. Plant sourced treatment. Only ten plants are chosen in this antioxidants have been recognized as having paper. the potential to reduce disease risk. Most of Antioxidant compounds in food play an the antioxidant compounds in a typical diet important role as a health- protecting factor. are derived from plant sources and belong to Scientific research suggests that antioxidants various classes of compounds with a wide reduce the risk for chronic diseases variety of physical and chemical properties. Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 20-28 21 The main characteristic of an antioxidant is availability is more in rainy forest area of its ability to trap free radicals. From a wide Assam. This plant typically found in tropi- variety of sources highly reactive free cal regions and used for various purposes in radicals and oxygen species are formed in to traditional medicine in several countries. In the biological systems. Oxidiation occurs in India and West Africa for example, it is used nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or DNA by against snake bites. The main influence of free radical and can initiate phytoconstituent of the mucuna is levodopa. degenerative disease (4). Antioxidant Levodopa is a substance used as first-line compounds like phenolic acids, polyphenols treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). and flavonoids, scavenge free radicals such Nicotine, physostigmine, serotonin, as peroxide, hydro peroxide or lipid peroxyl bufotenine, choline, N, N - dimethyl - and thus inhibit the oxidative mechanisms. tryptamine and some indole compounds are The free radical scavenging activity of others components of mucunapruriens. It is antioxidants in different herbs has been also used as a uterine stimulant and substantially investigated and reported by aphrodisiac. Longhi et al. studied the the researchers. Now a time, government antioxidant activity by using three different give more attention to cultivate the ethnic methods: the reduction of the plants of a region, which are traditionally phosphomolybdenium complex, the used to recover from a disease. As it is not reduction of radical 1,1-diphenyl-2- possible to discuss all the plants which are picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and the formation easily found in Assam for treatment of of radical monocation ABTS•+, from the various diseases with antioxidant activity. acid [2-2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- Some plants are chosen in this paper. 6- sulfonate)](invitro). The plant showed the Antioxidant activity of traditionally used antioxidant activity (4). medicinal plants: Urtica crenulata Mucuna pruriens - Urtica crenulata Roxburgh (Syn: Laportea Mucuna pruriens (L). Dc is a plant of the crenulata, Gaud) locally known as Sorat, is Fabaceae family, commonly known as an evergreen shrub that is widely distributed velvet bean, itchy bean, chiporro bean, to Assam. Normally this plant is widely mucuna, among others. Mucuna pruriens, is distributed to Bangladesh, India, Srilanka known as bandor kekoa in Assam. The and Malay island .It is 3.7 m tall, branchless Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 20-28 22 spreading and semi woody with elliptic, Malaysia and Thailand. In Assam the flower oblong or obovate-lanceolate rarely rhombic of Mesua ferrea is known as nahor phul. For leaf. In Assam, it is known as sorat. The the treatment of cough, dysentery, vomiting, different parts of the herbs having varieties sore throat and fever its barks are used. of phytoconstituents as formic acid, Their flowers are showing astringent and mucilage, ammonia, carbonic acid, protein, stomachic activity. Combination of leaves calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, and and flowers, are used for the treatment of beta-carotene, along with vitamins A, C, D, snake bite and scorpion sting. In the and B complex. from the roots of Urtica treatment of rheumatism, the seed oil is crenulata recently a new triterpenoid 2alpha, used. The antioxidant activity of the 3beta, 21beta, 23, 28-penta hydroxyl 12- essential oil of M. ferrea leaves was oleanene and two known compounds, beta- determined spectrophotometrically using the sitosterol and beta-sitosterol 3-beta-D- DPPH radicals scavenging assay. The glucopyranoside have been isolated .Gaud essential oil showed antioxidant activity Antioxidative activity of U. crenulata stem with the IC50 of 31.67 mg/mL (7). extract was measured by different Brassica juncea procedure. DPPH free radical scavenging The botanical name of rajika is Brassica method stem extract showed minimum juncea and it belongs to family significant amount of DPPH free radical Brassicaceae. In assam, the plant is called as scavenging effect compared to ascorbic acid. lai sak. From the seeds of the Brassica Percent (%) scavenging activity or % juncea, mustard oil made is called brown inhibition was plotted against log mustard, which are used for medicinal concentration and from the graph IC50 purpose as well as food, since centuries. (Inhibition concentration 50) value was This plant produces tiny yellow colored calculated by linear regression analysis. flowers, which almost cover the plant. This IC50 value of ascorbic acid and stem extract plant having diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, was found 14.72 μg/ml and 1468.9 μg/ml, and stimulant activities. Apart from the respectively (6). medicinal value this plant also used in allied Mesua ferrea field such as kitchen, phytomedicine, Various parts of the plant are used general medication for its medicinal value. It medicinally in India, Pakistan, Indo-China, also contains brassica sterol, free Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 20-28 23 campesterol , sitosterol , esterified -5- Spiny amaranth or Pig weed, is an annual or avenasterol, and a trace of -7-stigmasterol. perennial herb found throughout India as a glucosinolate and the enzyme myrosin , weed in cultivated as well as fallow lands . sinapic acid; sinapine ,fixed oils consisting in assam this plant in known as khutura sak. mainly of glycerides of erucic, eicosenoic, Though whole plant is used as laxative, the arachidic, nonadecanoic,
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